pax_global_header00006660000000000000000000000064147255524350014526gustar00rootroot0000000000000052 comment=a27fb20b56f852f6511b876fb8bafc31ef95eec0 postgresql-unit-7.10/000077500000000000000000000000001472555243500146355ustar00rootroot00000000000000postgresql-unit-7.10/.github/000077500000000000000000000000001472555243500161755ustar00rootroot00000000000000postgresql-unit-7.10/.github/workflows/000077500000000000000000000000001472555243500202325ustar00rootroot00000000000000postgresql-unit-7.10/.github/workflows/regression.yml000066400000000000000000000015621472555243500231410ustar00rootroot00000000000000name: Build on: [push, pull_request] jobs: build: runs-on: ubuntu-latest defaults: run: shell: sh strategy: matrix: pgversion: - 18 - 17 - 16 - 15 - 14 - 13 - 12 - 11 - 10 - 9.6 - 9.5 env: PGVERSION: ${{ matrix.pgversion }} steps: - name: checkout uses: actions/checkout@v3 - name: install pg run: | sudo /usr/share/postgresql-common/pgdg/apt.postgresql.org.sh -v $PGVERSION -p -i sudo -u postgres createuser -s "$USER" - name: build run: | make PROFILE="-Werror" sudo -E make install - name: test run: | make installcheck - name: show regression diffs if: ${{ failure() }} run: | cat regression.diffs postgresql-unit-7.10/.gitignore000066400000000000000000000002671472555243500166320ustar00rootroot00000000000000powers regression.diffs regression.out results/ tags unit--*.sql unit.o unitparse.tab.c unitparse.tab.h unitparse.tab.o unitparse.yy.c unitparse.yy.o unit.so unittest unittest.o *.bc postgresql-unit-7.10/.vimrc000066400000000000000000000000161472555243500157530ustar00rootroot00000000000000set ts=4 sw=4 postgresql-unit-7.10/Makefile000066400000000000000000000032251472555243500162770ustar00rootroot00000000000000MODULE_big = unit OBJS = unit.o unitparse.yy.o unitparse.tab.o EXTENSION = unit DATA = unit_prefixes.data unit_units.data \ unit--1.sql unit--1--2.sql \ unit--2.sql DATA_built = unit--2--3.sql unit--3.sql \ unit--3--4.sql unit--4.sql \ unit--4--5.sql unit--5.sql \ unit--5--6.sql unit--6.sql \ unit--6--7.sql unit--7.sql REGRESS = extension tables unit binary unicode prefix units time temperature functions language_functions round derived compare aggregate iec custom # Jessie's and trusty's bison (3.0.2) is buggy, ship pregenerated .tab files EXTRA_CLEAN = unitparse.yy.* powers powers.o unit-*.dump # unitparse.tab.* # avoid add/mult contraction so '-459.67 °F' is really '0 K' # problem visible on ppc64el Ubuntu trusty..zesty (Debian unaffected) PG_CPPFLAGS += -ffp-contract=off PG_CONFIG = pg_config PGXS := $(shell $(PG_CONFIG) --pgxs) include $(PGXS) HAS_CROSSTAB = $(shell [ $(VERSION_NUM) -ge 90600 ] && echo yes) ifeq ($(HAS_CROSSTAB),yes) REGRESS += crosstab convert endif # upgrade testing, not enabled by default (needs extension actually installed) #REGRESS += upgrade unit.o: unit.c unit.h defined_units.h float8out_unit.h unitparse.yy.c: unitparse.l flex -o $@ $< unitparse.yy.o: unit.h defined_units.h unitparse.tab.c # actually unitparse.tab.h unitparse.tab.c unitparse.tab.h: unitparse.y bison -d $< unitparse.tab.o: unit.h defined_units.h %.sql: %.sql.in sed -e "s!@MODULEDIR@!$(datadir)/$(datamoduledir)!g" $< > $@ # unit definitions from GNU units definitions.units.patched: definitions.units definitions.units.patch cp $< $@ patch $@ definitions.units.patch # powers-of-10 template powers: powers.c gcc -o $@ $^ -lm postgresql-unit-7.10/NEWS.md000066400000000000000000000056061472555243500157420ustar00rootroot000000000000007.7: Jan 06, 2023 ----------------- * Fix printing of values around 1e33 on i386. 7.6: Jan 04, 2023 ----------------- * Import definitions.units September 2022 Version 3.15. * Add R ronna, Q quetta, r ronto, Q quecto, Ri robi, Qi quebi prefixes. 7.4: May 20, 2021 - World Metrology Day --------------------------------------- * Fix hash table creation on PostgreSQL 14. 7.3: Oct 19, 2020 ----------------- * Packaging updates. 7.2: May 20, 2019 - World Metrology Day --------------------------------------- * Rewire PostgreSQL 12's new extra_float_digits=1 default internally to 0 to keep nice, short decimal representations. 7.1: Dec 3, 2018 ---------------- * Import definitions.unit 2.44 from units 2.18 with 36 new units. When upgrading from a previous install, use `SELECT unit_load();` to import. * Adjust powers.h to round "1" down by one ULP. 7.0: Sep 28, 2018 ----------------- * Format time using commonyears + days + hh:mm:ss.sss s. * Avoid using Gs for Gigaseconds, that's actually gauss. * Modify @(unit, text) operator to return text instead of cstring. * Import definitions.units from GNU units 2.17 with 13 new units. * Add π to known units. * Remove bison 2 compat mode, but keep pregenerated files for jessie and trusty. * Support send/receive via the binary protocol. * Support Infinity and NaN. * Add strict comparison operators that error out when dimensions of arguments do not match: << <<= == <<>> >>= >>. * Add range type over units: unitrange. 6.0: Mar 7, 2018 ---------------- * Add @@ operator: similar to @, but returns the value of the resulting unit as double precision number. * Fix parsing of addition/subtraction in unit values. * Grant SELECT on unit prefixes and units table to public. * Add unit_load() function to load/update the data tables. 5.0: Jan 10, 2018 ----------------- * Add rounding function. * Import definitions.units from GNU units 2.16 with 70 new units. 4.0: Jul 7, 2017 ---------------- * Support exponents written using Unicode superscript characters. * Report 22P02/invalid_text_representation on invalid unit input. * Fix crash when unit_reset() runs into an OOM error. Patch by Andreas Seltenreich, thanks! * Change @ operator signature to (unit, text). 3.0: Mar 22, 2017 ----------------- * Support defining new units at runtime. * Import unit definitions from GNU units. * Add sqrt() and cbrt() functions. * Extension is not relocatable after installation anymore. * Bump extension version to 3. * Bump minimum supported PostgreSQL version to 9.5 so we can use hash_create(HASH_BLOBS). * Bump license to GPL-3+ to match GNU units' license. 2.0: Jan 9, 2017 ---------------- * Support IEC binary prefixes for byte. * Support United States customary units: in, ft, yd, mi, oz, lb. * Add variance and stddev aggregates 1.1: Oct 31, 2016 ----------------- * Use float8out_internal to format floats on output. v1.0: Sep 22, 2016 ------------------ * Initial release postgresql-unit-7.10/README.md000066400000000000000000000471301472555243500161210ustar00rootroot00000000000000SI Units for PostgreSQL ======================= Christoph Berg **postgresql-unit** implements a *PostgreSQL datatype for [SI units](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units), plus byte*. The eight base units can be combined to arbitrarily complex derived units using operators defined in the PostgreSQL type system. SI and [IEC binary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix) prefixes are used for input and output, and quantities can be converted to arbitrary scale. Unit and prefix definitions are retrieved from database tables, and new definitions can be added at run time. The extension comes with over 2500 units and over 100 prefixes found in the [definitions.units file](definitions.units) in [*GNU Units*](https://www.gnu.org/software/units/). Requires PostgreSQL 9.5 or later (uses *HASH_BLOBS*), flex, and bison 3 (the pre-built grammar files are used if only bison 2 is available). [Changelog](NEWS.md) Features -------- * Base types: *meter (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), ampere (A), kelvin (K), mole (mol), candela (cd), byte (B)* * derived units coherent with SI: *radian (rad), steradian (sr), hertz (Hz), newton (N), pascal (Pa), joule (J), watt (W), coulomb (C), volt (V), farad (F), ohm (Ω), siemens (S), weber (Wb), tesla (T), henry (H), degree Celsius (°C, support limited), lumen (lm), lux (lx), becquerel (Bq), gray (Gy), sievert (Sv), katal (kat)* * non-coherent units: *minute (min), hour(h), day(d), hectare (ha), litre (l), tonne (t), bar, astronomical unit (au)* * United States customary units: *inch (in), foot (ft), yard (yd), mile (mi), ounce (oz), pound (lb)* * about 2400 other units imported from GNU Units (including some humorous ones) * prefix multiples: *da, h, k, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y, R, Q* * prefix fractions: *d, c, m, μ, n, p, f, a, z, y, r, q* * IEC binary prefix multiples: *Ki, Mi, Gi, Ti, Pi, Ei, Zi, Yi, Ri, Qi* * other prefixes imported from GNU Units * operators: **+, -, *, /, ^**, conversion to arbitrary scale (**@, @@**) * aggregate functions * range type Examples -------- ``` # CREATE extension unit; CREATE EXTENSION # SELECT '800 m'::unit + '500 m' AS length; length -------- 1.3 km # SELECT '120 km/h'::unit AS speed; speed ---------------------- 33.3333333333333 m/s # SELECT '9.81 N'::unit / 'kg' AS gravity; gravity ------------ 9.81 m/s^2 # SELECT '1 kilosecond'::unit AS time; time ------------ 00:16:40 s # SELECT '2 MB/min'::unit @ 'GB/d' AS traffic; traffic ----------- 2.88 GB/d # SELECT '1 hl'::unit @ '0.5 l' AS bottles_of_beer; bottles_of_beer ----------------- 200 * 0.5 l # SET unit.byte_output_iec = on; # SELECT '4 TB'::unit AS disk_sold_as_4tb; disk_sold_as_4tb ---------------------- 3.63797880709171 TiB # SELECT '500 mi'::unit AS walk_500_miles; walk_500_miles ---------------- 804.672 km # SELECT unitrange('earthradius_polar', 'earthradius_equatorial') AS earthradius; earthradius ----------------------------------------- ["6.35675174834046 Mm","6.37813649 Mm") # SET extra_float_digits = -12; # SELECT 'earthmass'::unit as earth; earth ───────── 5.97 Rg ``` Installation ------------ * Homepage: https://github.com/df7cb/postgresql-unit * Debian package: https://tracker.debian.org/pkg/postgresql-unit * Arch package: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/postgresql-unit/ To compile from source, install the PostgreSQL server headers, `flex`, and `bison`. Example on Debian: ``` sudo apt-get install build-essential postgresql-server-dev-10 flex bison make PG_CONFIG=/usr/lib/postgresql/10/bin/pg_config sudo make install PG_CONFIG=/usr/lib/postgresql/10/bin/pg_config ``` Config ------ * `unit.byte_output_iec`: Set to `on` to format byte quantities using IEC binary prefixes (Ki, Mi, ...) on output by default. (Default: off) * `unit.output_base_units`: Set to `on` to format values using only base types without prefixes. (Default: off) * `unit.output_superscript`: Set to `on` to output unit exponents using Unicode superscripts. (Default: off) * `unit.time_output_custom`: Set to on to output time unit values greater or equal to 60 s using minutes, hours, days, and julianyears instead of seconds with SI prefixes. (Default: on) Internal Representation ----------------------- Internally, `unit` datums are a 16-byte struct consisting of a double precision floating point number for the unit value, and an array of 8 signed character values to store the exponents of the base units for the unit dimension. ``` typedef struct Unit { double value; signed char units[N_UNITS]; } Unit; ``` All operators and functions operate with that base-units-only format. Conversion from and to other unit representations is done on input, output, and using the `@` operator only. This is also the format used in binary mode in the PostgreSQL wire protocol. Prefixes and Units Lookup Tables -------------------------------- Prefixes are defined in the table `unit_prefixes`: ``` CREATE TABLE unit_prefixes ( prefix varchar(32) PRIMARY KEY, factor double precision NOT NULL, definition text, -- original definition, informational dump boolean DEFAULT true ); ``` Units are defined in the table `unit_units`: ``` CREATE TABLE unit_units ( name varchar(32) PRIMARY KEY, unit unit NOT NULL, shift double precision, -- NULL means 0.0 here definition text, -- original definition, informational dump boolean DEFAULT true ); ``` Whenever the unit input lexer encounters a unit name, it queries the `unit_units` table to see if the definition is found. If no match is found, the `unit_prefixes` and `unit_units` tables are cross-joined to see if the concatenation of prefix and unit name matches. At this point, an error is thrown if the prefix-unit combination is ambiguous, e.g. for "dat" which is either a dekatonne (da-t) or a deciatmosphere (d-at). If no match is found, and the unit name is ending with 's' (e.g. "kilometers" or "lbs"), the two lookup steps are repeated with the trailing 's' removed. If the unit definition could be resolved, the result is stored in a backend-local hash table to speed up the next lookup. (The function `unit_is_hashed()` reports if a given unit name is already cached. The function `unit_reset()` clears the hash table. Use it if unit definitions are changed.) The `definition` column is only provided for information on how the unit was originally defined. GNU Units --------- On installation, the prefixes and units definitions tables are populated with data imported from the `definitions.units` file found in the GNU Units tool. Notable omissions are currency units (we don't have a base type for them, and exchange rates aren't static anyway), and non-linear units such as dBm based on dB and other conversions based on functions and lookup tables. The [definitions.units](definitions.units) file is an interesting read on its own due to extensive comments explaining the history and origin of the units covered. The `unit_load()` function can be used to reload the `unit_prefixes.data` and `unit_units.data` files from disk. Extension upgrades use it to load newly added or changed definitions, but it is also user-callable. User-defined entries are preserved. User-Defined Prefixes and Units ------------------------------- To create custom prefixes and units, insert new rows into the tables: ``` # SELECT '1 foobar'::unit; ERROR: unit "foobar" is not known # INSERT INTO unit_prefixes VALUES ('foo', 42); INSERT 0 1 # SELECT '1 foobar'::unit; unit --------- 4.2 MPa # INSERT INTO unit_units VALUES ('legobrick', '9.6 mm'); # SELECT '1 m'::unit @ 'legobricks' AS one_meter; one_meter ----------------------------- 104.166666666667 legobricks ``` *Note: If user-defined (or built-in) units are changed by updating the tables, call `unit_reset()` to clear the hash table that caches the lookup result. Otherwise, sessions that have already used the unit will continue to use the old definition.* Input Syntax ------------ Unit values allow a fairly complex expression syntax on input. * `expr expr` denotes multiplication * operators + - * / * exponentiation: `expr^integer` or Unicode superscripts: `expr⁺⁻⁰¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹` * parentheses () * multiplication binds tighter than division such that `kg/s^2*A` and `kg/s^2 A` can be written without parentheses * `N|M` denotes a numeric fraction, e.g. `3|4` * use `hh:mm:ss[.sss]` for time values, e.g. `10:05:30 s` * functions: `sqrt(unit)`, `exp(x)`, `ln(x)`, `log2(x)`, `asin(x)`, `tan(x)` *Note: This covers the unit input parser for expressions like `'1|2 m / h'::unit`. PostgreSQL operators on type unit values are a separate layer; PostgreSQL's operator precedence applies there.* Output Syntax ------------- Internally, unit values are always stored in base units. On output, values are generally formatted as `+-N x*y/z*w` where `+-N` is a floating point number, and `x*y/z*w` is a set of base units with exponents. Specific combinations of base units are formatted differently (unless `unit.output_base_units` is set): * Time (seconds) is formatted as `N commonyear + hh:mm:ss.sss s` if the value is at least one minute, and `unit.time_output_custom` is set (the default). Otherwise, time is formatted as by the next rules. * If the set of base units matches one of the following well-known derived units, output is formatted using SI prefixes and that unit. | Unit | Name | Dimension | Units | Base Units | | ---- | ------- | ------------------------------------- | ------ | ------------------ | | Hz | hertz | frequency | | s^-1 | | N | newton | force, weight | | kg·m·s^-2 | | Pa | pascal | pressure, stress | N/m^2 | kg·m^-1·s^-2 | | J | joule | energy, work, heat | N·m | kg·m^2·s^-2 | | W | watt | power, radiant flux | J/s | kg·m^2·s^-3 | | C | coulomb | electric charge | | s·A | | V | volt | voltage | W/A | kg·m^2·s^-3·A^-1 | | F | farad | electric capacitance | C/V | kg^-1·m^-2·s^4·A^2 | | Ω | ohm | electric resistance, impedance | V/A | kg·m^2·s^-3·A^-2 | | S | siemens | electrical conductance | A/V | kg^-1·m^-2·s^3·A^2 | | Wb | weber | magnetic flux | V·s | kg·m^2·s^-2·A^-1 | | T | tesla | magnetic flux density | Wb/m^2 | kg·s^-2·A^-1 | | H | henry | inductance | Wb/A | kg·m^2·s^-2·A^-2 | | lx | lux | illuminance | lm/m^2 | m^-2·cd | | Gy | gray | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | J/kg | m^2·s^-2 | | kat | katal | catalytic activity | | mol·s^-1 | *Note:* this does not preserve the input dimension, e.g. `N m` (torque) is converted to `J` (energy). * If the dimension numerator is exactly a base unit (with exponent 1), output is formatted using SI prefixes and that unit, followed by the denominator units, if any. * If that unit is Bytes, and `unit.byte_output_iec` is set, IEC prefixes are used instead. Shifted Units ------------- The `unit_units.shift` column is used for implementing units where 0 is not absolute zero in base units, i.e. most commonly for temperature units (°C, °F). Shifted units are often used in ambiguous contexts, the intended meaning depending on if an absolute value, or a difference between values is requested. If `20 °C - 15 °C` is requested, the answer `5 K` is clearly correct, but less so `5 °C`, because that is actually 278.15 K. On the other hand, some thermodynamic units are defined based on °C, such as `celsiusheatunit = cal lb (degC) / gram K` where no offset is desired. This module resolves the ambiguity by only applying the `shift` offset in *number name* (and plain *name*) expressions such as `5 °F`. In all other contexts, shifted units behave just like a unit defined on based units without a shift. ``` # SELECT '5 °F'::unit, '5 * °F'::unit, '5 °F'::unit @ '°C' AS to_celsius, '5 °F'::unit @ '1 * °C' AS celsius_increments; unit | unit | to_celsius | celsius_increments ----------+--------------------+----------------------+-------------------- 258.15 K | 2.77777777777778 K | -14.9999999999999 °C | 258.15 * 1 * °C ``` PostgreSQL Operators and Functions ---------------------------------- The `unit` extension provides the following objects: ``` Objects in extension "unit" Object description -------------------------------------------------- function ampere(double precision) function au(double precision) function avg(unit) function becquerel(double precision) function byte(double precision) function candela(double precision) function cbrt(unit) function celsius(double precision) function coulomb(double precision) function day(double precision) function dbl_unit_div(double precision,unit) function dbl_unit_mul(double precision,unit) function decibel(double precision) function degree_arc(double precision) function dimension(unit) function farad(double precision) function gray(double precision) function hectare(double precision) function henry(double precision) function hertz(double precision) function hour(double precision) function joule(double precision) function katal(double precision) function kelvin(double precision) function kilogram(double precision) function liter(double precision) function lumen(double precision) function lux(double precision) function max(unit) function meter(double precision) function min(unit) function minute_arc(double precision) function minute(double precision) function mole(double precision) function newton(double precision) function ohm(double precision) function pascal(double precision) function radian(double precision) function round(unit) function second_arc(double precision) function second(double precision) function siemens(double precision) function sievert(double precision) function sqrt(unit) function stddev_pop(unit) function stddev_samp(unit) function stddev(unit) function steradian(double precision) function sum(unit) function tesla(double precision) function tonne(double precision) function unit_accum(unit_accum_t,unit) function unit_add(unit,unit) function unit_at_double(unit,text) function unit_at(unit,text) function unit_avg(unit_accum_t) function unit_cmp(unit,unit) function unit_dbl_div(unit,double precision) function unit_dbl_mul(unit,double precision) function unit_diff(unit,unit) function unit_div(unit,unit) function unit(double precision) function unit_eq(unit,unit) function unit_ge(unit,unit) function unit_greatest(unit,unit) function unit_gt(unit,unit) function unit_in(cstring) function unit_is_hashed(cstring) function unit_least(unit,unit) function unit_le(unit,unit) function unit_load() function unit_lt(unit,unit) function unit_mul(unit,unit) function unit_neg(unit) function unit_ne(unit,unit) function unit_out(unit) function unit_pow(unit,integer) function unitrange(unit,unit) function unitrange(unit,unit,text) function unit_recv(internal) function unit_reset() function unit_send(unit) function unit_stddev_pop(unit_accum_t) function unit_stddev_samp(unit_accum_t) function unit_strict_cmp(unit,unit) function unit_strict_eq(unit,unit) function unit_strict_ge(unit,unit) function unit_strict_gt(unit,unit) function unit_strict_le(unit,unit) function unit_strict_lt(unit,unit) function unit_strict_ne(unit,unit) function unit_sub(unit,unit) function unit_var_pop(unit_accum_t) function unit_var_samp(unit_accum_t) function value(unit) function variance(unit) function var_pop(unit) function var_samp(unit) function volt(double precision) function watt(double precision) function weber(double precision) operator class unit_ops for access method btree operator class unit_strict_ops for access method btree operator /(double precision,unit) operator *(double precision,unit) operator family unit_ops for access method btree operator family unit_strict_ops for access method btree operator ||/(NONE,unit) operator |/(NONE,unit) operator -(NONE,unit) operator /(unit,double precision) operator *(unit,double precision) operator ^(unit,integer) operator @(unit,text) operator @@(unit,text) operator <<=(unit,unit) operator <<>>(unit,unit) operator <<(unit,unit) operator <=(unit,unit) operator <>(unit,unit) operator <(unit,unit) operator ==(unit,unit) operator =(unit,unit) operator >=(unit,unit) operator >>=(unit,unit) operator >>(unit,unit) operator >(unit,unit) operator -(unit,unit) operator /(unit,unit) operator *(unit,unit) operator +(unit,unit) table unit_prefixes table unit_units type unit type unit_accum_t type unitrange (136 rows) ``` Details: * **dimension(unit): unit** Returns the dimension of a unit value, i.e. its base units with a normalized value of 1. * **value(unit): double precision** Returns the numeric part of a unit value. * **round(unit): unit** Rounds a unit value to the nearest integer (in base units). * **unit @ text: text** -- scale conversion, output with unit Converts a unit value on the left side to the scale of the unit on the right side. The units must have the same dimension. The unit on the right side can include a numeric component (`num unit`), in which case the output is of the form `val * num unit`. * **unit @@ text: double precision** -- scale conversion, value output only Same as the `@` operator, but returns the value of the scaled unit as double precision number. Rounding -------- Besides the `round(unit)` function, output precision is determined by PostgreSQL's `extra_float_digits` GUC. Valid values range from -16 to +3. ``` # SET extra_float_digits = -12; SET # SELECT 'c'::unit AS lightspeed; lightspeed ------------ 300 Mm/s # SELECT '25m'::unit @ 'ft' AS feet; feet ------- 82 ft ``` *Note*: Starting with PostgreSQL 12, the default value for `extra_float_digits` is 1, so all printed float values are exact. This makes many converted units (like inch to meters) have a lengthy decimal representation ending in ...0001 or ...9997. In order to restore the "nice" display behavior, e_f_t=1 is internally converted to e_f_t=0 in these PostgreSQL versions. Values returned as floats (like from the `value()` function and the `@@` operator) will still have the "new" representation; set e_f_t=0 to disable. Set e_f_t to 2 or 3 to force the new, exact representation. References ---------- * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units * http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/index.html * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_customary_units * GNU Units: https://www.gnu.org/software/units/ * Similar library for Ada: http://www.dmitry-kazakov.de/ada/units.htm * Similar library for C: https://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/udunits/ License ------- Copyright (C) 2016-2023 Christoph Berg The definitions.units file is Copyright (C) 1996-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. postgresql-unit-7.10/debian/000077500000000000000000000000001472555243500160575ustar00rootroot00000000000000postgresql-unit-7.10/debian/NEWS000066400000000000000000000005331472555243500165570ustar00rootroot00000000000000postgresql-unit (7.5-1) unstable; urgency=medium In previous postgresql-unit versions, 'h' used to mean "hour". To mirror the behavior of GNU units, where we get the unit definitions from, 'h' has been changed to mean the Planck constant. Use 'hr' or 'hour' for hours. -- Christoph Berg Wed, 18 May 2022 16:09:19 +0200 postgresql-unit-7.10/debian/changelog000066400000000000000000000155151472555243500177400ustar00rootroot00000000000000postgresql-unit (7.10-1) unstable; urgency=medium * Import definitions.units November 2024 Version 3.22. * Also import elements.units, adding some 3800 isotope weights. -- Christoph Berg Mon, 09 Dec 2024 12:16:11 +0100 postgresql-unit (7.9-1) unstable; urgency=medium * New upstream version. * Upload for PostgreSQL 17. * Restrict to 64-bit architectures. -- Christoph Berg Sun, 15 Sep 2024 13:58:15 +0200 postgresql-unit (7.8-1) unstable; urgency=medium * New upstream version. * Upload for PostgreSQL 16. * Use ${postgresql:Depends}. -- Christoph Berg Mon, 18 Sep 2023 22:22:20 +0200 postgresql-unit (7.7-1) unstable; urgency=medium * Fix printing of values around 1e33 on i386. -- Christoph Berg Fri, 06 Jan 2023 17:34:42 +0200 postgresql-unit (7.6-1) unstable; urgency=medium [ Debian Janitor ] * Remove constraints unnecessary since buster (oldstable): + Build-Depends: Drop versioned constraint on bison. * Use secure copyright file specification URI. * Set upstream metadata fields: Bug-Database, Bug-Submit, Repository-Browse. [ Christoph Berg ] * Import definitions.units September 2022 Version 3.15. * Add R ronna, Q quetta, r ronto, Q quecto, Ri robi, Qi quebi prefixes. -- Christoph Berg Wed, 04 Jan 2023 20:42:16 +0200 postgresql-unit (7.5-2) unstable; urgency=medium * Upload for PostgreSQL 15. -- Christoph Berg Mon, 24 Oct 2022 16:48:19 +0200 postgresql-unit (7.5-1) unstable; urgency=medium * Use "create" without "or replace" in extension sql scripts. Fixes security issue spotted by Sven Klemm, thanks! * Update definitions.units to September 2020 Version 3.09 from GNU units. * Breaking change: 'h' is the Planck constant now; use 'hr' for hours. * Implement functions in input language: sqrt exp ln log2 asin tan. -- Christoph Berg Wed, 18 May 2022 16:11:56 +0200 postgresql-unit (7.4-2) unstable; urgency=medium * B-D on postgresql-server-dev-all only instead of postgresql-all since we are not testing at build-time. * Upload for PostgreSQL 14. -- Christoph Berg Thu, 21 Oct 2021 11:29:43 +0200 postgresql-unit (7.4-1) experimental; urgency=medium * Fix hash table creation on PostgreSQL 14. -- Christoph Berg Thu, 20 May 2021 17:27:35 +0200 postgresql-unit (7.3-1) unstable; urgency=medium * Upload for PostgreSQL 13. * Use dh --with pgxs. * R³: no. * DH 13. * debian/tests: Use 'make' instead of postgresql-server-dev-all. -- Christoph Berg Mon, 19 Oct 2020 21:48:27 +0200 postgresql-unit (7.2-2) unstable; urgency=medium * Upload for PostgreSQL 12. -- Christoph Berg Thu, 31 Oct 2019 14:33:26 +0100 postgresql-unit (7.2-1) unstable; urgency=medium * Rewire PostgreSQL 12's new extra_float_digits=1 default internally to 0 to keep nice, short decimal representations. -- Christoph Berg Mon, 20 May 2019 13:38:02 +0200 postgresql-unit (7.1-1) unstable; urgency=medium * Import definitions.unit 2.44 from units 2.18 with 36 new units. * Adjust powers.h to round "1" down by one ULP. -- Christoph Berg Mon, 03 Dec 2018 09:51:31 +0100 postgresql-unit (7.0-2) unstable; urgency=medium * Upload for PostgreSQL 11. * Use source format 3.0 again. -- Christoph Berg Thu, 11 Oct 2018 22:58:03 +0200 postgresql-unit (7.0-1) unstable; urgency=medium * Format time using commonyears + days + hh:mm:ss.sss s. * Avoid using Gs for Gigaseconds, that's actually gauss. * Modify @(unit, text) operator to return text instead of cstring. * Import definitions.units from GNU units 2.17 with 13 new units. * Add π to known units. * Remove bison 2 compat mode, but keep pregenerated files for jessie and trusty. * Support send/receive via the binary protocol. * Support Infinity and NaN. * Add strict comparison