The Audio toolkit is a set of functions for manipulating MIDI devices and files for GNU Octave
The Audio toolkit must be installed and then loaded to be used.
It can be installed in GNU Octave directly from octave-forge, or can be installed in an off-line mode via a downloaded tarball.
The toolkit has a dependency on the RTMIDI library (https://github.com/thestk/rtmidi), so it must be installed in order to successfully install the toolkit.
For Fedora: yum install rtmidi-devel
For Ubuntu: apt install librtmidi-dev
The toolkit must be then be loaded once per each GNU Octave session in order to use its functionality.
If running in Windows, the package may already be installed, to check run:
pkg list audio
Otherwise it can be installed by installing the requirements and then using the online or offline install method.
With an internet connection available, the Audio package can be installed from octave-forge using the following command within GNU Octave:
pkg install -forge audio
The latest released version of the toolkit will be downloaded and installed.
The Audio package must be loaded each time a GNU Octave session is started:
pkg load audio
An overview of the package can be displayed by running help audio
Help for each function can be displayed by help thefunctionname
ie:
help mididevice
The following functions are available to convert between audio domains:
Conversion between hz and equivalent rectangular bandwidths (ERP) frequency scales
Conversion between hz and equivalent mel frequency scales
Conversion between hz and equivalent bark frequency scales
Conversion between sone and phon loudness scales
The audioOscillator function provides a method of creating a waveform generator for sine,
square and sawtooth waveforms.
% create a sawtooth audio generator
osc = audioOscillator("sawtooth");
% get a frame of data
data = osc();
% plot the data
plot(data);
The Audio toolkit provides 3 main types of MIDI functionality:
These are functions that directly allow opening, sending and receiving MIDI messages.
Functions that provide a layer on top of the device functions for using MIDI controls.
Basic functions that allow read and write of MIDI files.
To read and write to a MIDI device, a MIDI device object must be created, using the name or id of a known MIDI device as provided by the mididevinfo function.
MIDI devices can then be read using the midisend and midireceive functions that use midimsg type to encapsulate the MIDI data.
% list the midi devices
devs = mididevinfo
% open a midi device, specifying the first input and output MIDI device
dev = mididevice("input", devs.input{1}.ID, "output", devs.output{1}.ID)
% receive data and echo it through the output port
while true
msg = midireceive(dev, 1);
if !isempty(msg)
midisend(msg);
endif
endwhile
The functions currently available in the Audio toolkit are described below:
tf = hasdata (dev)Return whether there is data available to read
dev - a octave midi device opened using mididevice.
tf - true if device has data available to read
See also: mididevice.
dev = mididevice (mididev)dev = mididevice (mididir, mididev)dev = mididevice ("input", midiindev, "output", midioutdev)Create a midi device using the input parameters.
When a single device name or id is provided, attempt to create the midi device using the same name for both input and output.
Otherwise, use the name or device id for the given input or output direction.
mididev - name or id of device to load.
mididir - midi direction of "input" or "output"
midiindev - midi input name or id
midioutdev - midi output name or id
dev - octave_midi class for opened device
Input - Input device name (read only).
Output - Output device name (read only).
InputID - Input device id (read only).
OutputID - Output device id (read only).
Open midi device with ID of 0.
> dev = mididevice(0);
mididevice connected to
input: "SparkFun Pro Micro:SparkFun Pro Micro MIDI 1 20:0" (1)
output: "SparkFun Pro Micro:SparkFun Pro Micro MIDI 1 20:0" (0)
Open a named midi device:
> dev = mididevice("SparkFun Pro Micro:SparkFun Pro Micro MIDI 1 20:0");
mididevice connected to
input: "SparkFun Pro Micro:SparkFun Pro Micro MIDI 1 20:0" (1)
output: "SparkFun Pro Micro:SparkFun Pro Micro MIDI 1 20:0" (0)
See also: mididevinfo.
devlist = mididevinfo ()()Retrieve the midi devices detected within the system.
The list will be stored with variable devlist as either a input or output device. If no output variable is provided, the devices will be displayed.
None
devlist - a structure containing the midi device information
Display the known devices of the system.
