gpsim-doc-0.22.0/0000755000175000017500000000000010530414041012467 5ustar whitewhitegpsim-doc-0.22.0/gpsim.lyx0000644000175000017500000046046710530414023014365 0ustar whitewhite#LyX 1.4.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ \lyxformat 245 \begin_document \begin_header \textclass book \language english \inputencoding default \fontscheme times \graphics default \paperfontsize 10 \spacing single \papersize default \use_geometry false \use_amsmath 1 \cite_engine basic \use_bibtopic false \paperorientation portrait \leftmargin -0.5cm \topmargin 0.5cm \rightmargin 0.5cm \bottommargin 0.5cm \secnumdepth 2 \tocdepth 2 \paragraph_separation skip \defskip smallskip \quotes_language english \papercolumns 1 \papersides 1 \paperpagestyle default \tracking_changes false \output_changes true \end_header \begin_body \begin_layout Title gpsim \end_layout \begin_layout Date $Date: 2006-11-09 08:27:47 -0800 (Thu, 09 Nov 2006) $ \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter* Introduction \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim is a full-featured software simulator for Microchip PIC microcontrollers distributed under the GNU General Public License \begin_inset Note Note status collapsed \begin_layout Standard scott2 Wed Sep 30 13:25:58 1998 \end_layout \end_inset (see the COPYING section). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim has been designed to be as accurate as possible. Accuracy includes the entire PIC - from the core to the I/O pins and including ALL of the internal peripherals. Thus it's possible to create stimuli and tie them to the I/O pins and test the PIC the same way you would in the real world. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim has been designed to be as fast as possible. Real time simulation speeds of 20Mhz pics are possible. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim can be controlled from either a graphical user interface (GUI), a command line interface (CLI) or by a remote process. Typical debugging features like breakpoints, single stepping, disassembling, memory inspect & change, and so on are all supported. In addition, complex debugging features like real time tracing, assertions, conditional breaks, and plugin modules to name a few are also supported. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter gpsim - An Overview \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you don't care to wade through details, this chapter should help you get things up and running. The INSTALL and README files will provide more up-to-date information than this document, so please refer to those first. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Making the executable \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim's executable is created in a manner that's consistent with much of the other open source software: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard command \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard description \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard tar -xvzf gpsim-x.y.z.tar.gz \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard expand the compressed tar file \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard ./configure \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Create a 'makefile' unique to your system \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard make \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard compile gpsim \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard make install \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard install gpsim \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The last step will require root privileges. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Make Details - ./configure options \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* gui-less \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The default configuration will provide a gui (graphical user interface). The cli (command line interface) is still available, however many people prefer just to use the cli. These hardy souls may build a command-line only interface by configuring gpsim: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code ./configure --disable-gui \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* debugging \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you want to debug gpsim then you'll probably use gdb. Consequently, you'll want to disable shared libraries: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code ./configure --disable-shared \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This will create one, huge monolithic executable with symbolic information. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection RPMs \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim is also distributed in RPM form. In recent versions, there are two RPMs: gpsim-devel and gpsim. Both of these must be installed. There is also a RPM for the source code. This can be used to build a binary RPM unique to your system. Please see the latest INSTALL and README for the most up to date information. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Windows \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim runs on Windows too. Borut Razem maintains the gpsim Windows web site: \end_layout \begin_layout Quote http://gpsim.sourceforge.net/gpsimWin32/gpsimWin32.html \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can find detailed instructions there for installing gpsim and its dependenci es. Snap shots can be found: \end_layout \begin_layout Quote http://gpsim.sourceforge.net/snap.php \end_layout \begin_layout Section Running \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The executable created above is called: gpsim. The following command line options may be specified when gpsim is invoked. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim [-?] [-p []] [-c ] \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code -p, --processor= processor (e.g. -pp16c84 for the 'c84) \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code -c, --command=STRING startup command file \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code -s .cod symbol file \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code -L, -- colon separated list of directories to \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code search. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code -v, --version gpsim version \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code -i, --cli command line mode only \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code -d, --icd=STRING use ICD (e.g. -d /dev/ttyS0). \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Help options: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code -?, --help Show this help message \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code --usage Display brief usage message \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Typically gpsim will be invoked like: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code [My-Computer]$ gpsim -s mypic-program.cod \end_layout \begin_layout Standard (The \emph on [My-Computer]$ \emph default text is an example of a typical bash command prompt - you'll only type the text after this prompt). This loads the .cod file generated by gputils. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Under Windows, gpsim can also be invoked by navigating through the Start/Progam menu. This will open a DOS window to provide access to the command line interface. It's also possible to open a DOS window (or CygWin bash session) and invoke gpsim from there. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Requirements \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim has been developed under Linux. It should build and run just fine under the popular Linux distributions like Fedora, Ubuntu, etc. gpsim has also been ported to the MAC, MicroSoft Windows, Solaris, and BSD. Two packages gpsim requires that may not be available with all Linux distributi ons are readline and gtk (the gimp tool kit). The ./configure script should tell you if these packages are not installed on your system or if the revisions that are installed are too old. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are no minimum hardware requirements to run gpsim. Faster is better though! \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gputils, the gnupic utilities package, is also very useful. gpsim will accept straight hex files, but if you want to do any symbolic debugging then you'll want to use the .cod \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard .cod files are symbol files that were created by ByteCraft and are used by Microchip. \end_layout \end_inset files that gputils produces. The .cod files are in the same format as the .cod files MPASM \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard MPASM is Microchip's Assembler. \end_layout \end_inset produces. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Command Line Interface \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The command line interface is fairly straight-forward. The table below summarizes the available commands. Brief descriptions of these commands can also be displayed by typing \emph on help \emph default at the command line. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard command \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard summary \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard attach \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{attach} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Attach stimuli to nodes \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard break \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{break} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Set a break point \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard bus \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bus} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Add or display node busses \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard clear \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{clear} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Remove a break point \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard disassemble \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{disassemble} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Disassemble the current cpu \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard dump \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{dump} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Display either the RAM or EEPROM \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard frequency \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{frequency} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Set processor frequency \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard help \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{help} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Type help "command" for more help on a command \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard icd \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{icd} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard In Circuit Debugger support. \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard list \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{list} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Display source and list files \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard load \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{load} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Load either a hex or command file \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard log \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{log} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Log/record events to a file \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard node \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{node} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Add or display stimulus nodes \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard module \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{module} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Select & Display modules \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard processor \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{processor} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Add/list processors \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard quit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{quit} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Quit gpsim \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard reset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Reset all or parts of the simulation \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard run \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{run} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Execute the pic program \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard set \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{set} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none display and control gpsim behavior flags \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard step \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{step} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Execute one or more instructions \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard stimulus \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stimulus} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Create a stimulus \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard stopwatch \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stopwatch} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Measure time between events \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard symbol \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{symbol} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Add/list symbols \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard trace \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{trace} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Dump the trace history \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard version \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Display gpsim's version \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard x \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{x} \end_inset \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard (deprecated) examine and/or modify memory \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The built in 'help' command provides additional online information. \end_layout \begin_layout Section attach \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{attach} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code attach node1 stimulus1 [stimulus2 stimulus_N] \end_layout \begin_layout Standard attach is used to define the connections between stimuli and nodes. At least one node and one stimulus must be specified. If more stimuli are specified then they will all be attached to the node examples: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> node n1 # Define a new node. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> attach n1 porta4 portb0 # Connect two I/O pins to the node. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> node # Display the new "net list". \end_layout \begin_layout Section break \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{break} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The break command is used to set and examine break points. New break points are assigned a unique number. This number can be used to query or clear the break point. Break points halt the simulation when the condition associated with them is true. Break points are ignored during single stepping. See chapter \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Assertions-and-Extended} \end_inset for more examples of breakpoints. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Examining break points \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code break [bp_number] \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Break points can be examined by typing the break command without any options. Specific breaks can be queried by specifying the break point number. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Program Memory/Execution breaks \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The most common break point is an execution break point. This one halts execution whenever the program counter reaches the address at which the break point is set. The syntax is: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code break e|r|w ADDRESS [expr] \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The simulation halts when the address is executed, read, or written. The ADDRESS can be a symbol or a number. If the optional expression is specified, then it must evaluate to true before the simulation will halt. The read and write options only apply to those processors that can manipulate their own program memory. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Register Memory breaks \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim can also associate break points with register accesses. This is useful for capturing bugs that stomp on RAM. E.g. you can say something like \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset halt execution whenever bit 4 of register 42 is cleared \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . The command line syntax is: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code break r|w REGISTER [expr] \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The simulation halts when \emph on REGISTER \emph default is read or written and the optional expression evaluates to true. There are two styles of expressions supported. One involves only expressions of the \emph on REGISTER \emph default , the other is completely arbitrary. The examples below illustrate the differences. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's an example of a register write break. This one will halt the simulation if any value is written to the variable named \emph on temp1 \emph default . \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code break w temp1 \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here the write is conditioned to happen for only a certain value: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code break w temp1==0x22 \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here the condition applies to specific bits: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code break w temp1 & 0b11110000 == 0b11000000 \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This one breaks only if the hex digit 'C' is written to the upper nibble of temp1. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Boolean Expressions \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Sometimes it's necessary to specify an auxillary condition with a break point. For example, there may be a temporary variable that is shared throughout the code. You may wish to trap writes to that variable only while executing a specific subroutine. For example, the following break point triggers when temp1 is written and while the program counter is in between the labels \emph on func_start \emph default and \emph on func_end \emph default : \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code break w temp1 (pc >= func_start && pc < func_end) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \emph on TIP: \emph default Use this type of break point if you suspect an interrupt routine is over writing a variable. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Another situation is one where you wish to trap writes to a variable only if some other variable is a certain value: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code break w temp1 (CurTask & 0x0f != 0b101) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If the firmware writes to the variable temp1 then the simulation will halt if the lower nibble of CurTask is not equal to 5. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Attribute Breakpoints \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim also supports a concept of \emph on attribute breakpoints. \emph default Attributes are parameters that gpsim and its modules expose to the user interface. For example, the simulator stopwatch exposes attributes which support breakpoin ts. This feature is intend mainly for module writers to provide a mechanism for allowing the user to control the module. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Cycle counter Breakpoints \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code break c \emph on cycle_number \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The cycle counter is gpsim's time keeper. It increments once every instruction cycle. The 'c' option to the break command allows a break point to be set at a particular value of the cycle counter. \end_layout \begin_layout Section clear \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{clear} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code clear bp_number \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The clear command is used to clear break points. The break point number must be specified. The \emph on break \emph default command without any arguments displays all of the currently defined break points. This can be used to ascertain the break point number. Once cleared, a break point is deleted. \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard A break point disable/enable feature has been discussed and may be added a future date. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Section disassemble \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{disassemble} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code disassemble [[begin:end] | [length]] \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The disassemble command decodes the program memory opcodes into their standard mnemonics. With no options, the \emph on disassemble \emph default command disassembles instructions surrounding the current program counter: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> disassemble \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code current pc = 0x1c \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 0012 2a03 incf reg3,f,0 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 0014 0004 clrwdt \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 0016 5000 movf reg,w,0 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 0018 1001 iorwf reg1,w,0 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 001a 1002 iorwf reg2,w,0 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code ==> 001c 1003 iorwf reg3,w,0 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 001e e1f4 bnz $-0x16 ;(0x8) \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 0020 d7ff bra $-0x0 ;(0x00020) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard With a single numeric option, the disassemble command will \end_layout \begin_layout Section dump \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{dump} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code dump [r | e] \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout Standard dump r or dump with no options will display all of the file registers and special function registers. dump e will display the contents of the eeprom (if the pic being simulated contains any). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard See the 'x' command for examining and modifying individual registers. \end_layout \begin_layout Section echo \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{echo} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The echo command is used like a print statement within configuration files. It just lets you display information about your configuration file. \end_layout \begin_layout Section frequency \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{frequency} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This command sets the clock frequency. By default gpsim uses 20 MHz as clock. The clock frequency is used to compute time in seconds. Use this command to adjust this value. If no value is provided this command prints the current clock. Note that PICs have an instruction clock that's a forth of the external clock. This value is the external clock. \end_layout \begin_layout Section help \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{help} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard By itself, help will display all of the commands along with a brief description on how they work. 'help ' provides more extensive online help. The help command can also display information about attributes. \end_layout \begin_layout Section icd \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{icd} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \emph on icd [open ] \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The open command is used to enable ICD mode and specify the serial port where the ICD is. (e.g. "icd open /dev/ttyS0"). Without options (and after the icd is enabled), it will print some information about the ICD. \end_layout \begin_layout Section list \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{list} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code list [[s | l] [*pc] [line_number1 [,line_number2]]] \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Display the contents of source and list files. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Without any options, list will use the last specified options. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code list s will display lines in the source (or .asm) file. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code list l will display lines in the .lst file \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code list *pc will display either .asm or .lst lines around the pc \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The list command allows you to view the source code while you are debugging. \end_layout \begin_layout Section load \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{load} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The load command is used to load either hex, configuration, or .cod files. A hex file is usually used to program the physical part. Consequently, it provides no symbolic information. .cod files on the other hand, do provide symbolic information. The only reason to use a hex file is when there's no .cod file available. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The syntax for loading source code files is: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code load [processortype] file \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim will automatically determine if the file is a .hex or .cod file. The optional processortype allows one to override the processor specified in a .cod file. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Configuration files are script files containing gpsim commands. These are extremely useful for creating a debugging enviroment that will be used repeatedly. \end_layout \begin_layout Section macros \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{macros} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Macros are defined like: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \emph on name \emph default macro [arg1, arg2, ..., argN] \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code macro body \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code endm \end_layout \begin_layout Standard And they're invoked by: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \emph on name \emph default param1, param2, ..., paramN \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Macros are a way of collecting several parameterized commands into one short command. The first line of a macro definition specifies the macro's name and optional arguments. The \emph on name \emph default is used to invoke the macro. The arguments are text string place holders. When a macro is invoked, the parameters are aligned with the arguments. I.e. \emph on param1 \emph default in the invocation can be thought of being assigned to \emph on arg1 \emph default in the definition. The parameters replace the arguments in the macro body. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In the following example, a variable or attribute called \emph on mac_flags \emph default is being manipulated in an expression. The arguments \emph on add \emph default and \emph on mask \emph default appear in the macro body and provide a parameterized way of manipulating this expression. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code mac_exp macro add, mask \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code mac_flags = (mac_flags+add) & mask \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code endm \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that the indentation is arbitrary. The macro is invoked by: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code mac_exp 1, 0b00001111 # increment the lower nibble \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The parameter \emph on add \emph default is replaced by the number \emph on 1 \emph default while \emph on mask \emph default is replaced with the binary number \emph on 0b00001111. \emph default The invocation turns into the gpsim command: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code mac_flags = (mac_flags+1) & 0b00001111 \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Nested Macros \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The macro body can contain any gpsim command. Of particular interest are macro invocations within other macros. Here's another macro that invokes the one defined above. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code # Nested macro example \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code mac1 macro p1, p2 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code run \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code mac_exp p1, p2 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code endm \end_layout \begin_layout Standard And it could be used like: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code mac1 1, 0b00001111 # test lower nibble \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code mac1 (1<<4), 0b11110000 # test upper nibble \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The first invocation starts the simulator by executing a \emph on run \emph default command. When a break point is encountered, control returns to the command line and the \emph on mac_exp \emph default macro is invoked. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Displaying Defined Macros \end_layout \begin_layout Standard All currently defined macros can be displayed by typing the macro command without a name or arguments: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> macro \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code mac1 macro p1 p2 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code run \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code mac_exp p1, p2 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code endm \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code mac_exp macro add mask \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code mac_flags = (mac_flags+add) & mask \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code endm \end_layout \begin_layout Section module \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{module} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \emph on module \emph default command is used to load and query external modules (see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Modules} \end_inset for more information about gpsim modules). A module is a special piece of software that can extend gpsim in some manner. LED's and switches are examples of modules. A module library is collection of modules. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Loading module libraries \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code module lib \emph on lib_name \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \emph on lib \emph default option is used to load a module library. Module libraries are system dependent shared libraries, i.e. on Windows they're DLL's and UNIX they're shared libraries. This means that either the libraries should reside in a path where the OS knows libraries exist or that the full path name must be specified along with the \emph on lib_name \emph default . gpsim provides a module library with a few modules: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> module lib libgpsim_modules \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Displaying available modules \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code module list \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \emph on list \emph default option will display all of the modules that can be loaded. Here is an example of gpsim's built-in modules. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> module list \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Module Libraries libgpsim_modules.so \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code pullup \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code pulldown \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code usart \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code switch \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code and2 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code or2 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code xor2 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code not \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code led_7segments \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code led \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code pulsegen \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Encoder \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code TTL377 \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Loading a specific module \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code module load module_type [module_name] \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Once a library has been loaded, specific modules can be instantiated. The \emph on module_type \emph default is what's displayed by the \emph on module list \emph default command. The optional module name specifies what the instance is called. Here's an example \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> module load led D1 \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Display loaded modules \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Querying modules \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout Section node \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{node} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code node [new_node1 new_node2 ...] \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \shape italic node \shape default command defines or queries \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset nodes \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , used to connect external signals to the simulated PIC. If no new_node is specified then all of the nodes that have been defined are displayed. If a new_node is specified then it will be added to the node list. See the "attach" and "stimulus" commands to see how stimuli are added to the nodes. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code examples: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code node // display the node list \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code node n1 n2 n3 // create and add 3 new nodes to the list \end_layout \begin_layout Section processor \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{processor} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code processor [new_processor_type [new_processor_name]] | [list] | [dump] \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \emph on processor \emph default command is used to either define a new processor or to query one that has already been defined. Normally there's no need to explicitly define the processor since the symbol file already contains that information. The two exceptions are when a) the symbolic information is not available or b) you wish to override the processor specified in the symbol file. (See the \emph on load \emph default command on how the processor in a symbol file can be overridden.) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To see a list of the processors supported by gpsim, type ' \emph on processor list \emph default '. To display the state of the I/O processor, type ' \emph on processor pins \emph default '. For now, this will display the pin numbers and their current state. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code examples: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code processor // Display the processors you've already defined. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code processor list // Display the list of processors supported. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code processor pins // Display the processor package and pin state \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code processor p16cr84 fred // Create a new processor. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code processor p16c74 wilma // and another. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code processor p16c65 // Create one with no name. \end_layout \begin_layout Section quit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{quit} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Quit gpsim. \end_layout \begin_layout Section run \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{run} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Start (or continue) simulation. The simulation will continue until the next break point is encountered. \end_layout \begin_layout Section step \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{step} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Execute a single instruction, or a specified number of instructions. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code step [over | n] \end_layout \begin_layout Standard With no arguments, the step command executes one instruction of the PIC code. If a numeric argument is given, this specifies a fixed number of instructions to simulate. The specific word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset over \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset as an argument to step tells gpsim to run everything involved in the current instruction. This would normally be used on a CALL instruction, in which case the whole subroutine runs and the simulation stops after it returns. \end_layout \begin_layout Section symbol \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{symbol} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code symbol [symbol_name [symbol_type value]] \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \emph on symbol \emph default command is used to query and define symbols. If no options are specified, the whole symbol table is displayed. The creation of user defined symbols is limited at this time (see the online help for the current state of this command). \end_layout \begin_layout Section stimulus \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stimulus} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code stimulus [[type] options] \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \emph on stimulus \emph default command creates a signal that can be tied to a node or an attribute. If no options are specified then all currently defined stimuli are displayed. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that in most cases it is easier to create a stimulus file then to type the command by hand. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard option \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard description \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard initial_state \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard state at the start and at the rollover \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard start_cycle \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard simulation cyle when the stimulus will begin \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard period \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard stimulus period \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard name \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard specifies the stimulus name \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's an example of a stimulus that will generate two pulses and repeat this in 1000 cycles. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code stimulus asynchronous_stimulus \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code # The initial state AND the state the stimulus is when \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code # it rolls over \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code initial_state 0 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code start_cycle 0 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code # the asynchronous stimulus will roll over in 'period' \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code # cycles. Delete this line if you don't want a roll over. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code period 1000 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code { 100, 1, \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 200, 0, \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 300, 1, \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 400, 0 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code } \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code # Give the stimulus a name: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code name two_pulse_repeat \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code end \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A stimulus can be queried by typing its name at the command line: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> two_pulse_repeat \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code two_pulse_repeat attached to pulse_node \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Vth=0V Zth=250 ohms Cth=0 F nodeVoltage= 7.49998e-07V \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Driving=0 drivingState=0 drivenState=0 bitState=0 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code states = 5 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 100 1 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 200 0 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 300 1 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 400 0 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 1000 0 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code initial=0 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code period=1000 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code start_cycle=0 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Next break cycle=100 \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Even though this example uses 1's and 0's for the data, one can use integers, floating point numbers, or expressions instead. Integers are useful for supplying a stimulus to an attribute. Expressions are useful for abstracting the data. See Chapter \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Simulating-the-Real} \end_inset for more discussion and examples of stimuli. \end_layout \begin_layout Section stopwatch \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stopwatch} \end_inset \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard The stopwatch is really a collection of attributes and not a command. But the behavior is so similar to a command that it has been included here. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code A timer for monitoring and controlling the simulation. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code The units are in simulation cycles. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code stopwatch.rollover - specifies rollover value. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code stopwatch.direction - specifies count direction. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code stopwatch.enable - enables counting if true. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Without any options, \emph on stopwatch \emph default will display the contents of the stopwatch timer. \emph on stopwatch \emph default is writable, so you may initialize it to whatever value you like. The \emph on \emph default behavior of the timer may be manipulated via the three attributes. The \emph on .rollover \emph default attribute is the number of cycles at which the stopwatch timer rolls over. The \emph on .direction \emph default and \emph on .enable \emph default attributes are boolean types. When true, the \emph on .direction \emph default attribute will instruction the stopwatch to count up. \end_layout \begin_layout Section trace \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{trace} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code trace [dump_amount] \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \emph on trace \emph default will print out the most recent "dump_amount" traces. If no dump_amount is specified, then the entire trace buffer will be displayed. \end_layout \begin_layout Section version \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code version \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Display gpsim's version. Note, this command will probably get replaced by an attribute with the same (or similar) name. \end_layout \begin_layout Section x \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{x} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \emph on x \emph default command is deprecated. It's former use was to examine and modify memory. The preferred way to do this now is with expressions. The help for \emph on x \emph default now indicates this: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code x examine command -- deprecated \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Instead of the using a special command to examine and modify \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code variables, it's possible to directly access them using gpsim's \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code expression parsing. For example, to examine a variable: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> my_variable \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code my_variable [0x27] = 0x00 = 0b00000000 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code To modify a variable \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> my_variable = 10 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code It's also possible to assign the value of register to another \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> my_variable = porta \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Or to assign the results of an expression: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> my_variable = (porta ^ portc) & 0x0f \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cha:Graphical-User-Interface} \end_inset Graphical User Interface \end_layout \begin_layout Standard FIXME: We could use a few illustrations here! \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim also provides a graphical user interface that simplifies some of the drudgery associated with the cli. It's possible to open windows to view all the details about your debug environment. To get the most out of your debugging session, you'll want to assemble your code with gpasm (the gnupic assembler) and use the symbolic .cod files it produces. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Main window \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Menus \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00000000.00.0000 File->Open .stc or .cod files. \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00000000.00.0000 File->Quit Quit gpsim \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00000000.00.0000 Windows->* Open/Close the windows. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Buttons \end_layout \begin_layout Standard (These are also found as keyboard bindings in the source windows.) \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00000000.00.0000 Step Step one instruction \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00000000.00.0000 Over Step until pc is after next instruction \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00000000.00.0000 Finish Run to return address \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00000000.00.0000 Run Run continuously \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00000000.00.0000 Stop Stop execution \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00000000.00.0000 Reset Reset CPU \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Simulation mode \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This controls how gpsim simulates, and how the gui updates. \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 0000000.00.0000 Never Don't ever update the gui when simulating. This is the fastest mode. You'll have to stop simulation by pressing Ctrl-C in the command line interface. \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 0000000.00.0000 x\InsetSpace ~ cycles Update the gui every x cycles simulated. \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 0000000.00.0000 every\InsetSpace ~ cycle Update the gui every cycle. (you see everything, if you have filled up on coffee :-) \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 0000000.00.0000 x\InsetSpace ~ ms\InsetSpace ~ animate Here you can slow down simulation with a delay between every cycle. \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 0000000.00.0000 realtime This will make gpsim try to synchronize simulation speed with wall clock time. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Source Browsers \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim provides two views of your source: '. \emph on asm' \emph default and '. \emph on obj' \emph default browsers. The '. \emph on asm' \emph default browser is a color coded display of your pic source. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection .asm Browser \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When a .cod file with source is loaded, there should be something in this display. (TODO: add section about high level debugging). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There is an area to the left of the source, where symbols representing the program counter, breakpoints, etc are displayed. Double clicking in this area toggles breakpoints. You can drag these symbols up or down in order to move them and change the PC or move a breakpoint. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A right button click on the source pops up a menu with six items (the word 'here' in some menu items denote the line in source the mouse pointer was on when right mouse button was clicked.): \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000.0000 \series bold Menu\InsetSpace ~ item Description \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000.0000 Find\InsetSpace ~ PC This menu item will find the PC and changed page tab and scroll the source view to the current PC. \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000.0000 Run\InsetSpace ~ here This sets a breakpoint 'here'and starts running until a breakpoint is hit. \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000.0000 Move\InsetSpace ~ PC\InsetSpace ~ here This simply changes PC to the address that line 'here'in source has. \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000.0000 Breakpoint\InsetSpace ~ here Set a breakpoint 'here'. \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000.0000 Profile\InsetSpace ~ start\InsetSpace ~ here Set a start marker for routine profiling here. \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000.0000 Profile\InsetSpace ~ stop\InsetSpace ~ here Set a stop marker. (See the section for the profiling window.) \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000.0000 Select\InsetSpace ~ symbol. This menu item is only available when some text is selected in the text widget. What it does is search the list of symbols for the selected word, and if it is found it is selected in the symbol window. Depending of type of symbol other things are also done, the same thing as when selecting a symbol in the symbol window: \end_layout \begin_deeper \begin_layout Itemize If it is an address, then the opcode and source views display the address. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize If it's a register, the register viewer selects the cell. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize If it's a constant, address, register or ioport, it is selected in the symbol window. \end_layout \end_deeper \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000.0000 Find\InsetSpace ~ text This opens up a search dialog. Every time you hit the 'Find' button, the current notebook page is found and the source in that page is used. \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000.0000 Settings A dialog with which you can change the fonts used. \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000.0000 Controls A submenu containing the simulation commands. (these are also found as keyboard bindings (recommended), or in the main window.) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard These are the keyboard bindings: \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold Key command \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 s,S,F7 Step one instruction. \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 o,O,F8 Step over instruction \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 r,R,F9 Run continously. \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 Escape Stop simulation. \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 f,F Run to return address \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 1..9 Step n instructions \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Opcode view - the .obj Browser \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This window has two tabs. One with each memory cell on one line and information about address, hexadecima l value and decoded instruction (i.e. disassembly), and one with the program memory \end_layout \begin_layout Standard displayed with sixteen memory cells per row and a configurable ascii column. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* The Assembly tab you can: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Double click on a line to toggle breakpoints. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Use the same keyboard commands as the in the source browser. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Right click to get a menu where you can change the fonts. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* The Opcode tab. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here the program memory is ordered as columns of sixteen memory cells per column and as many row as needed to contain all memory. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The seventeenth column contains an ASCII representation of the program memory. You can configure this column to use one of three different modes: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize One byte per cell \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Two bytes per cell, MSB first. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Two bytes per cell, LSB first. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can change fonts with the menu item 'Settings'. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can set breakpoints on one or more (drag the mouse to select more cells) addresses with the right click menu. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Register views \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are two similar register windows. One for the RAM and one for the EEPROM data, when available. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here you see all registers in the current processor. Clicking on a cell displays it's name and value above the sheet of registers. You can change values by entering it in the entry (or in the spreadsheet cell). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The following things can be done on one register, or a range of registers. (Selecting a range of registers is done by holding down left mouse button, moving cursor, and releasing button.) \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Set and clear breakpoints. Use the right mousebutton menu to pop up a menu where you can select set read, write, read value and write value breakpoints. You can also "clear breakpoints", notice the s in "clear breakpoints", every breakpoint on the registers are cleared. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Set and clear logging of registers. You can log reads, writes, reads/writes of specific values and to bits selected by a specified mask. You can select a different file name with 'set log filename...'. Default is "gpsim.log". You can choose LXT or ASCII format. LXT can be read with the program gtkwave. ASCII is default. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Copy cells. You copy cells by dragging the border of the selected cell(s). \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Fill cells. Move mouse to lower right corner of the frame of the selected cell(s), and drag it. The one cell's contents will be copied to the other cells. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Watch them. Select the "Add Watch" menu item. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The cells have different background colors depending on if they represent: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize File Register (e.g. RAM): light cyan. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Special Function Registers (e.g. STATUS,TMR0): dark cyan \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize aliased register (e.g. the INDF located at address 0x80 is the same as the one located at address 0x00): gray \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize invalid register: black. If all sixteen registers in a row are invalid, then the row is not shown. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize a register with one or more breakpoints: red. Logged registers are also red. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim dynamically updates the registers as the simulation proceeds. Registers that change value between updates of the window during simulation are highlighted with a blue foreground color. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The menu also has a 'settings' item where you can change the font used. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Symbol view \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This window, as its name suggests, displays symbols. All of the special function registers will have entries in the symbol viewer. If you're using .cod files then you'll additionally have file registers (that are defined in cblocks), equates, and address labels. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can filter out some symbol types using the buttons in the top of the window, and you can sort the rows by clicking on the column buttons (the ones reading 'symbol', 'type' and 'address'). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can add the symbol to the watch window by right-clicking and selecting the "Add to watch window" menu item. This will add the ram register with address equal to the symbols value to the watch window. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The symbol viewer is linked to the other windows. For example, if you click on a symbol and: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize If it is an address, then the opcode and source views display the address. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize If it's a register, the register viewer selects the cell. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Watch view \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This is not a output-only window as the name suggests (change name?). You can both view and change data. Double-clicking on a bit toggles the bit. You add variables here by marking them in a register viewer and select \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Add watch \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset from menu. The right-click menu has the following items: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Remove watch \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Set register value \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Clear Breakpoints \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Set break on read \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Set break on write \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Set break on read value \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Set break on write value \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Columns... \end_layout \begin_layout Standard "Columns... \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset opens up a window where you can select which of the following data to display: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize BP \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Type \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Name \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Address \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Dec \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Hex \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Bx (bits of word) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can sort the list of watches by clicking on the column buttons. Clicking twice sorts the list backwards. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Stack viewer \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This window displays current stack. Selecting an entry makes the code windows display the return address. Double clicking sets a breakpoint on the return address. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Breadboard \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here you can create/modify and examine the environment around the pic. Pins are displayed as an arrow. The direction of the arrow indicates if its an input or output pin. The color of the arrow indicates its state (green=low, red=high). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can't instantiate pic processors from here, you'll have to do that from the command line, or from a .stc file. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Your can create nodes by clicking on the "new node" button. (A node is 'a piece of wire' to which you can connect stimulus.) You can see the list of created nodes under the "nodes" item in the upper-left tree widget. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can create connections to nodes by clicking on a pin, and then clicking on the button "Connect stimulus to node". This will bring up a list of nodes. Choose one by double-clicking on the one you like. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you click on a pin that is already connected to a node, then you'll see the node and its connections in the lower left part of the window. You can disconnect a stimulus by clicking on it and pressing the "remove stimulus" button. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When you want to add a module to the simulation, you first have to specify the library which contains the module you want. Click on the "add library" button and enter the library name (e.g. "libgpsim_modules.so"). Now you can click the "add module" button. Select the module you want from the list by double-clicking on it. Enter a name for the module (this has to be unique, and not used before). You now have to position the module. Move the mouse pointer to where you'd like the module, and left-click. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you middle-click on a pin, you'll see how the pin is connected. Press the "trace all" to see all at \end_layout \begin_layout Standard once, and "clear traces" to remove all (you'll only remove the graphical trace, not the connection!). If the tracing doesn't work, try moving the packages so that there are more space around the pins. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When you are done, you can save by clicking the "save configuration" button. You can then load this file from the command line like this (assuming the .cod file with your source is called "mycode.cod", and the file you just saved was called "mynets.stc": \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim -s mycode.cod -c mynets.stc \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can't load only the .stc file since this doesn't contain the processor type and code. You can create (with an editor) your own .stc file (e.g. my_project.stc) and in that file put a command "load c mynets.stc" after you have loaded the .cod file. You then only have to load this file (gpsim -c my_project.stc). \end_layout \begin_layout Section Trace viewer \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This window shows the trace of instructions executed. See \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{trace} \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Section Profile viewer \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This window show execution count for program memory addresses. The profile window must be opened before starting simulation, because the traceing is not enabled by default. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Instruction profile \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This shows the number of times each instruction are executed. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Instruction range profile \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here you can group ranges of instruction into one entry. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The right click menu contains: \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00000000.00.0000 Remove\InsetSpace ~ range Remove an entry. \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00000000.00.0000 Add\InsetSpace ~ range... Open a disalog from where you can add a range of instructions as an entry. \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00000000.00.0000 Add\InsetSpace ~ all\InsetSpace ~ labels Add all code labels as ranges. \end_layout \begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00000000.00.0000 Snapshot\InsetSpace ~ to\InsetSpace ~ plot Open a window containing a graph of the data. From this new window you can also save (postscript) or print it. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Register profile \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This shows the number of reads or writes the simulator does on register. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Routine profile \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here you can see statistics about execution time for a selected routine. You mark the entry and exit points from the source browser (profile start/stop). If the routine you want to measure have multiple entry and/or exit points, then you have to put a marker on every entry point as well as (and especially) every exit point. Othervise you will get bad data. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When you have done that, gpsim will (as simulation goes by) store the execution times of that routine and calculate min/max/average/etc. You can also use the menu item 'Plot distribution' to open a window displaying a histogram of the data. From this new window you can also save (in postscript) or print it. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also measure call period by switching the 'entry' and 'exit' points. If also want the time from reset (or some equal point) to the first 'entry', then you must also put an 'entry' point there. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Stopwatch \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The stopwatch window shows a cycle counter and a re-settable counter. The cycle counter is the same as the one in the register window. It basically counts instructions. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The other counter counts at the same rate as the cycle counter, but can be cleared by clicking the "clear" button (or preset by entering a number in the entry box). \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The up/down indicator denotes the direction the counter counts. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The rollover value specifies the range the cycle counter can be in (a modulo counter). For example, if the rollover value is specified to be 0x42, then whenever the resettable counter reaches 0x42 it will rollover to zero. If the counter is counting down, then when it reaches 0 the next state will be 0x41. If you don't want is like this, then set the rollover value to something large. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Scope Window \end_layout \begin_layout Standard FIXME: The scope window still needs some work... \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The Scope Window graphs I/O pin states. It is similar to an oscilloscope or logic analyzer. It can be controlled either from the command line or from the gui. Currently only the digital state of I/O pins are supported. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Scripting and Configuring \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim does not have a native scripting language per se. However it is possible to place gpsim commands into a file and load them later. This is useful for loading modules and stimuli and connecting various devices together. By convention, gpsim's configuration files have the extension \emph on .stc \emph default , for \emph on st \emph default artup \emph on c \emph default onfiguration. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Embedded Commands \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you're using gputils, it is possible to embed configuration commands directly into your PIC assembly source. The gputils supplied include file \emph on coff.inc \emph default contains several macros that embed simulation command into a COFF and COD files. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection .sim macro \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code ; Simulator Command \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code .sim macro x \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code .direct "e", x \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code endm \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family typewriter \emph on .sim \emph default macro allows gpsim configuration commands to be embedded in the PIC source. While gpsim loads a .cod file, the commands in the \emph on .sim \emph default macros are collected. After the .cod file is loaded, the commands are redirected to gpsim's command line interpreter in the order they were received. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's an example of switch module being loaded and configured: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code ;# Module libraries: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code .sim "module library libgpsim_modules" \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code .sim "module load switch SW1" \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code .sim "SW1.state=false" \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code .sim "SW1.xpos = 216.0" \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code .sim "SW1.ypos = 156.0" \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code .sim "SW1.Ropen = 1.0e8" \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This loads gpsim's module library, instantiates a switch module, and configures the switch's attributes. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection .command macro \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code .command macro x \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code .direct "c", x \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code endm \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \family typewriter \emph on .command \emph default macro is similar to a \emph on .sim \emph default macro except that it associates a gpsim command with a particular instruction. This is useful for changing attribute values at different points of the program. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection .assert macro \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code ; Assertion \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code .assert macro x \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code .direct "a", x \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code endm \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \emph on .assert \emph default macro provides a source code mechanism for setting breakpoints (see chapter \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Assertions-and-Extended} \end_inset ). An assertion is an expression associated with a specific instruction. It essential means, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset If the expression at this instruction evaluates to false, then halt the simulation. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code ; Close the switch because of capacitance portc1 will go high after a delay: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code ; R=145, C=4.2e-6 TC=6.11e-4 or 1527 cycles 0-2 volts requires 0.51 Tc \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code .command "SW1.state=true" \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code nop \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code ; portc0 should be same as portc1 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code .assert "(portc & 3) == 0, \backslash "SW1 closed, cap holds low \backslash "" \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code nop \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In this example, the \emph on .command \emph default macro writes to the switch module's \emph on .state \emph default attribute (see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Switches-&-Resistors} \end_inset ). Just prior to executing the first nop instruction, the switch will be closed. The \emph on .assert \emph default macro at the very next instruction makes sure that the expected state is seen on PORTC. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Sockets \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim supports a socket interface. This is inhibited by default. Advanced users may wish to study code in the \emph on examples/scripts \emph default subdirectory. This code not distributed and is only available in the subversion repository. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cha:Assertions-and-Extended} \end_inset Assertions and Extended Breakpoints \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim supports a wide variety of breakpoints and assertions. Many of these were described with the break command. This section will illustrate how to extend the break command even further and introduce simulation assertions. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Breakpoint Messages \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A breakpoint message is an ASCII string that is displayed whenever a breakpoint is encountered. Any break point can have an associated message. The syntax at the command line is \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code break conditions, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \emph on This is a breakpoint message \emph default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The conditions are described above in the break command and are the conditions under which the break occurs. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Breakpoint messages are useful for distinguishing among many different breakpoin ts. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code break w counter & 0xf0 == 0x80, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Counter overflowed! \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In this example, the user is monitoring the upper nibble of the variable counter and breaking whenever it is equal to 8. When the command is entered, gpsim will display: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code break when bit pattern 1000XXXX is written to register counter(0x26). break #: 0x20 \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The breakpoint can be queried with the break command: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> \emph on break 32 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 32: p18f452 register write value: [0x26] & 0xf0 == 0x8 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Message:Counter overflowed! \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When the simulation encounters the break, execution halts and the message is printed. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Assertions and Embedded Simulation commands \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim's breakpoint design is a powerful tool that can catch many problems. The assertion design extends this power even further. An assertion is like a breakpoint that is associated with a particular instruction. For example, you may have a routine that requires BANK 0 be selected. A gpsim assertion can be placed at the entry of the routine to verify that this is the case. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code .assert \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset (status & 0x60) == 0, \backslash \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset Bank 0 must be selected! \backslash \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The syntax is identical to the extended breakpoint command. The expression is the condition that is checked. If the expression evaluates to false, then the code halts and prints the message. The \emph on .assert \emph default is a macro that is part of gputils. It requires a string as its input argument. Notice that the assertion message is embedded in the argument. gpasm and MPASM copy C's method of placing a backslash in front of quotations that are part of a string. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Command Assertions \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A command assertion is a gpsim associated with a particular instruction in your PIC source code. These are useful for changing the behavior of the simulation based on where the code executes. Almost any gpsim command can be placed in a command assertion. However, the most useful ones are assignment commands. For example: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code .command \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset SW1.state = false \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This assignment writes to the state attribute of a switch module named SW1. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Trace and Log: What has happen? \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{trace} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Inspecting the current state of your program is sometimes insufficient to determine the cause of a bug. Often times it's useful to know the conditions that led up to the current state. gpsim provides a history or trace of everything that occurs - whether you want it or not - to help you diagnose these otherwise difficult to analyze bugs. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard What's traced \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard notes \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard program counter \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard adresses executed \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard instructions \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard opcode \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard register read \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard value and location \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard register write \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard value and location \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard cycle counter \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard current value \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard skipped instructions \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard addresses skipped \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard status register \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard during implicit modification \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard interrupts \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard break points \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard type \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard resets \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard type \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The 'trace' command will dump the contents of the trace buffer. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A large circular buffer (whose size is hard coded) stores the information for the trace buffer. When it fills, it will wrap around and write over the old history. The contents of the trace buffer are parsed into frames, where one frame corresponds to a simulation cycle. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's an example of a trace output: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> trace \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 0x00000000000026F6 p18f452 0x001C 0x1003 iorwf reg3,w,0 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Read: 0x00 from reg3(0x0003) \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Wrote: 0xE7 to W(0x0FE8) was 0xE7 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Wrote: 0x18 to status(0x0FD8) was 0x18 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 0x00000000000026F7 p18f452 0x001E 0xE1F4 bnz $-0x16 ;(0x8) \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 0x00000000000026F8 p18f452 0x0008 0x3E00 incfsz reg,f,0 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Read: 0xE4 from reg(0x0000) \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Wrote: 0xE5 to reg(0x0000) was 0xE4 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 0x00000000000026F9 p18f452 0x000A 0xD004 bra $+0xa ;(0x00014) 0x00000000000 026FA p18f452 0x0014 0x0004 clrwdt \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 0x00000000000026FB p18f452 0x0016 0x5000 movf reg,w,0 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Read: 0xE5 from reg(0x0000) \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Wrote: 0xE5 to W(0x0FE8) was 0xE7 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Wrote: 0x18 to status(0x0FD8) was 0x18 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 0x00000000000026FC p18f452 0x0018 0x1001 iorwf reg1,w,0 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Read: 0x03 from reg1(0x0001) \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Wrote: 0xE7 to W(0x0FE8) was 0xE5 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Wrote: 0x18 to status(0x0FD8) was 0x18 \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Each trace frame begins with a new simulation cycle. Typically this will include a simulated instruction. Here's each of the fields: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 64-bit simulation cycle \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard processor \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard PC \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard opcode \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard instruction \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 0x00000000000026F6 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard p18f452 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 0x001C \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 0x1003 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard iorwf reg3,w,0 \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Other events that occur during the trace frame are indented. Typically these will be register read or write traces. The read traces show the value read. Write traces show the value written and the value that was previously in the register. \end_layout \begin_layout Section* Saving Trace to a file \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The trace buffer may contain thousands of entries making it difficult to search. The trace save feature will allow the trace buffer to be written to a file. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> trace save mytrace.log \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The entire contents of the trace buffer are decoded and written to the file. The format of the trace is the same as it is when displayed at the command line. \end_layout \begin_layout Section* Raw Traces \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \emph on raw \emph default trace buffer is the trace buffer displayed in a minimally decoded form. This is primarily used for gpsim development. When saved to a file, the raw trace is not decoded at all. In addition, the processor's state is written to the file. Thus third party tools can be written to create custom trace reports \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard FIXME - The dynamically created trace type information needs to be written to this file too. Without it, it is difficult to tell what each traced item is. \end_layout \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cha:Simulating-the-Real} \end_inset Simulating the Real World: Stimuli \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Stimulus} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Stimuli are extremely useful, if not necessary, for simulations. They provides a means for simulating interactions with the real world. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The gpsim stimuli capability is designed to be accurate, efficient and flexible. The models for the PIC's I/O pins mimic the real devices. For example, the open collector output on port A of a PIC16C84 can only drive low. Multiple I/O pins may be tied to one another so that the open collector on port A can get a pull up resistor from port B. The overhead for stimuli only occurs when a stimulus changes states. In other words, stimuli are not polled to determine their state. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Analog stimuli are also available. It's possible to create voltage references and sources to simulate almost any kind of real world thing. For example, it's possible to combine two analog stimuli together to create signals like DTMF tones. \end_layout \begin_layout Section How They Work \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In the simplest case, a stimulus acts a source for an I/O pin on a PIC. For example, you may want to simulate a clock and measure its period using TMR0. In this case, the stimulus is the source and the TMR0 input pin on the pic is the load. In gpsim you would create a stimulus for the clock using the stimulus command and connect it to the I/O pin using the node command. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In general, you can have several 'sources' and several 'loads' that are interconnected with nodes \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard Although, gpsim is currently limited to 'one-port' devices. In other words, it is assumed that ground serves as a common reference for the sources and the loads. \end_layout \end_inset . A good analogy is a spice circuit. The spice netlist corresponds to a node-list in gpsim and the spice elements correspond to the stimuli sources and loads. This general approach makes it possible to create a variety of simulation environments. Here's a list of different ways in which stimuli may be connected: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Stimulus connected to one I/O pin \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Stimulus connected to several I/O pins \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Several stimuli connected to one I/O pin \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Several stimuli connected to several I/O pins \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate I/O pins connected to I/O pins \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The general technique for implementing stimuli is as follows: \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Define the stimulus or stimuli. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Define a node. \end_layout \begin_layout Enumerate Attach the stimuli to the node. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard More often than not, the stimulus definition will reside in a file. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Contention among stimuli \end_layout \begin_layout Standard One of the problems with this nodal approach to modeling stimuli is that it's possible for contention to exist. For example, if two I/O pins are connected to one another and driving in the opposite directions, there will be contention. gpsim resolves contention with attribute summing. Each stimulus - even if it's an input - has an effect on the node. This effect is characterised by a voltage and an impedance. When a node is updated, gpsim performs a Thevenin voltage summing of all the stimuli together. The resultant voltage is then propagated to all connected stimuli as the current state of the node. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard For example, in the port A open collector / port B weak pull-up connection example, gpsim assigns a voltage of 5V with an impedance of 20kohms to the pull up resistor, and a voltage of 0V with an impedance of 150ohms to the open collector if it is active, or 100Mohms if it's not driving. The Thevenin sum will be roughly 0.05V if the output is driving, or 5V otherwise. Capacitive effects are not currently supported. \end_layout \begin_layout Section I/O Pins \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim models I/O pins as stimuli. Thus anywhere a stimulus is used, an I/O pin may be substituted. For example, you may want to tie two I/O pins to one another; like a port B pull up resistor to a port A open collector. gpsim automatically creates the I/O pin stimuli whenever a processor is created. All you need to do is to specify a node and then attach the stimuli to it. The names of these stimuli are formed by concatenating the port name with the bit position of the I/O pin. For example, bit 3 in port B is called portb3. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's a list of the types of I/O pin stimuli that are supported: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard I/O Pin Type \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Function \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard INPUT_ONLY \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Only accepts input (like MCLR) \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard BI_DIRECTIONAL \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Can be a source or a load (most I/O pins) \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard BI_DIRECTIONAL_PU \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard PU=Pullup resistor (PORTB) \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard OPEN_COLLECTOR \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Can only drive low (RA4 on c84) \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There is no special pin type for analog I/O pins. All pic analog inputs are multiplexed with digital inputs. The I/O pin definition will always be for the digital input. gpsim automatically knows when I/O pin is analog input. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Asynchronous Stimuli \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Asynchronous stimuli are analog or digital stimuli that can change states at any given instant (limited to the resolution of the cycle counter). They can be defined to be repetitive too. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard parameter \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard function \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard start_cycle \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard The # of cycles before the stimulus starts \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard cycles[] \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard An array of cycle #'s \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard data[] \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Stimulus state for a cycle \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard period \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard The # of cycles for one period \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard initial_state \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard The initial state before data[0] \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When the stimulus is first initialized, it will be driven to the 'initial state' and will remain there until the cpu's instruction cycle counter matches the specified 'start' cycle. After that, the two arrays 'cycles[]' and 'data[]' define the stimulus' outputs. The size of the arrays are the same and correspond to the number of events that are to be created. So the event number, if you will, serves as the index into these arrays. The 'cycles[]' array define when the events occur while the 'data[]' array defines the states the stimulus will enter. The 'cycles[]' are measured with respect to the 'start' cycle. The asynchronous stimulus can be made periodic by specifying the number of cycles in the 'period' parameter. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's an example that generates three pulses and then repeats: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code stimulus asynchronous_stimulus # or we could've used asy \newline \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code # The initial state AND the state the stimulus is when \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code # it rolls over \newline \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code initial_state 1 \newline \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code # all times are with respect to the cpu's cycle counter \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code start_cycle 100 \newline \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code # the asynchronous stimulus will roll over in 'period' \newline # cycles. Delete this line if you don't want a roll over. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code period 5000 \newline \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code # Now the cycles at which stimulus changes states are \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code # specified. The initial cycle was specified above. So \newline # the first cycle specified below will toggle this state. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code # In this example, the stimulus will start high. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code # At cycle 100 the stimulus 'begins'. However nothing happens \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code # until cycle 200+100. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code { 200, 0, \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 300, 1, \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 400, 0, \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 600, 1, \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 1000, 0, \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 3000, 1 } \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code # Give the stimulus a name: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code name asy_test \newline \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code # Finally, tell the command line interface that we're done \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code # with the stimulus \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code end \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Analog Asynchronous Stimuli \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Analog Asynchronous Stimuli are identical to Synchronous Stimuli except the data points are floating point numbers. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Extended Stimuli \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Discuss the extended stimuli in the modules/ directory. In particular, describe the \emph on PulseGen \emph default module and how it can complete replace the asynchronous stimuli. Also describe the \emph on PullUp \emph default and \emph on PullDown \emph default modules and how they can be manipulated into being general purpose DC voltage sources (FIXME, would it make sense to rename these modules?). \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Modules \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Modules} \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cha:Modules} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim has been designed to debug microprocessors. However, microprocessors are always a part of a system. And invariably, the bugs one often encounters are those that are a result of interfacing with a system. Modules provide users with a way to extend gpsim and simulate a system. For example, the \emph on system \emph default may be a processor with a few pull up resistors and switches or it may be a processor and an LCD display. gpsim provides a few modules that one may use either for debugging or as templates for creating new modules. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Modules reside in a library and are dynamically loaded with the \emph on module \emph default command. All modules have I/O pins which can connect to other modules or processors. Most modules provide \emph on attributes \emph default that allow the user to control a module's behavior or query its internal state. For example, the USART module has transmit and receive baud rate attributes that may be configured: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> U1.txbaud = 9600 # set the transmit rate \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> U1.rxbaud # query the receiver rate \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 9600 \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The symbol command can be used to query all attributes of a module. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> symbol U1. # note the period \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code U1 = USARTModule \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code U1.console = false \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code U1.crlf = true \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code U1.loop = true \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code U1.rx = 0 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code U1.rxbaud = 9600 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code U1.tx = 0 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code U1.txbaud = 9600 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code U1.xpos = 72.00000000000000 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code U1.ypos = 276.0000000000000 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Modules may provide only help which can be accessed using the help command: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> help U1 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code USARTModule \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code no description \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Well, the USART module isn't the best example here! However, a better example is one of the USART attributes. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code gpsim> help U1.txbaud \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code 9600 \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code USART Module Transmitter baud rate \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout Section gpsim Modules \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim provides a library of useful modules for simulation. The current version includes the following modules: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard pushbutton \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard pullup \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard A resistor connected (nominally) to Vdd \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard pulldown \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard A resistor connected (nominally) to Vss \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard usart \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard A serial interface with a GUI terminal window \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard pulsegen \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard I2C eeprom \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard switch \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Switch, which connects two nodes together \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard and2 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 2-input logical AND gate \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard or2 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 2-input logical OR gate \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard xor2 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 2-input logical XOR gate \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard not \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Inverter (logical NOT gate) \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard led_7segments \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard A 7-segment LED digit \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard led \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard TTL377 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard A 74HC377 style 8-bit tristate latch \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Encoder \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection USART \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{USART module} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The USART module is a full duplex configurable USART. In graphics mode, the USART will display its output in a console. In addition, the console will accept keyboard input. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Attributes \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .tx - The \emph on .tx \emph default attribute is the USART transmit register. Data written to this attribute will initiate a transmission. The USART does not support a transmit FIFO. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .rx - The \emph on .rx \emph default attribute is the USART receiver register. Data received by the USART is available for querying through here. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .txbaud - The \emph on .txbaud \emph default attribute specifies the transmitter baud rate. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .rxbaud - The .rxbaud attribute specifies the receiver baud rate. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .console - When set to \emph on true \emph default , the console window will display received data and will accept keyboard entries for the transmitter. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .crlf - When set to \emph on true \emph default , carraige returns and line feeds generate new lines in the console window. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .loop - When set to true, received characters are looped back to the transmitter. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .xpos - horizontal position in breadboard window. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .ypos - vertical position in breadboard window. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* I/O Pins \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .TXPIN - transmit pin \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .RXPIN - receiver pin \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .CTS - Clear to send pin. This can be left unconnect \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .RTS - Request to send pin. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Logic \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Logic} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The only attributes supported be the logic devices are the standard \emph on .xpos \emph default and \emph on .ypos \emph default breadboard positions. \begin_inset Note Greyedout status collapsed \begin_layout Standard FIXME There should be attributes to specify the switching characteristics. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* and2 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{and2} \end_inset - Two input AND gate \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* I/O pins \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .in0 - First input \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .in1 - First input \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .out - Output \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* or2 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{or2} \end_inset - Two input OR gate \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .in0 - First input \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .in1 - First input \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .out - Output \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* xor2 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xor2} \end_inset - Two input XOR gate \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .in0 - First input \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .in1 - First input \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .out - Output \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* not \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{not} \end_inset - Inverter \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .in0 - Input \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .out - Output \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection I2C EEPROM \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{I2C EEPROM} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are currently three I2C EEPROMs supported: I2C-EEPROM2k, I2C-EEPROM16k, and I2C-EEPROM256K. \begin_inset Note Greyedout status open \begin_layout Standard FIXME. Probably should have attributes for configuring the prom size. Also, there's currently no way to query or modify the prom contents. \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* I/O Pins \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .A0 - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .A1 - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .SCL - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .SDA - \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .WP \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Switches-&-Resistors} \end_inset Switches \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Switches} \end_inset & Resistors \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Resistors} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \emph on switch \emph default module is a model of a simple two terminal switch. It may be controlled either from the command line or the breadboard gui. The \emph on switch \emph default module's open and closed resistance are controlled by attributes. Thus a two terminal resistor can be modeled as a switch that is always closed (or open). \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Attributes \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .Ropen - Switch resistance in ohms when the switch is opened. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .Rclosed - Switch resistance in ohms when the switch is closed. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .state - Switch state. When \emph on false \emph default the switch is open. The \emph on .state \emph default attribute is writable. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* I/O Pins \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .A - One side \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .B - The other side \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Voltage Sources \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Voltage Sources} \end_inset , Resistors \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Resistors} \end_inset , and Capacitors \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Capacitors} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \emph on pullup \emph default and \emph on pulldown \emph default modules are two terminal devices with one terminal tied to a voltage source. Their voltage, resistance, and pin capacitance are controllable via attributes. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* Attributes \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .voltage - DC voltage \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .resistance - resistance in ohms between the I/O pin and the voltage source. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .capacitance - capacitance in farads between the I/O pin and ground. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* I/O Pins \end_layout \begin_layout Standard .pin - the only pin exposed. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Third Party Modules \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In addition to the standard modules, third are separately distribute gpsim modules. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Character LCD - HD44780 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HD44780} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This module emulates the ubiquitous HD44780 character LCDs. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection Graphic LCD - SED1530 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SED1530} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This module emulates a 100X32 pixel graphics LCD based on dual SED1350 controlle rs. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Writing new modules \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A module is a library of code. On Windows the library is a .DLL and on Unix a shared library. There are a few details that a module must adhere to, but in general the module has full access to gpsim's API. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The easiest way to write a new module is to start from the source code from one of the existing modules. For example, suppose your project produces a serial bit-stream in PPM coding and you want to display the output during the simulation. The external module you need is similar to the usart module but not the same, so start by making a copy of the usart module and then modify it to work how you need. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To be able to load your module into gpsim it needs to be in a library. Usually you will be creating a new library just for one device, but sometimes you'll have a few devices. Either way, the library must declare to gpsim what devices it contains. This is achieved with an array of Module_Types class instances, returned to gpsim by a function named \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset get_mod_list \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . All gpsim module libraries must declare this function. You can copy the required template from the gpsim source -- probably one of the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset extras \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset modules is slightly cleaner than the main library. For our PPM decoder example, we might have a module_manager.cc containing the following code: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code /* IN_MODULE should be defined for modules */ \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code #define IN_MODULE \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code #include \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code #include \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code #include "ppm.h" \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Module_Types available_modules[] = \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code { \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code { "ppm_display", "ppm_rx_iface", PpmDisplay::construct}, \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code // No more modules \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code { NULL,NULL,NULL} \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code }; \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code #ifdef __cplusplus \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code extern "C" { \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code #endif /* __cplusplus */ \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code /***************************************************************** \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code * get_mod_list - Report all of the modules in this library. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code * \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code * This is a required function for gpsim compliant libraries. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code */ \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Module_Types * get_mod_list(void) \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code { \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code return available_modules; \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code } \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code #ifdef __cplusplus \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code } \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code #endif /* __cplusplus */ \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This declares that this library provides one module, called ppm_display, implemented by the C++ class PpmDisplay. The class which implements the module must provide a static method \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset construct \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to create a new instance of the class. For example: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Module * PpmDisplay::construct(const char *_new_name=0) \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code { \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code PpmDisplay *ppmd = new PpmDisplay(_new_name); \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code ppmd->create_iopin_map(); \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code ppmd->create_window(_new_name); \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code return ppmd; \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code } \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Your module will need to include stimuli for its I/O connections. You can use the standard gpsim stimulus classes: IOPIN, io_bidirectional, io_bidirectional_pu, io_open_collector. In many cases, however, you will want to derive your own class from one of them. This will allow you to customise the actions when the node state changes. For example: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code class DecoderPin : public IOPIN \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code { \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code private: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code PpmDisplay * Parent; \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code public: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code DecoderPin ( PpmDisplay * parent, unsigned int b, const char * name=0 ); \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code virtual void setDrivenState(bool new_state); \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code }; \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The only methods we provide here are the constructor and an overridden \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset setDrivenState \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . This is because our PPM decoder needs to be told when the input pin changes state. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Symbolic Debugging \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim maintains a symbol table. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Macros \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Hex Files \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The target code simulated by gpsim can be supplied by a hex file, or more specifically an Intel Hex file. gpsim accepts the format of hex provided by gpasm and mpasm. The hex file does not provide any symbolic information. It's recommended that hex files only be used if 1) you suspect there's a problem with the way .cod files are generated by your assembler or compiler OR 2) your assembler or compiler doesn't generate .cod files. Also, you must supply a processor when loading hex files. See the load command. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter The ICD- Not Supported in versions 0.21.0 and later \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim supports (partly) the first version of the ICD (as opposed to ICD2 (the round hockey-puck shaped one)). \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Special configuration of the code \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Read the MPLAB ICD USER's GUIDE. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's the short version: \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize disable at least: brown out detection, low voltage programming and all code protection. It is probably good to turn of the watchdog too. see the MPLAB ICD USER's GUIDE for more information. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize have a NOP as the first instruction. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Don't touch RB6 or RB7. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Don't use the last stack level. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Don't use these registers and program words: \newline \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Processor \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Register \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard Program \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -870/1/2 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 0x70, 0xBB-0xBF \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 0x6E0-0x7FF \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -873/4 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 0x6D, 0x1fD, 0xEB-0xF0, 0x1Eb-0x1F0 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 0xEE0-0xFFF \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard -876/7 \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 0x70, 0x1Eb-0x1Ef \end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text \begin_layout Standard 0x1F00-0x1FFF \end_layout \end_inset \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* icdprog \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Download and install icdprog. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Use icdprog to program the target with the hex file ( \emph on icdprog mycode.hex \emph default ). \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* ICD usage \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Start gpsim like this: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \emph on gpsim -d /dev/ttyS0 -s mycode.cod \end_layout \begin_layout Standard , assuming the ICD is connected to the first serial port. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Now you can type 'icd' to see some information: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \emph on **gpsim> icd \newline ICD version "2.31.00" was found. \newline Target controller is 16F877 rev 13. \newline Vdd: 5.2 Vpp: 13.3 \newline Debug module is present \end_layout \begin_layout Standard 2.31 is the firmware version. I have only tried this particular version... \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can step, reset, run, halt, set the breakpoint and read file registers. It works both from the gui and the cli. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* ICD TODO \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize MPLAB has a setting for target cpu frequency, I have only tried with a 20MHz crystal, so there may be adjustments to be made to the serial port timeout settings in gpsim. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize The source, disassembly, watch, symbol and RAM windows works. And the rest doesn't. I guess the breadboard should be able to work at least for the pic, but it doesn't. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize eeprom support \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize modifying data \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Fix the UI to give more feedback about what's happening during long delays. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Better error detection. gpsim doesn't always see that the target is not functional. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Examples \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The \emph on examples/ \emph default subdirectory contains several examples. The \emph on examples/projects/ \emph default subdirectory demonstrate sample projects that can serve as templates for new projects. In addition, the \emph on examples/modules \emph default subdirectory contains several examples illustrating how to use gpsim's various modules. Finally, as described in chapter \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Regression-Tests} \end_inset , gpsim's regression tests illustrate many powerful debugging techniques that have not been fully documented. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* usart_gui example \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Each example contains a brief \emph on README \emph default explaning its purpose. For example, the \emph on README \emph default for the \emph on usart_gui \emph default example in the \emph on examples/modules \emph default directory contains \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code The tests the USART module with the GUI fix. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code The code for a 16f628 PIC is used. The code first transmits a string of \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code characters, which are instructions to the user, to the USART module which \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code will then be displayed on its GUI. This verifies that the USART can receive \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code serial data. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code When the focus is on the USART GUI window, characters typed on the keyboard \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code are sent from the USART to the PIC and then retransmitted from the PIC back \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code to the USART. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code If all works, the typed characters will be displayed in the GUI text window \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code of the USART. Both transmit and receive must be functioning for this to \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code happen. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \emph on Fixme \emph default - we really need to document all of the examples! \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Regression Tests \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cha:Regression-Tests} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Starting with version 0.22.0, gpsim distributes regression tests. The purpose of a regression test is to validate correctness. The tests are designed to exercise many of the aspects of gpsim and gpsim's modules. While designed primarily for developers though, the regression tests also serve as a rich source of examples. There are many features gpsim's developers will tuck away into a regression test and fail to document! \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter Theory of Operation \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This section is only provided for those who may be interested in how gpsim operates. The information in here is 'mostly' accurate. However, as gpsim evolves so do the details of the theory of operation. Use the information provided here as a high level introduction and use the (well commented :]) source to learn the details. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Background \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim is written mostly in C++. Why? Well the main reason is to easily implement a hierarchical model of a pic. If you think about a microcontroller, it's really easy to modularize the various components. C++ lends itself well to this conceptualization. Furthermore Microchip, like other microcontroller manufacturers, has created families of devices that are quite similar to one another. Again, the C++ provides 'inheritance' that allows the relationships to be shared among the various models of pics. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Instructions \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{instructions} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There's a base class for the 14-bit instructions (I plan to go one step further and create a base class from which all pic instructions can be derived). It primarily serves two purposes: storage that is common for each instruction and a means for generically accessing virtual functions. The common information consists of a name - or more specifically the instructio n mnemonic, the opcode, and a pointer to the processor owning the instruction. Some of the virtual functions are 'execute' and 'name'. As the hex file is decoded, instances of the instructions are created and stored in an array called program_memory. The index into this array is the address at which the instruction resides. To execute an instruction the following code sequence is invoked: \end_layout \begin_layout Quotation program_memory[pc.value]->execute(); \end_layout \begin_layout Standard which says, get the instruction at the current program counter (pc.value) and invoke via the virtual function execute(). This approach allows execution break points to be easily set. A special break point instruction can replace the one residing in the program memory array. When 'execute' is called the break point can be invoked. \end_layout \begin_layout Section General File Registers \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{registers} \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A file register is simulated by the 'file_register' class. There is one instance of a 'file_register' object for each file register in the PIC. All of the registers are collected together into an array called 'registers' which is indexed by the registers' corresponding PIC addresses. The array is linear and not banked like it is in the PIC. (Banking is handled during the simulation.) \end_layout \begin_layout Section Special File Registers \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Special file registers are all of the other registers that are not general file registers. This includes the core registers like status and option and also the peripheral registers like eeadr for the eeprom. The special file registers are derived from the general file registers and are also stored in the 'registers' array. There is one instance for each register - even if the register is accessible in more than one bank. So for example, there's only one instance for the 'status' register, however it may be accessed through the 'registers' array in more than one place. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard All file registers are accessed by the virtual functions 'put' and 'get'. This is done for two main reasons. First, it conveniently encapsulates the breakpoint overhead (for register breakpoints) in the file register and not in the instruction. Second, and more important, it allows derived classes to implement the put and get more specifically. For example, a 'put' to the indf register is a whole lot different than a put to the intcon register. In each case, the 'put' initiates an action beyond simply storing a byte of data in an array. It also allows the following code sequence to be easily implemented: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code movlw trisa ;Get the address of tris \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code movwf fsr \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code movf indf,w ;Read trisa indirectly \end_layout \begin_layout Section Example of an instruction \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Here's an example of the code for the movf instruction that illustrates what has been discussed above. Somewhere in gpsim the code sequence: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code program_memory[pc.value]->execute(); \end_layout \begin_layout Standard is executed. Let's say that the pc is pointing to a movf instruction. The ->execute() virtual function will invoke MOVF::execute. I've added extra comments (that aren't in the main code) to illustrate in detail what's happening. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code void MOVF::execute(void) \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code { \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code unsigned int source_value; \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code // All instructions are 'traced' (discussed below). It's sufficient \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code //to only store the opcode. However, even this may be unnecessary since \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code //the progam counter is also traced. Expect this to disappear in the \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code //future... \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code trace.instruction(opcode); \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code // 'source' is a pointer to a 'file_register' object. It is initialized \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code //by reading the 'registers' array. Note that the index depends on the \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code //'rp' bits (actually just one bit) in the status register. Time is \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code // saved by caching rp as opposed to decoding the status register. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code source = cpu->registers[cpu->rp | opcode®_IN_INSTRUCTION_MASK]; \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code // We have no idea which register we are trying to access and how it \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code //should be accessed or if there's a breakpoint set on it. No problem, \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code //the virtual function 'get' will resolve all of those details \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code // and 'do the right thing'. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code source_value = source->get(); \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code // If the destination is W, then the constructor has already initialized \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code //'destination'. Otherwise the destination and source are the same. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code if(opcode&DESTINATION_MASK) \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code destination = source; // Result goes to source \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code // Write the source value to the destination. Again, we have no idea \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code // where the destination may be or \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code // or how the data should be written there. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code destination->put(source_value); \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code // The movf instruction will set Z (zero) bit in the status register \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code //if the source value was zero. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code cpu->status.put_Z(0==source_value); \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code // Finally, advance the pc by one. \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code cpu->pc.increment(); \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code } \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code \end_layout \begin_layout Section Trace \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Everything that is simulated is traced - \emph on all \emph toggle of the time. The trace buffer is one huge circular buffer of integers. Information is or'ed with a trace token and then is stored in the trace buffer. No attempt is made to associate the items in the trace buffer while the simulator is simulating a PIC. Thus, if you look at the raw buffer you'll see stuff like: cycle counter = ..., opcode fetch = ..., register read = ..., register write = ..., etc. However, this information is post processed to ascertain what happened and when it happened. It's also possible to use this information to undo the simulation, or in other words you can step backwards. I don't have this implemented yet though. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Breakpoints \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Breakpoints fall into three categories: execution, register, and cycle. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Execution: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard For execution breakpoints a special instruction appropriately called 'Breakpoint _Instruction' is created and placed into the program memory array at the location the break point is desired. The original instruction is saved in the newly created breapoint instruction. When the break point is cleared, the original instruction is fetched from the break point instruction and placed back into the program memory array. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that this scheme has zero overhead. The simulation is only affected when the breakpoint is encountered. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Register: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are at least four different breakpoint types that can be set on a register: read any value, write any value, read a specific value, or write a specific value. Like the execution breakpoints, there are special breakpoint registers that replace a register object. So when the user sets a write breakpoint at register 0x20 for example, a new breakpoint object is created and insert into the file register array at location 0x20. When the simulator attempts to access register location 0x20, the breakpoint object will be accessed instead. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Note that this scheme too has zero overhead, accept when a breakpoint is encountered. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection Cycle: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Cycle breakpoints allow gpsim to alter execution at a specific instruction cycle. This is useful for running your simulation for a very specific amount of time. Internally, gpsim makes extensive use of the cycle breakpoints. For example, the TMR0 object can be programmed to generate a periodic cycle break point. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Cycle break points are implemented with a sorted doubly-linked list. The linked list contains two pieces of information (besides the links): the cycle at which the break is to occur and the call back function \begin_inset Foot status collapsed \begin_layout Standard A call back function is a pointer to a function. In this context, gpsim is given a pointer to the function that's to be invoked (called) whenever a cycle break occurs. \end_layout \end_inset that's to be invoked when the cycle does occur. The break logic is extremely simple. Whenever the cycle counter is advanced (that is, incremented), it's compared to the next desired cycle break point. If there's NO match, then we're done. So the overhead for cycle breaks is the time required to implement a comparison. If there IS a match, then the call back function associated with this break point is invoked and the next break point in the doubly-linked list serves as the reference for the next cycle break. \end_layout \begin_layout Chapter* COPYING \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The document is part of gpsim. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{GNU} \end_inset GNU General Public \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{License} \end_inset License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later version. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard gpsim is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{NO WARRANTY} \end_inset WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with gpsim; see the file COPYING. 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b(vie)n(wer)j(.)41 b(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)p Black 124 w(27)p Black 639 2840 a(3.7)86 b(Breadboard)63 b(.)41 b(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.) g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)p Black 124 w(28)p Black 639 2964 a(3.8)86 b(T)m(race)20 b(vie)n(wer)h(.)41 b(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)p Black 124 w(28)p Black 639 3089 a(3.9)86 b(Pro\002le)20 b(vie)n(wer)48 b(.)41 b(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)p Black 124 w(29)p Black 639 3214 a(3.10)i(Stopw)o(atch)39 b(.)j(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f (.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)p Black 124 w(30)p Black 639 3338 a(3.11)i(Scope)20 b(W)m(indo)n(w)71 b(.)41 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.) h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)p Black 124 w(30)p Black 515 3546 a Fm(4)82 b(Scripting)21 b(and)f (Con\002guring)1724 b(31)639 3670 y Fl(4.1)86 b(Embedded)18 b(Commands)70 b(.)42 b(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h (.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)p Black 124 w(31)p Black 830 3795 a(4.1.1)98 b(.sim)20 b(macro)66 b(.)41 b(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.) g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)p Black 124 w(31)p Black 830 3919 a(4.1.2)98 b(.command)18 b(macro)45 b(.)c(.)g(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g (.)h(.)p Black 124 w(32)p Black 830 4044 a(4.1.3)98 b(.assert)20 b(macro)59 b(.)41 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h (.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)p Black 124 w(32)p Black 639 4168 a(4.2)86 b(Sock)o(ets)70 b(.)41 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(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)p Black 124 w(40)p Black 639 883 a(7.2)86 b(I/O)21 b(Pins)53 b(.)41 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.) g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f (.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)p Black 124 w(40)p Black 639 1006 a(7.3)86 b(Asynchronous)18 b(Stimuli)80 b(.)42 b(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)p Black 124 w(41)p Black 830 1128 a(7.3.1)98 b(Analog)19 b(Asynchronous)e(Stimuli)48 b(.)42 b(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.) p Black 124 w(42)p Black 639 1251 a(7.4)86 b(Extended)19 b(Stimuli)59 b(.)42 b(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f (.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)p Black 124 w(42)p Black 515 1457 a Fm(8)82 b(Modules)2353 b(43)639 1579 y Fl(8.1)86 b(gpsim)20 b(Modules)61 b(.)41 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f (.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)p Black 124 w(44)p 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2669 y Fm(Displaying)20 b(De\002ned)h(Macr)o(os)515 2849 y Fl(All)i(currently)e(de\002ned)g (macros)h(can)g(be)h(displayed)e(by)h(typing)g(the)g(macro)g(command)e (without)515 2949 y(a)g(name)g(or)g(ar)o(guments:)p Black Black 722 3156 a Fg(gpsim>)49 b(macro)722 3256 y(mac1)g(macro)g(p1)h (p2)872 3356 y(run)872 3455 y(mac_exp)e(p1,)h(p2)722 3555 y(endm)722 3655 y(mac_exp)g(macro)g(add)g(mask)922 3754 y(mac_flags)f(=)h(\(mac_flags+add\))e(&)j(mask)722 3854 y(endm)515 4159 y Fi(2.13)119 b(module)515 4369 y Fl(The)26 b Ff(module)g Fl(command)f(is)j(used)f(to)g(load)f(and)g (query)g(e)o(xternal)g(modules)f(\(see)j(section)e(8)h(for)515 4469 y(more)21 b(information)e(about)i(gpsim)g(modules\).)29 b(A)22 b(module)e(is)j(a)f(special)g(piece)g(of)f(softw)o(are)g(that) 515 4569 y(can)j(e)o(xtend)f(gpsim)h(in)h(some)f(manner)-5 b(.)37 b(LED')-5 b(s)25 b(and)f(switches)h(are)g(e)o(xamples)e(of)h (modules.)37 b(A)515 4668 y(module)19 b(library)g(is)i(collection)e(of) h(modules.)p Black Black eop 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1429 a Fa(\017)p Black 41 w Fl(If)f(it)h(is)f(an)g(address,)g(then)f(the)h(opcode)e(and) h(source)g(vie)n(ws)h(display)g(the)1299 1528 y(address.)p Black 1216 1661 a Fa(\017)p Black 41 w Fl(If)i(it')-5 b(s)22 b(a)e(re)o(gister)m(,)f(the)h(re)o(gister)g(vie)n(wer)f(selects) j(the)e(cell.)p Black 1216 1794 a Fa(\017)p Black 41 w Fl(If)g(it')-5 b(s)21 b(a)g(constant,)e(address,)g(re)o(gister)h(or)g (ioport,)e(it)j(is)g(selected)f(in)h(the)1299 1893 y(symbol)f(windo)n (w)-5 b(.)p Black 515 2076 a(Find)20 b(te)o(xt)p Black 305 w(This)h(opens)f(up)g(a)i(search)e(dialog.)26 b(Ev)o(ery)20 b(time)h(you)f(hit)h(the)g('Find')f(b)n(utton,)1117 2176 y(the)30 b(current)f(notebook)f(page)i(is)h(found)e(and)h(the)g(source) g(in)g(that)h(page)f(is)1117 2275 y(used.)p Black 515 2441 a(Settings)p Black 334 w(A)20 b(dialog)g(with)g(which)g(you)f(can) h(change)f(the)h(fonts)g(used.)p Black 515 2607 a(Controls)p Black 315 w(A)32 b(submenu)e(containing)g(the)h(simulation)g(commands.) 58 b(\(these)32 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2159 y(gression)j(test)i(is)g(to)f(v)n(alidate)g(correctness.)56 b(The)31 b(tests)h(are)f(designed)f(to)h(e)o(x)o(ercise)f(man)o(y)g(of) 515 2259 y(the)c(aspects)g(of)g(gpsim)g(and)f(gpsim')-5 b(s)26 b(modules.)42 b(While)27 b(designed)d(primarily)h(for)h(de)n(v)o (elopers)515 2358 y(though,)f(the)g(re)o(gression)f(tests)j(also)f (serv)o(e)f(as)i(a)f(rich)f(source)g(of)g(e)o(xamples.)40 b(There)25 b(are)h(man)o(y)515 2458 y(features)19 b(gpsim')-5 b(s)20 b(de)n(v)o(elopers)e(will)j(tuck)f(a)o(w)o(ay)g(into)g(a)h(re)o (gression)d(test)j(and)f(f)o(ail)h(to)f(document!)p Black 1905 5208 a(56)p Black eop end %%Page: 57 58 TeXDict begin 57 57 bop Black Black 515 1163 a Fj(Chapter)44 b(15)515 1603 y Fn(Theory)51 b(of)h(Operation)515 2060 y Fl(This)22 b(section)g(is)h(only)f(pro)o(vided)e(for)h(those)h(who)g (may)g(be)g(interested)g(in)g(ho)n(w)g(gpsim)g(operates.)515 2159 y(The)28 b(information)f(in)i(here)f(is)i('mostly')d(accurate.)50 b(Ho)n(we)n(v)o(er)m(,)29 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