operators that error out when dimensions of arguments do not match: << <<= == <<>> >>= >>. * Add range type over units: unitrange. -- Christoph Berg Fri, 28 Sep 2018 15:12:50 +0200 postgresql-unit (6.0-1) unstable; urgency=medium * Add @@ operator: similar to @, but returns the value of the resulting unit as double precision number. * Fix parsing of addition/subtraction in unit values. * Grant SELECT on unit prefixes and units table to public. * Add unit_load() function to load/update the data tables. -- Christoph Berg Wed, 07 Mar 2018 09:30:42 +0100 postgresql-unit (5.0-1) unstable; urgency=medium * Add rounding function. * Import definitions.units from GNU units 2.16 with 70 new units. (The file header erroneously says 2.19.) * debian/watch: Ignore debian/ tags. -- Christoph Berg Wed, 10 Jan 2018 12:16:58 +0100 postgresql-unit (4.0-2) unstable; urgency=medium * Upload with PostgreSQL 10 support. * Mark package as non-native and add watch file. -- Christoph Berg Wed, 27 Sep 2017 20:42:41 +0200 postgresql-unit (4.0) unstable; urgency=medium * Support exponents written using Unicode superscript characters. * Report 22P02/invalid_text_representation on invalid unit input. * Fix crash when unit_reset() runs into an OOM error. Patch by Andreas Seltenreich, thanks! * Change @ operator signature to (unit, text). -- Christoph Berg Fri, 07 Jul 2017 21:42:13 +0200 postgresql-unit (3.1) experimental; urgency=medium * Reupload to Debian, the 3.0 tarball uploaded contained generated files that broke out-of-tree builds. No source changes. -- Christoph Berg Thu, 23 Mar 2017 11:25:43 +0100 postgresql-unit (3.0) experimental; urgency=medium * Support defining new units at runtime. * Import unit definitions from GNU units. * Add sqrt() and cbrt() functions. * Extension is not relocatable after installation anymore. * Bump extension version to 3. * Bump minimum supported PostgreSQL version to 9.5 so we can use hash_create(HASH_BLOBS). * Bump license to GPL-3+ to match GNU units' license. -- Christoph Berg Wed, 22 Mar 2017 18:33:22 +0100 postgresql-unit (2.0) unstable; urgency=medium * Support IEC binary prefixes for byte. * Support United States customary units: in, ft, yd, mi, oz, lb. * Add variance and stddev aggregates; bump extension version to 2. -- Christoph Berg Mon, 09 Jan 2017 22:24:23 +0100 postgresql-unit (1.1) unstable; urgency=medium * Use float8out_internal to format floats on output. -- Christoph Berg Mon, 31 Oct 2016 11:55:43 +0100 postgresql-unit (1.0) unstable; urgency=medium * Initial release. -- Christoph Berg Thu, 22 Sep 2016 15:42:55 +0200 postgresql-unit-7.10/debian/control000066400000000000000000000016071472555243500174660ustar00rootroot00000000000000Source: postgresql-unit Section: database Priority: optional Maintainer: Christoph Berg Build-Depends: architecture-is-64-bit , bison, debhelper-compat (= 13), flex, postgresql-server-dev-all (>= 217~), Standards-Version: 4.7.0 Rules-Requires-Root: no Vcs-Git: https://github.com/df7cb/postgresql-unit.git Vcs-Browser: https://github.com/df7cb/postgresql-unit Homepage: https://github.com/df7cb/postgresql-unit Package: postgresql-17-unit Architecture: any Depends: ${misc:Depends}, ${shlibs:Depends}, ${postgresql:Depends} Description: SI Units for PostgreSQL postgresql-unit implements a PostgreSQL datatype for SI units, plus byte. The base units can be combined to named and unnamed derived units using operators defined in the PostgreSQL type system. SI prefixes are used for input and output, and quantities can be converted to arbitrary scale. postgresql-unit-7.10/debian/control.in000066400000000000000000000016161472555243500200730ustar00rootroot00000000000000Source: postgresql-unit Section: database Priority: optional Maintainer: Christoph Berg Build-Depends: architecture-is-64-bit , bison, debhelper-compat (= 13), flex, postgresql-server-dev-all (>= 217~), Standards-Version: 4.7.0 Rules-Requires-Root: no Vcs-Git: https://github.com/df7cb/postgresql-unit.git Vcs-Browser: https://github.com/df7cb/postgresql-unit Homepage: https://github.com/df7cb/postgresql-unit Package: postgresql-PGVERSION-unit Architecture: any Depends: ${misc:Depends}, ${shlibs:Depends}, ${postgresql:Depends} Description: SI Units for PostgreSQL postgresql-unit implements a PostgreSQL datatype for SI units, plus byte. The base units can be combined to named and unnamed derived units using operators defined in the PostgreSQL type system. SI prefixes are used for input and output, and quantities can be converted to arbitrary scale. postgresql-unit-7.10/debian/copyright000066400000000000000000000015441472555243500200160ustar00rootroot00000000000000Format: https://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/copyright-format/1.0/ Files: * Copyright: (C) 2016-2018 Christoph Berg License: GPL-3+ Files: definitions.units* Copyright: (C) 1996-2002, 2004-2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc License: GPL-3+ License: GPL-3+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. . This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. . The full text of the GPL 3 is distributed as in /usr/share/common-licenses/GPL-3 on Debian systems. postgresql-unit-7.10/debian/gitlab-ci.yml000066400000000000000000000001371472555243500204360ustar00rootroot00000000000000include: https://salsa.debian.org/postgresql/postgresql-common/raw/master/gitlab/gitlab-ci.yml postgresql-unit-7.10/debian/pgversions000066400000000000000000000000051472555243500201740ustar00rootroot000000000000009.5+ postgresql-unit-7.10/debian/rules000077500000000000000000000003211472555243500171330ustar00rootroot00000000000000#!/usr/bin/make -f override_dh_installdocs: dh_installdocs --all README.* override_dh_pgxs_test: # defer testing to autopkgtest, the data tables are not in /usr/share/postgresql yet %: dh $@ --with pgxs postgresql-unit-7.10/debian/source/000077500000000000000000000000001472555243500173575ustar00rootroot00000000000000postgresql-unit-7.10/debian/source/format000066400000000000000000000000141472555243500205650ustar00rootroot000000000000003.0 (quilt) postgresql-unit-7.10/debian/tests/000077500000000000000000000000001472555243500172215ustar00rootroot00000000000000postgresql-unit-7.10/debian/tests/control000066400000000000000000000001001472555243500206130ustar00rootroot00000000000000Depends: @, make Tests: installcheck Restrictions: allow-stderr postgresql-unit-7.10/debian/tests/installcheck000077500000000000000000000000711472555243500216110ustar00rootroot00000000000000#!/bin/sh pg_buildext -i '--locale=C.UTF-8' installcheck postgresql-unit-7.10/debian/upstream/000077500000000000000000000000001472555243500177175ustar00rootroot00000000000000postgresql-unit-7.10/debian/upstream/metadata000066400000000000000000000002761472555243500214270ustar00rootroot00000000000000--- Bug-Database: https://github.com/df7cb/postgresql-unit/issues Bug-Submit: https://github.com/df7cb/postgresql-unit/issues/new Repository-Browse: https://github.com/df7cb/postgresql-unit postgresql-unit-7.10/debian/watch000066400000000000000000000001141472555243500171040ustar00rootroot00000000000000version=4 https://github.com/df7cb/postgresql-unit/tags .*/([0-9.]*).tar.gz postgresql-unit-7.10/defined_units.h000066400000000000000000000052671472555243500176400ustar00rootroot00000000000000#ifndef _DEFINED_UNITS_H #define _DEFINED_UNITS_H 1 #include /* NULL */ #include "unit.h" const char *base_units[N_UNITS] = { "m", "kg", "s", "A", "K", "mol", "cd", "B", }; const struct derived_unit_t si_derived_units[] = { /* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units#Derived_units */ /* The second is part of this table so we can easily detect its usage for printing it using the hh:mm:ss syntax */ { "s", { 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,} }, /* second time s */ { "Hz", { 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,} }, /* hertz frequency s^-1 */ { "N", { 1, 1, -2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,} }, /* newton force, weight kg·m·s^-2 */ { "Pa", { -1, 1, -2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,} }, /* pascal pressure, stress N/m^2 kg·m^-1·s^-2 */ { "J", { 2, 1, -2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,} }, /* joule energy, work, heat N·m kg·m^2·s^-2 */ { "W", { 2, 1, -3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,} }, /* watt power, radiant flux J/s kg·m^2·s^-3 */ { "C", { 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,} }, /* coulomb electric charge s·A */ { "V", { 2, 1, -3, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0,} }, /* volt voltage W/A kg·m^2·s^-3·A^-1 */ { "F", { -2, -1, 4, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0,} }, /* farad electric capacitance C/V kg^-1·m^-2·s^4·A^2 */ { "Ω", { 2, 1, -3, -2, 0, 0, 0, 0,} }, /* ohm electric resistance, impedance V/A kg·m^2·s^-3·A^-2 */ { "S", { -2, -1, 3, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0,} }, /* siemens electrical conductance A/V kg^-1·m^-2·s^3·A^2 */ { "Wb", { 2, 1, -2, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0,} }, /* weber magnetic flux V·s kg·m^2·s^-2·A^-1 */ { "T", { 0, 1, -2, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0,} }, /* tesla magnetic flux density Wb/m^2 kg·s^-2·A^-1 */ { "H", { 2, 1, -2, -2, 0, 0, 0, 0,} }, /* henry inductance Wb/A kg·m^2·s^-2·A^-2 */ { "lx", { -2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0,} }, /* lux illuminance lm/m^2 m^-2·cd */ { "Gy", { 2, 0, -2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,} }, /* gray absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) J/kg m^2·s^-2 */ { "kat", { 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0,} }, /* katal catalytic activity mol·s^-1 */ { 0 } }; #endif /* _DEFINED_UNITS_H */ postgresql-unit-7.10/definitions.units000066400000000000000000013311451472555243500202440ustar00rootroot00000000000000# # This file is the units database for use with GNU units, a units conversion # program by Adrian Mariano adrianm@gnu.org # # Version 3.22 # last updated 22 November 2024 # # Copyright (C) 1996-2002, 2004-2020, 2022, 2024 # Free Software Foundation, Inc # # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by # the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or # (at your option) any later version. # # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the # GNU General Public License for more details. # # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software # Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, # Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA # ############################################################################ # # Improvements and corrections are welcome. # # See the end of this file for a list of items we have chosen to exclude # or have decided are out of scope for GNU units. # # Fundamental constants in this file are the 2018 CODATA recommended values. # # Most units data was drawn from # 1. NIST Special Publication 811, Guide for the # Use of the International System of Units (SI). # Barry N. Taylor. 2008 # https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811 # 2. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 70th edition # 3. Oxford English Dictionary # 4. Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary # 5. Units of Measure by Stephen Dresner # 6. A Dictionary of English Weights and Measures by Ronald Zupko # 7. British Weights and Measures by Ronald Zupko # 8. Realm of Measure by Isaac Asimov # 9. United States standards of weights and measures, their # creation and creators by Arthur H. Frazier. # 10. French weights and measures before the Revolution: a # dictionary of provincial and local units by Ronald Zupko # 11. Weights and Measures: their ancient origins and their # development in Great Britain up to AD 1855 by FG Skinner # 12. The World of Measurements by H. Arthur Klein # 13. For Good Measure by William Johnstone # 14. NTC's Encyclopedia of International Weights and Measures # by William Johnstone # 15. Sizes by John Lord # 16. Sizesaurus by Stephen Strauss # 17. CODATA Recommended Values of Physical Constants available at # http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html # 18. How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. Available at # http://www.ibiblio.org/units/ # 19. Numericana. http://www.numericana.com # 20. UK history of measurement # https://metrication.uk/more/timeline/ # 21. NIST Handbook 44, Specifications, Tolerances, and # Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring # Devices. 2011 # 22. NIST Special Publication 447, Weights and Measures Standards # of the United States: a brief history. Lewis V. Judson. # 1963; rev. 1976 # 23. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 96th edition # 24. Dictionary of Scientific Units, 6th ed. H.G. Jerrard and D.B. # McNeill. 1992 # 25. NIST Special Publication 330, The International System of # Units (SI). ed. Barry N. Taylor and Ambler Thompson. 2008 # https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-330 # 26. BIPM Brochure, The International System of Units (SI). # 9th ed., 2019 # https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure/ # ########################################################################### # # If units you use are missing or defined incorrectly, please contact me. # If your country's local units are missing and you are willing to supply # them, please send me a list. # ########################################################################### ########################################################################### # # Brief Philosophy of this file # # Most unit definitions are made in terms of integers or simple fractions of # other definitions. The typical exceptions are when converting between two # different unit systems, or the values of measured physical constants. In # this file definitions are given in the most natural and revealing way in # terms of integer factors. # # If you make changes be sure to run 'units --check' to check your work. # # The file is USA-centric, but there is some modest effort to support other # countries. This file is now coded in UTF-8. To support environments where # UTF-8 is not available, definitions that require this character set are # wrapped in !utf8 directives. # # When a unit name is used in different countries with the different meanings # the system should be as follows: # # Suppose countries ABC and XYZ both use the "foo". Then globally define # # ABCfoo # XYZfoo # # Then, using the !locale directive, define the "foo" appropriately for each of # the two countries with a definition like # # !locale ABC # foo ABCfoo # !endlocale # ########################################################################### !locale en_US ! set UNITS_ENGLISH US !endlocale !locale en_GB ! set UNITS_ENGLISH GB !endlocale !set UNITS_ENGLISH US # Default setting for English units !set UNITS_SYSTEM default # Set a default value !varnot UNITS_SYSTEM si emu esu gaussian gauss hlu natural natural-gauss hartree planck planck-red default !message Unknown unit system given with -u or UNITS_SYSTEM environment variable !message Valid systems: si, emu, esu, gauss[ian], hlu, natural, natural-gauss !message planck, planck-red, hartree !message Using SI !prompt (SI) !endvar !var UNITS_SYSTEM si !message SI units selected !prompt (SI) !endvar ########################################################################### # # # Primitive units. Any unit defined to contain a '!' character is a # # primitive unit which will not be reduced any further. All units should # # reduce to primitive units. # # # ########################################################################### # # SI units # # On 20 May 2019, the SI was revised to define the units by fixing the # values of physical constants that depend on those units. # # https://www.nist.gov/si-redefinition/ # # The BIPM--the International Bureau of Weights and Measures--provides a # succinct description of the new SI in its Concise Summary: # # https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-concise-EN.pdf # # The SI is the system of units in which: # # * the unperturbed ground state hyperfine transition frequency of the # caesium 133 atom is delta nu_Cs = 9 192 631 770 Hz, # * the speed of light in vacuum, c, is 299 792 458 m/s, # * the Planck constant, h, is 6.626 070 15 * 10^-34 J s, # * the elementary charge, e, is 1.602 176 634 * 10^-19 C, # * the Boltzmann constant, k, is 1.380 649 * 10^-23 J/K, # * the Avogadro constant, N_A, is 6.022 140 76 * 10^23 mol^-1, # * the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency # 540 * 10^12 Hz, K_cd, is 683 lm/W, # # where the hertz, joule, coulomb, lumen, and watt, with unit symbols Hz, # J, C, lm, and W, respectively, are related to the units second, metre, # kilogram, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela, with unit symbols s, m, kg, # A, K, mol, and cd, respectively, according to Hz = s^-1, J = kg m^2 s^-2, # C = A s, lm = cd m^2 m^-2 = cd sr, and W = kg m^2 s^-3. # # These definitions specify the exact numerical value of each constant when # its value is expressed in the corresponding SI unit. By fixing the exact # numerical value the unit becomes defined, since the product of the # numerical value and the unit has to equal the value of the constant, # which is invariant. # # The defining constants have been chosen such that, when taken together, # their units cover all of the units of the SI. In general, there is no # one-to-one correspondence between the defining constants and the SI base # units. Any SI unit is a product of powers of these seven constants and a # dimensionless factor. # # Until 2018, the SI was defined in terms of base units and derived units. # These categories are no longer essential in the SI, but they are maintained # in view of their convenience and widespread use. They are arguably more # intuitive than the new definitions. (They are also essential to the # operation of GNU units.) The definitions of the base units, which follow # from the definition of the SI in terms of the seven defining constants, are # given below. # s ! # The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined second s # by taking the fixed numerical value of the unperturbed # ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the # cesium-133 atom to be 9 192 631 770 when expressed in the # unit Hz, which is equal to 1/s. # # This definition is a restatement of the previous one, the # duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding # to the cesium-133 transition. nu_133Cs 9192631770 Hz # Cesium-133 transition frequency (exact) c_SI 299792458 c 299792458 m/s # speed of light in vacuum (exact) m ! # The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is meter m # defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed metre m # of light in vacuum, c, to be 299 792 458 when expressed in # units of m/s. # # This definition is a rewording of the previous one and is # equivalent to defining the meter as the distance light # travels in 1|299792458 seconds. The meter was originally # intended to be 1e-7 of the length along a meridian from the # equator to a pole. h_SI 6.62607015e-34 h 6.62607015e-34 J s # Planck constant (exact) kg ! # The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is kilogram kg # defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck # constant, h, to be 6.626 070 15 * 10^-34 when expressed in # the unit J s which is equal to kg m^2 / s. # # One advantage of fixing h to define the kilogram is that this # affects constants used to define the ampere. If the kg were # defined by directly fixing the mass of something, then h # would be subject to error. # # The previous definition of the kilogram was the mass of the # international prototype kilogram. The kilogram was the last # unit whose definition relied on reference to an artifact. # # It is not obvious what this new definition means, or # intuitively how fixing Planck's constant defines the # kilogram. To define the kilogram we need to give the mass # of some reference in kilograms. Previously the prototype in # France served as this reference, and it weighed exactly 1 # kg. But the reference can have any weight as long as you # know the weight of the reference. The new definition uses # the "mass" of a photon, or more accurately, the mass # equivalent of the energy of a photon. The energy of a # photon depends on its frequency. If you pick a frequency, # f, then the energy of the photon is hf, and hence the mass # equivalent is hf/c^2. If we reduce this expression using # the constant defined values for h and c the result is a # value in kilograms for the mass-equivalent of a photon of # frequency f, which can therefore define the size of the # kilogram. # # For more on the relationship between mass an Planck's # constant: # # https://www.nist.gov/si-redefinition/kilogram-mass-and-plancks-constant # This definition may still seem rather abstract: you can't # place a "kilogram of radiation" on one side of a balance. # Metrologists realize the kilogram using a Kibble Balance, a # device which relates mechanical energy to electrical energy # and can measure mass with extreme accuracy if h is known. # # For more on the Kibble Balance see # # https://www.nist.gov/si-redefinition/kilogram-kibble-balance # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibble_balance k_SI 1.380649e-23 boltzmann 1.380649e-23 J/K # Boltzmann constant (exact) k boltzmann K ! # The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic kelvin K # temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical # value of the Boltzmann constant, k, to be 1.380 649 * 10^-23 # when expressed in the unit J/K, which is equal to # kg m^2/s^2 K. # # The boltzmann constant establishes the relationship between # energy and temperature. The average thermal energy carried # by each degree of freedom is kT/2. A monatomic ideal gas # has three degrees of freedom corresponding to the three # spatial directions, which means its thermal energy is # (3/2) k T. # # The previous definition of the kelvin was based on the # triple point of water. The change in the definition of the # kelvin will not have much effect on measurement practice. # Practical temperature calibration makes use of two scales, # the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), which # covers the range of 0.65 K to 1357.77K and the Provisional # Low Temperature Scale of 2000 (PLTS-2000), which covers the # range of 0.9 mK to 1 K. # https://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cc/cct/publications-cc.html # # The ITS-90 contains 17 reference points including things # like the triple point of hydrogen (13.8033 K) or the # freezing point of gold (1337.33 K), and of course the triple # point of water. The PLTS-2000 specifies four reference # points, all based on properties of helium-3. # # The redefinition of the kelvin will not affect the values of # these reference points, which have been determined by # primary thermometry, using thermometers that rely only on # relationships that allow temperature to be calculated # directly without using any unknown quantities. Examples # include acoustic thermometers, which measure the speed of # sound in a gas, or electronic thermometers, which measure # tiny voltage fluctuations in resistors. Both variables # depend directly on temperature. e_SI 1.602176634e-19 e 1.602176634e-19 C # electron charge (exact) A ! # The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. ampere A # It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the amp ampere # elementary charge, e, to be 1.602 176 634 * 10^-19 when # expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A*s. # # The previous definition was the current which produces a # force of 2e-7 N/m between two infinitely long wires a meter # apart. This definition was difficult to realize accurately. # # The ampere is actually realized by establishing the volt and # the ohm, since A = V / ohm. These measurements can be done # using the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect, # which accurately measure voltage and resistance, respectively, # with reference to two fixed constants, the Josephson # constant, K_J=2e/h and the von Klitzing constant, R_K=h/e^2. # Under the previous SI system, these constants had official # fixed values, defined in 1990. This created a situation # where the standard values for the volt and ohm were in some # sense outside of SI because they depended primarily on # constants different from the ones used to define SI. After # the revision, since e and h have exact definitions, the # Josephson and von Klitzing constants will also have exact # definitions that derive from SI instead of the conventional # 1990 values. # # In fact we know that there is a small offset between the # conventional values of the electrical units based on the # conventional 1990 values and the SI values. The new # definition, which brings the practical electrical units back # into SI, will lead to a one time change of +0.1ppm for # voltage values and +0.02ppm for resistance values. # # The previous definition resulted in fixed exact values for # the vacuum permeability (mu0), the impedance of free space # (Z0), the vacuum permittivity (epsilon0), and the Coulomb # constant. With the new definition, these four values are # subject to experimental error. avogadro 6.02214076e23 / mol # Size of a mole (exact) N_A avogadro mol ! # The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of mole mol # substance. One mole contains exactly 6.022 140 76 * 10^23 # elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical # value of the Avogadro constant, N_A, when expressed in the # unit 1/mol and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of # substance, symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number # of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may # be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other # particle or specified group of particles. # # The atomic mass unit (u) is defined as 1/12 the mass of # carbon-12. Previously the mole was defined so that a mole # of carbon-12 weighed exactly 12g, or N_A u = 1 g/mol # exactly. This relationship is now an experimental, # approximate relationship. # # To determine the size of the mole, researchers used spheres # of very pure silicon-28 that weighed a kilogram. They # measured the molar mass of Si-28 using mass spectrometry and # used X-ray diffraction interferometry to determine the # spacing of the silicon atoms in the sphere. Using the # sphere's volume it was then possible to determine the number # of silicon atoms in the sphere, and hence determine the # Avogadro constant. The results of this experiment were used # to define N_A, which is henceforth a fixed, unchanging # quantity. cd ! # The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of luminous intensity candela cd # in a given direction. It is defined by taking the fixed # numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic # radiation of the frequency 540e12 Hz to be 683 when # expressed in the unit lumen/watt, which is equal to # cd sr/W, or cd sr s^3/kg m^2 # # This definition is a rewording of the previous definition. # Luminous intensity differs from radiant intensity (W/sr) in # that it is adjusted for human perceptual dependence on # wavelength. The frequency of 540e12 Hz (yellow; # wavelength approximately 555 nm in vacuum) is where human # perception is most efficient. K_cd 683 lumen/W # Luminous efficiency at 540e12 Hz (exact) # Angular Measure # # The radian and steradian are defined as dimensionless primitive units. # The radian is equal to m/m and the steradian to m^2/m^2 so these units are # dimensionless. Retaining them as named units is useful because it allows # clarity in expressions and makes the meaning of unit definitions more clear. # These units will reduce to 1 in conversions but not for sums of units or for # arguments to functions. # radian !dimensionless # Plane angle subtended at the center of a circle by # an arc equal in length to the radius of the # circle. # Dimension: LENGTH (of arc) / DISTANCE (radius) sr !dimensionless # Solid angle which cuts off an area of the surface steradian sr # of the sphere equal to that of a square with # sides of length equal to the radius of the # sphere. # Dimension: AREA (of surface) / DISTANCE^2 # (radius^2) # # A primitive non-SI unit # bit ! # Basic unit of information (entropy). The entropy in bits # of a random variable over a finite alphabet is defined # to be the sum of -p(i)*log2(p(i)) over the alphabet where # p(i) is the probability that the random variable takes # on the value i. # # Currency: the primitive unit of currency is defined in currency.units. # It is usually the US$ or the euro, but it is user selectable. # # # Absolute value # abs(x) noerror sqrt(x^2) ########################################################################### # # # Prefixes (longer names must come first) # # # ########################################################################### quetta- 1e30 # Allegedly from "q" plus Greek "deka" (ten) ronna- 1e27 # Allegedly from "r" plus Greek "ennea" (nine) yotta- 1e24 # Greek or Latin "octo" (eight) zetta- 1e21 # Latin "septem" (seven) exa- 