> mididevinfo
MIDI devices available
ID Direction Interface Name
0 output Alsa Midi Through:Midi Through Port-0 14:0
1 output Alsa Ensoniq AudioPCI:ES1371 16:0
2 output Alsa SparkFun Pro Micro:SparkFun Pro Micro MIDI 1 20:0
3 input Alsa Midi Through:Midi Through Port-0 14:0
4 input Alsa Ensoniq AudioPCI:ES1371 16:0
5 input Alsa SparkFun Pro Micro:SparkFun Pro Micro MIDI 1 20:0
Assign variable mididevices with the values from the known devices
> mididevices = mididevinfo
mididevices =
scalar structure containing the fields:
input =
{
[1,1] =
scalar structure containing the fields:
Name = SparkFun Pro Micro:SparkFun Pro Micro MIDI 1 20:0
Interface = Alsa
ID = 0
}
output =
{
[1,1] =
scalar structure containing the fields:
Name = SparkFun Pro Micro:SparkFun Pro Micro MIDI 1 20:0
Interface = Alsa
ID = 1
}
See also: mididevice.
(dev)Flush the receive buffers on a midi device
dev - midi device opened using mididevice
None
Flush a midi device
midiflush(dev);
See also: mididevice, midireceive.
msg = midimsg (0)msg = midimsg (type ....)msg = midimsg ("note", channel, note, velocity, duration, timestamp)msg = midimsg ("noteon", channel, note, velocity, timestamp)msg = midimsg ("noteoff", channel, note, velocity, timestamp)msg = midimsg ("programchange", channel, prog, timestamp)msg = midimsg ("controlchange", channel, ccnum, ccval, timestamp)msg = midimsg ("polykeypressure", channel, note, keypressure, timestamp)msg = midimsg ("channelpressure", channel, chanpressure, timestamp)msg = midimsg ("localcontrol", channel, localcontrol, timestamp)msg = midimsg ("pitchbend", channel, pitchchange, timestamp)msg = midimsg ("polyon", channel, timestamp)msg = midimsg ("monoon", channel, monochannels, timestamp)msg = midimsg ("omnion", channel, timestamp)msg = midimsg ("omnioff", channel, timestamp)msg = midimsg ("allsoundoff", channel, timestamp)msg = midimsg ("allnotesoff", channel, timestamp)msg = midimsg ("resetallcontrollers", channel, timestamp)msg = midimsg ("start", timestamp)msg = midimsg ("stop", timestamp)msg = midimsg ("continue", timestamp)msg = midimsg ("systemreset", timestamp)msg = midimsg ("activesensing", timestamp)msg = midimsg ("timingclock", timestamp)msg = midimsg ("systemexclusive", timestamp)msg = midimsg ("systemexclusive", bytes, timestamp)msg = midimsg ("eox", timestamp)msg = midimsg ("data", bytes, timestamp)msg = midimsg ("songselect", song, timestamp)msg = midimsg ("songpositionpointer", songposition, timestamp)msg = midimsg ("tunerequest", timestamp)msg = midimsg ("miditimecodequarterframe", timeseq, timevalue, timestamp)Create a midimsg object
If the input parameter is 0, create an empty midi message object Otherwise the first variable is the type of message to create, followed by the additional parameters for the message.
For each message type, the timestamp value is optional.
type - string message type or a midimsgtype.
timestamp - optional seconds time stamp for the event
channel - the channel to use for the message (1..16)
note - the value of the note to play/stop
velocity - the velocity value for a note on/off, with 0 stopping a note from sounding.
duration - seconds between starting and stopping a note when created a ’note’ message.
prog - program number when doing a program change message.
ccnum - control change control number.
ccval - control change control value.
keypressure - key pressure value when creating a key pressure message.
chanpressure - channel pressure value when creating a channelpressure message.
pitchchange - pitch change value when creating a pitch bend message.
localcontrol - boolean value when creating a localcontrol message.
monochannels - channels specified for a mono on message.
bytes - array of data in range of 0 to 127 specified as part of a data message or
system exclusive message.
song - song selection number for a song selection message.
songposition - song position value for a song position message.
timeseq - timecode sequence number for a miditimecodequarterframe message.
timevalue - timecode value number for a miditimecodequarterframe message.
msg - a midimsg object containing the midi data of the message
timestamp - timestamp of the message, or an array or timestamps if the the message is a
compound message.
msgbytes - the raw message bytes that make up the MIDI message.
nummsgbytes - the number of message bytes that make up the MIDI message.
type - string or midimsgtype that represents the message type.
channel - the channel number for message.