1e18 # Greek "hex" (six) peta- 1e15 # Greek "pente" (five) tera- 1e12 # Greek "teras" (monster) giga- 1e9 # Greek "gigas" (giant) mega- 1e6 # Greek "megas" (large) myria- 1e4 # Not an official SI prefix kilo- 1e3 # Greek "chilioi" (thousand) hecto- 1e2 # Greek "hekaton" (hundred) deca- 1e1 # Greek "deka" (ten) deka- deca deci- 1e-1 # Latin "decimus" (tenth) centi- 1e-2 # Latin "centum" (hundred) milli- 1e-3 # Latin "mille" (thousand) micro- 1e-6 # Latin "micro" or Greek "mikros" (small) nano- 1e-9 # Latin "nanus" or Greek "nanos" (dwarf) pico- 1e-12 # Spanish "pico" (a bit) femto- 1e-15 # Danish-Norwegian "femten" (fifteen) atto- 1e-18 # Danish-Norwegian "atten" (eighteen) zepto- 1e-21 # Latin "septem" (seven) yocto- 1e-24 # Greek or Latin "octo" (eight) ronto- 1e-27 # Allegedly "r" plus Latin "novum" (nine) quecto- 1e-30 # Allegedly "q" plus Latin "decim" (ten) quarter- 1|4 semi- 0.5 demi- 0.5 hemi- 0.5 half- 0.5 double- 2 triple- 3 treble- 3 kibi- 2^10 # In response to the improper and confusing mebi- 2^20 # use of SI prefixes for powers of two, gibi- 2^30 # the International Electrotechnical tebi- 2^40 # Commission aproved these binary prefixes pebi- 2^50 # in IEC 60027-2 Amendment 2 (1999). exbi- 2^60 zebi- 2^70 # Zebi- and yobi- were added in the 2005 ed., yobi- 2^80 # later superseded by ISO/IEC 80000-13:2008. robi- 2^90 quebi- 2^100 Ki- kibi Mi- mebi Gi- gibi Ti- tebi Pi- pebi Ei- exbi Zi- zebi Yi- yobi Ri- robi Qi- quebi Q- quetta R- ronna Y- yotta Z- zetta E- exa P- peta T- tera G- giga M- mega k- kilo h- hecto da- deka d- deci c- centi m- milli u- micro # it should be a mu but u is easy to type n- nano p- pico f- femto a- atto z- zepto y- yocto r- ronto q- quecto # # Names of some numbers # one 1 two 2 double 2 couple 2 three 3 triple 3 four 4 quadruple 4 five 5 quintuple 5 six 6 seven 7 eight 8 nine 9 ten 10 eleven 11 twelve 12 thirteen 13 fourteen 14 fifteen 15 sixteen 16 seventeen 17 eighteen 18 nineteen 19 twenty 20 thirty 30 forty 40 fifty 50 sixty 60 seventy 70 eighty 80 ninety 90 hundred 100 thousand 1000 million 1e6 twoscore two score threescore three score fourscore four score fivescore five score sixscore six score sevenscore seven score eightscore eight score ninescore nine score tenscore ten score twelvescore twelve score # These number terms were described by N. Chuquet and De la Roche in the 16th # century as being successive powers of a million. These definitions are still # used in most European countries. The current US definitions for these # numbers arose in the 17th century and don't make nearly as much sense. These # numbers are listed in the CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics by Eric # W. Weisstein. shortbillion 1e9 shorttrillion 1e12 shortquadrillion 1e15 shortquintillion 1e18 shortsextillion 1e21 shortseptillion 1e24 shortoctillion 1e27 shortnonillion 1e30 shortnoventillion shortnonillion shortdecillion 1e33 shortundecillion 1e36 shortduodecillion 1e39 shorttredecillion 1e42 shortquattuordecillion 1e45 shortquindecillion 1e48 shortsexdecillion 1e51 shortseptendecillion 1e54 shortoctodecillion 1e57 shortnovemdecillion 1e60 shortvigintillion 1e63 centillion 1e303 googol 1e100 longbillion million^2 longtrillion million^3 longquadrillion million^4 longquintillion million^5 longsextillion million^6 longseptillion million^7 longoctillion million^8 longnonillion million^9 longnoventillion longnonillion longdecillion million^10 longundecillion million^11 longduodecillion million^12 longtredecillion million^13 longquattuordecillion million^14 longquindecillion million^15 longsexdecillion million^16 longseptdecillion million^17 longoctodecillion million^18 longnovemdecillion million^19 longvigintillion million^20 # These numbers fill the gaps left by the long system above. milliard 1000 million billiard 1000 million^2 trilliard 1000 million^3 quadrilliard 1000 million^4 quintilliard 1000 million^5 sextilliard 1000 million^6 septilliard 1000 million^7 octilliard 1000 million^8 nonilliard 1000 million^9 noventilliard nonilliard decilliard 1000 million^10 # For consistency longmilliard milliard longbilliard billiard longtrilliard trilliard longquadrilliard quadrilliard longquintilliard quintilliard longsextilliard sextilliard longseptilliard septilliard longoctilliard octilliard longnonilliard nonilliard longnoventilliard noventilliard longdecilliard decilliard # The long centillion would be 1e600. The googolplex is another # familiar large number equal to 10^googol. These numbers give overflows. # # The short system prevails in English speaking countries # billion shortbillion trillion shorttrillion quadrillion shortquadrillion quintillion shortquintillion sextillion shortsextillion septillion shortseptillion octillion shortoctillion nonillion shortnonillion noventillion shortnoventillion decillion shortdecillion undecillion shortundecillion duodecillion shortduodecillion tredecillion shorttredecillion quattuordecillion shortquattuordecillion quindecillion shortquindecillion sexdecillion shortsexdecillion septendecillion shortseptendecillion octodecillion shortoctodecillion novemdecillion shortnovemdecillion vigintillion shortvigintillion # # Numbers used in India # lakh 1e5 crore 1e7 arab 1e9 kharab 1e11 neel 1e13 padm 1e15 shankh 1e17 ############################################################################# # # # Derived units which can be reduced to the primitive units # # # ############################################################################# # # Named SI derived units (officially accepted) # newton kg m / s^2 # force N newton pascal N/m^2 # pressure or stress Pa pascal joule N m # energy J joule watt J/s # power W watt coulomb A s # charge C coulomb volt W/A # potential difference V volt ohm V/A # electrical resistance siemens A/V # electrical conductance S siemens farad C/V # capacitance F farad weber V s # magnetic flux Wb weber henry V s / A # inductance, also Wb/A, but needs to be H henry # defined this way for CGS units tesla Wb/m^2 # magnetic flux density T tesla hertz /s # frequency Hz hertz # # Dimensions. These are here to help with dimensional analysis and # because they will appear in the list produced by hitting '?' at the # "You want:" prompt to tell the user the dimension of the unit. # LENGTH meter AREA LENGTH^2 VOLUME LENGTH^3 MASS kilogram AMOUNT mole ANGLE radian SOLID_ANGLE steradian MONEY US$ FORCE newton TORQUE FORCE DISTANCE PRESSURE FORCE / AREA STRESS FORCE / AREA FREQUENCY hertz WAVELENGTH LENGTH WAVENUMBER 1/WAVELENGTH # number of waves per distance VELOCITY DISPLACEMENT / TIME # a vector (includes direction) SPEED DISTANCE / TIME # a scalar ACCELERATION VELOCITY / TIME MOMENTUM MASS VELOCITY # Also ENERGY / VELOCITY or IMPULSE IMPULSE FORCE TIME DISPLACEMENT LENGTH DISTANCE LENGTH ELONGATION LENGTH STRAIN ELONGATION / LENGTH ENERGY joule POWER watt WORK FORCE DISTANCE DENSITY MASS / VOLUME LINEAR_DENSITY MASS / LENGTH SPECIFIC_ENERGY ENERGY / MASS VISCOSITY FORCE TIME / AREA KINEMATIC_VISCOSITY VISCOSITY / DENSITY CURRENT ampere CHARGE coulomb CAPACITANCE farad RESISTANCE ohm CONDUCTANCE siemens # It may be easier to understand the relationship by considering # an object with specified dimensions and resistivity, whose # resistance is given by the resistivity * length / area. RESISTIVITY RESISTANCE AREA / LENGTH CONDUCTIVITY CONDUCTANCE LENGTH / AREA INDUCTANCE henry E_FIELD ELECTRIC_POTENTIAL / LENGTH B_FIELD tesla # The D and H fields are related to the E and B fields by factors of # epsilon (electric permittivity) and mu (magnetic permeability) # respectively. The definitions of permittivity and permeability # below are scaled to make it possible to convert D_FIELD and # E_FIELD between SI and CGS units. ELECTRIC_PERMITTIVITY epsilon0 / epsilon0_SI # SI: F/m MAGNETIC_PERMEABILITY mu0 / mu0_SI # SI: H/m = N/A^2 D_FIELD E_FIELD ELECTRIC_PERMITTIVITY H_FIELD B_FIELD / MAGNETIC_PERMEABILITY ELECTRIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT CHARGE DISTANCE MAGNETIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT TORQUE / B_FIELD POLARIZATION ELECTRIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT / VOLUME MAGNETIZATION MAGNETIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT / VOLUME ELECTRIC_POTENTIAL ENERGY / CHARGE # volt VOLTAGE ELECTRIC_POTENTIAL E_FLUX E_FIELD AREA D_FLUX D_FIELD AREA B_FLUX B_FIELD AREA H_FLUX H_FIELD AREA # # units derived easily from SI units # gram millikg gm gram g gram tonne 1000 kg t tonne metricton tonne sthene tonne m / s^2 funal sthene pieze sthene / m^2 quintal 100 kg bar 1e5 Pa # About 1 atm b bar vac millibar micron micrometer # One millionth of a meter bicron picometer # One brbillionth of a meter cc cm^3 liter 1000 cc # The liter was defined in 1901 as the oldliter 1.000028 dm^3 # space occupied by 1 kg of pure water at L liter # the temperature of its maximum density l liter # under a pressure of 1 atm. This was # supposed to be 1000 cubic cm, but it # was discovered that the original # measurement was off. In 1964, the # liter was redefined to be exactly 1000 # cubic centimeters. Ah amp hour # Unit of charge mho siemens # Inverse of ohm, hence ohm spelled backward galvat ampere # Named after Luigi Galvani angstrom 1e-10 m # Convenient for describing molecular sizes xunit xunit_cu # Used for measuring x-ray wavelengths. siegbahn xunit # Originally defined to be 1|3029.45 of xunit_cu 1.00207697e-13 m # the spacing of calcite planes at 18 xunit_mo 1.00209952e-13 m # degC. It was intended to be exactly # 1e-13 m, but was later found to be # slightly off. Current usage is with # reference to common x-ray lines, either # the K-alpha 1 line of copper or the # same line of molybdenum. angstromstar 1.00001495 angstrom # Defined by JA Bearden in 1965 to replace # the X unit. The wavelength of the # tungsten K alpha1 line was defined as # exactly 0.20901 angstrom star, with the # value chosen to try to make the new # unit close to the angstrom. silicon_d220 1.920155716e-10 m # Silicon lattice spacing siliconlattice sqrt(8) silicon_d220# Silicon lattice parameter, (a), the side # length of the unit cell for the diamond # centered cubic structure of silicon. fermi 1e-15 m # Convenient for describing nuclear sizes # Nuclear radius is from 1 to 10 fermis barn 1e-28 m^2 # Used to measure cross section for # particle physics collision, said to # have originated in the phrase "big as # a barn". shed 1e-24 barn # Defined to be a smaller companion to the # barn, but it's too small to be of # much use. brewster micron^2/N # measures stress-optical coef diopter /m # measures reciprocal of lens focal length fresnel 1e12 Hz # occasionally used in spectroscopy shake 1e-8 sec svedberg 1e-13 s # Used for measuring the sedimentation # coefficient for centrifuging. gamma microgram # Also used for 1e-9 tesla lambda microliter spat 1e12 m # Rarely used for astronomical measurements preece 1e13 ohm m # resistivity planck J s # action of one joule over one second sturgeon /henry # magnetic reluctance daraf 1/farad # elastance (farad spelled backwards) leo 10 m/s^2 poiseuille N s / m^2 # viscosity mayer J/g K # specific heat mired / microK # reciprocal color temperature. The name # abbreviates micro reciprocal degree. crocodile megavolt # used informally in UK physics labs metricounce 25 g mounce metricounce finsenunit 1e5 W/m^2 # Measures intensity of ultraviolet light # with wavelength 296.7 nm. fluxunit 1e-26 W/m^2 Hz # Used in radio astronomy to measure # the energy incident on the receiving # body across a specified frequency # bandwidth. [12] jansky fluxunit # K. G. Jansky identified radio waves coming Jy jansky # from outer space in 1931. flick W / cm^2 sr micrometer # Spectral radiance or irradiance pfu / cm^2 sr s # particle flux unit -- Used to measure # rate at which particles are received by # a spacecraft as particles per solid # angle per detector area per second. [18] pyron cal_IT / cm^2 min # Measures heat flow from solar radiation, # from Greek work "pyr" for fire. katal mol/sec # Measure of the amount of a catalyst. One kat katal # katal of catalyst enables the reaction # to consume or produce one mol/sec. solarluminosity 382.8e24 W # A common yardstick for comparing the # output of different stars. # http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html # at mean Earth-Sun distance solarirradiance solarluminosity / (4 pi sundist^2) solarconstant solarirradiance TSI solarirradiance # total solar irradiance # # Land Area # # The are was defined by an earlier form of SI. Many countries # redefined old land area units to equal the decare (10 are) # are 100 m^2 a are sotka are # Russian stremma decare # Greece dunam decare # Different spellings of the old dulum decare # Ottoman measure donum decare # !utf8 dönüm decare mål decare # Norway. !endutf8 # # time # sec s minute 60 s min minute hour 60 min hr hour day 24 hr d day da day week 7 day wk week sennight 7 day fortnight 14 day blink 1e-5 day # Actual human blink takes 1|3 second ce 1e-2 day cron 1e6 years watch 4 hours # time a sentry stands watch or a ship's # crew is on duty. bell 1|8 watch # Bell would be sounded every 30 minutes. # French Revolutionary Time or Decimal Time. It was Proposed during # the French Revolution. A few clocks were made, but it never caught # on. In 1998 Swatch defined a time measurement called ".beat" and # sold some watches that displayed time in this unit. decimalhour 1|10 day decimalminute 1|100 decimalhour decimalsecond 1|100 decimalminute beat decimalminute # Swatch Internet Time # # angular measure # circle 2 pi radian degree 1|360 circle deg degree arcdeg degree arcmin 1|60 degree arcminute arcmin ' arcmin arcsec 1|60 arcmin arcsecond arcsec " arcsec '' " !utf8 ° degree ′ ' # prime, U+2032 ″ " # double prime, U+2033 !endutf8 rightangle 90 degrees quadrant 1|4 circle quintant 1|5 circle sextant 1|6 circle sign 1|12 circle # Angular extent of one sign of the zodiac turn circle revolution turn rev turn pulsatance radian / sec gon 1|100 rightangle # measure of grade grade gon centesimalminute 1|100 grade centesimalsecond 1|100 centesimalminute milangle 1|6400 circle # Official NIST definition. # Another choice is 1e-3 radian. pointangle 1|32 circle # Used for reporting compass readings centrad 0.01 radian # Used for angular deviation of light # through a prism. mas milli arcsec # Used by astronomers seclongitude circle (seconds/day) # Astronomers measure longitude # (which they call right ascension) in # time units by dividing the equator into # 24 hours instead of 360 degrees. # # Some geometric formulas # circum(r) units=[m;m] range=[0,) 2 pi r; circum/ 2 pi circum_d(d) units=[m;m] range=[0,) circum(d/2); 2 ~circum(circum_d) circlearea(r) units=[m;m^2] range=[0,) pi r^2 ; sqrt(circlearea/pi) circlearea_d(d) units=[m;m^2] range=[0,) circlearea(d/2); 2 ~circlearea(circlearea_d) spherevolume(r) units=[m;m^3] range=[0,) 4|3 pi r^3 ; \ cuberoot(spherevolume/4|3 pi) spherevolume_d(d) units=[m;m^3] range=[0,) spherevolume(d/2); 2 ~spherevolume(spherevolume_d) spherevol() spherevolume spherevol_d() spherevolume_d circumference() circum circumference_d() circum_d square(x) range=[0,) x^2 ; sqrt(square) cube(x) range=[0,) x^3 ; cube^(1|3) # # Solid angle measure # sphere 4 pi sr squaredegree 1|180^2 pi^2 sr squareminute 1|60^2 squaredegree squaresecond 1|60^2 squareminute squarearcmin squareminute squarearcsec squaresecond sphericalrightangle 1|8 sphere octant 1|8 sphere # # Concentration measures # percent 0.01 % percent mill 0.001 # Originally established by Congress in 1791 # as a unit of money equal to 0.001 dollars, # it has come to refer to 0.001 in general. # Used by some towns to set their property # tax rate, and written with a symbol similar # to the % symbol but with two 0's in the # denominator. [18] proof 1|200 # Alcohol content measured by volume at # 60 degrees Fahrenheit. This is a USA # measure. In Europe proof=percent. ppm 1e-6 partspermillion ppm ppb 1e-9 partsperbillion ppb # USA billion ppt 1e-12 partspertrillion ppt # USA trillion karat 1|24 # measure of gold purity caratgold karat gammil mg/l basispoint 0.01 % # Used in finance fine 1|1000 # Measure of gold purity # The pH scale is used to measure the concentration of hydronium (H3O+) ions in # a solution. A neutral solution has a pH of 7 as a result of dissociated # water molecules. pH(x) units=[1;mol/liter] range=(0,) 10^(-x) mol/liter ; (-log(pH liters/mol)) # # Temperature # # Two types of units are defined: units for converting temperature differences # and functions for converting absolute temperatures. Conversions for # differences start with "deg" and conversions for absolute temperature start # with "temp". # # If the temperature inside is 72 degrees Fahrenheit and you want to # convert this to degrees Celsius then you need absolute temperature: # # You have: tempF(72) # You want: tempC # 22.222222 # # If the temperature rose 72 degrees Fahrenheit during the chemical reaction # then this is a temperature difference: # # You have: 72 degF # You want: degC # * 40 # / 0.025 # TEMPERATURE kelvin TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE kelvin # In 1741 Anders Celsius introduced a temperature scale with water boiling at # 0 degrees and freezing at 100 degrees at standard pressure. After his death # the fixed points were reversed and the scale was called the centigrade # scale. Due to the difficulty of accurately measuring the temperature of # melting ice at standard pressure, the centigrade scale was replaced in 1954 # by the Celsius scale which is defined by subtracting 273.15 from the # temperature in Kelvins. This definition differed slightly from the old # centigrade definition, but the Kelvin scale depends on the triple point of # water rather than a melting point, so it can be measured accurately. tempC(x) units=[1;K] domain=[-273.15,) range=[0,) \ x K + stdtemp ; (tempC +(-stdtemp))/K tempcelsius() tempC degcelsius K degC K # Fahrenheit defined his temperature scale by setting 0 to the coldest # temperature he could produce in his lab with a salt water solution and by # setting 96 degrees to body heat. In Fahrenheit's words: # # Placing the thermometer in a mixture of sal ammoniac or sea # salt, ice, and water a point on the scale will be found which # is denoted as zero. A second point is obtained if the same # mixture is used without salt. Denote this position as 30. A # third point, designated as 96, is obtained if the thermometer # is placed in the mouth so as to acquire the heat of a healthy # man." (D. G. Fahrenheit, Phil. Trans. (London) 33, 78, 1724) tempF(x) units=[1;K] domain=[-459.67,) range=[0,) \ (x+(-32)) degF + stdtemp ; (tempF+(-stdtemp))/degF + 32 tempfahrenheit() tempF degfahrenheit 5|9 degC degF 5|9 degC degreesrankine degF # The Rankine scale has the degrankine degreesrankine # Fahrenheit degree, but its zero degreerankine degF # is at absolute zero. degR degrankine tempR degrankine temprankine degrankine tempreaumur(x) units=[1;K] domain=[-218.52,) range=[0,) \ x degreaumur+stdtemp ; (tempreaumur+(-stdtemp))/degreaumur degreaumur 10|8 degC # The Reaumur scale was used in Europe and # particularly in France. It is defined # to be 0 at the freezing point of water # and 80 at the boiling point. Reaumur # apparently selected 80 because it is # divisible by many numbers. degK K # "Degrees Kelvin" is forbidden usage. tempK K # For consistency # Gas mark is implemented below but in a terribly ugly way. There is # a simple formula, but it requires a conditional which is not # presently supported. # # The formula to convert to degrees Fahrenheit is: # # 25 log2(gasmark) + k_f gasmark<=1 # 25 (gasmark-1) + k_f gasmark>=1 # # k_f = 275 # gasmark[degR] \ .0625 634.67 \ .125 659.67 \ .25 684.67 \ .5 709.67 \ 1 734.67 \ 2 759.67 \ 3 784.67 \ 4 809.67 \ 5 834.67 \ 6 859.67 \ 7 884.67 \ 8 909.67 \ 9 934.67 \ 10 959.67 # The Beaufort wind force scale was developed from 1805-1807 by Sir Francis # Beaufort to categorize wind conditions at sea. It is normally defined from # Beaufort 0, also called "Force 0," through Beaufort 12. Beaufort numbers # 13-17 were later defined for tropical cyclones but are rarely used. The # original Beaufort scale was qualitative and did not relate directly to wind # speed. In 1906, George Simpson of the British Met Office fit wind-speed # measurements to visual Beaufort estimates made from five coastal and inland # stations in Britain. Simpson's formula was adopted by the World Meterological # Organization in 1946 to produce a table, known as WMO Code 1100, giving mean # (and min/max) wind speed equivalents at a height of 10 meters for each # Beaufort number. This is the "operational" Beaufort scale that mariners # use. Meterological and climatic researchers typically use a "scientific" # Beaufort scale based on more recent and comprehensive fits. See Wallbrink and # Cook, Historical Wind Speed Equivalents Of The Beaufort Scale, 1850-1950, at # https://icoads.noaa.gov/reclaim/pdf/Hisklim13.pdf # beaufort_WMO1100(B) units=[1;m/s] domain=[0,17] range=[0,) \ 0.836 B^3|2 m/s; (beaufort_WMO1100 s / 0.836 m)^2|3 beaufort(B) units=[1;m/s] domain=[0,17] range=[0,) \ beaufort_WMO1100(B); ~beaufort_WMO1100(beaufort) # Units cannot handle wind chill or heat index because they are two-variable # functions, but they are included here for your edification. Clearly these # equations are the result of a model fitting operation. # # wind chill index (WCI) a measurement of the combined cooling effect of low # air temperature and wind on the human body. The index was first defined # by the American Antarctic explorer Paul Siple in 1939. As currently used # by U.S. meteorologists, the wind chill index is computed from the # temperature T (in deg F) and wind speed V (in mi/hr) using the formula: # WCI = 0.0817(3.71 sqrt(V) + 5.81 - 0.25V)(T - 91.4) + 91.4. # For very low wind speeds, below 4 mi/hr, the WCI is actually higher than # the air temperature, but for higher wind speeds it is lower than the air # temperature. # # heat index (HI or HX) a measure of the combined effect of heat and # humidity on the human body. U.S. meteorologists compute the index # from the temperature T (in deg F) and the relative humidity H (as a # value from 0 to 1). # HI = -42.379 + 2.04901523 T + 1014.333127 H - 22.475541 TH # - .00683783 T^2 - 548.1717 H^2 + 0.122874 T^2 H + 8.5282 T H^2 # - 0.0199 T^2 H^2. # # Physical constants # # Basic constants pi 3.14159265358979323846 # More digits than double tau 2 pi # precision can handle phi (sqrt(5)+1)/2 light c coulombconst alpha hbar c / e^2 # Coulomb constant k_C coulombconst # Gets overridden in CGS modes k_C_SI alpha hbar_SI c_SI / e_SI^2 epsilon0_SI 1 / 4 pi k_C_SI # Vacuum electric permittivity epsilon0 1 / 4 pi k_C # Also overridden in CGS modes mu0_SI 1 / epsilon0_SI c_SI^2 # Vacuum magnetic permeability mu0 1 / epsilon0 c^2 # Also overridden in CGS modes Z0 4 pi k_C / c # Free space impedance energy c^2 # Convert mass to energy hbar h / 2 pi hbar_SI h_SI / 2 pi spin hbar G_SI 6.67430e-11 G 6.67430e-11 N m^2 / kg^2 # Newtonian gravitational constant # Physico-chemical constants atomicmassunit_SI 1.66053906892e-27 atomicmassunit 1.66053906892e-27 kg # Unified atomic mass unit, defined as u atomicmassunit # 1|12 of the mass of carbon 12. amu atomicmassunit # The relationship N_A u = 1 g/mol dalton u # is approximately, but not exactly Da dalton # true (with the 2019 SI). # Previously the mole was defined to # make this relationship exact. amu_chem 1.66026e-27 kg # 1|16 of the weighted average mass of # the 3 naturally occurring neutral # isotopes of oxygen amu_phys 1.65981e-27 kg # 1|16 of the mass of a neutral # oxygen 16 atom molarmassconstant N_A u gasconstant k N_A # Molar gas constant (exact) R gasconstant kboltzmann boltzmann sackurtetrodeconstant 5|2 + ln((u k K / 2 pi hbar^2)^(3|2) k K / atm) # Appears in the Sakur-Tetrode # equation for the entropy of a # monatomic ideal gas. molarvolume R stdtemp / atm # Volume occupied by one mole of an V_m molarvolume # ideal gas at STP. (exact) loschmidt avogadro / molarvolume # Molecules per cubic meter of an n0 loschmidt # ideal gas at STP. Loschmidt did # work similar to Avogadro. molarvolume_si N_A siliconlattice^3 / 8 # Volume of a mole of crystalline # silicon. The unit cell contains 8 # silicon atoms and has a side # length of siliconlattice. stefanboltzmann pi^2 k^4 / 60 hbar^3 c^2 # The power per area radiated by a sigma stefanboltzmann # blackbody at temperature T is # given by sigma T^4. (exact) wiendisplacement (h c/k)/4.9651142317442763 # Wien's Displacement Law gives # the wavelength at which the # Planck spectrum has maximum # intensity. The relation is lambda # T = b where lambda is wavelength, # T is temperature and b is the Wien # displacement. This relation is # used to determine the temperature # of stars. The constant is the # solution to x=5(1-exp(-x)). # This expression has no experimental # error, and x is defined exactly # by the equation above, so it is # an exact definition. wienfrequencydisplacement 2.8214393721220788934 k/h # In a similar vein, # this variant gives the frequency of # maximum intensity. The constant # is the solution to x=3*(1-exp(-x)), # and, as above, this relation is # an exact definition with zero # experimental error. K_J90 483597.9 GHz/V # Direct measurement of the volt is difficult. Until K_J 2e/h # recently, laboratories kept Weston cadmium cells as # a reference, but they could drift. In 1987 the # CGPM officially recommended the use of the # Josephson effect as a laboratory representation of # the volt. The Josephson effect occurs when two # superconductors are separated by a thin insulating # layer. A "supercurrent" flows across the insulator # with a frequency that depends on the potential # applied across the superconductors. This frequency # can be very accurately measured. The Josephson # constant K_J relates the measured frequency to the # potential. Two values given, the conventional # (exact) value from 1990, which was used until the # 2019 SI revision, and the current exact value. R_K90 25812.807 ohm # Measurement of the ohm also presents difficulties. R_K h/e^2 # The old approach involved maintaining resistances # that were subject to drift. The new standard is # based on the Hall effect. When a current carrying # ribbon is placed in a magnetic field, a potential # difference develops across the ribbon. The ratio # of the potential difference to the current is # called the Hall resistance. Klaus von Klitzing # discovered in 1980 that the Hall resistance varies # in discrete jumps when the magnetic field is very # large and the temperature very low. This enables # accurate realization of the resistance h/e^2 in the # lab. The 1990 value was an exact conventional # value used until the SI revision in 2019. This value # did not agree with measurements. The new value # is exact. # The 2019 update to SI gives exact definitions for R_K and K_J. Previously # the electromagnetic units were realized using the 1990 conventional values # for these constants, and as a result, the standard definitions were in some # sense outside of SI. The revision corrects this problem. The definitions # below give the 1990 conventional values for the electromagnetic units in # terms of 2019 SI. ampere90 (K_J90 R_K90 / K_J R_K) A coulomb90 (K_J90 R_K90 / K_J R_K) C farad90 (R_K90/R_K) F henry90 (R_K/R_K90) H ohm90 (R_K/R_K90) ohm volt90 (K_J90/K_J) V watt90 (K_J90^2 R_K90 / K_J^2 R_K) W # Various conventional values gravity 9.80665 m/s^2 # std acceleration of gravity (exact) # Established by the 3rd CGPM in # 1901. This is a nominal midrange # value, originally based on the # acceleration of a body at sea # level at 45 degrees latitude. # The value was actually determined # by measuring at the International # Bureau and correcting the # measurement by a theoretical # cofficient to get the 45 deg # latitude sea level value. # (Wikipedia: Standard gravity) force gravity # use to turn masses into forces atm 101325 Pa # Standard atmospheric pressure atmosphere atm Hg 13.5951 gram force / cm^3 # Standard weight of mercury (exact) water gram force/cm^3 # Standard weight of water (exact) waterdensity gram / cm^3 # Density of water H2O water wc water # water column mach 331.46 m/s # speed of sound in dry air at STP standardtemp 273.15 K # standard temperature stdtemp standardtemp normaltemp tempF(70) # for gas density, from NIST normtemp normaltemp # Handbook 44 # Weight of mercury and water at different temperatures using the standard # force of gravity. Hg10C 13.5708 force gram / cm^3 # These units, when used to form Hg20C 13.5462 force gram / cm^3 # pressure measures, are not accurate Hg23C 13.5386 force gram / cm^3 # because of considerations of the Hg30C 13.5217 force gram / cm^3 # revised practical temperature scale. Hg40C 13.4973 force gram / cm^3 Hg60F 13.5574 force gram / cm^3 H2O0C 0.99987 force gram / cm^3 H2O5C 0.99999 force gram / cm^3 H2O10C 0.99973 force gram / cm^3 H2O15C 0.99913 force gram / cm^3 H2O18C 0.99862 force gram / cm^3 H2O20C 0.99823 force gram / cm^3 H2O25C 0.99707 force gram / cm^3 H2O50C 0.98807 force gram / cm^3 H2O100C 0.95838 force gram / cm^3 # Atomic constants hartree 4.3597447222060e-18 J # Approximate electric potential energy E_h hartree # of the hydrogen atom in its ground # state, and approximately twice its # ionization energy. The hartree # energy is traditionally defined as # coulombconst^2 m_e e^4 / hbar^2, # but it can be measured to greater # precision using the relationship # hartree = 2 h c Rinfinity # because Rinfinity is one of the # most accurately measured physical # constants. Because h and c are # exact we can choose either hartree # or Rinfinity from CODATA to use as # the primary value without # affecting the precision. Rinfinity hartree / 2 h c # The wavelengths of a spectral series R_H Rinfinity m_p / (m_e + m_p) # can be expressed as # 1/lambda = R (1/m^2 - 1/n^2). # where R is a number that various # slightly from element to element. # For hydrogen, R_H is the value, # and for heavy elements, the value # approaches Rinfinity, which can be # computed from # Rinfinity = m_e c alpha^2 / 2 h # with loss of precision. Rinfinity # is one of the most accurately # measured physical constants and is # known to higher precision than m_e # or alpha. alpha 7.2973525643e-3 # The fine structure constant was # introduced to explain fine # structure visible in spectral # lines. bohrradius hbar / alpha m_e c a0 bohrradius prout 185.5 keV # nuclear binding energy equal to 1|12 # binding energy of the deuteron conductancequantum e^2 / pi hbar G0 conductancequantum magneticfluxquantum pi hbar / e Phi0 magneticfluxquantum circulationquantum h / 2 m_e # weak-force related weakmixingangle 0.22305 w_to_z_mass_ratio 0.88145 # Particle radius electronradius alpha^2 bohrradius # Classical thomsoncrosssection 8|3 pi electronradius^2 # Arises in Thomson scattering alphachargeradius 1.6785e-15 m deuteronchargeradius 2.12778e-15 m protonchargeradius 8.4075e-16 m # Masses of elementary particles electronmass_SI electronmass_u atomicmassunit_SI electronmass_u 5.485799090441e-4 electronmass 5.485799090441e-4 u m_e electronmass muonmass 0.1134289257 u m_mu muonmass taumass 1.90754 u m_tau taumass protonmass 1.0072764665789 u m_p protonmass neutronmass 1.00866491606 u m_n neutronmass deuteronmass 2.013553212544 u # Nucleus of deuterium, one m_d deuteronmass # proton and one neutron alphaparticlemass 4.001506179129 u # Nucleus of He, two protons m_alpha alphaparticlemass # and two neutrons tritonmass 3.01550071597 u # Nucleus of H3, one proton m_t tritonmass # and two neutrons helionmass 3.014932246932 u # Nucleus of He3, two protons m_h helionmass # and one neutron # particle wavelengths: the compton wavelength of a particle is # defined as h / m c where m is the mass of the particle. electronwavelength h / m_e c lambda_C electronwavelength protonwavelength h / m_p c lambda_C,p protonwavelength neutronwavelength h / m_n c lambda_C,n neutronwavelength muonwavelength h / m_mu c lambda_C,mu muonwavelength tauwavelength h / m_tau c lambda_C,tau tauwavelength # The g-factor or dimensionless magnetic moment is a quantity that # characterizes the magnetic moment of a particle. The electron g-factor is # one of the most precisely measured values in physics, with a relative # uncertainty of 1.7e-13. g_d 0.8574382335 # Deuteron g-factor g_e -2.00231930436092 # Electron g-factor g_h -4.2552506995 # Helion g-factor g_mu -2.00233184123 # Muon g-factor g_n -3.82608552 # Neutron g-factor g_p 5.5856946893 # Proton g-factor g_t 5.957924930 # Triton g-factor fermicoupling 1.1663787e-5 / GeV^2 # Magnetic moments (derived from the more accurate g-factors) # # The magnetic moment is g * mu_ref * spin where in most cases # the reference is the nuclear magneton, and all of the particles # except the deuteron have spin 1/2. bohrmagneton e hbar / 2 electronmass # Reference magnetic moment for mu_B bohrmagneton # the electron mu_e g_e mu_B / 2 # Electron spin magnet moment mu_mu g_mu mu_B m_e / 2 muonmass # Muon spin magnetic moment nuclearmagneton mu_B m_e / protonmass # Convenient reference magnetic mu_N nuclearmagneton # moment for heavy particles mu_p g_p mu_N / 2 # Proton magnetic moment mu_n g_n mu_N / 2 # Neutron magnetic moment mu_d g_d mu_N # Deuteron magnetic moment, spin 1 mu_t g_t mu_N / 2 # Triton magnetic moment mu_h g_h mu_N / 2 # Helion magnetic moment shielded_mu_h -1.07455311035e-26 J / T shielded_mu_p 1.4105705830e-26 J / T # # Units derived from physical constants # kgf kg force technicalatmosphere kgf / cm^2 at technicalatmosphere hyl kgf s^2 / m # Also gram-force s^2/m according to [15] mmHg mm Hg torr atm / 760 # The torr, named after Evangelista # Torricelli, and is very close to the mm Hg tor Pa # Suggested in 1913 but seldom used [24]. # Eventually renamed the Pascal. Don't # confuse the tor with the torr. inHg inch Hg inH2O inch water mmH2O mm water eV e V # Energy acquired by a particle with charge e electronvolt eV # when it is accelerated through 1 V lightyear c julianyear # The 365.25 day year is specified in ly lightyear # NIST publication 811 lightsecond c s lightminute c min parsec au / tan(arcsec) # Unit of length equal to distance pc parsec # from the Sun to a point having # heliocentric parallax of 1 # arcsec (derived from parallax # second). A distant object with # parallax theta will be about # (arcsec/theta) parsecs from the # Sun (using the approximation # that tan(theta) = theta). rydberg 1|2 hartree # Rydberg energy crith 0.089885 gram # The crith is the mass of one # liter of hydrogen at standard # temperature and pressure. amagat N_A / molarvolume # Used to measure gas as a number amagatvolume mol molarvolume # density lorentz bohrmagneton / h c # Used to measure the extent # that the frequency of light # is shifted by a magnetic field. cminv h c / cm # Unit of energy used in infrared invcm cminv # spectroscopy. wavenumber 1/cm # kcal_mol kcal_th / mol N_A # kcal/mol is used as a unit of # energy by physical chemists. # # CGS system based on centimeter, gram and second # dyne cm gram / s^2 # force dyn dyne erg cm dyne # energy poise gram / cm s # viscosity, honors Jean Poiseuille P poise rhe /poise # reciprocal viscosity stokes cm^2 / s # kinematic viscosity St stokes stoke stokes lentor stokes # old name Gal cm / s^2 # acceleration, used in geophysics galileo Gal # for Earth's gravitational field # (note that "gal" is for gallon # but "Gal" is the standard symbol # for the gal which is evidently a # shortened form of "galileo".) barye dyne/cm^2 # pressure barad barye # old name kayser 1/cm # Proposed as a unit for wavenumber balmer kayser # Even less common name than "kayser" kine cm/s # velocity bole g cm / s # momentum pond gram force glug gram force s^2 / cm # Mass which is accelerated at # 1 cm/s^2 by 1 gram force darcy centipoise cm^2 / s atm # Measures permeability to fluid flow. # One darcy is the permeability of a # medium that allows a flow of cc/s # of a liquid of centipoise viscosity # under a pressure gradient of # atm/cm. Named for H. Darcy. mobileohm cm / dyn s # mobile ohm, measure of mechanical # mobility mechanicalohm dyn s / cm # mechanical resistance acousticalohm dyn s / cm^5 # ratio of the sound pressure of # 1 dyn/cm^2 to a source of strength # 1 cm^3/s ray acousticalohm rayl dyn s / cm^3 # Specific acoustical resistance eotvos 1e-9 Gal/cm # Change in gravitational acceleration # over horizontal distance # # Electromagnetic CGS Units # # For measuring electromagnetic quantities in SI, we introduce the new base # dimension of current, define the ampere to measure current, and derive the # other electromagnetic units from the ampere. With the CGS units one approach # is to use the basic equations of electromagnetism to define units that # eliminate constants from those equations. Coulomb's law has the form # # F = k_C q1 q2 / r^2 # # where k_C is the Coulomb constant equal to 1|4 pi epsilon0 in SI units. # Ampere's force law takes the form # # dF/dl = 2 k_A I1 I2 / r # # where k_A is the ampere constant. In the CGS system we force either k_C or # k_A to 1 which then defines either a unit for charge or a unit for current. # The other unit then becomes a derived unit. When k_C is 1 the ESU system # results. When k_A is 1 the EMU system results. Note that these parameters # are not independent of each other: Maxwell's equations indicate that # # k_C / k_A = c^2 # # where c is the speed of light. # # One more choice is needed to define a complete system. Using Coulomb's law # we define the electric field as the force per unit charge # # E = k_C 1 / r^2. # # But what about the magnetic field? It is derived from Ampere's law but we # have the option of adding a proportionality constant, k_B, that may have # dimensions: # # B = 2 k_A k_B I / r # # We can choose k_B = 1, which is done in the SI, ESU and EMU systems. But if # instead we give k_B units of length/time then the magnetic field has # the same units as the electric field. This choice leads to the Gaussian # and Heaviside-Lorentz systems. # # The relations above are used to determine the dimensions, but the units are # derived from the base units of CGS, not directly from those formulas. We # will use the notation [unit] to refer to the dimension of the unit in # brackets. This same process gives rise to the SI units such as the tesla, # which is defined by # # [tesla] = [2 (1/4 pi c^2 epsilon0) amp / m] = [(mu0 / 2) amp / m] # # which gives kg / A s^2 as expected. # # References: # # Classical Electrodynamics by John David Jackson, 3rd edition. # Cardarelli, Francois. 1999. Scientific Unit Conversion. 2nd ed. Trans. # M.J. Shields. London: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 1-85233-043-0 # # # All of the CGS systems result in electromagnetic units that involve the square # roots of the centimeter and gram. This requires a change in the primitive # units. # !var UNITS_SYSTEM esu emu gaussian gauss hlu sqrt_cm ! sqrt_centimeter sqrt_cm +m 100 sqrt_cm^2 sqrt_g ! sqrt_gram sqrt_g +kg kilo sqrt_g^2 !endvar # Electrostatic CGS (ESU) # # This system uses the statcoulomb as the fundamental unit of charge, with # derived units that parallel the conventional terminology but use the stat- # prefix. The statcoulomb is derived from Coulomb's law based on the dyne # # dyne = statcoulomb^2 / k_C cm^2. # # and in the EUS system, k_C=1. The statcoulomb is also called the # franklin or esu. # # The ESU system was specified by a committee report in 1873 and rarely used. statcoulomb sqrt(dyne cm^2/k_C) # Charge such that two charges esu statcoulomb # of 1 statC separated by 1 cm statcoul statcoulomb # exert a force of 1 dyne statC statcoulomb stC statcoulomb franklin statcoulomb Fr franklin !var UNITS_SYSTEM esu !message CGS-ESU units selected !prompt (ESU) +coulombconst 1 +epsilon0 1 / k_C # SI relation: 1 / 4 pi k_C +A 10 c_SI statamp !endvar statampere statcoulomb / s statamp statampere statA statampere stA statampere statvolt dyne cm / statamp sec statV statvolt stV statvolt statfarad statamp sec / statvolt statF statfarad stF statfarad cmcapacitance statfarad stathenry statvolt sec / statamp statH stathenry stH stathenry statohm statvolt / statamp stohm statohm statmho /statohm stmho statmho statweber statvolt sec statWb statweber stWb statweber stattesla statWb/cm^2 # Defined by analogy with SI; rarely statT stattesla # if ever used stT stattesla debye 1e-10 statC angstrom # unit of electrical dipole moment helmholtz debye/angstrom^2 # Dipole moment per area jar 1000 statfarad # approx capacitance of Leyden jar # Electromagnetic CGS (EMU) # # The abampere is the fundamental unit of this system, with the derived units # using the ab- prefix. The dimensions of the abampere are defined by assuming # that k_A=1, which # # [dyne / cm] = [2 abampere^2 / cm] # # where the brackets indicate taking the dimension of the unit in base units # and discarding any constant factors. This results in the definition from # base CGS units of: # # abampere = sqrt(dyne). # # The abampere is also called the biot. The magnetic field unit (the gauss) # follows from the assumption that k_B=1, which means # # B = 2 I / r, # # and hence the dimensions of the gauss are given by # # [gauss] = [2 abampere / cm] # # or rewriting in terms of the base units # # gauss = abampere / cm. # # The definition given below is different because it is in a form that # gives a valid reduction for SI and ESU and still gives the correct # result in EMU. (It can be derived from Faraday's law.) # # The EMU system was developed by Gauss and Weber and formalized as a system in # a committee report by the British Association for the Advancement of Science # in 1873. abampere 10 A # Current which produces a force of abamp abampere # 2 dyne/cm between two infinitely aA abampere # long wires that are 1 cm apart abA abampere biot abampere Bi biot !var UNITS_SYSTEM emu !message CGS-EMU units selected !prompt (EMU) +coulombconst c^2 +epsilon0 1 / k_C # SI relation: 1 / 4 pi k_C +abampere sqrt(dyne) +A 0.1 abamp !endvar abcoulomb abamp sec abcoul abcoulomb abC abcoulomb abfarad abampere sec / abvolt abF abfarad abhenry abvolt sec / abamp abH abhenry abvolt dyne cm / abamp sec abV abvolt abohm abvolt / abamp abmho /abohm maxwell erg / abamp # Also called the "line" Mx maxwell gauss maxwell / cm^2 # The magnetic field 2 cm from a wire Gs gauss # carrying a current of 1 abampere oersted gauss / mu0 # From the relation H = B / mu Oe oersted gilbert gauss cm / mu0 Gb gilbert Gi gilbert unitpole 4 pi maxwell # unit magnetic pole emu erg/gauss # "electro-magnetic unit", a measure of # magnetic moment, often used as emu/cm^3 # to specify magnetic moment density. # Electromagnetic CGS (Gaussian) # # The Gaussian system uses the statcoulomb and statamp from the ESU system # derived by setting k_C=1, but it defines the magnetic field unit differently # by taking k_B=c instead of k_B=1. As noted above, k_C and k_A are not # independent. With k_C=1 we must have k_A=c^-2. This results in the magnetic # field unit, the gauss, having dimensions give by: # # [gauss] = [2 (c^-2) c statamp / cm] = [statamp / c cm] # # We then define the gauss using base CGS units to obtain # # gauss = statamp / ((cm/s) cm) = statcoulomb / cm^2. # # Note that this definition happens to give the same result as the definition # for the EMU system, so the definitions of the gauss are consistent. # # This definition gives the same dimensions for the E and B fields and was also # known as the "symmetric system". This system was proposed by Hertz in 1888. !var UNITS_SYSTEM gaussian gauss !message CGS-Gaussian units selected !prompt (Gaussian) !endvar !var UNITS_SYSTEM gaussian gauss natural-gauss +coulombconst 1 +A 10 c_SI statamp # Some SI-based definitions need re-scaling # by factors of "c" and/or "4 pi": +epsilon0 1 / k_C # SI relation: 1 / 4 pi k_C +mu0 1 / epsilon0 # SI relation: 1 / epsilon0 c^2 +bohrmagneton (e hbar / 2 electronmass) / c +magneticfluxquantum c (pi hbar / e) +maxwell c (erg / abamp) +weber c (J / A) !endvar # Electromagnetic CGS (Heaviside-Lorentz) # The Heaviside-Lorentz system is similar to the Gaussian system, but it is # "rationalized" so that factors of 4 pi do not appear in Maxwell's equations. # The SI system is similarly rationalized, but the other CGS systems are not. # # The factor of 4 pi appears instead in Coulomb's law, so in this system # k_C = 1 / 4 pi, which means the charge unit is defined by # # dyne = (1 / 4 pi) hlu_charge^2 / cm^2. # # Since we have the leading constant of (1 / 4pi) the numerical value of the # charge number is larger by sqrt(4pi), which in turns means that the HLU # charge unit is smaller by this multiple. But note that the dimensions of the # charge unit are the same as the Gaussian system, so both systems measure # charge with cm^(3/2) g^(1/2) / s, but the amount of charge for this dimension # differs by a factor of sqrt(4pi) between the two systems. # # Ampere's law for the Heaviside-Lorentz system has the form # # B = 1/(2 pi c) * I/r # The Heaviside-Lorentz system does not appear to have any named units, so we # use "hlu" for "Heaviside-Lorentz unit" so we can define values for the basic # units in this system. hlu_charge statcoulomb / sqrt(4 pi) hlu_current hlu_charge / sec hlu_volt erg / hlu_charge hlu_efield hlu_volt / cm hlu_bfield sqrt(4 pi) gauss !var UNITS_SYSTEM hlu !message CGS-Heaviside-Lorentz Units selected !prompt (HLU) !endvar !var UNITS_SYSTEM hlu natural planck planck-red +coulombconst 1 / 4 pi +A 10 c_SI statamp # Some SI-based magnetism definitions # need re-scaling by factors of "c": +mu0 1 / epsilon0 # SI relation: 1 / epsilon0 c^2 +bohrmagneton (e hbar / 2 electronmass) / c +magneticfluxquantum c (pi hbar / e) +weber c (J / A) +maxwell c (erg / abamp) !endvar # "Natural units" (high energy physics and cosmology) # # In particle physics "natural units" (which don't seem to have a more specific # name) are defined by setting hbar = c = boltzmann = 1. In this system the # electron volt is the only base unit. The electromagnetic units can be # derived from the rationalized Heaviside-Lorentz units or from Gaussian units. # The default form is the rationalized HLU derived version. # # The basic mechanical and thermodynamic definitions for the natural # units are identical in both systems. These appear below. The # natural-gauss system has additional electromagnetic redefinitions # that appear above in the "Electromagnetic CGS (Gaussian)" Section. # These are the Heaviside-Lorentz natural units natural_action hbar natural_energy eV #XXX according to CODATA 2022 (at least), natural energy = m_e c^2 natural_charge e / sqrt(4 pi alpha) natural_time natural_action / natural_energy natural_length natural_time c natural_mass natural_energy / c^2 natural_momentum natural_energy / c natural_temp natural_energy / boltzmann natural_force natural_energy / natural_length natural_power natural_energy / natural_time natural_volt natural_energy / natural_charge natural_Efield natural_volt / natural_length natural_Bfield natural_Efield / c natural_current natural_charge / natural_time !var UNITS_SYSTEM natural !message Natural units selected (Heavyside-Lorentz based) !prompt (natural) !endvar !var UNITS_SYSTEM natural-gauss !message Natural units selected (Gaussian based) !prompt (natgauss) !endvar # These definitions are the same in both natural unit systems !var UNITS_SYSTEM natural natural-gauss +eV ! +h 2 pi +c 1 +boltzmann 1 +m e_SI / hbar_SI c_SI eV +kg (c_SI^2 / e_SI) eV +s e_SI / hbar_SI eV +K (k_SI / e_SI) eV !endvar # # Planck units # # Planck units are a set of "natural" units based on physical constants c, G, # hbar, boltzmann's constant, and epsilon0, often used when working with # gravitational theory. In planck units, all quantities are dimensionless. # Some variations are possible for exactly how the units are defined. We # provide two variations, the rationalized planck units and the # rationalized-reduced planck units. # # In both forms the units are defined by c = hbar = boltzmann = 1. # But the choice of rationalized and reduced affects how epsilon0 and G # are treated. # # In the "rationalized" units, factors of 4 pi do not appear in Maxwell's # equation, and Coulomb's law bears a factor of 1/4 pi. See the section on # the Heaviside-Lorentz units for more about this. The choice of rationalized # units means that epsilon0 = 1. (In the unrationalized case, which is not # supported, 1/(4 pi epsilon0) = 1.) # # The "reduced" units similarly are defined to eliminate factors of 8 pi # from the Einstein field equations for gravitation. With reduced units # we set 8 pi G = 1 and with the unreduced units, simply G = 1. # Rationalized, unreduced planck units planckmass sqrt(hbar c / G) m_P planckmass planckenergy planckmass c^2 E_P planckenergy plancktime hbar / planckenergy t_P plancktime plancklength plancktime c l_P plancklength plancktemperature planckenergy / k T_P plancktemperature planckforce planckenergy / plancklength planckcharge sqrt(epsilon0 hbar c) planckcurrent planckcharge / plancktime planckvolt planckenergy / planckcharge planckEfield planckvolt / plancklength planckBfield planckEfield / c # Rationalized, reduced planck units planckmass_red sqrt(hbar c / 8 pi G) planckenergy_red planckmass_red c^2 plancktime_red hbar / planckenergy_red plancklength_red plancktime_red c plancktemperature_red planckenergy_red / k planckforce_red planckenergy_red / plancklength_red planckcharge_red sqrt(epsilon0 hbar c) planckcurrent_red planckcharge_red / plancktime_red planckvolt_red planckenergy_red / planckcharge_red planckEfield_red planckvolt_red / plancklength_red planckBfield_red planckEfield_red /c !var UNITS_SYSTEM planck !message Planck units selected !prompt (planck) +c 1 +h 2 pi +G 1 +boltzmann 1 +kg sqrt(G_SI / hbar_SI c_SI) +s c_SI^2 / hbar_SI kg +m s / c_SI +K k_SI / hbar_SI s !endvar !var UNITS_SYSTEM planck-red !message Reduced planck units selected !prompt (planck reduced) +c 1 +h 2 pi +G 1/8 pi +boltzmann 1 +kg sqrt(8 pi G_SI / hbar_SI c_SI) +s c_SI^2 / hbar_SI kg +m s / c_SI +K k_SI / hbar_SI s !endvar # # Some historical electromagnetic units # intampere 0.999835 A # Defined as the current which in one intamp intampere # second deposits .001118 gram of # silver from an aqueous solution of # silver nitrate. intfarad 0.999505 F intvolt 1.00033 V intohm 1.000495 ohm # Defined as the resistance of a # uniform column of mercury containing # 14.4521 gram in a column 1.063 m # long and maintained at 0 degC. daniell 1.042 V # Meant to be electromotive force of a # Daniell cell, but in error by .04 V faraday N_A e mol # Charge that must flow to deposit or faraday_phys 96521.9 C # liberate one gram equivalent of any faraday_chem 96495.7 C # element. (The chemical and physical faradayconst N_A e # values are off slightly from what is # obtained by multiplying by amu_chem # or amu_phys. These values are from # a 1991 NIST publication.) Note that # there is also a Faraday constant, # which has units of C/mol. kappline 6000 maxwell # Named by and for Gisbert Kapp siemensunit 0.9534 ohm # Resistance of a meter long column of # mercury with a 1 mm cross section. # # Printed circuit board units. # # Iowa State University Center for Nondestructive Evaluation # Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity # https://www.nde-ed.org/Physics/Materials/Physical_Chemical/Electrical.xhtml # # Conductivity is often expressed as a percentage of IACS. A copper wire a # meter long with a 1 mm^2 cross section has a resistance of 1|58 ohm at # 20 deg C. Copper density also has a standard IACS value at that temperature. # copperconductivity 58 siemens m / mm^2 # A wire a meter long with IACS copperconductivity # a 1 mm^2 cross section copperdensity 8.89 g/cm^3 # The "ounce" measures the ouncecopper oz / ft^2 copperdensity # thickness of copper used ozcu ouncecopper # in circuitboard fabrication # # Photometric units # LUMINOUS_INTENSITY candela LUMINOUS_FLUX lumen LUMINOUS_ENERGY talbot ILLUMINANCE lux EXITANCE lux candle 1.02 candela # Standard unit for luminous intensity hefnerunit 0.9 candle # in use before candela hefnercandle hefnerunit # violle 20.17 cd # luminous intensity of 1 cm^2 of # platinum at its temperature of # solidification (2045 K) lumen cd sr # Luminous flux (luminous energy per lm lumen # time unit) talbot lumen s # Luminous energy lumberg talbot # References give these values for lumerg talbot # lumerg and lumberg both. Note that # a paper from 1948 suggests that # lumerg should be 1e-7 talbots so # that lumergs/erg = talbots/joule. # lumerg = luminous erg lux lm/m^2 # Illuminance or exitance (luminous lx lux # flux incident on or coming from phot lumen / cm^2 # a surface) ph phot # footcandle lumen/ft^2 # Illuminance from a 1 candela source # at a distance of one foot metercandle lumen/m^2 # Illuminance from a 1 candela source # at a distance of one meter mcs metercandle s # luminous energy per area, used to # measure photographic exposure nox 1e-3 lux # These two units were proposed for skot 1e-3 apostilb # measurements relating to dark adapted # eyes. # Luminance measures LUMINANCE nit nit cd/m^2 # Luminance: the intensity per projected stilb cd / cm^2 # area of an extended luminous source. sb stilb # (nit is from latin nitere = to shine.) apostilb cd/pi m^2 asb apostilb blondel apostilb # Named after a French scientist. # Equivalent luminance measures. These units are units which measure # the luminance of a surface with a specified exitance which obeys # Lambert's law. (Lambert's law specifies that luminous intensity of # a perfectly diffuse luminous surface is proportional to the cosine # of the angle at which you view the luminous surface.) equivalentlux cd / pi m^2 # luminance of a 1 lux surface equivalentphot cd / pi cm^2 # luminance of a 1 phot surface lambert cd / pi cm^2 footlambert cd / pi ft^2 # The bril is used to express "brilliance" of a source of light on a # logarithmic scale to correspond to subjective perception. An increase of 1 # bril means doubling the luminance. A luminance of 1 lambert is defined to # have a brilliance of 1 bril. bril(x) units=[1;lambert] 2^(x+-100) lamberts ;log2(bril/lambert)+100 # Some luminance data from the IES Lighting Handbook, 8th ed, 1993 sunlum 1.6e9 cd/m^2 # at zenith sunillum 100e3 lux # clear sky sunillum_o 10e3 lux # overcast sky sunlum_h 6e6 cd/m^2 # value at horizon skylum 8000 cd/m^2 # average, clear sky skylum_o 2000 cd/m^2 # average, overcast sky moonlum 2500 cd/m^2 # # Photographic Exposure Value # This section by Jeff Conrad (jeff_conrad@msn.com) # # The Additive system of Photographic EXposure (APEX) proposed in ASA # PH2.5-1960 was an attempt to simplify exposure determination for people who # relied on exposure tables rather than exposure meters. Shortly thereafter, # nearly all cameras incorporated exposure meters, so the APEX system never # caught on, but the concept of exposure value remains in use. Though given as # 'Ev' in ASA PH2.5-1960, it is now more commonly indicated by 'EV'. EV is # related to exposure parameters by # # A^2 LS ES # 2^EV = --- = -- = -- # t K C # # Where # A = Relative aperture (f-number) # t = Exposure time in seconds # L = Scene luminance in cd/m2 # E = Scene illuminance in lux # S = Arithmetic ISO speed # K = Reflected-light meter calibration constant # C = Incident-light meter calibration constant # # Strictly, an exposure value is a combination of aperture and exposure time, # but it's also commonly used to indicate luminance (or illuminance). # Conversion to luminance or illuminance units depends on the ISO speed and the # meter calibration constant. Common practice is to use an ISO speed of 100. # Calibration constants vary among camera and meter manufacturers: Canon, # Nikon, and Sekonic use a value of 12.5 for reflected-light meters, while # Kenko (formerly Minolta) and Pentax use a value of 14. Kenko and Sekonic use # a value of 250 for incident-light meters with flat receptors. # # The values for in-camera meters apply only averaging, weighted-averaging, or # spot metering--the multi-segment metering incorporated in most current # cameras uses proprietary algorithms that evaluate many factors related to the # luminance distribution of what is being metered; they are not amenable to # simple conversions, and are usually not disclosed by the manufacturers. s100 100 / lx s # ISO 100 speed iso100 s100 # Reflected-light meter calibration constant with ISO 100 speed k1250 12.5 (cd/m2) / lx s # For Canon, Nikon, and Sekonic k1400 14 (cd/m2) / lx s # For Kenko (Minolta) and Pentax # Incident-light meter calibration constant with ISO 100 film c250 250 lx / lx s # flat-disc receptor # Exposure value to scene luminance with ISO 100 imaging media # For Kenko (Minolta) or Pentax #ev100(x) units=[;cd/m^2] range=(0,) 2^x k1400 / s100; log2(ev100 s100/k1400) # For Canon, Nikon, or Sekonic ev100(x) units=[1;cd/m^2] range=(0,) 2^x k1250 / s100; log2(ev100 s100/k1250) EV100() ev100 # Exposure value to scene illuminance with ISO 100 imaging media iv100(x) units=[1;lx] range=(0,) 2^x c250 / s100; log2(iv100 s100 / c250) # Other Photographic Exposure Conversions # # As part of APEX, ASA PH2.5-1960 proposed several logarithmic quantities # related by # # Ev = Av + Tv = Bv + Sv # # where # Av = log2(A^2) Aperture value # Tv = log2(1/t) Time value # Sv = log2(N Sx) Speed value # Bv = log2(B S / K) Luminance ("brightness") value # Iv = log2(I S / C) Illuminance value # # and # A = Relative aperture (f-number) # t = Exposure time in seconds # Sx = Arithmetic ISO speed in 1/lux s # B = luminance in cd/m2 # I = luminance in lux # The constant N derives from the arcane relationship between arithmetic # and logarithmic speed given in ASA PH2.5-1960. That relationship # apparently was not obvious--so much so that it was thought necessary # to explain it in PH2.12-1961. The constant has had several values # over the years, usually without explanation for the changes. Although # APEX had little impact on consumer cameras, it has seen a partial # resurrection in the Exif standards published by the Camera & Imaging # Products Association of Japan. #N_apex 2^-1.75 lx s # precise value implied in ASA PH2.12-1961, # derived from ASA PH2.5-1960. #N_apex 0.30 lx s # rounded value in ASA PH2.5-1960, # ASA PH2.12-1961, and ANSI PH2.7-1986 #N_apex 0.3162 lx s # value in ANSI PH2.7-1973 N_exif 1|3.125 lx s # value in Exif 