note - the note value for message (Only valid for noteon/off and polykeypressure).
velocity - the velocity value for message (Only valid for noteon/off).
keypressure - the keypressure value for message (Only valid for polykeypressure).
channelpressure - the chanpressure value for message (Only valid for channelpressure).
localcontrol - the localcontrol value for message (Only valid for localcontrol messages).
monochannels - channels specified for a mono on message.
program - program number specified for a program change message.
ccnumber - control change number specified for a control change message.
ccvalue - control change value specified for a control change message.
song - song number for a song selection message.
songposition - song position value for a song position message.
pitchchange - pitch change value for a pitch bend message.
timecodesequence - timecode sequence number for a miditimecodequarterframe message.
timecodevalue - timecode value number for a miditimecodequarterframe message.
Create a note on/off pair with a duration of 1.5 seconds
msg = midimsg('note', 1, 60, 100, 1.5)
Create a separate note on/off pair with a time between them of 1.5 seconds
msg = [midimsg('noteon', 1, 60, 100, 0), midimsg('noteoff', 1, 60, 0, 1.5)]
Create a system reset message
msg = midimsg('systemreset')
See also: midifileread, midisend, midireceive, midimsgtype.
midimsg = midireceive (dev)midimsg = midireceive (dev, maxmsg)Attempt to receive midi messages from a midi device.
dev - a octave midi device opened using mididevice.
maxmsg - Maximum number of messages to retrieve. If not specified, the function will attempt to get all pending.
midimsg - a midimsg containing the messages retrieved from the device.
If no messages are available, midimsg will be empty.
Open device 0, and poll and display read messages
dev = mididevice(0);
while true
mx = midireceive(dev);
if !isempty(mx)
% display message
mx
endif
endwhile
See also: mididevice, midisend.
(dev, msg)(dev, ...)Send a midimsg to a midi device
dev - midi device opened using mididevice
msg - a midi message class with messages to send to the midi device
If the msg isn’t a midimsg class, the input data is expected to be in same format as the inputs to a midimsg object.
None
Send a note on/off command to a opened midi device dev
midisend(dev, midimsg("note", 1, 60, 100, 2.0));
See also: midimsg, mididevice, midireceive.
oldhandle = midicallback (midicontrolsObj, functionHandle)oldhandle = midicallback (midicontrolsObj, [])currhandle = midicallback (midicontrolsObj)Get, set or clear the midicontrol object callback.
midicontrolObj - control object created using midicontrols.
functionHandle - function handle to set for call back. If it is [], the callback function will be cleared.
NOTE: currently anonymous functions will not work.
NOTE: callbacks should be cleared before losing all references to the midicontrols object.
oldhandle The previously set midicallback function handle when setting a new callback.
currhandle The current set midicallback function handle.
Set a callback on a midicontrols object
ctrl = midicontrols(2001) function dispCallback(ctrl),disp(midiread(ctrl)),endfunction; midicallback(ctrl, @dispCallback);
Clear the callback on a midicontrols object
ctrl = midicontrols(2001) midicallback(ctrl, []);
Get the current callback on a midicontrols object
ctrl = midicontrols(2001) cb = midicallback(ctrl);
See also: midicontrols, midisync, midiread.
obj = midicontrols ()obj = midicontrols (ctrlid)obj = midicontrols (ctrlid, initialvalues)obj = midicontrols (__, propertyname, propertyvalue)Create a midi controls object
ctrlid - single control id or array of control ids to monitor, or [] to use any controller.
initialvalues - initial values to use for controls. It should be the same size as ctrlid
propertyname, propertyvalue - properties to set on the controller. If a device is not specified
the value from getpref("midi", "DefaultDevice", 0) will be used.
Known properties are:
name of the mididevice to monitor.
the scaling mode for values: ’rawmidi’ will return values between 0 .. 127, ’normalized’ will use values between 0 .. 1.
obj - returns a midicontrols object
Create a midicontrols object monitoring control id 2001 on the default midi device
ctrl = midicontrols(2001)
Create a midicontrols object monitoring control id 2001 on a a non default device
ctrl = midicontrols(2001, 'mididevice', 1)
See also: midiread, midisync.
[ctrlid, dev] = midiid ()Scan for control messages from midi devices to get the id of the device
Function will display a prompt for the user to move the midi control and return when a control messages is detected or ctrl-C is pressed.
None
ctrlid - control id made from the controller channel * 1000 + controller number.
dev = name of the midi device the controller was detected on.
Monitor midi devices for first moving controller
[ctrlid, devname] = midiid()
See also: mididevinfo, midicontrols.
val = midiread (midicontrolsObj)Read current values of midi controls
midicontrolObj - control object created using midicontrols
val single value or array of current values from the midi device.
Read current value of midicontrols with a ctrlid 2001 on the default midi device.
ctrl = midicontrols(2001) val = midiread(ctrl);
Read current value of midicontrols with a ctrlid 2001 on a non default midi device.
ctrl = midicontrols(2001, 'mididevice', 1) val = midiread(ctrl);
See also: midicontrols, midisync.
(midicontrolsObj)(midicontrolsObj, ctrlvalues)Send the values of control object to the control, using ctrlvalues values if specified instead
midicontrolObj - control object created using midicontrols
ctrlvalues - values to send to the controls instead of initial values
None
Send sync command to a midicontrols with a ctrlid 2001 to set a value of 1
ctrl = midicontrols(2001) midisync(ctrl, 1);
See also: midicontrols.
ismidi = ismidifile (filename)Check if filename is a midi file.
The function only checks whether it is an existing file and the file starts with a valid ’MThd’ header.
Non existing files, or files that do not meet the header criteria will return false.
filename - filename of file to check.
ismidi - true if it is a midi file, false otherwise
See also: midifileread, midifilewrite.
info = midifileinfo (filename)Read MIDI file and display information about the tracks and data
filename - filename of file to open.
info - structure of the midi file data
with the following fields:
the name of the file
The header block information
An array of tracks read from the file
An array of non-track midi blocks read from the file
See also: midifileread.
msg = midifileread (filename, [propertyname, propertyvalue …])Read MIDI file into a midimsg
filename - filename of file to open.
propertyname, properyvalue - optional propertyname/value pairs.
Known property values are:
A True/False value to include MetaEvents in the out message list.
msg - a midimsg struct containing the messages read from the file
See also: midifileinfo, midimsg.
(filename, msgs)(filename, msgs, optionname, optionvalue)Write a midifile
filename - filename of file to open.
msg - a midimsg struct or a cell array of midimsg containing data to write to file
optionname, optionvalue - option value/name pairs
Known options are:
MIDI file format number. (0 (default), 1, 2)
Where format is 0, if a cell array is passed to midifilewrite, the midimsg values will be concatenated together before saving.
Were format is not 0, the cell array is treated as tracks of misimsg.
None
See also: midifileread, midimsg.
A midimsg type enumeration for values of the midimsg type.
Enumeration values are:
| Data | Stop | SongPositionPointer |
| PolyOn | PolyKeyPressure | NoteOff |
| EOX | ActiveSensing | SongSelect |
| MonoOn | ChannelPressure | ControlChange |
| TimingClock | SystemReset | AllSoundOff |
| OmniOn | PitchBend | ProgramChange |
| Start | TuneRequest | ResetAllControllers |
| OmniOff | Undefined | SystemExclusive |
| Continue | MIDITimeCodeQuarterFrame | LocalControl |
| AllNotesOff | MetaEvent |
The enumeration value can be used instead of a string in midimsg creation.
Use both a string and a midimsgtype for the type parameter of a midimsg.
# both statements are equivalent
msg = midimsg('NoteOn', 1, 60, 100);
msg = midimsg(midimsgtype.NoteOn, 1, 60, 100);
See also: midimsg.
Generate sine, sawtool and square waveforms
obj = audioOscillator ()obj = audioOscillator (signalTypeValue)obj = audioOscillator (signalTypeValue, frequencyValue)obj = audioOscillator (__, propertyname, propertyvalue)Create a audioOscillator object
signalTypeValue - signal type of "sine" (default), "square", "sawtooth".
frequencyValue - hz frequency value of waveform (default 100).
propertyname, propertyvalue - properties to set on the object.
Known properties are:
signal type of "sine" (default), "square" or "sawtooth". (readonly)
frequency of the waveform (default 100)
amplitude of the signal (default 1)
sample rate of the signal (default 44100)
phase offset of signal 0 (default) - 1 (readonly)
dutycycle of the signal 0 - 1 (default 0.5) when signal is a square wave.