2.3 (2010), making Sv(5) = 100 K_apex1961 11.4 (cd/m2) / lx s # value in ASA PH2.12-1961 K_apex1971 12.5 (cd/m2) / lx s # value in ANSI PH3.49-1971; more common C_apex1961 224 lx / lx s # value in PH2.12-1961 (20.83 for I in # footcandles; flat sensor?) C_apex1971 322 lx / lx s # mean value in PH3.49-1971 (30 +/- 5 for I in # footcandles; hemispherical sensor?) N_speed N_exif K_lum K_apex1971 C_illum C_apex1961 # Units for Photographic Exposure Variables # # Practical photography sometimes pays scant attention to units for exposure # variables. In particular, the "speed" of the imaging medium is treated as if # it were dimensionless when it should have units of reciprocal lux seconds; # this practice works only because "speed" is almost invariably given in # accordance with international standards (or similar ones used by camera # manufacturers)--so the assumed units are invariant. In calculating # logarithmic quantities--especially the time value Tv and the exposure value # EV--the units for exposure time ("shutter speed") are often ignored; this # practice works only because the units of exposure time are assumed to be in # seconds, and the missing units that make the argument to the logarithmic # function dimensionless are silently provided. # # In keeping with common practice, the definitions that follow treat "speeds" # as dimensionless, so ISO 100 speed is given simply as '100'. When # calculating the logarithmic APEX quantities Av and Tv, the definitions # provide the missing units, so the times can be given with any appropriate # units. For example, giving an exposure time of 1 minute as either '1 min' or # '60 s' will result in Tv of -5.9068906. # # Exposure Value from f-number and Exposure Time # # Because nonlinear unit conversions only accept a single quantity, # there is no direct conversion from f-number and exposure time to # exposure value EV. But the EV can be obtained from a combination of # Av and Tv. For example, the "sunny 16" rule states that correct # exposure for a sunlit scene can achieved by using f/16 and an exposure # time equal to the reciprocal of the ISO speed in seconds; this can be # calculated as # # ~Av(16) + ~Tv(1|100 s), # # which gives 14.643856. These conversions may be combined with the # ev100 conversion: # # ev100(~Av(16) + ~Tv(1|100 s)) # # to yield the assumed average scene luminance of 3200 cd/m^2. # convert relative aperture (f-number) to aperture value Av(A) units=[1;1] domain=[-2,) range=[0.5,) 2^(A/2); 2 log2(Av) # convert exposure time to time value Tv(t) units=[1;s] range=(0,) 2^(-t) s; log2(s / Tv) # convert logarithmic speed Sv in ASA PH2.5-1960 to ASA/ISO arithmetic speed; # make arithmetic speed dimensionless # 'Sv' conflicts with the symbol for sievert; you can uncomment this function # definition if you don't need that symbol #Sv(S) units=[1;1] range=(0,) 2^S / (N_speed/lx s); log2((N_speed/lx s) Sv) Sval(S) units=[1;1] range=(0,) 2^S / (N_speed/lx s); log2((N_speed/lx s) Sval) # convert luminance value Bv in ASA PH2.12-1961 to luminance Bv(x) units=[1;cd/m^2] range=(0,) \ 2^x K_lum N_speed ; log2(Bv / (K_lum N_speed)) # convert illuminance value Iv in ASA PH2.12-1961 to illuminance Iv(x) units=[1;lx] range=(0,) \ 2^x C_illum N_speed ; log2(Iv / (C_illum N_speed)) # convert ASA/ISO arithmetic speed Sx to ASA logarithmic speed in # ASA PH2.5-1960; make arithmetic speed dimensionless Sx(S) units=[1;1] domain=(0,) \ log2((N_speed/lx s) S); 2^Sx / (N_speed/lx s) # convert DIN speed/ISO logarithmic speed in ISO 6:1993 to arithmetic speed # for convenience, speed is treated here as if it were dimensionless Sdeg(S) units=[1;1] range=(0,) 10^((S - 1) / 10) ; (1 + 10 log(Sdeg)) Sdin() Sdeg # Numerical Aperture and f-Number of a Lens # # The numerical aperture (NA) is given by # # NA = n sin(theta) # # where n is the index of refraction of the medium and theta is half # of the angle subtended by the aperture stop from a point in the image # or object plane. For a lens in air, n = 1, and # # NA = 0.5 / f-number # # convert NA to f-number numericalaperture(x) units=[1;1] domain=(0,1] range=[0.5,) \ 0.5 / x ; 0.5 / numericalaperture NA() numericalaperture # # convert f-number to itself; restrict values to those possible fnumber(x) units=[1;1] domain=[0.5,) range=[0.5,) x ; fnumber # Referenced Photographic Standards # # ASA PH-2.5-1960. USA Standard, Method for Determining (Monochrome, # Continuous-Tone) Speed of Photographic Negative Materials. # ASA PH2.12-1961. American Standard, General-Purpose Photographic # Exposure Meters (photoelectric type). # ANSI PH3.49-1971. American National Standard for general-purpose # photographic exposure meters (photoelectric type). # ANSI PH2.7-1973. American National Standard Photographic Exposure Guide. # ANSI PH2.7-1986. American National Standard for Photography -- # Photographic Exposure Guide. # CIPA DC-008-2010. Exchangeable image file format for digital still # cameras: Exif Version 2.3 # ISO 6:1993. International Standard, Photography -- Black-and-white # pictorial still camera negative film/process systems -- # Determination of ISO Speed. # # Astronomical time measurements # # Astronomical time measurement is a complicated matter. The length of the # true day at a given place can be 21 seconds less than 24 hours or 30 seconds # over 24 hours. The two main reasons for this are the varying speed of # Earth in its elliptical orbit and the fact that the Sun moves on the ecliptic # instead of along the celestial equator. To devise a workable system for time # measurement, Simon Newcomb (1835-1909) used a fictitious "mean Sun". # Consider a first fictitious Sun traveling along the ecliptic at a constant # speed and coinciding with the true Sun at perigee and apogee. Then # considering a second fictitious Sun traveling along the celestial equator at # a constant speed and coinciding with the first fictitious Sun at the # equinoxes. The second fictitious Sun is the "mean Sun". From this equations # can be written out to determine the length of the mean day, and the tropical # year. The length of the second was determined based on the tropical year # from such a calculation and was officially used from 1960-1967 until atomic # clocks replaced astronomical measurements for a standard of time. All of the # values below give the mean time for the specified interval. # # See "Mathematical Astronomy Morsels" by Jean Meeus for more details # and a description of how to compute the correction to mean time. # TIME second anomalisticyear 365.2596 days # The time between successive # perihelion passages of # Earth. siderealyear 365.256360417 day # The time for Earth to make # one revolution around the Sun # relative to the stars. tropicalyear 365.242198781 day # The time needed for the mean Sun # as defined above to increase # its longitude by 360 degrees. # Most references defined the # tropical year as the interval # between vernal equinoxes, but # this is misleading. The length # of the season changes over time # because of the eccentricity of # Earth's orbit. The time # between vernal equinoxes is # approximately 365.24237 days # around the year 2000. See # "Mathematical Astronomy # Morsels" for more details. eclipseyear 346.62 days # The line of nodes is the # intersection of the plane of # Earth's orbit around the Sun # with the plane of the Moon's # orbit around Earth. Eclipses # can only occur when the Moon # and Sun are close to this # line. The line rotates and # appearances of the Sun on the # line of nodes occur every # eclipse year. saros 223 synodicmonth # The Earth, Moon and Sun appear in # the same arrangement every # saros, so if an eclipse occurs, # then one saros later, a similar # eclipse will occur. (The saros # is close to 19 eclipse years.) # The eclipse will occur about # 120 degrees west of the # preceding one because the # saros is not an even number of # days. After 3 saros, an # eclipse will occur at # approximately the same place. solarday day # Time from noon to noon siderealday 86164.09054 s # The sidereal day is the interval siderealhour 1|24 siderealday # between two successive transits siderealminute 1|60 siderealhour # of a star over the meridian, siderealsecond 1|60 siderealminute # or the time required for # Earth to make one rotation # relative to the stars. Another # way to think about it is to # imagine looking down at the # solar system and noting when # Earth has made a rotation. # The more usual solar day is the # time required to make a # rotation relative to the Sun, # which means the same point on # Earth faces the Sun again. # Because Earth moves in its # orbit, it has to rotate a bit # more to face the Sun again, # hence the solar day is slightly # longer than the sidereal day. # The value given here is the # mean day length taken from # ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/astro_par.html # which in turn cites the # "Explanatory Supplement to the # Astronomical Almanac", 1992. anomalisticmonth 27.55454977 day # Time for the Moon to travel from # perigee to perigee nodicalmonth 27.2122199 day # The nodes are the points where draconicmonth nodicalmonth # an orbit crosses the ecliptic. draconiticmonth nodicalmonth # This is the time required to # travel from the ascending node # to the next ascending node. siderealmonth 27.321661 day # Time required for the Moon to # orbit the Earth lunarmonth 29 days + 12 hours + 44 minutes + 2.8 seconds # Mean time between full moons. synodicmonth lunarmonth # Full moons occur when the Sun lunation synodicmonth # and Moon are on opposite sides lune 1|30 lunation # of the Earth. Since the Earth lunour 1|24 lune # moves around the Sun, the Moon # has to move a bit further in its # orbit to return to the full moon # configuration. year tropicalyear yr year month 1|12 year mo month lustrum 5 years # The Lustrum was a Roman # purification ceremony that took # place every five years. # Classically educated Englishmen # used this term. decade 10 years century 100 years millennium 1000 years millennia millennium solaryear year lunaryear 12 lunarmonth calendaryear 365 day commonyear 365 day leapyear 366 day # The Julian year is The length of an average year over a 4-year cycle in the # Julian calendar. The calendar was proposed by Julius Caesar in 46 BCE and # took effect the following year. It has a normal year of 365 days and a leap # year of 366 days every four years. Though this calendar was used in # Europe for more than 1600 years, it drifts from the topical year by # about 1 day every 128 years, which became noticeable over its period # of use. # This growing discrepancy between the seasons and the calendar was perhaps # confusing but was also of concern to the Catholic Church because it led to a # shift in the date of Easter. To correct this discrepancy, Pope Gregory XIII # introduced the more accurate Gregorian calendar in 1582. The Gregorian year # is the length of an average year over a 400-year cycle in the Gregorian # calendar. Every year that is exactly divisible by four is a # leap year, except for years that are exactly divisible by 100, unless these # centurial years are exactly divisible by 400. This calendar was adopted by # many Catholic countries when it was proclaimed, but was not adopted by many # other countries until much later; Britain and the British Empire, including # what is now the eastern part of the United States, adopted it in 1752. See # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_adoption_dates_of_the_Gregorian_calendar_by_country # for additional details. julianyear 365.25 days gregorianyear 365.2425 days islamicyear 354 day # A year of 12 lunar months. They islamicleapyear 355 day # began counting on July 16, AD 622 # when Muhammad emigrated to Medina # (the year of the Hegira). They need # 11 leap days in 30 years to stay in # sync with the lunar year which is a # bit longer than the 29.5 days of the # average month. The months do not # keep to the same seasons, but # regress through the seasons every # 32.5 years. islamicmonth 1|12 islamicyear # They have 29 day and 30 day months. # The Hebrew year is also based on lunar months, but synchronized to the solar # calendar. The months vary irregularly between 29 and 30 days in length, and # the years likewise vary. The regular year is 353, 354, or 355 days long. To # keep up with the solar calendar, a leap month of 30 days is inserted every # 3rd, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years of a 19 year cycle. This # gives leap years that last 383, 384, or 385 days. # # Planetary data from JPL's planet fact sheets. Each planet has its # own sheet at https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/fact.html # The source for data on the fact sheets is described at # https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/fact_notes.html # and they also indicate that the values listed are not "official" values: # there is no single set of agreed upon values. # Sidereal days. The sidereal day is the time required for a planet to make a # revolution relative to the stars. This is the default day value. mercuryday mercuryday_sidereal venusday venusday_sidereal earthday earthday_sidereal marsday marsday_sidereal jupiterday jupiterday_sidereal saturnday saturnday_sidereal uranusday uranusday_sidereal neptuneday neptuneday_sidereal plutoday plutoday_sidereal mercuryday_sidereal 1407.6 hr # Mercury is in a 3:2 resonance lock # where it makes 3 rotations per 2 orbits # so 3 sidereal days = 2 years venusday_sidereal 5832.6 hr # Retrograde earthday_sidereal siderealday marsday_sidereal 24.6229 hr jupiterday_sidereal 9.9250 hr saturnday_sidereal 10.656 hr uranusday_sidereal 17.24 hr # Retrograde neptuneday_sidereal 16.11 hr plutoday_sidereal 153.2928 hr # Retrograde # In astronomy, an object's rotation is "prograde" if it rotates in # the same direction as the primary object it orbits. Prograde # rotation is the more common case: in Earth's solar system, Mercury, # Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune have prograde rotation. # When an object rotates opposite the direction of its primary object, # the object's rotation is "retrograde". Venus, Uranus, and Pluto have # retrograde rotation. # # The solar (or synodic) day is the time from noon to noon on a planet. This # is different from the sidereal day because the planet has moved in its orbit, # so (if its rotation is prograde) it needs additional rotation to return to # the same orientation relative to the Sun. In one orbital period (a year), # this amounts to one additional complete rotation, so the number of sidereal # days in a year is one greater than the number of solar days. # # If the planet's rotation is retrograde, less rotation is needed to return to # the same orientation relative to the Sun, and the number of sidereal days in # a year is one fewer than the number of solar days. # # The solar day can be computed from the sidereal day in the typical prograde # case by: # solar_day = sidereal_day year / (year - sidereal_day) # If the planet's rotation is retrograde like Venus then the formula is # solar_day = sidereal_day year / (year + sidereal_day) # If the sidereal day and year are the same length then the same face of the # planet faces the Sun and there is no solar day. mercuryday_solar 4222.6 hr venusday_solar 2802.0 hr earthday_solar 24 hr marsday_solar 24.6597 hr jupiterday_solar 9.9259 hr saturnday_solar 10.656 hr uranusday_solar 17.24 hr neptuneday_solar 16.11 hr plutoday_solar 153.2820 hr # Sidereal years mercuryyear 87.969 day venusyear 224.701 day earthyear siderealyear marsyear 686.980 day jupiteryear 4332.589 day saturnyear 10759.22 day uranusyear 30685.4 day neptuneyear 60189 day plutoyear 90560 day # Equatorial radii for the planets from JPL fact sheets mercuryradius 2440.5 km venusradius 6051.8 km earthradius 6378.137 km marsradius 3396.2 km jupiterradius 71492 km # 1 bar level saturnradius 60268 km # 1 bar level uranusradius 25559 km # 1 bar level neptuneradius 24764 km # 1 bar level plutoradius 1188 km # Volumetric mean radii mercuryradius_mean 2440.5 km venusradius_mean 6051.8 km earthradius_mean 6371 km marsradius_mean 3389.5 km jupiterradius_mean 69911 km saturnradius_mean 58232 km uranusradius_mean 25362 km neptuneradius_mean 24622 km plutoradius_mean 1188 km # Polar radii mercuryradius_polar 2438.3 km venusradius_polar 6051.8 km marsradius_polar 3376.2 km jupiterradius_polar 66854 km saturnradius_polar 54364 km uranusradius_polar 24973 km neptuneradius_polar 24341 km plutoradius_polar 1188 km mercurysundist_min 46.000 Gm mercurysundist_max 69.818 Gm venussundist_min 107.480 Gm venussundist_max 108.941 Gm earthsundist_min sundist_min earthsundist_max sundist_max marssundist_min 206.650 Gm marssundist_max 249.261 Gm jupitersundist_min 740.595 Gm jupitersundist_max 816.363 Gm saturnsundist_min 1357.554 Gm saturnsundist_max 1506.527 Gm uranussundist_min 2732.696 Gm uranussundist_max 3001.390 Gm neptunesundist_min 4471.050 Gm neptunesundist_max 4558.857 Gm plutosundist_min 4434.987 Gm plutosundist_max 7304.326 Gm sundist 1.0000010178 au # mean Earth-Sun distance moondist 384400 km # mean Earth-Moon distance sundist_near 147.095 Gm # Earth-Sun distance at perihelion sundist_min sundist_near sundist_far 152.100 Gm # Earth-Sun distance at aphelion sundist_max sundist_far # The Earth-Moon distances at perigee and apogee are different for every # lunation. The values here are the extremes for 1500-2500 according to # Jean Meeus's Astronomical Algorithms (1991, 332). moondist_min 356371 km # minimum distance at perigee 1500-2500 moondist_max 406720 km # maximum distance at apogee 1500-2500 # Objects on Earth are charted relative to a perfect ellipsoid whose # dimensions are specified by different organizations. The ellipsoid is # specified by an equatorial radius and a flattening value which defines the # polar radius. earthflattening IERS_earthflattening earthradius_equatorial IERS_earthradius_equatorial earthradius_polar (1-earthflattening) earthradius_equatorial # The World Geodetic System maintains a standard, WGS84, which is used by the # the GPS system. This system uses a conventional ellipsoid that was fixed in # 1984 and has remained constant so that data collected at different times is # referenced to the same ellipsoid. https://epsg.io/4326 WGS84_earthflattening 1|298.257223563 WGS84_earthradius_equatorial 6378137 m WGS84_earthradius_polar (1-WGS84_earthflattening) WGS84_earthradius_equatorial # The International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) attempts to # maintain an accurate model of Earth, with updates to maintain the highest # possible accuracy, even though this makes it more difficult to relate geodetic # measurements made at different times. # IERS Conventions, Chapter 1, General definitions and numerical standards (16 November 2017) # https://iers-conventions.obspm.fr/content/chapter1/icc1.pdf IERS_earthflattening 1|298.25642 IERS_earthradius_equatorial 6378136.6 m IERS_earthradius_polar (1-IERS_earthflattening) IERS_earthradius_equatorial landarea 148.847e6 km^2 oceanarea 361.254e6 km^2 moonradius 1738 km # mean value sunradius 6.96e8 m # Many astronomical values can be measured most accurately in a system of units # using the astronomical unit and the mass of the Sun as base units. The # uncertainty in the gravitational constant makes conversion to SI units # significantly less accurate. # The astronomical unit was defined to be the length of the of the semimajor # axis of a massless object with the same year as Earth. With such a # definition in force, and with the mass of the Sun set equal to one, Kepler's # third law can be used to solve for the value of the gravitational constant. # Kepler's third law says that (2 pi / T)^2 a^3 = G M where T is the orbital # period, a is the size of the semimajor axis, G is the gravitational constant # and M is the mass. With M = 1 and T and a chosen for Earth's orbit, we # find sqrt(G) = (2 pi / T) sqrt(AU^3). This constant is called the Gaussian # gravitational constant, apparently because Gauss originally did the # calculations. However, when the original calculation was done, the value # for the length of Earth's year was inaccurate. The value used is called # the Gaussian year. Changing the astronomical unit to bring it into # agreement with more accurate values for the year would have invalidated a # lot of previous work, so instead the astronomical unit has been kept equal # to this original value. This is accomplished by using a standard value for # the Gaussian gravitational constant. This constant is called k. gauss_k 0.01720209895 # This beast has dimensions of # au^(3|2) / day and is exact. gaussianyear (2 pi / gauss_k) days # Year that corresponds to the Gaussian # gravitational constant. This is a # fictional year, and doesn't # correspond to any celestial event. astronomicalunit 149597870700 m # IAU definition from 2012, exact au astronomicalunit # ephemeris for the above described # astronomical unit. (See the NASA # site listed above.) GMsun 132712440041.279419 km^3 / s^2 # heliocentric gravitational constant solarmass GMsun/G # is known more accurately than G. sunmass solarmass # Estimated from DE440 # The following are masses for planetary systems, not just the planet itself, # except for the case of Earth, where the Moon is excluded. Masses are # relative to G because they are known much more accurately than G. # # See https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/astro_par.html. Values are from # the DE440 Ephemeris: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/doc/Park.2021.AJ.DE440.pdf mercurymass 22031.868551 km^3 / s^2 G venusmass 324858.592000 km^3 / s^2 G marsmass 42828.375816 km^3 / s^2 G jupitermass 126712764.100000 km^3 / s^2 G saturnmass 37940584.841800 km^3 / s^2 G uranusmass 5794556.400000 km^3 / s^2 G neptunemass 6836527.100580 km^3 / s^2 G plutomass 975.500000 km^3 / s^2 G ceresmass 62.62890 km^3 / s^2 G vestamass 17.288245 km^3 / s^2 G earthmass 398600.435507 km^3 / s^2 G # Earth alone moonmass 4902.800118 km^3 / s^2 G moonearthmassratio moonmass/earthmass earthmoonmass earthmass+moonmass moongravity 1.62 m/s^2 # Earth gravity values at the equator and poles. These values are # obtained from the WGS84 model. gravity_equatorial 9.7803263359 m / s^2 gravity_polar 9.8321849378 m / s^2 # The Hubble constant gives the speed at which distance galaxies are moving # away from Earth according to v = H0*d, where H0 is the hubble constant # and d is the distance to the galaxy. hubble 70 km/s/Mpc # approximate H0 hubble # Parallax is the angular difference between the topocentric (on Earth's # surface) and geocentric (at Earth's center) direction toward a celestial body # when the body is at a given altitude. When the body is on the horizon, the # parallax is the horizontal parallax; when the body is on the horizon and the # observer is on the equator, the parallax is the equatorial horizontal # parallax. When the body is at zenith, the parallax is zero. lunarparallax asin(earthradius_equatorial / moondist) # Moon equatorial moonhp lunarparallax # horizontal parallax # at mean distance # Light from celestial objects is attenuated by passage through Earth's # atmosphere. A body near the horizon passes through much more air than an # object at zenith, and is consequently less bright. Air mass is the ratio of # the length of the optical path at a given altitude (angle above the horizon) # to the length at zenith. Air mass at zenith is by definition unity; at the # horizon, air mass is approximately 38, though the latter value can vary # considerably with atmospheric conditions. The general formula is # E = E0 # exp(-c X), where E0 is the value outside Earth's atmosphere, E is the value # seen by an observer, X is the air mass and c is the extinction coefficient. # A common value for c in reasonably clear air is 0.21, but values can be # considerably greater in urban areas. Apparent altitude is that perceived by # an observer; it includes the effect of atmospheric refraction. There is no # shortage of formulas for air mass # (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_mass_(astronomy)); all are subject to # variations in local atmospheric conditions. The formula used here is simple # and is in good agreement with rigorously calculated values under standard # conditions. # # Extraterrestrial illuminance or luminance of an object at a given altitude # determined with vmag() or SB_xxx() below can be multiplied by # atm_transmission() or atm_transmissionz() to estimate the terrestrial value. # # Kasten and Young (1989) air mass formula. alt is apparent altitude # Reference: # Kasten, F., and A.T. Young. 1989. "Revised Optical Air Mass Tables # and Approximation Formula." Applied Optics. Vol. 28, 4735-4738. # Bibcode:1989ApOpt..28.4735K. doi:10.1364/AO.28.004735. airmass(alt) units=[degree;1] domain=[0,90] noerror \ 1 / (sin(alt) + 0.50572 (alt / degree + 6.07995)^-1.6364) # zenith is apparent zenith angle (zenith = 90 deg - alt) airmassz(zenith) units=[degree;1] domain=[0,90] noerror \ 1 / (cos(zenith) + 0.50572 (96.07995 - zenith / degree)^-1.6364) # For reasonably clear air at sea level; values may need adjustment for # elevation and local atmospheric conditions # for scotopic vision (510 nm), appropriate for the dark-adapted eye # extinction_coeff 0.26 # for photopic vision, appropriate for observing brighter objects such # as the full moon extinction_coeff 0.21 atm_transmission(alt) units=[degree;1] domain=[0,90] noerror \ exp(-extinction_coeff airmass(alt)) # in terms of zenith angle (zenith = 90 deg - alt) atm_transmissionz(zenith) units=[degree;1] domain=[0,90] noerror \ exp(-extinction_coeff airmassz(zenith)) # Moon and Sun data at mean distances moonvmag -12.74 # Moon apparent visual magnitude at mean distance sunvmag -26.74 # Sun apparent visual magnitude at mean distance moonsd asin(moonradius / moondist) # Moon angular semidiameter at mean distance sunsd asin(sunradius / sundist) # Sun angular semidiameter at mean distance # Visual magnitude of star or other celestial object. The system of stellar # magnitudes, developed in ancient Greece, assigned magnitudes from 1 # (brightest) to 6 (faintest visible to the naked eye). In 1856, British # astronomer Norman Pogson made the system precise, with a magnitude 1 object # 100 times as bright as a magnitude 6 object, and each magnitude differing # from the next by a constant ratio; the ratio, sometimes known as Pogson's # ratio, is thus 100^0.2, or approximately 2.5119. The logarithm of 100^0.2 is # 0.4, hence the common use of powers of 10 and base-10 logarithms. # # Reference: # Allen, C.W. 1976. Astrophysical Quantities, 3rd ed. 1973, reprinted # with corrections, 1976. London: Athlone. # # The function argument is the (dimensionless) visual magnitude; reference # illuminance of 2.54e-6 lx is from Allen (2000, 21), and is for outside # Earth's atmosphere. Illuminance values can be adjusted to terrestrial values # by multiplying by one of the atm_transmission functions above. # Illuminance from apparent visual magnitude vmag(mag) units=[1;lx] domain=[,] range=(0,] \ 2.54e-6 lx 10^(-0.4 mag); -2.5 log(vmag / (2.54e-6 lx)) # Surface brightness of a celestial object of a given visual magnitude # is a logarithmic measure of the luminance the object would have if its # light were emitted by an object of specified solid angle; it is # expressed in magnitudes per solid angle. Surface brightness can be # obtained from the visual magnitude by # S = m + 2.5 log(pi pi k a b), # where k is the phase (fraction illuminated), a is the equatorial # radius, and b is the polar radius. For 100% illumination (e.g., full # moon), this is often simplified to # S = m + 2.5 log(pi k s^2), # where s is the object's angular semidiameter; the units of s determine # the units of solid angle. The visual magnitude and semidiameter must # be appropriate for the object's distance; for other than 100% # illumination, the visual magnitude must be appropriate for the phase. # Luminance values are for outside Earth's atmosphere; they can be # adjusted to terrestrial values by multiplying by one of the atm_transmission # functions above. # luminance from surface brightness in magnitudes per square degree SB_degree(sb) units=[1;cd/m^2] domain=[,] range=(0,] \ vmag(sb) / squaredegree ; \ ~vmag(SB_degree squaredegree) # luminance from surface brightness in magnitudes per square minute SB_minute(sb) units=[1;cd/m^2] domain=[,] range=(0,] \ vmag(sb) / squareminute ; \ ~vmag(SB_minute squareminute) # luminance from surface brightness in magnitudes per square second SB_second(sb) units=[1;cd/m^2] domain=[,] range=(0,] \ vmag(sb) / squaresecond ; \ ~vmag(SB_second squaresecond) # luminance from surface brightness in magnitudes per steradian SB_sr(sb) units=[1;cd/m^2] domain=[,] range=(0,] \ vmag(sb) / sr ; \ ~vmag(SB_sr sr) SB() SB_second SB_sec() SB_second SB_min() SB_minute SB_deg() SB_degree # The brightness of one tenth-magnitude star per square degree outside # Earth's atmosphere; often used for night sky brightness. S10 SB_degree(10) # Examples for magnitude and surface brightness functions # Sun illuminance from visual magnitude # You have: sunvmag # You want: # Definition: -26.74 = -26.74 # You have: vmag(sunvmag) # You want: lx # * 126134.45 # / 7.9280482e-06 # # Moon surface brightness from visual magnitude and semidiameter at 100% # illumination (full moon): # You have: moonvmag # You want: # Definition: -12.74 = -12.74 # You have: moonsd # You want: arcsec # * 932.59484 # / 0.001072277 # You have: moonvmag + 2.5 log(pi 932.59484^2) # You want: # Definition: 3.3513397 # # Similar example with specific data obtained from another source (JPL # Horizons, https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi); semidiameter is in # arcseconds # # You have: -12.9 + 2.5 log(pi 2023.201|2^2) # You want: # Definition: 3.3679199 # You have: SB_second(-12.9 + 2.5 log(pi 2023.201|2^2)) # You want: # Definition: 4858.6547 cd / m^2 # # If surface brightness is provided by another source (e.g., Horizons), # it can simply be used directly: # You have: SB_second(3.3679199) # You want: cd/m^2 # * 4858.6546 # / 0.0002058183 # The illuminance and luminance values are extraterrestrial (outside # Earth's atmosphere). The values at Earth's surface are less than these # because of atmospheric extinction. For example, in the last example # above, if the Moon were at an altitude of 55 degrees, the terrestrial # luminance could be calculated with # You have: SB_second(3.3679199) # You want: cd/m^2 # * 4858.6546 # / 0.0002058183 # You have: _ atm_transmission(55 deg) # You want: cd/m^2 # * 3760.6356 # / 0.0002659125 # If desired, photographic exposure can be determined with EV100(), # leading to acceptable combinations of aperture and exposure time. # For the example above, but with the Moon at 10 degrees, # You have: SB_second(3.3679199) atm_transmission(10 deg) # You want: EV100 # 13.553962 # # The Hartree system of atomic units, derived from fundamental units # of mass (of the electron), action (Planck's constant), charge, and # the Coulomb constant. This system is used in the fields of physical # chemistry and condensed matter physics. # # Fundamental units atomicmass electronmass atomiccharge e atomicaction hbar atomicenergy hartree # Derived units atomicvelocity sqrt(atomicenergy / atomicmass) atomictime atomicaction / atomicenergy atomiclength atomicvelocity atomictime atomicforce atomicenergy / atomiclength atomicmomentum atomicenergy / atomicvelocity atomiccurrent atomiccharge / atomictime atomicdipolemoment atomiccharge atomiclength atomicpotential atomicenergy / atomiccharge # electrical potential atomicvolt atomicpotential atomicEfield atomicpotential / atomiclength atomicBfield atomicEfield / atomicvelocity atomictemperature atomicenergy / boltzmann # # In Hartree units, m_e = hbar = e = coulombconst = bohrradius = alpha*c = 1 # !var UNITS_SYSTEM hartree !message Hartree units selected !prompt (hartree) +hartree 1 +kg 1/electronmass_SI +K k_SI / hbar_SI s +m alpha c_SI electronmass_SI / hbar_SI +s alpha c_SI m +A 1 / s e_SI !endvar # # These thermal units treat entropy as charge, from [5] # thermalcoulomb J/K # entropy thermalampere W/K # entropy flow thermalfarad J/K^2 thermalohm K^2/W # thermal resistance fourier thermalohm thermalhenry J K^2/W^2 # thermal inductance thermalvolt K # thermal potential difference # # United States units # # linear measure # The US Metric Law of 1866 legalized the metric system in the USA and # defined the meter in terms of the British system with the exact # 1 meter = 39.37 inches. On April 5, 1893 Thomas Corwin Mendenhall, # Superintendent of Weights and Measures, decided, in what has become # known as the "Mendenhall Order" that the meter and kilogram would be the # fundamental standards in the USA. The definition from 1866 was turned # around to give an exact definition of the yard as 3600|3937 meters This # definition was used until July of 1959 when the definition was changed # to bring the US and other English-speaking countries into agreement; the # Canadian value of 1 yard = 0.9144 meter (exactly) was chosen because it # was approximately halfway between the British and US values; it had the # added advantage of making 1 inch = 25.4 mm (exactly). Since 1959, the # "international" foot has been exactly 0.3048 meters. At the same time, # it was decided that any data expressed in feet derived from geodetic # surveys within the US would continue to use the old definition and call # the old unit the "survey foot." # # Until 1 January 2023, the US continued to define the statute # mile, furlong, chain, rod, link, and fathom in terms of the US survey # foot. Since then, use of the US survey foot has been officially # deprecated, with its use limited to historical and legacy applications. # These units are now defined in terms of the international foot. # # Sources: # NIST Special Publication 447, Sects. 5, 7, and 8. # NIST Handbook 44, 2024 ed., Appendix C. # Canadian Journal of Physics, 1959, 37:(1) 84, 10.1139/p59-014. inch 2.54 cm # Exact, international inch (1959) in inch foot 12 inch feet foot ft foot yard 3 ft yd yard mile 5280 ft # The mile was enlarged from 5000 ft # to this number in order to make # it an even number of furlongs. # (The Roman mile is 5000 romanfeet.) line 1|12 inch # Also defined as '.1 in' or as '1e-8 Wb' rod 16.5 ft pole rod perch rod furlong 40 rod # From "furrow long" statutemile mile league 3 mile # Intended to be an hour's walk # surveyor's measure # The US survey foot is officially deprecated as of 1 January 2023 US 1200|3937 m/ft # These four values will convert US- US # international measures to survey- US # US Survey measures geodetic- US int 3937|1200 ft/m # Convert US Survey measures to int- int # international measures # values based on the US survey foot are deprecated as of 1 January 2023 surveyorschain 66 surveyft surveychain surveyorschain surveyorspole 1|4 surveyorschain surveyorslink 1|100 surveyorschain USacre 10 surveychain^2 USacrefoot USacre surveyfoot chain 66 ft link 1|100 chain ch chain intacre 10 chain^2 # Acre based on international ft intacrefoot acre foot acrefoot intacrefoot acre intacre ac acre section mile^2 township 36 section homestead 160 acre # Area of land granted by the 1862 Homestead # Act of the United States Congress gunterschain surveyorschain engineerschain 100 ft engineerslink 1|100 engineerschain ramsdenschain engineerschain ramsdenslink engineerslink gurleychain 33 feet # Andrew Ellicott chain is the gurleylink 1|50 gurleychain # same length wingchain 66 feet # Chain from 1664, introduced by winglink 1|80 wingchain # Vincent Wing, also found in a # 33 foot length with 40 links. # early US length standards # The US has had four standards for the yard: one by Troughton of London # (1815); bronze yard #11 (1856); the Mendhall yard (1893), consistent # with the definition of the meter in the metric joint resolution of # Congress in 1866, but defining the yard in terms of the meter; and the # international yard (1959), which standardized definitions for Australia, # Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, the UK, and the US. # Sources: Pat Naughtin (2009), Which Inch?: # https://metricationmatters.org/docs/WhichInch.pdf, # Lewis E. Barbrow and Lewis V. Judson (1976). NBS Special # Publication 447, Weights and Measures Standards of the United States: A # Brief History. troughtonyard 914.42190 mm bronzeyard11 914.39980 mm mendenhallyard surveyyard internationalyard yard # nautical measure fathom 6 ft # Originally defined as the distance from # fingertip to fingertip with arms fully # extended. nauticalmile 1852 m # Supposed to be one minute of latitude at # the equator. That value is about 1855 m. # Early estimates of Earth's circumference # were a bit off. The value of 1852 m was # made the international standard in 1929. # The US did not accept this value until # 1954. The UK switched in 1970. # The cable is used for depth in water and has a wide range of definitions intcable 1|10 nauticalmile # international cable uscable 120 fathom # value after 1 January 2023 surveycable 120 USfathom # value before 1 January 2023 UScable surveycable cableslength cable cablelength cable navycablelength cable brcable 1|10 brnauticalmile admiraltycable brcable marineleague 3 nauticalmile geographicalmile brnauticalmile knot nauticalmile / hr click km # US military slang klick click # Avoirdupois weight pound 0.45359237 kg # Exact, International Pound (1959) lb pound # From the Latin libra grain 1|7000 pound # The grain is the same in all three # weight systems. It was originally # defined as the weight of a barley # corn taken from the middle of the # ear. ounce 1|16 pound oz ounce dram 1|16 ounce dr dram ushundredweight 100 pounds cwt hundredweight shorthundredweight ushundredweight uston shortton shortton 2000 lb quarterweight 1|4 uston shortquarterweight 1|4 shortton shortquarter shortquarterweight # Troy Weight. In 1828 the troy pound was made the first United States # standard weight. It was to be used to regulate coinage. troypound 5760 grain troyounce 1|12 troypound ozt troyounce pennyweight 1|20 troyounce # Abbreviated "d" in reference to a dwt pennyweight # Frankish coin called the "denier" # minted in the late 700's. There # were 240 deniers to the pound. assayton mg ton / troyounce # mg / assayton = troyounce / ton usassayton mg uston / troyounce brassayton mg brton / troyounce fineounce troyounce # A troy ounce of 99.5% pure gold # Some other jewelers units metriccarat 0.2 gram # Defined in 1907 metricgrain 50 mg carat metriccarat ct carat jewelerspoint 1|100 carat silversmithpoint 1|4000 inch momme 3.75 grams # Traditional Japanese unit based # on the chinese mace. It is used for # pearls in modern times and also for # silk density. The definition here # was adopted in 1891. # Apothecaries' weight appound troypound apounce troyounce apdram 1|8 apounce apscruple 1|3 apdram # Liquid measure usgallon 231 in^3 # US liquid measure is derived from gal gallon # the British wine gallon of 1707. quart 1|4 gallon # See the "winegallon" entry below pint 1|2 quart # more historical information. gill 1|4 pint usquart 1|4 usgallon uspint 1|2 usquart usgill 1|4 uspint usfluidounce 1|16 uspint fluiddram 1|8 usfloz minimvolume 1|60 fluiddram qt quart pt pint floz fluidounce usfloz usfluidounce fldr fluiddram liquidbarrel 31.5 usgallon usbeerbarrel 2 beerkegs beerkeg 15.5 usgallon # Various among brewers ponykeg 1|2 beerkeg winekeg 12 usgallon petroleumbarrel 42 usgallon # Originated in Pennsylvania oil barrel petroleumbarrel # fields, from the winetierce bbl barrel ushogshead 2 liquidbarrel usfirkin 9 usgallon # Dry measures: The Winchester Bushel was defined by William III in 1702 and # legally adopted in the US in 1836. usbushel 2150.42 in^3 # Volume of 8 inch cylinder with 18.5 bu bushel # inch diameter (rounded) peck 1|4 bushel uspeck 1|4 usbushel brpeck 1|4 brbushel pk peck drygallon 1|2 uspeck dryquart 1|4 drygallon drypint 1|2 dryquart drybarrel 7056 in^3 # Used in US for fruits, vegetables, # and other dry commodities except for # cranberries. cranberrybarrel 5826 in^3 # US cranberry barrel heapedbushel 1.278 usbushel# The following explanation for this # value was provided by Wendy Krieger # based on # guesswork. The cylindrical vessel is # 18.5 inches in diameter and 1|2 inch # thick. A heaped bushel includes the # contents of this cylinder plus a heap # on top. The heap is a cone 19.5 # inches in diameter and 6 inches # high. With these values, the volume # of the bushel is 684.5 pi in^3 and # the heap occupies 190.125 pi in^3. # Therefore, the heaped bushel is # 874.625|684.5 bushels. This value is # approximately 1.2777575 and it rounds # to the value listed for the size of # the heaped bushel. Sometimes the # heaped bushel is reported as 1.25 # bushels. This same explanation gives # that value if the heap is taken to # have an 18.5 inch diameter. # Grain measures. The bushel as it is used by farmers in the USA is actually # a measure of mass which varies for different commodities. Canada uses the # same bushel masses for most commodities, but not for oats. wheatbushel 60 lb soybeanbushel 60 lb cornbushel 56 lb ryebushel 56 lb barleybushel 48 lb oatbushel 32 lb ricebushel 45 lb canada_oatbushel 34 lb # Wine and Spirits measure ponyvolume 1 usfloz jigger 1.5 usfloz # Can vary between 1 and 2 usfloz shot jigger # Sometimes 1 usfloz eushot 25 ml # EU standard spirits measure fifth 1|5 usgallon winebottle 750 ml # US industry standard, 1979 winesplit 1|4 winebottle magnum 1.5 liter # Standardized in 1979, but given # as 2 qt in some references metrictenth 375 ml metricfifth 750 ml metricquart 1 liter # Old British bottle size reputedquart 1|6 brgallon reputedpint 1|2 reputedquart brwinebottle reputedquart # Very close to 1|5 winegallon # French champagne bottle sizes split 200 ml jeroboam 2 magnum rehoboam 3 magnum methuselah 4 magnum imperialbottle 4 magnum salmanazar 6 magnum balthazar 8 magnum nebuchadnezzar 10 magnum solomon 12 magnum melchior 12 magnum sovereign 17.5 magnum primat 18 magnum goliath 18 magnum melchizedek 20 magnum midas 20 magnum # The wine glass doesn't seem to have an official standard, but the same value # is suggested by several sources in the US. wineglass 150 mL # In the UK, serving size offerings legally mandated by The Weights and # Measures (Specified Quantities) (Unwrapped Bread and Intoxicating # Liquor) Order 2011, effective 1st October 2011. The quantities--not # the names--are mandated. Lawful size offerings are these or multiples # thereof, but other sizes can be provided at the express request of a # buyer. smallwineglass 125 mL mediumwineglass 175 mL # Values vary considerably among countries and even more so in practice. The # "standard" US value gives 5 glasses per standard 750 ml bottle. Old practice # in the UK was 125 ml per glass, or 6 glasses per bottle. Some sources suggest # a more recent common value of 250 ml per glass, or 3 glasses per # bottle; as a multiple of 125 ml, this would be a lawful serving size offering. # # The value refers to the size of the serving, not the total volume of the # glass, which is typically not filled above the height of its greatest # diameter. # # A unit of alcohol is a specified amount of pure ethyl alcohol, expressed as a # mass or volumetric equivalent. Many countries use the same concept but use # different terms. "Alcohol unit" is used officially in the UK; the US, Canada, # and Australia use "standard drink." Values vary considerably among # countries. The UK value of 8 g is nominally the amount of alcohol that a # typical adult can metabolize in one hour. alcoholunitus 14 g / ethanoldensity alcoholunitca 13.6 g / ethanoldensity alcoholunituk 8 g / ethanoldensity alcoholunitau 10 g / ethanoldensity # Common serving sizes have roughly equivalent amounts of alcohol, as # illustrated by US examples for wine (12% Alcohol By Volume), beer (5% ABV), # and spirits (80 proof). # # alcoholunitus / 12% = 147.8 mL, close to the "standard" serving of 150 mL. # alcoholunitus / 5% = 11.995346 floz, close to a standard 12 floz bottle or can # alcoholunitus / 80 proof = 1.4994182 floz, close to a standard "shot" or jigger # https://www.rethinkingdrinking.niaaa.nih.gov/ # https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm # https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/substance-use/alcohol/low-risk-alcohol-drinking-guidelines # https://www.drinkaware.co.uk/ # https://www.drinkaware.co.uk/facts/alcoholic-drinks-and-units # https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/545937/UK_CMOs__report.pdf # https://adf.org.au/reducing-risk/alcohol/alcohol-guidelines/ # https://www.health.gov.au/topics/alcohol/about-alcohol/standard-drinks-guide # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_alcohol # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_drink # Coffee # # The recommended ratio of coffee to water. Values vary considerably; # one is from the Specialty Coffee Association of America: Brewing Best Practices # https://sca.coffee/research/protocols-best-practices coffeeratio 55 g/L # +/- 10% # other recommendations are more loose, e.g., # http://www.ncausa.org/About-Coffee/How-to-Brew-Coffee # # Water is "hard" if it contains various minerals, especially calcium # carbonate. # clarkdegree grains/brgallon # Content by weigh of calcium carbonate gpg grains/usgallon # Divide by water's density to convert to # a dimensionless concentration measure # # Shoe measures # shoeiron 1|48 inch # Used to measure leather in soles shoeounce 1|64 inch # Used to measure non-sole shoe leather # USA shoe sizes. These express the length of the shoe or the length # of the "last", the form that the shoe is made on. But note that # this only captures the length. It appears that widths change 1/4 # inch for each letter within the same size, and if you change the # length by half a size then the width changes between 1/8 inch and # 1/4 inch. But this may not be standard. If you know better, please # contact me. shoesize_delta 1|3 inch # USA shoe sizes differ by this amount shoe_men0 8.25 inch shoe_women0 (7+11|12) inch shoe_boys0 (3+11|12) inch shoe_girls0 (3+7|12) inch shoesize_men(n) units=[1;inch] shoe_men0 + n shoesize_delta ; \ (shoesize_men+(-shoe_men0))/shoesize_delta shoesize_women(n) units=[1;inch] shoe_women0 + n shoesize_delta ; \ (shoesize_women+(-shoe_women0))/shoesize_delta shoesize_boys(n) units=[1;inch] shoe_boys0 + n shoesize_delta ; \ (shoesize_boys+(-shoe_boys0))/shoesize_delta shoesize_girls(n) units=[1;inch] shoe_girls0 + n shoesize_delta ; \ (shoesize_girls+(-shoe_girls0))/shoesize_delta # European shoe size. According to # http://www.shoeline.com/footnotes/shoeterm.shtml # shoe sizes in Europe are measured with Paris points which simply measure # the length of the shoe. europeshoesize 2|3 cm # # USA slang units # buck US$ fin 5 US$ sawbuck 10 US$ usgrand 1000 US$ greenback US$ key kg # usually of marijuana, 60's lid 1 oz # Another 60's weed unit footballfield usfootballfield usfootballfield 100 yards canadafootballfield 110 yards # And 65 yards wide marathon 26 miles + 385 yards # # British # # The length measure in the UK was defined by a bronze bar manufactured in # 1844. Various conversions were sanctioned for convenience at different # times, which makes conversions before 1963 a confusing matter. Apparently # previous conversions were never explicitly revoked. Four different # conversion factors appear below. Multiply them times an imperial length # units as desired. The Weights and Measures Act of 1963 switched the UK away # from their bronze standard and onto a definition of the yard in terms of the # meter. This happened after an international agreement in 1959 to align the # world's measurement systems. UK UKlength_SJJ UK- UK british- UK UKlength_B 0.9143992 meter / yard # Benoit found the yard to be # 0.9143992 m at a weights and # measures conference around # 1896. Legally sanctioned # in 1898. UKlength_SJJ 0.91439841 meter / yard # In 1922, Seers, Jolly and # Johnson found the yard to be # 0.91439841 meters. # Used starting in the 1930's. UKlength_K meter / 39.37079 inch # In 1816 Kater found this ratio # for the meter and inch. This # value was used as the legal # conversion ratio when the # metric system was legalized # for contract in 1864. UKlength_C meter / 1.09362311 yard # In 1866 Clarke found the meter # to be 1.09362311 yards. This # conversion was legalized # around 1878. brnauticalmile 6080 ft # Used until 1970 when the UK brknot brnauticalmile / hr # switched to the international admiraltymile brnauticalmile # nautical mile. admiraltyknot brknot seamile 6000 ft shackle 15 fathoms # Adopted 1949 by British navy # British Imperial weight is mostly the same as US weight. A few extra # units are added here. clove 7 lb stone 14 lb tod 28 lb brquarterweight 1|4 brhundredweight brhundredweight 8 stone longhundredweight brhundredweight longton 20 brhundredweight brton longton # British Imperial volume measures brminim 1|60 brdram brscruple 1|3 brdram fluidscruple brscruple brdram 1|8 brfloz brfluidounce 1|20 brpint brfloz brfluidounce brgill 1|4 brpint brpint 1|2 brquart brquart 1|4 brgallon brgallon 4.54609 l # The British Imperial gallon was # defined in 1824 to be the volume of # water which weighed 10 pounds at 62 # deg F with a pressure of 30 inHg. # It was also defined as 277.274 in^3, # Which is slightly in error. In # 1963 it was defined to be the volume # occupied by 10 pounds of distilled # water of density 0.998859 g/ml weighed # in air of density 0.001217 g/ml # against weights of density 8.136 g/ml. # This gives a value of approximately # 4.5459645 liters, but the old liter # was in force at this time. In 1976 # the definition was changed to exactly # 4.54609 liters using the new # definition of the liter (1 dm^3). brbarrel 36 brgallon # Used for beer brbushel 8 brgallon brheapedbushel 1.278 brbushel brquarter 8 brbushel brchaldron 36 brbushel # Obscure British volume measures. These units are generally traditional # measures whose definitions have fluctuated over the years. Often they # depended on the quantity being measured. They are given here in terms of # British Imperial measures. For example, the puncheon may have historically # been defined relative to the wine gallon or beer gallon or ale gallon # rather than the British Imperial gallon. bag 4 brbushel bucket 4 brgallon kilderkin 2 brfirkin last 40 brbushel noggin brgill pottle 0.5 brgallon pin 4.5 brgallon puncheon 72 brgallon seam 8 brbushel coomb 4 brbushel boll 6 brbushel firlot 1|4 boll brfirkin 9 brgallon # Used for ale and beer cran 37.5 brgallon # measures herring, about 750 fish brwinehogshead 52.5 brgallon # This value is approximately equal brhogshead brwinehogshead # to the old wine hogshead of 63 # wine gallons. This adjustment # is listed in the OED and in # "The Weights and Measures of # England" by R. D. Connor brbeerhogshead 54 brgallon brbeerbutt 2 brbeerhogshead registerton 100 ft^3 # Used for internal capacity of ships shippington 40 ft^3 # Used for ship's cargo freight or timber brshippington 42 ft^3 # freightton shippington # Both register ton and shipping ton derive # from the "tun cask" of wine. displacementton 35 ft^3 # Approximate volume of a longton weight of # sea water. Measures water displaced by # ships. waterton 224 brgallon strike 70.5 l # 16th century unit, sometimes # defined as .5, 2, or 4 bushels # depending on the location. It # probably doesn't make a lot of # sense to define in terms of imperial # bushels. Zupko gives a value of # 2 Winchester grain bushels or about # 70.5 liters. amber 4 brbushel# Used for dry and liquid capacity [18] # British volume measures with "imperial" imperialminim brminim imperialscruple brscruple imperialdram brdram imperialfluidounce brfluidounce imperialfloz brfloz imperialgill brgill imperialpint brpint imperialquart brquart imperialgallon brgallon imperialbarrel brbarrel imperialbushel brbushel imperialheapedbushel brheapedbushel imperialquarter brquarter imperialchaldron brchaldron imperialwinehogshead brwinehogshead imperialhogshead brhogshead imperialbeerhogshead brbeerhogshead imperialbeerbutt brbeerbutt imperialfirkin brfirkin # obscure British lengths barleycorn 1|3 UKinch # Given in Realm of Measure as the # difference between successive shoe sizes nail 1|16 UKyard # Originally the width of the thumbnail, # or 1|16 ft. This took on the general # meaning of 1|16 and settled on the # nail of a yard or 1|16 yards as its # final value. [12] UKpole 16.5 UKft # This was 15 Saxon feet, the Saxon rope 20 UKft # foot (aka northern foot) being longer englishell 45 UKinch flemishell 27 UKinch ell englishell # supposed to be measure from elbow to # fingertips span 9 UKinch # supposed to be distance from thumb # to pinky with full hand extension goad 4.5 UKft # used for cloth, possibly named after the # stick used for prodding animals. # misc obscure British units hide 120 acre # English unit of land area dating to the 7th # century, originally the amount of land # that a single plowman could cultivate, # which varied from 60-180 acres regionally. # Standardized at Normon conquest. virgate 1|4 hide nook 1|2 virgate rood furlong rod # Area of a strip a rod by a furlong englishcarat troyounce/151.5 # Originally intended to be 4 grain # but this value ended up being # used in the London diamond market mancus 2 oz mast 2.5 lb nailkeg 100 lbs basebox 31360 in^2 # Used in metal plating # alternate spellings gramme gram litre liter dioptre diopter sulphur sulfur # # Units derived the human body (may not be very accurate) # geometricpace 5 ft # distance between points where the same # foot hits the ground pace 2.5 ft # distance between points where alternate # feet touch the ground USmilitarypace 30 in # United States official military pace USdoubletimepace 36 in # United States official doubletime pace fingerbreadth 7|8 in # The finger is defined as either the width fingerlength 4.5 in # or length of the finger finger fingerbreadth palmwidth hand # The palm is a unit defined as either the width palmlength 8 in # or the length of the hand hand 4 inch # width of hand shaftment 6 inch # Distance from tip of outstretched thumb to the # opposite side of the palm of the hand. The # ending -ment is from the old English word # for hand. [18] smoot 5 ft + 7 in # Created as part of an MIT fraternity prank. # In 1958 Oliver Smoot was used to measure # the length of the Harvard Bridge, which was # marked off in Smoot lengths. These # markings have been maintained on the bridge # since then and repainted by subsequent # incoming fraternity members. During a # bridge renovation the new sidewalk was # scored every Smoot rather than at the # customary 6 ft spacing. tomcruise 5 ft + 7.75 in # Height of Tom Cruise # # Cooking measures # # Common abbreviations tbl tablespoon tbsp tablespoon tblsp tablespoon Tb tablespoon tsp teaspoon saltspoon 1|4 tsp # US measures uscup 8 usfloz ustablespoon 1|16 uscup usteaspoon 1|3 ustablespoon ustbl ustablespoon ustbsp ustablespoon ustblsp ustablespoon ustsp usteaspoon metriccup 250 ml stickbutter 1|4 lb # Butter in the USA is sold in one # pound packages that contain four # individually wrapped pieces. The # pieces are marked into tablespoons, # making it possible to measure out # butter by volume by slicing the # butter. legalcup 240 ml # The cup used on nutrition labeling legaltablespoon 1|16 legalcup legaltbsp legaltablespoon # Scoop size. Ice cream scoops in the US are marked with numbers # indicating the number of scoops required to fill a US quart. scoop(n) units=[1;cup] domain=[4,100] range=[0.04,1] \ 32 usfloz / n ; 32 usfloz / scoop # US can sizes. number1can 10 usfloz number2can 19 usfloz number2.5can 3.5 uscups number3can 4 uscups number5can 7 uscups number10can 105 usfloz # British measures brcup 1|2 brpint brteacup 1|3 brpint brtablespoon 15 ml # Also 5|8 brfloz, approx 17.7 ml brteaspoon 1|3 brtablespoon # Also 1|4 brtablespoon brdessertspoon 2 brteaspoon dessertspoon brdessertspoon dsp dessertspoon brtsp brteaspoon brtbl brtablespoon brtbsp brtablespoon brtblsp brtablespoon # Australian australiatablespoon 20 ml austbl australiatablespoon austbsp australiatablespoon austblsp australiatablespoon australiateaspoon 1|4 australiatablespoon austsp australiateaspoon # Italian etto 100 g # Used for buying items like meat and etti etto # cheese. # Chinese catty 0.5 kg oldcatty 4|3 lbs # Before metric conversion. tael 1|16 oldcatty # Should the tael be defined both ways? mace 0.1 tael oldpicul 100 oldcatty picul 100 catty # Chinese usage # Indian seer 14400 grain # British Colonial standard ser seer maund 40 seer pakistanseer 1 kg pakistanmaund 40 pakistanseer chittak 1|16 seer tola 1|5 chittak ollock 1|4 liter # Is this right? # Japanese japancup 200 ml # densities of cooking ingredients from The Cake Bible by Rose Levy Beranbaum # so you can convert '2 cups sugar' to grams, for example, or in the other # direction grams could be converted to 'cup flour_scooped'. butter 8 oz/uscup butter_clarified 6.8 oz/uscup cocoa_butter 9 oz/uscup shortening 6.75 oz/uscup # vegetable shortening oil 7.5 oz/uscup cakeflour_sifted 3.5 oz/uscup # The density of flour depends on the cakeflour_spooned 4 oz/uscup # measuring method. "Scooped", or cakeflour_scooped 4.5 oz/uscup # "dip and sweep" refers to dipping a flour_sifted 4 oz/uscup # measure into a bin, and then sweeping flour_spooned 4.25 oz/uscup # the excess off the top. "Spooned" flour_scooped 5 oz/uscup # means to lightly spoon into a measure breadflour_sifted 4.25 oz/uscup # and then sweep the top. Sifted means breadflour_spooned 4.5 oz/uscup # sifting the flour directly into a breadflour_scooped 5.5 oz/uscup # measure and then sweeping the top. cornstarch 120 grams/uscup dutchcocoa_sifted 75 g/uscup # These are for Dutch processed cocoa dutchcocoa_spooned 92 g/uscup dutchcocoa_scooped 95 g/uscup cocoa_sifted 75 g/uscup # These are for nonalkalized cocoa cocoa_spooned 82 g/uscup cocoa_scooped 95 g/uscup heavycream 232 g/uscup milk 242 g/uscup sourcream 242 g/uscup molasses 11.25 oz/uscup cornsyrup 11.5 oz/uscup honey 11.75 oz/uscup sugar 200 g/uscup powdered_sugar 4 oz/uscup brownsugar_light 217 g/uscup # packed brownsugar_dark 239 g/uscup baking_powder 4.6 grams / ustsp salt 6 g / ustsp koshersalt 2.8 g / ustsp # Diamond Crystal kosher salt koshersalt_morton 4.8 g / ustsp # Morton kosher salt # Values are from the nutrition info # on the packages # Egg weights and volumes for a USA large egg egg 50 grams # without shell eggwhite 30 grams eggyolk 18.6 grams eggvolume 3 ustablespoons + 1|2 ustsp eggwhitevolume 2 ustablespoons eggyolkvolume 3.5 ustsp # Alcohol density ethanoldensity 0.7893 g/cm^3 # From CRC Handbook, 91st Edition alcoholdensity ethanoldensity # # Density measures. Density has traditionally been measured on a variety of # bizarre nonlinear scales. # # Density of a sugar syrup is frequently measured in candy making procedures. # In the USA the boiling point of the syrup is measured. Some recipes instead # specify the density using degrees Baume. Conversion between degrees Baume # and the boiling point measure has proved elusive. This table appeared in one # text, and provides a fragmentary relationship to the concentration. # # temp(C) conc (%) # 100 30 # 101 40 # 102 50 # 103 60 # 106 70 # 112 80 # 123 90 # 140 95 # 151 97 # 160 98.2 # 166 99.5 # 171 99.6 # # The best source identified to date came from "Boiling point elevation of # technical sugarcane solutions and its use in automatic pan boiling" by # Michael Saska. International Sugar Journal, 2002, 104, 1247, pp 500-507. # # But I'm using equation (3) which is credited to Starzak and Peacock, # "Water activity coefficient in aqueous solutions of sucrose--A comprehensive # data analysis. Zuckerindustrie, 122, 380-387. (I couldn't find this # document.) # # Note that the range of validity is uncertain, but answers are in agreement # with the above table all the way to 99.6. # # The original equation has a parameter for the boiling point of water, which # of course varies with altitude. It also includes various other model # parameters. The input is the molar concentration of sucrose in the solution, # (moles sucrose) / (total moles). # # Bsp 3797.06 degC # Csp 226.28 degC # QQ -17638 J/mol # asp -1.0038 # bsp -0.24653 # tbw 100 degC # boiling point of water # sugar_bpe_orig(x) ((1-QQ/R Bsp * x^2 (1+asp x + bsp x^2) (tbw + Csp) \ # /(tbw+stdtemp)) / (1+(tbw + Csp)/Bsp *ln(1-x))-1) * (tbw + Csp) # # To convert mass concentration (brix) to molar concentration # # sc(x) (x / 342.3) / (( x/342.3) + (100-x)/18.02); \ # 100 sc 342.3|18.02 / (sc (342.3|18.02-1)+1) # # Here is a simplified version of this equation where the temperature of boiling # water has been fixed at 100 degrees Celsius and the argument is now the # concentration (brix). # # sugar_bpe(x) ((1+ 0.48851085 * sc(x)^2 (1+ -1.0038 sc(x) + -0.24653 sc(x)^2)) \ # / (1+0.08592964 ln(1-sc(x)))-1) 326.28 K # # # The formula is not invertible, so to implement it in units we unfortunately # must turn it into a table. # This table gives the boiling point elevation as a function of the sugar syrup # concentration expressed as a percentage. sugar_conc_bpe[K] \ 0 0.0000 5 0.0788 10 0.1690 15 0.2729 20 0.3936 25 0.5351 \ 30 0.7027 35 0.9036 40 1.1475 42 1.2599 44 1.3825 46 1.5165 \ 48 1.6634 50 1.8249 52 2.0031 54 2.2005 56 2.4200 58 2.6651 \ 60 2.9400 61 3.0902 62 3.2499 63 3.4198 64 3.6010 65 3.7944 \ 66 4.0012 67 4.2227 68 4.4603 69 4.7156 70 4.9905 71 5.2870 \ 72 5.6075 73 5.9546 74 6.3316 75 6.7417 76 7.1892 77 7.6786 \ 78.0 8.2155 79.0 8.8061 80.0 9.4578 80.5 9.8092 81.0 10.1793 \ 81.5 10.5693 82.0 10.9807 82.5 11.4152 83.0 11.8743 83.5 12.3601 \ 84.0 12.8744 84.5 13.4197 85.0 13.9982 85.5 14.6128 86.0 15.2663 \ 86.5 15.9620 87.0 16.7033 87.5 17.4943 88.0 18.3391 88.5 19.2424 \ 89.0 20.2092 89.5 21.2452 90.0 22.3564 90.5 23.5493 91.0 24.8309 \ 91.5 26.2086 92.0 27.6903 92.5 29.2839 93.0 30.9972 93.5 32.8374 \ 94.0 34.8104 94.5 36.9195 95.0 39.1636 95.5 41.5348 96.0 44.0142 \ 96.5 46.5668 97.0 49.1350 97.5 51.6347 98.0 53.9681 98.1 54.4091 \ 98.2 54.8423 98.3 55.2692 98.4 55.6928 98.5 56.1174 98.6 56.5497 \ 98.7 56.9999 98.8 57.4828 98.9 58.0206 99.0 58.6455 99.1 59.4062 \ 99.2 60.3763 99.3 61.6706 99.4 63.4751 99.5 66.1062 99.6 70.1448 \ 99.7 76.7867 # Using the brix table we can use this to produce a mapping from boiling point # to density which makes all of the units interconvertible. Because the brix # table stops at 95 this approach works up to a boiling point elevation of 39 K # or a boiling point of 139 C / 282 F, which is the "soft crack" stage in candy # making. The "hard crack" stage continues up to 310 F. # Boiling point elevation sugar_bpe(T) units=[K;g/cm^3] domain=[0,39.1636] range=[0.99717,1.5144619] \ brix(~sugar_conc_bpe(T)); sugar_conc_bpe(~brix(sugar_bpe)) # Absolute boiling point (produces an absolute temperature) sugar_bp(T) units=[K;g/cm^3] domain=[373.15,412.3136] \ range=[0.99717,1.5144619] \ brix(~sugar_conc_bpe(T-tempC(100))) ;\ sugar_conc_bpe(~brix(sugar_bp))+tempC(100) # In practice dealing with the absolute temperature is annoying because it is # not possible to convert to a nested function, so you're stuck retyping the # absolute temperature in Kelvins to convert to celsius or Fahrenheit. To # prevent this we supply definitions that build in the temperature conversion # and produce results in the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales. So using these # measures, to convert 46 degrees Baume to a Fahrenheit boiling point: # # You have: baume(45) # You want: sugar_bpF # 239.05647 # sugar_bpF(T) units=[1;g/cm^3] domain=[212,282.49448] range=[0.99717,1.5144619]\ brix(~sugar_conc_bpe(tempF(T)+-tempC(100))) ;\ ~tempF(sugar_conc_bpe(~brix(sugar_bpF))+tempC(100)) sugar_bpC(T) units=[1;g/cm^3] domain=[100,139.1636] range=[0.99717,1.5144619]\ brix(~sugar_conc_bpe(tempC(T)+-tempC(100))) ;\ ~tempC(sugar_conc_bpe(~brix(sugar_bpC))+tempC(100)) # Degrees Baume is used in European recipes to specify the density of a sugar # syrup. An entirely different definition is used for densities below # 1 g/cm^3. An arbitrary constant appears in the definition. This value is # equal to 145 in the US, but was according to [], the old scale used in # Holland had a value of 144, and the new scale or Gerlach scale used 146.78. baumeconst 145 # US value baume(d) units=[1;g/cm^3] domain=[0,145) range=[1,) \ (baumeconst/(baumeconst+-d)) g/cm^3 ; \ (baume+((-g)/cm^3)) baumeconst / baume # It's not clear if this value was ever used with negative degrees. twaddell(x) units=[1;g/cm^3] domain=[-200,) range=[0,) \ (1 + 0.005 x) g / cm^3 ; \ 200 (twaddell / (g/cm^3) +- 1) # The degree quevenne is a unit for measuring the density of milk. # Similarly it's unclear if negative values were allowed here. quevenne(x) units=[1;g/cm^3] domain=[-1000,) range=[0,) \ (1 + 0.001 x) g / cm^3 ; \ 1000 (quevenne / (g/cm^3) +- 1) # Degrees brix measures sugar concentration by weigh as a percentage, so a # solution that is 3 degrees brix is 3% sugar by weight. This unit was named # after Adolf Brix who invented a hydrometer that read this percentage # directly. This data is from Table 114 of NIST Circular 440, "Polarimetry, # Saccharimetry and the Sugars". It gives apparent specific gravity at 20 # degrees Celsius of various sugar concentrations. As rendered below this # data is converted to apparent density at 20 degrees Celsius using the # density figure for water given in the same NIST reference. They use the # word "apparent" to refer to measurements being made in air with brass # weights rather than vacuum. brix[0.99717g/cm^3]\ 0 1.00000 1 1.00390 2 1.00780 3 1.01173 4 1.01569 5 1.01968 \ 6 1.02369 7 1.02773 8 1.03180 9 1.03590 10 1.04003 11 1.04418 \ 12 1.04837 13 1.05259 14 1.05683 15 1.06111 16 1.06542 17 1.06976 \ 18 1.07413 19 1.07853 20 1.08297 21 1.08744 22 1.09194 23 1.09647 \ 24 1.10104 25 1.10564 26 1.11027 27 1.11493 28 1.11963 29 1.12436 \ 30 1.12913 31 1.13394 32 1.13877 33 1.14364 34 1.14855 35 1.15350 \ 36 1.15847 37 1.16349 38 1.16853 39 1.17362 40 1.17874 41 1.18390 \ 42 1.18910 43 1.19434 44 1.19961 45 1.20491 46 1.21026 47 1.21564 \ 48 1.22106 49 1.22652 50 1.23202 51 1.23756 52 1.24313 53 1.24874 \ 54 1.25439 55 1.26007 56 1.26580 57 1.27156 58 1.27736 59 1.28320 \ 60 1.28909 61 1.29498 62 1.30093 63 1.30694 64 1.31297 65 1.31905 \ 66 1.32516 67 1.33129 68 1.33748 69 1.34371 70 1.34997 71 1.35627 \ 72 1.36261 73 1.36900 74 1.37541 75 1.38187 76 1.38835 77 1.39489 \ 78 1.40146 79 1.40806 80 1.41471 81 1.42138 82 1.42810 83 1.43486 \ 84 1.44165 85 1.44848 86 1.45535 87 1.46225 88 1.46919 89 1.47616 \ 90 1.48317 91 1.49022 92 1.49730 93 1.50442 94 1.51157 95 1.51876 # Density measure invented by the American Petroleum Institute. Lighter # petroleum products are more valuable, and they get a higher API degree. # # The intervals of range and domain should be open rather than closed. # apidegree(x) units=[1;g/cm^3] domain=[-131.5,) range=[0,) \ 141.5 g/cm^3 / (x+131.5) ; \ 141.5 (g/cm^3) / apidegree + (-131.5) # # Average densities of various woods (dried) # Data from The Wood Database https://www.wood-database.com # # North American Hardwoods wood_cherry 35 lb/ft^3 wood_redoak 44 lb/ft^3 wood_whiteoak 47 lb/ft^3 wood_blackwalnut 38 lb/ft^3 wood_walnut wood_blackwalnut wood_birch 43 lb/ft^3 wood_hardmaple 44 lb/ft^3 wood_bigleafmaple 34 lb/ft^3 wood_boxeldermaple 30 lb/ft^3 wood_redmaple 38 lb/ft^3 wood_silvermaple 33 lb/ft^3 wood_stripedmaple 32 lb/ft^3 wood_softmaple (wood_bigleafmaple \ + wood_boxeldermaple \ + wood_redmaple \ + wood_silvermaple \ + wood_stripedmaple) / 5 wood_poplar 29 lb/ft^3 wood_beech 45 lb/ft^3 # North American Softwoods wood_jeffreypine 28 lb/ft^3 wood_ocotepine 44 lb/ft^3 wood_ponderosapine 28 lb/ft^3 wood_loblollypine 35 lb/ft^3 wood_longleafpine 41 lb/ft^3 wood_shortleafpine 35 lb/ft^3 wood_slashpine 41 lb/ft^3 wood_yellowpine (wood_loblollypine \ + wood_longleafpine \ + wood_shortleafpine \ + wood_slashpine) / 4 wood_redpine 34 lb/ft^3 wood_easternwhitepine 25 lb/ft^3 wood_westernwhitepine 27 lb/ft^3 wood_whitepine (wood_easternwhitepine + wood_westernwhitepine) / 2 wood_douglasfir 32 lb/ft^3 wood_blackspruce 28 lb/ft^3 wood_engelmannspruce 24 lb/ft^3 wood_redspruce 27 lb/ft^3 wood_sitkaspruce 27 lb/ft^3 wood_whitespruce 27 lb/ft^3 wood_spruce (wood_blackspruce \ + wood_engelmannspruce \ + wood_redspruce \ + wood_sitkaspruce \ + wood_whitespruce) / 5 # Other woods wood_basswood 26 lb/ft^3 wood_balsa 9 lb/ft^3 wood_ebony_gaboon 60 lb/ft^3 wood_ebony_macassar 70 lb/ft^3 wood_mahogany 37 lb/ft^3 # True (Honduran) mahogany, # Swietenia macrophylla wood_teak 41 lb/ft^3 wood_rosewood_brazilian 52 lb/ft^3 wood_rosewood_honduran 64 lb/ft^3 wood_rosewood_indian 52 lb/ft^3 wood_cocobolo 69 lb/ft^3 wood_bubinga 56 lb/ft^3 wood_zebrawood 50 lb/ft^3 wood_koa 38 lb/ft^3 wood_snakewood 75.7 lb/ft^3 wood_lignumvitae 78.5 lb/ft^3 wood_blackwood 79.3 lb/ft^3 wood_blackironwood 84.5 lb/ft^3 # Krugiodendron ferreum, listed # in database as the heaviest wood # # Modulus of elasticity of selected woods. # Data from The Wood Database https://www.wood-database.com # # North American Hardwoods wood_mod_beech 1.720e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_birchyellow 2.010e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_birch wood_mod_birchyellow wood_mod_cherry 1.490e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_hardmaple 1.830e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_bigleafmaple 1.450e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_boxeldermaple 1.050e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_redmaple 1.640e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_silvermaple 1.140e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_softmaple (wood_mod_bigleafmaple \ + wood_mod_boxeldermaple \ + wood_mod_redmaple \ + wood_mod_silvermaple) / 4 wood_mod_redoak 1.761e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_whiteoak 1.762e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_poplar 1.580e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_blackwalnut 1.680e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_walnut wood_mod_blackwalnut # North American Softwoods wood_mod_jeffreypine 1.240e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_ocotepine 2.209e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_ponderosapine 1.290e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_loblollypine 1.790e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_longleafpine 1.980e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_shortleafpine 1.750e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_slashpine 1.980e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_yellowpine (wood_mod_loblollypine \ + wood_mod_longleafpine \ + wood_mod_shortleafpine \ + wood_mod_slashpine) / 4 wood_mod_redpine 1.630e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_easternwhitepine 1.240e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_westernwhitepine 1.460e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_whitepine (wood_mod_easternwhitepine + \ wood_mod_westernwhitepine) / 2 wood_mod_douglasfir 1.765e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_blackspruce 1.523e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_englemannspruce 1.369e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_redspruce 1.560e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_sitkaspruce 1.600e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_whitespruce 1.315e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_spruce (wood_mod_blackspruce \ + wood_mod_englemannspruce \ + wood_mod_redspruce + wood_mod_sitkaspruce \ + wood_mod_whitespruce) / 5 # Other woods wood_mod_balsa 0.538e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_basswood 1.460e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_blackwood 2.603e6 lbf/in^2 # African, Dalbergia melanoxylon wood_mod_bubinga 2.670e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_cocobolo 2.712e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_ebony_gaboon 2.449e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_ebony_macassar 2.515e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_blackironwood 2.966e6 lbf/in^2 # Krugiodendron ferreum wood_mod_koa 1.503e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_lignumvitae 2.043e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_mahogany 1.458e6 lbf/in^2 # True (Honduran) mahogany, # Swietenia macrophylla wood_mod_rosewood_brazilian 2.020e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_rosewood_honduran 3.190e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_rosewood_indian 1.668e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_snakewood 3.364e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_teak 1.781e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_zebrawood 2.374e6 lbf/in^2 # # Area of countries and other regions. This is the "total area" which # includes land and water areas within international boundaries and # coastlines. Data from January, 2019. # # except as noted, sources are # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area # US Central Intelligence Agency: The World Factbook # https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/ area_russia 17098246 km^2 area_antarctica 14000000 km^2 # area_canada is covered below as sum of province and territory areas area_china 9596961 km^2 # area_unitedstates is covered below as sum of state areas # includes only the 50 states and District of Columbia area_us area_unitedstates area_brazil 8515767 km^2 area_australia 7692024 km^2 # area_europeanunion is covered below as sum of member areas area_india 3287263 km^2 area_argentina 2780400 km^2 area_kazakhstan 2724900 km^2 area_algeria 2381741 km^2 area_drcongo 2344858 km^2 area_greenland 2166086 km^2 area_saudiarabia 2149690 km^2 area_mexico 1964375 km^2 area_indonesia 1910931 km^2 area_sudan 1861484 km^2 area_libya 1759540 km^2 area_iran 1648195 km^2 area_mongolia 1564110 km^2 area_peru 1285216 km^2 area_chad 1284000 km^2 area_niger 1267000 km^2 area_angola 1246700 km^2 area_mali 1240192 km^2 area_southafrica 1221037 km^2 area_colombia 1141748 km^2 area_ethiopia 1104300 km^2 area_bolivia 1098581 km^2 area_mauritania 1030700 km^2 area_egypt 1002450 km^2 area_tanzania 945087 km^2 area_nigeria 923768 km^2 area_venezuela 916445 km^2 area_pakistan 881912 km^2 area_namibia 825615 km^2 area_mozambique 801590 km^2 area_turkey 783562 km^2 area_chile 756102 km^2 area_zambia 752612 km^2 area_myanmar 676578 km^2 area_burma area_myanmar area_afghanistan 652230 km^2 area_southsudan 644329 km^2 area_france 640679 km^2 area_somalia 637657 km^2 area_centralafrica 622984 km^2 area_ukraine 603500 km^2 area_crimea 27000 km^2 # occupied by Russia; included in # (Encyclopedia Britannica) area_madagascar 587041 km^2 area_botswana 581730 km^2 area_kenya 580367 km^2 area_yemen 527968 km^2 area_thailand 513120 km^2 area_spain 505992 km^2 area_turkmenistan 488100 km^2 area_cameroon 475422 km^2 area_papuanewguinea 462840 km^2 area_sweden 450295 km^2 area_uzbekistan 447400 km^2 area_morocco 446550 km^2 area_iraq 438317 km^2 area_paraguay 406752 km^2 area_zimbabwe 390757 km^2 area_japan 377973 km^2 area_germany 357114 km^2 area_congorepublic 342000 km^2 area_finland 338424 km^2 area_vietnam 331212 km^2 area_malaysia 330803 km^2 area_norway 323802 km^2 area_ivorycoast 322463 km^2 area_poland 312696 km^2 area_oman 309500 km^2 area_italy 301339 km^2 area_philippines 300000 km^2 area_ecuador 276841 km^2 area_burkinafaso 274222 km^2 area_newzealand 270467 km^2 area_gabon 267668 km^2 area_westernsahara 266000 km^2 area_guinea 245857 km^2 # area_unitedkingdom is covered below area_uganda 241550 km^2 area_ghana 238533 km^2 area_romania 238397 km^2 area_laos 236800 km^2 area_guyana 214969 km^2 area_belarus 207600 km^2 area_kyrgyzstan 199951 km^2 area_senegal 196722 km^2 area_syria 185180 km^2 area_golanheights 1150 km^2 # occupied by Israel; included in # Syria (Encyclopedia Britannica) area_cambodia 181035 km^2 area_uruguay 176215 km^2 area_somaliland 176120 km^2 area_suriname 163820 km^2 area_tunisia 163610 km^2 area_bangladesh 147570 km^2 area_nepal 147181 km^2 area_tajikistan 143100 km^2 area_greece 131990 km^2 area_nicaragua 130373 km^2 area_northkorea 120540 km^2 area_malawi 118484 km^2 area_eritrea 117600 km^2 area_benin 114763 km^2 area_honduras 112492 km^2 area_liberia 111369 km^2 area_bulgaria 110879 km^2 area_cuba 109884 km^2 area_guatemala 108889 km^2 area_iceland 103000 km^2 area_southkorea 100210 km^2 area_hungary 93028 km^2 area_portugal 92090 km^2 area_jordan 89342 km^2 area_serbia 88361 km^2 area_azerbaijan 86600 km^2 area_austria 83871 km^2 area_uae 83600 km^2 area_czechia 78865 km^2 area_czechrepublic area_czechia area_panama 75417 km^2 area_sierraleone 71740 km^2 area_ireland 70273 km^2 area_georgia 69700 km^2 area_srilanka 65610 km^2 area_lithuania 65300 km^2 area_latvia 64559 km^2 area_togo 56785 km^2 area_croatia 56594 km^2 area_bosnia 51209 km^2 area_costarica 51100 km^2 area_slovakia 49037 km^2 area_dominicanrepublic 48671 km^2 area_estonia 45227 km^2 area_denmark 43094 km^2 area_netherlands 41850 km^2 area_switzerland 41284 km^2 area_bhutan 38394 km^2 area_taiwan 36193 km^2 area_guineabissau 36125 km^2 area_moldova 33846 km^2 area_belgium 30528 km^2 area_lesotho 30355 km^2 area_armenia 29743 km^2 area_solomonislands 28896 km^2 area_albania 28748 km^2 area_equitorialguinea 28051 km^2 area_burundi 27834 km^2 area_haiti 27750 km^2 area_rwanda 26338 km^2 area_northmacedonia 25713 km^2 area_djibouti 23200 km^2 area_belize 22966 km^2 area_elsalvador 21041 km^2 area_israel 20770 km^2 area_slovenia 20273 km^2 area_fiji 18272 km^2 area_kuwait 17818 km^2 area_eswatini 17364 km^2 area_easttimor 14919 km^2 area_bahamas 13943 km^2 area_montenegro 13812 km^2 area_vanatu 12189 km^2 area_qatar 11586 km^2 area_gambia 11295 km^2 area_jamaica 10991 km^2 area_kosovo 10887 km^2 area_lebanon 10452 km^2 area_cyprus 9251 km^2 area_puertorico 9104 km^2 # United States territory; not included # in United States area area_westbank 5860 km^2 # (CIA World Factbook) area_hongkong 2755 km^2 area_luxembourg 2586 km^2 area_singapore 716 km^2 area_gazastrip 360 km^2 # (CIA World Factbook) area_malta 316 km^2 # smallest EU country area_liechtenstein 160 km^2 area_monaco 2.02 km^2 area_vaticancity 0.44 km^2 # Members as of 1 Feb 2020 area_europeanunion area_austria + area_belgium + area_bulgaria \ + area_croatia + area_cyprus + area_czechia + area_denmark \ + area_estonia + area_finland + area_france + area_germany \ + area_greece + area_hungary + area_ireland + area_italy \ + area_latvia + area_lithuania + area_luxembourg \ + area_malta + area_netherlands + area_poland \ + area_portugal + area_romania + area_slovakia \ + area_slovenia + area_spain + area_sweden area_eu area_europeanunion # # Areas of the individual US states # # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area # # United States Summary: 2010, Population and Housing Unit Counts, Table 18, p. 41 # Issued September 2012 area_alaska 1723336.8 km^2 area_texas 695661.6 km^2 area_california 423967.4 km^2 area_montana 380831.1 km^2 area_newmexico 314917.4 km^2 area_arizona 295233.5 km^2 area_nevada 286379.7 km^2 area_colorado 269601.4 km^2 area_oregon 254799.2 km^2 area_wyoming 253334.5 km^2 area_michigan 250486.8 km^2 area_minnesota 225162.8 km^2 area_utah 219881.9 km^2 area_idaho 216442.6 km^2 area_kansas 213100.0 km^2 area_nebraska 200329.9 km^2 area_southdakota 199728.7 km^2 area_washington 184660.8 km^2 area_northdakota 183107.8 km^2 area_oklahoma 181037.2 km^2 area_missouri 180540.3 km^2 area_florida 170311.7 km^2 area_wisconsin 169634.8 km^2 area_georgia_us 153910.4 km^2 area_illinois 149995.4 km^2 area_iowa 145745.9 km^2 area_newyork 141296.7 km^2 area_northcarolina 139391.0 km^2 area_arkansas 137731.8 km^2 area_alabama 135767.4 km^2 area_louisiana 135658.7 km^2 area_mississippi 125437.7 km^2 area_pennsylvania 119280.2 km^2 area_ohio 116097.7 km^2 area_virginia 110786.6 km^2 area_tennessee 109153.1 km^2 area_kentucky 104655.7 km^2 area_indiana 94326.2 km^2 area_maine 91633.1 km^2 area_southcarolina 82932.7 km^2 area_westvirginia 62755.5 km^2 area_maryland 32131.2 km^2 area_hawaii 28313.0 km^2 area_massachusetts 27335.7 km^2 area_vermont 24906.3 km^2 area_newhampshire 24214.2 km^2 area_newjersey 22591.4 km^2 area_connecticut 14357.4 km^2 area_delaware 6445.8 km^2 area_rhodeisland 4001.2 km^2 area_districtofcolumbia 177.0 km^2 area_unitedstates area_alabama + area_alaska + area_arizona \ + area_arkansas + area_california + area_colorado \ + area_connecticut + area_delaware \ + area_districtofcolumbia + area_florida \ + area_georgia_us + area_hawaii + area_idaho \ + area_illinois + area_indiana + area_iowa \ + area_kansas + area_kentucky + area_louisiana \ + area_maine + area_maryland + area_massachusetts \ + area_michigan + area_minnesota + area_mississippi \ + area_missouri + area_montana + area_nebraska \ + area_nevada + area_newhampshire + area_newjersey \ + area_newmexico + area_newyork + area_northcarolina \ + area_northdakota + area_ohio + area_oklahoma \ + area_oregon + area_pennsylvania + area_rhodeisland \ + area_southcarolina + area_southdakota \ + area_tennessee + area_texas + area_utah \ + area_vermont + area_virginia + area_washington \ + area_westvirginia + area_wisconsin + area_wyoming # Total area of Canadian province and territories # # Statistics Canada, "Land and freshwater area, by province and territory", # 2016-10-07: # # https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-402-x/2012000/chap/geo/tbl/tbl06-eng.htm area_ontario 1076395 km^2 # confederated 1867-Jul-01 area_quebec 1542056 km^2 # confederated 1867-Jul-01 area_novascotia 55284 km^2 # confederated 1867-Jul-01 area_newbrunswick 72908 km^2 # confederated 1867-Jul-01 area_canada_original area_ontario + area_quebec + area_novascotia \ + area_newbrunswick area_manitoba 647797 km^2 # confederated 1870-Jul-15 area_britishcolumbia 944735 km^2 # confederated 1871-Jul-20 area_princeedwardisland 5660 km^2 # confederated 1873-Jul-01 area_canada_additional area_manitoba + area_britishcolumbia \ + area_princeedwardisland area_alberta 661848 km^2 # confederated 1905-Sep-01 area_saskatchewan 651036 km^2 # confederated 1905-Sep-01 area_newfoundlandandlabrador 405212 km^2 # confederated 1949-Mar-31 area_canada_recent area_alberta + area_saskatchewan \ + area_newfoundlandandlabrador area_canada_provinces area_canada_original + area_canada_additional \ + area_canada_recent area_northwestterritories 1346106 km^2 # NT confederated 1870-Jul-15 area_yukon 482443 km^2 # YT confederated 1898-Jun-13 area_nunavut 2093190 km^2 # NU confederated 1999-Apr-01 area_canada_territories area_northwestterritories + area_yukon \ + area_nunavut area_canada area_canada_provinces + area_canada_territories # area-uk-countries.units - UK country (/province) total areas # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom#Statistics # GB is official UK country code for some purposes but internally is a Kingdom # # areas from A Beginners Guide to UK Geography 2019 v1.0, Office for National Statistics # England: country; 0927-Jul-12 united; 1603-Mar-24 union of crowns area_england 132947.76 km^2 # # Wales: 1282 conquered; 1535 union; principality until 2011 area_wales 21224.48 km^2 # # England and Wales: nation; 1535 union area_englandwales area_england + area_wales # # Scotland: country; ~900 united; 1603-Mar-24 union of crowns area_scotland 80226.36 km^2 # # Great Britain: kingdom; excludes NI; # 1707 Treaty and Acts of Union: union of parliaments area_greatbritain area_england + area_wales + area_scotland area_gb area_greatbritain # # Northern Ireland: province; Ireland: 1177 Henry II lordship; # 1542 Henry VIII kingdom; 1652 Cromwell commonwealth; # 1691 William III kingdom; 1800 Acts of Union: UK of GB & Ireland; # 1921 Irish Free State independent of UK area_northernireland 14133.38 km^2 # # United Kingdom of GB & NI: 1800 Acts of Union: UK of GB & Ireland; # 1921 Irish Free State independent of UK area_unitedkingdom area_greatbritain + area_northernireland area_uk area_unitedkingdom # # Units derived from imperial system # ouncedal oz ft / s^2 # force which accelerates an ounce # at 1 ft/s^2 poundal lb ft / s^2 # same thing for a pound tondal longton ft / s^2 # and for a ton pdl poundal osi ounce force / inch^2 # used in aviation psi pound force / inch^2 psia psi # absolute pressure # Note that gauge pressure can be given # using the gaugepressure() and # psig() nonlinear unit definitions tsi ton force / inch^2 reyn psi sec slug lbf s^2 / ft slugf slug force slinch lbf s^2 / inch # Mass unit derived from inch second slinchf slinch force # pound-force system. Used in space # applications where in/sec^2 was a # natural acceleration measure. geepound slug lbf lb force tonf ton force lbm lb kip 1000 lbf # from kilopound ksi kip / in^2 mil 0.001 inch thou 0.001 inch tenth 0.0001 inch # one tenth of one thousandth of an inch millionth 1e-6 inch # one millionth of an inch circularinch 1|4 pi in^2 # area of a one-inch diameter circle circleinch circularinch # A circle with diameter d inches has # an area of d^2 circularinches cylinderinch circleinch inch # Cylinder h inch tall, d inches diameter # has volume d^2 h cylinder inches circularmil 1|4 pi mil^2 # area of one-mil diameter circle cmil circularmil MCM kcmil # older initialism for thousand circular mills cental 100 pound centner cental # Shotgun gauge measures the inside diameter of the barrel by counting # the number of spherical lead balls you can make to fit that barrel # using a pound of lead. Equivalently, this means that an n gauge gun # has a bore diameter that fits a ball of lead that weighs 1|n pounds shotgungauge(ga) units=[1;m] domain=(0,] range=(0,] \ 2 ~spherevol(1 pound / ga leaddensity) ; \ 1 pound / leaddensity spherevol(shotgungauge/2) shotgunga() shotgungauge caliber 0.01 inch # for measuring bullets duty ft lbf celo ft / s^2 jerk ft / s^3 australiapoint 0.01 inch # The "point" is used to measure rainfall # in Australia sabin ft^2 # Measure of sound absorption equal to the # absorbing power of one square foot of # a perfectly absorbing material. The # sound absorptivity of an object is the # area times a dimensionless # absorptivity coefficient. standardgauge 4 ft + 8.5 in # Standard width between railroad track flag 5 ft^2 # Construction term referring to sidewalk. rollwallpaper 30 ft^2 # Area of roll of wall paper fillpower in^3 / ounce # Density of down at standard pressure. # The best down has 750-800 fillpower. pinlength 1|16 inch # A #17 pin is 17/16 in long in the USA. buttonline 1|40 inch # The line was used in 19th century USA # to measure width of buttons. beespace 1|4 inch # Bees will fill any space that is smaller # than the bee space and leave open # spaces that are larger. The size of # the space varies with species. diamond 8|5 ft # Marking on US tape measures that is # useful to carpenters who wish to place # five studs in an 8 ft distance. Note # that the numbers appear in red every # 16 inches as well, giving six # divisions in 8 feet. retmaunit 1.75 in # Height of rack mountable equipment. U retmaunit # Equipment should be 1|32 inch narrower RU U # than its U measurement indicates to # allow for clearance, so 4U=(6+31|32)in # RETMA stands for the former name of # the standardizing organization, Radio # Electronics Television Manufacturers # Association. This organization