Samples per frame as returned from () (default 512)
Max samples per frame (default 192000)
DC Offset of signal (default 0)
Width of sawtooth (default 1)
Output data type of ’single’ or ’double’ (default ’double’)
obj - signalGenerator object
Create a 100 hz sine wave and plot first 512 samples
sinosc = audioOscillator data = sinosc(); plot(data);
Create a 2 hz square wave with duty cycle of 0.5
sqosc = audioOscillator('square', 'DutyCycle', 0.50, 'Frequency', 2);
data = obj()Generate a frame of waveform data from the generator function
obj - signalGenerator object
data - waveform data
Release resources of generator
obj - signalGenerator object
None
hz = bark2hz (bark)Convert equivalent Bark Frequency to Hz.
bark - input frequency in bark.
hz - Output frequency in Hz.
Traunmüller, Hartmut. Analytical Expressions for the Tonotopic Sensory Scale. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. Vol. 88, Issue 1, 1990
See also: hz2bark.
hz = erb2hz (erb)Convert equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB) to Hz.
erb - input frequency in erb.
hz - Output frequency in Hz.
Glasberg and Moore. Derivation of Auditory Filter Shapes from Notched-Noise Data. Hearing Research. Vol. 47, 1990
See also: hz2erb.
bark = hz2bark (hz)Convert hz to equivalent bark frequency
hz - input frequency in Hz.
bark - Output frequency as a bark value
Convert 4000 Hz to erb
erb = hz2erb(4000)
Traunmüller, Hartmut. Analytical Expressions for the Tonotopic Sensory Scale. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. Vol. 88, Issue 1, 1990
See also: bark2hz.
erb = hz2erb (hz)Convert hz to equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB)
hz - input frequency in Hz.
erb - Output frequency as a erb value
Convert 4000 Hz to erb
erb = hz2erb(4000)
Convert a range of Hz to erb
erb = hz2erb(4000:100:5000)
Glasberg and Moore. Derivation of Auditory Filter Shapes from Notched-Noise Data. Hearing Research. Vol. 47, 1990
See also: erb2hz.
mel = hz2mel (hz)Convert hz to equivalent mel frequency.
hz - input frequency in Hz.
mel - Output frequency as a mel value
Convert 4000 Hz to mel
mel = hz2mel(4000)
Convert a range of Hz to mel
mel = hz2erb(4000:100:5000)
O’Shaghnessy, Douglas. Speech Communication: Human and Machine. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1987
See also: mel2hz.
hz = mel2hz (mel)Convert equivalent mel frequency to Hz.
mel - input frequency in mel.
hz - Output frequency in Hz.
O’Shaghnessy, Douglas. Speech Communication: Human and Machine. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1987
See also: hz2mel.
sone = phon2sone (phon)sone = phon2sone (phon, standard)Convert from phon to sone
phon - Loudness level in phon
standard - Standard to use in conversion. Options are ’ISO 532-1’ or ’ISO 532-2’.
’ISO 532-1’ is used if no standard is provided.
sone - Loudness level in sone
Convert 100 phon to sone
sone = phon2sone(100)
International Organization for Standardization., ISO 532-1 Acoustics – Methods for calculating loudness – Part 1: Zwicker method.
International Organization for Standardization., ISO 532-2 Acoustics – Methods for calculating loudness – Part 2: Moore-Glasberg method.
https://sengpielaudio.com/calculatorSonephon.htm
See also: sone2phon.
phon = sone2phon (sone)phon = sone2phon (sone, standard)Convert from sone to phon.
sone - Loudness level in sone
standard - Standard to use in conversion. Options are ’ISO 532-1’ or ’ISO 532-2’.
’ISO 532-1’ is used if no standard is provided.
sone - Loudness level in sone
Convert 100 sone to phon
phon = sone2phon(100)
International Organization for Standardization., ISO 532-1 Acoustics – Methods for calculating loudness – Part 1: Zwicker method.
International Organization for Standardization., ISO 532-2 Acoustics – Methods for calculating loudness – Part 2: Moore-Glasberg method.
https://sengpielaudio.com/calculatorSonephon.htm
See also: sone2phon.
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If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does. Copyright (C) year name of author This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
program Copyright (C) year name of author This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type ‘show w’. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type ‘show c’ for details.
The hypothetical commands ‘show w’ and ‘show c’ should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program’s commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html.
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