is now # called the Electronic Industries # Alliance (EIA) and the rack standard # is specified in EIA RS-310-D. count per pound # For measuring the size of shrimp flightlevel 100 ft # Flight levels are used to ensure safe FL flightlevel # vertical separation between aircraft # despite variations in local air # pressure. Flight levels define # altitudes based on a standard air # pressure so that altimeter calibration # is not needed. This means that # aircraft at separated flight levels # are guaranteed to be separated. # Hence the definition of 100 feet is # a nominal, not true, measure. # Customarily written with no space in # the form FL290, which will not work in # units. But note "FL 290" will work. # # Other units of work, energy, power, etc # # Calorie: approximate energy to raise a gram of water one degree celsius calorie cal_th # Default is the thermochemical calorie cal calorie calorie_th 4.184 J # Thermochemical calorie, defined in 1930 thermcalorie calorie_th # by Frederick Rossini as 4.1833 J to cal_th calorie_th # avoid difficulties associated with the # uncertainty in the heat capacity of # water. In 1948 the value of the joule # was changed, so the thermochemical # calorie was redefined to 4.184 J. # This kept the energy measured by this # unit the same. calorie_IT 4.1868 J # International (Steam) Table calorie, cal_IT calorie_IT # defined in 1929 as watt-hour/860 or # equivalently 180|43 joules. At this # time the international joule had a # different value than the modern joule, # and the values were different in the # USA and in Europe. In 1956 at the # Fifth International Conference on # Properties of Steam the exact # definition given here was adopted. calorie_15 4.18580 J # Energy to go from 14.5 to 15.5 degC cal_15 calorie_15 calorie_fifteen cal_15 calorie_20 4.18190 J # Energy to go from 19.5 to 20.5 degC cal_20 calorie_20 calorie_twenty calorie_20 calorie_4 4.204 J # Energy to go from 3.5 to 4.5 degC cal_4 calorie_4 calorie_four calorie_4 cal_mean 4.19002 J # 1|100 energy to go from 0 to 100 degC Calorie kilocalorie # the food Calorie thermie 1e6 cal_15 # Heat required to raise the # temperature of a tonne of # water from 14.5 to 15.5 degC. # btu definitions: energy to raise a pound of water 1 degF btu btu_IT # International Table BTU is the default britishthermalunit btu btu_IT cal_IT lb degF / gram K btu_th cal_th lb degF / gram K btu_mean cal_mean lb degF / gram K btu_15 cal_15 lb degF / gram K btu_ISO 1055.06 J # Exact, rounded ISO definition based # on the IT calorie quad quadrillion btu ECtherm 1e5 btu_ISO # Exact definition UStherm 1.054804e8 J # Exact definition therm UStherm # Water latent heat from [23] water_fusion_heat 6.01 kJ/mol / (18.015 g/mol) # At 0 deg C water_vaporization_heat 2256.4 J/g # At saturation, 100 deg C, 101.42 kPa # Specific heat capacities of various substances # SPECIFIC_HEAT ENERGY / MASS / TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE SPECIFIC_HEAT_CAPACITY ENERGY / MASS / TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE specificheat_water calorie / g K water_specificheat specificheat_water # Values from www.engineeringtoolbox.com/specific-heat-metals-d_152.html specificheat_aluminum 0.91 J/g K specificheat_antimony 0.21 J/g K specificheat_barium 0.20 J/g K specificheat_beryllium 1.83 J/g K specificheat_bismuth 0.13 J/g K specificheat_cadmium 0.23 J/g K specificheat_cesium 0.24 J/g K specificheat_chromium 0.46 J/g K specificheat_cobalt 0.42 J/g K specificheat_copper 0.39 J/g K specificheat_gallium 0.37 J/g K specificheat_germanium 0.32 J/g K specificheat_gold 0.13 J/g K specificheat_hafnium 0.14 J/g K specificheat_indium 0.24 J/g K specificheat_iridium 0.13 J/g K specificheat_iron 0.45 J/g K specificheat_lanthanum 0.195 J/g K specificheat_lead 0.13 J/g K specificheat_lithium 3.57 J/g K specificheat_lutetium 0.15 J/g K specificheat_magnesium 1.05 J/g K specificheat_manganese 0.48 J/g K specificheat_mercury 0.14 J/g K specificheat_molybdenum 0.25 J/g K specificheat_nickel 0.44 J/g K specificheat_osmium 0.13 J/g K specificheat_palladium 0.24 J/g K specificheat_platinum 0.13 J/g K specificheat_plutonum 0.13 J/g K specificheat_potassium 0.75 J/g K specificheat_rhenium 0.14 J/g K specificheat_rhodium 0.24 J/g K specificheat_rubidium 0.36 J/g K specificheat_ruthenium 0.24 J/g K specificheat_scandium 0.57 J/g K specificheat_selenium 0.32 J/g K specificheat_silicon 0.71 J/g K specificheat_silver 0.23 J/g K specificheat_sodium 1.21 J/g K specificheat_strontium 0.30 J/g K specificheat_tantalum 0.14 J/g K specificheat_thallium 0.13 J/g K specificheat_thorium 0.13 J/g K specificheat_tin 0.21 J/g K specificheat_titanium 0.54 J/g K specificheat_tungsten 0.13 J/g K specificheat_uranium 0.12 J/g K specificheat_vanadium 0.39 J/g K specificheat_yttrium 0.30 J/g K specificheat_zinc 0.39 J/g K specificheat_zirconium 0.27 J/g K specificheat_ethanol 2.3 J/g K specificheat_ammonia 4.6 J/g K specificheat_freon 0.91 J/g K # R-12 at 0 degrees Fahrenheit specificheat_gasoline 2.22 J/g K specificheat_iodine 2.15 J/g K specificheat_oliveoil 1.97 J/g K # en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacity#Table_of_specific_heat_capacities specificheat_hydrogen 14.3 J/g K specificheat_helium 5.1932 J/g K specificheat_argon 0.5203 J/g K specificheat_tissue 3.5 J/g K specificheat_diamond 0.5091 J/g K specificheat_granite 0.79 J/g K specificheat_graphite 0.71 J/g K specificheat_ice 2.11 J/g K specificheat_asphalt 0.92 J/g K specificheat_brick 0.84 J/g K specificheat_concrete 0.88 J/g K specificheat_glass_silica 0.84 J/g K specificheat_glass_flint 0.503 J/g K specificheat_glass_pyrex 0.753 J/g K specificheat_gypsum 1.09 J/g K specificheat_marble 0.88 J/g K specificheat_sand 0.835 J/g K specificheat_soil 0.835 J/g K specificheat_wood 1.7 J/g K specificheat_sucrose 1.244 J/g K # www.sugartech.co.za/heatcapacity/indexphp # Energy densities of various fuels # # Most of these fuels have varying compositions or qualities and hence their # actual energy densities vary. These numbers are hence only approximate. # # E1. http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm # E2. https://web.archive.org/web/20100825042309/http://www.ior.com.au/ecflist.html tonoil 1e10 cal_IT # Ton oil equivalent. A conventional # value for the energy released by toe tonoil # burning one metric ton of oil. [18,E1] # Note that energy per mass of petroleum # products is fairly constant. # Variations in volumetric energy # density result from variations in the # density (kg/m^3) of different fuels. # This definition is given by the # IEA/OECD. toncoal 7e9 cal_IT # Energy in metric ton coal from [18]. # This is a nominal value which # is close to the heat content # of coal used in the 1950's barreloil 5.8 Mbtu # Conventional value for barrel of crude # oil [E1]. Actual range is 5.6 - 63. naturalgas_HHV 1027 btu/ft3 # Energy content of natural gas. HHV naturalgas_LHV 930 btu/ft3 # is for Higher Heating Value and naturalgas naturalgas_HHV # includes energy from condensation # combustion products. LHV is for Lower # Heating Value and excludes these. # American publications typically report # HHV whereas European ones report LHV. charcoal 30 GJ/tonne woodenergy_dry 20 GJ/tonne # HHV, a cord weights about a tonne woodenergy_airdry 15 GJ/tonne # 20% moisture content coal_bituminous 27 GJ / tonne coal_lignite 15 GJ / tonne coal_US 22 GJ / uston # Average for US coal (short ton), 1995 ethanol_HHV 84000 btu/usgallon ethanol_LHV 75700 btu/usgallon diesel 130500 btu/usgallon gasoline_LHV 115000 btu/usgallon gasoline_HHV 125000 btu/usgallon gasoline gasoline_HHV heating 37.3 MJ/liter fueloil 39.7 MJ/liter # low sulphur propane 93.3 MJ/m^3 butane 124 MJ/m^3 # The US EPA defines a "miles per gallon equivalent" for alternative # energy vehicles: mpg_e miles / gallon gasoline_LHV MPGe mpg_e # These values give total energy from uranium fission. Actual efficiency # of nuclear power plants is around 30%-40%. Note also that some reactors # use enriched uranium around 3% U-235. Uranium during processing or use # may be in a compound of uranium oxide or uranium hexafluoride, in which # case the energy density would be lower depending on how much uranium is # in the compound. uranium_pure 200 MeV avogadro / (235.0439299 g/mol) # Pure U-235 uranium_natural 0.7% uranium_pure # Natural uranium: 0.7% U-235 # Celsius heat unit: energy to raise a pound of water 1 degC celsiusheatunit cal lb degC / gram K chu celsiusheatunit # "Apparent" average power in an AC circuit, the product of rms voltage # and rms current, equal to the true power in watts when voltage and # current are in phase. In a DC circuit, always equal to the true power. VA volt ampere kWh kilowatt hour # The horsepower is supposedly the power of one horse pulling. Obviously # different people had different horses. horsepower 550 foot pound force / sec # Invented by James Watt mechanicalhorsepower horsepower hp horsepower metrichorsepower 75 kilogram force meter / sec # PS=Pferdestaerke in electrichorsepower 746 W # Germany boilerhorsepower 9809.50 W waterhorsepower 746.043 W brhorsepower horsepower # Value corrected Dec, 2019. Was 745.7 W. donkeypower 250 W chevalvapeur metrichorsepower # # Heat Transfer # # Thermal conductivity, K, measures the rate of heat transfer across # a material. The heat transferred is # Q = K dT A t / L # where dT is the temperature difference across the material, A is the # cross sectional area, t is the time, and L is the length (thickness). # Thermal conductivity is a material property. THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY POWER / AREA (TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE/LENGTH) THERMAL_RESISTIVITY 1/THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY # Thermal conductance is the rate at which heat flows across a given # object, so the area and thickness have been fixed. It depends on # the size of the object and is hence not a material property. THERMAL_CONDUCTANCE POWER / TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE THERMAL_RESISTANCE 1/THERMAL_CONDUCTANCE # Thermal admittance is the rate of heat flow per area across an # object whose thickness has been fixed. Its reciprocal, thermal # insulation, is used to for measuring the heat transfer per area # of sheets of insulation or cloth that are of specified thickness. THERMAL_ADMITTANCE THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY / LENGTH THERMAL_INSULANCE THERMAL_RESISTIVITY LENGTH THERMAL_INSULATION THERMAL_RESISTIVITY LENGTH Rvalue degF ft^2 hr / btu Uvalue 1/Rvalue europeanUvalue watt / m^2 K RSI degC m^2 / W clo 0.155 degC m^2 / W # Supposed to be the insulance # required to keep a resting person # comfortable indoors. The value # given is from NIST and the CRC, # but [5] gives a slightly different # value of 0.875 ft^2 degF hr / btu. tog 0.1 degC m^2 / W # Also used for clothing. # Thermal diffusivity measures the rate of heat transfer inside a # material. It is the thermal conductivity divided by the volumentric # heat capacity, and appears in the heat equation: # # du/dt = alpha (d^2 u / dx^2) # # where alpha is the thermal diffusivity. (Derivatives are partial derivatives.) THERMAL_DIFFUSIVITY THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY / DENSITY SPECIFIC_HEAT_CAPACITY # Thermal Conductivity of a few materials diamond_natural_thermal_conductivity 2200 W / m K diamond_synthetic_thermal_conductivity 3320 W / m K # 99% pure C12 silver_thermal_conductivity 406 W / m K aluminum_thermal_conductivity 205 W / m K copper_thermal_conductivity 385 W / m K gold_thermal_conductivity 314 W / m K iron_thermal_conductivity 79.5 W / m K stainless_304_thermal_conductivity 15.5 W / m K # average value # Thermal diffusivity of a few materials # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_diffusivity # Values for diamond from https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00351908 diamond_synthetic_thermal_diffusivity 1200 mm^2 / s diamond_natural_thermal_diffusivity 780 mm^2 / s helium_thermal_diffusivity 190 mm^2 / s # At 300 K, 1 atm silver_thermal_diffusivity 165.63 mm^2 / s # 99.9% pure gold_thermal_diffusivity 127 mm^2 / s copper_thermal_diffusivity 111 mm^2 / s aluminum_thermal_diffusivity 97 mm^2 / s iron_thermal_diffusivity 23 mm^2 / s air_thermal_diffusivity 19 mm^2 / s stainless_304_thermal_diffusivity 4.2 mm^2 / s ice_thermal_diffusivity 1.02 mm^2 / s # At 0 C glass_thermal_diffusivity 0.34 mm^2 / s water_thermal_diffusivity 0.143 mm^2 / s # At 25 C nylon_thermal_diffusivity 0.09 mm^2 / s pine_thermal_diffusivity 0.082 mm^2 / s # yellow pine # The bel was defined by engineers of Bell Laboratories to describe the # reduction in audio level over a length of one mile. It was originally # called the transmission unit (TU) but was renamed around 1923 to honor # Alexander Graham Bell. The bel proved inconveniently large so the decibel # has become more common. The decibel is dimensionless since it reports a # ratio, but it is used in various contexts to report a signal's power # relative to some reference level. bel(x) units=[1;1] range=(0,) 10^(x); log(bel) # Basic bel definition decibel(x) units=[1;1] range=(0,) 10^(x/10); 10 log(decibel) # Basic decibel dB() decibel # Abbreviation dBW(x) units=[1;W] range=(0,) dB(x) W ; ~dB(dBW/W) # Reference = 1 W dBk(x) units=[1;W] range=(0,) dB(x) kW ; ~dB(dBk/kW) # Reference = 1 kW dBf(x) units=[1;W] range=(0,) dB(x) fW ; ~dB(dBf/fW) # Reference = 1 fW dBm(x) units=[1;W] range=(0,) dB(x) mW ; ~dB(dBm/mW) # Reference = 1 mW dBmW(x) units=[1;W] range=(0,) dBm(x) ; ~dBm(dBmW) # Reference = 1 mW dBJ(x) units=[1;J] range=(0,) dB(x) J; ~dB(dBJ/J) # Energy relative # to 1 joule. Used for power spectral # density since W/Hz = J # When used to measure amplitude, voltage, or current the signal is squared # because power is proportional to the square of these measures. The root # mean square (RMS) voltage is typically used with these units. dB_amplitude(x) units=[1;1] dB(0.5 x) ; ~dB(dB_amplitude^2) dBV(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) V;~dB(dBV^2 / V^2) # Reference = 1 V dBmV(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) mV;~dB(dBmV^2/mV^2)# Reference = 1 mV dBuV(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) microV ; ~dB(dBuV^2 / microV^2) # Reference = 1 microvolt # Here are dB measurements for current. Be aware that dbA is also # a unit for frequency weighted sound pressure. dBA(x) units=[1;A] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) A;~dB(dBA^2 / A^2) # Reference = 1 A dBmA(x) units=[1;A] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) mA;~dB(dBmA^2/mA^2)# Reference = 1 mA dBuA(x) units=[1;A] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) microA ; ~dB(dBuA^2 / microA^2) # Reference = 1 microamp # Referenced to the voltage that causes 1 mW dissipation in a 600 ohm load. # Originally defined as dBv but changed to prevent confusion with dBV. # The "u" is for unloaded. dBu(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) sqrt(mW 600 ohm) ; \ ~dB(dBu^2 / mW 600 ohm) dBv(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dBu(x) ; ~dBu(dBv) # Synonym for dBu # Measurements for sound in air, referenced to the threshold of human hearing # Note that sound in other media typically uses 1 micropascal as a reference # for sound pressure. Units dBA, dBB, dBC, refer to different frequency # weightings meant to approximate the human ear's response. # sound pressure level dBSPL(x) units=[1;Pa] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) 20 microPa ; \ ~dB(dBSPL^2 / (20 microPa)^2) # sound intensity level dBSIL(x) units=[1;W/m^2] range=(0,) dB(x) 1e-12 W/m^2; \ ~dB(dBSIL / (1e-12 W/m^2)) # sound power level (The W in SWL is for the reference power, 1 W.) dBSWL(x) units=[1;W] range=(0,) dB(x) 1e-12 W; ~dB(dBSWL/1e-12 W) # The neper is another similar logarithmic unit. Note that the neper # is defined based on the ratio of amplitudes rather than the power # ratio like the decibel. This means that if the data is power, and # you convert to nepers you should take the square root of the data # to convert to amplitude. If you want to convert nepers to a power # measurement you need to square the resulting output. neper(x) units=[1;1] range=(0,) exp(x); ln(neper) centineper(x) units=[1;1] range=(0,) exp(x/100); 100 ln(centineper) Np() neper cNp() centineper Np_power(x) units=[1;1] Np(2 x) ; ~Np(Np_power)/2 # Misc other measures ENTROPY ENERGY / TEMPERATURE clausius 1e3 cal/K # A unit of physical entropy langley thermcalorie/cm^2 # Used in radiation theory poncelet 100 kg force m / s tonrefrigeration uston 144 btu / lb day # One ton refrigeration is # the rate of heat extraction required # turn one ton of water to ice in # a day. Ice is defined to have a # latent heat of 144 btu/lb. tonref tonrefrigeration refrigeration tonref / ton frigorie 1000 cal_15 # Used in refrigeration engineering. airwatt 8.5 (ft^3/min) inH2O # Measure of vacuum power as # pressure times air flow. # The unit "tnt" is defined so that you can write "tons tnt". The # question of which ton, exactly, is intended. The answer is that # nobody knows: # # Quoting the footnote from page 13 of # The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, 3rd ed. # https://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/effects/eonw_1.pdf # # The majority of the experimental and theoretical values of the # explosive energy released by TNT range from 900 to 1,100 calories per # gram. At one time, there was some uncertainty as to whether the term # "kiloton" of TNT referred to a short kiloton (2*10^6 pounds), a metric # kiloton (2.205*10^6 pounds), or a long kiloton (2.24*10^6 pounds). In # order to avoid ambiguity, it was agreed that the term "kiloton" would # refer to the release of 10^12 calories of explosive energy. This is # equivalent to 1 short kiloton of TNT if the energy release is 1,102 # calories per gram or to 1 long kiloton if the energy is 984 calories # per gram of TNT. # # It is therefore not well-defined how much energy a "gram of tnt" is, # though this term does appear in some references. tnt 1e9 cal_th / ton # Defined exact value # Nuclear weapon yields davycrocket 10 ton tnt # lightest US tactical nuclear weapon hiroshima 15.5 kiloton tnt # Uranium-235 fission bomb nagasaki 21 kiloton tnt # Plutonium-239 fission bomb fatman nagasaki littleboy hiroshima ivyking 500 kiloton tnt # most powerful fission bomb castlebravo 15 megaton tnt # most powerful US test tsarbomba 50 megaton tnt # most powerful test ever: USSR, # 30 October 1961 b53bomb 9 megaton tnt # http://rarehistoricalphotos.com/gadget-first-atomic-bomb/ trinity 18 kiloton tnt # July 16, 1945 gadget trinity # # Permeability: The permeability or permeance, n, of a substance determines # how fast vapor flows through the substance. The formula W = n A dP # holds where W is the rate of flow (in mass/time), n is the permeability, # A is the area of the flow path, and dP is the vapor pressure difference. # perm_0C grain / hr ft^2 inHg perm_zero perm_0C perm_0 perm_0C perm perm_0C perm_23C grain / hr ft^2 in Hg23C perm_twentythree perm_23C # # Counting measures # pair 2 brace 2 nest 3 # often used for items like bowls that # nest together hattrick 3 # Used in sports, especially cricket and ice # hockey to report the number of goals. dicker 10 dozen 12 bakersdozen 13 score 20 flock 40 timer 40 shock 60 toncount 100 # Used in sports in the UK longhundred 120 # From a germanic counting system gross 144 greatgross 12 gross tithe 1|10 # From Anglo-Saxon word for tenth # Paper counting measure shortquire 24 quire 25 shortream 480 ream 500 perfectream 516 bundle 2 reams bale 5 bundles # # Paper measures # # USA paper sizes lettersize 8.5 inch 11 inch legalsize 8.5 inch 14 inch ledgersize 11 inch 17 inch executivesize 7.25 inch 10.5 inch Apaper 8.5 inch 11 inch Bpaper 11 inch 17 inch Cpaper 17 inch 22 inch Dpaper 22 inch 34 inch Epaper 34 inch 44 inch # Correspondence envelope sizes. #10 is the standard business # envelope in the USA. envelope6_25size 3.5 inch 6 inch envelope6_75size 3.625 inch 6.5 inch envelope7size 3.75 inch 6.75 inch envelope7_75size 3.875 inch 7.5 inch envelope8_625size 3.625 inch 8.625 inch envelope9size 3.875 inch 8.875 inch envelope10size 4.125 inch 9.5 inch envelope11size 4.5 inch 10.375 inch envelope12size 4.75 inch 11 inch envelope14size 5 inch 11.5 inch envelope16size 6 inch 12 inch # Announcement envelope sizes (no relation to metric paper sizes like A4) envelopeA1size 3.625 inch 5.125 inch # same as 4bar envelopeA2size 4.375 inch 5.75 inch envelopeA6size 4.75 inch 6.5 inch envelopeA7size 5.25 inch 7.25 inch envelopeA8size 5.5 inch 8.125 inch envelopeA9size 5.75 inch 8.75 inch envelopeA10size 6 inch 9.5 inch # Baronial envelopes envelope4bar 3.625 inch 5.125 inch # same as A1 envelope5_5bar 4.375 inch 5.75 inch envelope6bar 4.75 inch 6.5 inch # Coin envelopes envelope1baby 2.25 inch 3.5 inch # same as #1 coin envelope00coin 1.6875 inch 2.75 inch envelope1coin 2.25 inch 3.5 inch envelope3coin 2.5 inch 4.25 inch envelope4coin 3 inch 4.5 inch envelope4_5coin 3 inch 4.875 inch envelope5coin 2.875 inch 5.25 inch envelope5_5coin 3.125 inch 5.5 inch envelope6coin 3.375 inch 6 inch envelope7coin 3.5 inch 6.5 inch # The metric paper sizes are defined so that if a sheet is cut in half # along the short direction, the result is two sheets which are # similar to the original sheet. This means that for any metric size, # the long side is close to sqrt(2) times the length of the short # side. Each series of sizes is generated by repeated cuts in half, # with the values rounded down to the nearest millimeter. A0paper 841 mm 1189 mm # The basic size in the A series A1paper 594 mm 841 mm # is defined to have an area of A2paper 420 mm 594 mm # one square meter. A3paper 297 mm 420 mm A4paper 210 mm 297 mm A5paper 148 mm 210 mm A6paper 105 mm 148 mm A7paper 74 mm 105 mm A8paper 52 mm 74 mm A9paper 37 mm 52 mm A10paper 26 mm 37 mm B0paper 1000 mm 1414 mm # The basic B size has an area B1paper 707 mm 1000 mm # of sqrt(2) square meters. B2paper 500 mm 707 mm B3paper 353 mm 500 mm B4paper 250 mm 353 mm B5paper 176 mm 250 mm B6paper 125 mm 176 mm B7paper 88 mm 125 mm B8paper 62 mm 88 mm B9paper 44 mm 62 mm B10paper 31 mm 44 mm C0paper 917 mm 1297 mm # The basic C size has an area C1paper 648 mm 917 mm # of sqrt(sqrt(2)) square meters. C2paper 458 mm 648 mm C3paper 324 mm 458 mm # Intended for envelope sizes C4paper 229 mm 324 mm C5paper 162 mm 229 mm C6paper 114 mm 162 mm C7paper 81 mm 114 mm C8paper 57 mm 81 mm C9paper 40 mm 57 mm C10paper 28 mm 40 mm # gsm (Grams per Square Meter), a sane, metric paper weight measure gsm grams / meter^2 # In the USA, a collection of crazy historical paper measures are used. Paper # is measured as a weight of a ream of that particular type of paper. This is # sometimes called the "substance" or "basis" (as in "substance 20" paper). # The standard sheet size or "basis size" varies depending on the type of # paper. As a result, 20 pound bond paper and 50 pound text paper are actually # about the same weight. The different sheet sizes were historically the most # convenient for printing or folding in the different applications. These # different basis weights are standards maintained by American Society for # Testing Materials (ASTM) and the American Forest and Paper Association # (AF&PA). poundbookpaper lb / 25 inch 38 inch ream lbbook poundbookpaper poundtextpaper poundbookpaper lbtext poundtextpaper poundoffsetpaper poundbookpaper # For offset printing lboffset poundoffsetpaper poundbiblepaper poundbookpaper # Designed to be lightweight, thin, lbbible poundbiblepaper # strong and opaque. poundtagpaper lb / 24 inch 36 inch ream lbtag poundtagpaper poundbagpaper poundtagpaper lbbag poundbagpaper poundnewsprintpaper poundtagpaper lbnewsprint poundnewsprintpaper poundposterpaper poundtagpaper lbposter poundposterpaper poundtissuepaper poundtagpaper lbtissue poundtissuepaper poundwrappingpaper poundtagpaper lbwrapping poundwrappingpaper poundwaxingpaper poundtagpaper lbwaxing poundwaxingpaper poundglassinepaper poundtagpaper lbglassine poundglassinepaper poundcoverpaper lb / 20 inch 26 inch ream lbcover poundcoverpaper poundindexpaper lb / 25.5 inch 30.5 inch ream lbindex poundindexpaper poundindexbristolpaper poundindexpaper lbindexbristol poundindexpaper poundbondpaper lb / 17 inch 22 inch ream # Bond paper is stiff and lbbond poundbondpaper # durable for repeated poundwritingpaper poundbondpaper # filing, and it resists lbwriting poundwritingpaper # ink penetration. poundledgerpaper poundbondpaper lbledger poundledgerpaper poundcopypaper poundbondpaper lbcopy poundcopypaper poundblottingpaper lb / 19 inch 24 inch ream lbblotting poundblottingpaper poundblankspaper lb / 22 inch 28 inch ream lbblanks poundblankspaper poundpostcardpaper lb / 22.5 inch 28.5 inch ream lbpostcard poundpostcardpaper poundweddingbristol poundpostcardpaper lbweddingbristol poundweddingbristol poundbristolpaper poundweddingbristol lbbristol poundbristolpaper poundboxboard lb / 1000 ft^2 lbboxboard poundboxboard poundpaperboard poundboxboard lbpaperboard poundpaperboard # When paper is marked in units of M, it means the weight of 1000 sheets of the # given size of paper. To convert this to paper weight, divide by the size of # the paper in question. paperM lb / 1000 # In addition paper weight is reported in "caliper" which is simply the # thickness of one sheet, typically in inches. Thickness is also reported in # "points" where a point is 1|1000 inch. These conversions are supplied to # convert these units roughly (using an approximate density) into the standard # paper weight values. pointthickness 0.001 in paperdensity 0.8 g/cm^3 # approximate--paper densities vary! papercaliper in paperdensity paperpoint pointthickness paperdensity # # Printing # fournierpoint 0.1648 inch / 12 # First definition of the printers # point made by Pierre Fournier who # defined it in 1737 as 1|12 of a # cicero which was 0.1648 inches. olddidotpoint 1|72 frenchinch # Francois Ambroise Didot, one of # a family of printers, changed # Fournier's definition around 1770 # to fit to the French units then in # use. bertholdpoint 1|2660 m # H. Berthold tried to create a # metric version of the didot point # in 1878. INpoint 0.4 mm # This point was created by a # group directed by Fermin Didot in # 1881 and is associated with the # imprimerie nationale. It doesn't # seem to have been used much. germandidotpoint 0.376065 mm # Exact definition appears in DIN # 16507, a German standards document # of 1954. Adopted more broadly in # 1966 by ??? metricpoint 3|8 mm # Proposed in 1977 by Eurograf oldpoint 1|72.27 inch # The American point was invented printerspoint oldpoint # by Nelson Hawks in 1879 and texpoint oldpoint # dominates USA publishing. # It was standardized by the American # Typefounders Association at the # value of 0.013837 inches exactly. # Knuth uses the approximation given # here (which is very close). The # comp.fonts FAQ claims that this # value is supposed to be 1|12 of a # pica where 83 picas is equal to 35 # cm. But this value differs from # the standard. texscaledpoint 1|65536 texpoint # The TeX typesetting system uses texsp texscaledpoint # this for all computations. computerpoint 1|72 inch # The American point was rounded point computerpoint computerpica 12 computerpoint # to an even 1|72 inch by computer postscriptpoint computerpoint # people at some point. pspoint postscriptpoint twip 1|20 point # TWentieth of an Imperial Point Q 1|4 mm # Used in Japanese phototypesetting # Q is for quarter frenchprinterspoint olddidotpoint didotpoint germandidotpoint # This seems to be the dominant value europeanpoint didotpoint # for the point used in Europe cicero 12 didotpoint stick 2 inches # Type sizes excelsior 3 oldpoint brilliant 3.5 oldpoint diamondtype 4 oldpoint pearl 5 oldpoint agate 5.5 oldpoint # Originally agate type was 14 lines per # inch, giving a value of 1|14 in. ruby agate # British nonpareil 6 oldpoint mignonette 6.5 oldpoint emerald mignonette # British minion 7 oldpoint brevier 8 oldpoint bourgeois 9 oldpoint longprimer 10 oldpoint smallpica 11 oldpoint pica 12 oldpoint english 14 oldpoint columbian 16 oldpoint greatprimer 18 oldpoint paragon 20 oldpoint meridian 44 oldpoint canon 48 oldpoint # German type sizes nonplusultra 2 didotpoint brillant 3 didotpoint diamant 4 didotpoint perl 5 didotpoint nonpareille 6 didotpoint kolonel 7 didotpoint petit 8 didotpoint borgis 9 didotpoint korpus 10 didotpoint corpus korpus garamond korpus mittel 14 didotpoint tertia 16 didotpoint text 18 didotpoint kleine_kanon 32 didotpoint kanon 36 didotpoint grobe_kanon 42 didotpoint missal 48 didotpoint kleine_sabon 72 didotpoint grobe_sabon 84 didotpoint # # Information theory units. Note that the name "entropy" is used both # to measure information and as a physical quantity. # INFORMATION bit nat (1/ln(2)) bits # Entropy measured base e hartley log2(10) bits # Entropy of a uniformly ban hartley # distributed random variable # over 10 symbols. dit hartley # from Decimal digIT # # Computer # bps bit/sec # Sometimes the term "baud" is # incorrectly used to refer to # bits per second. Baud refers # to symbols per second. Modern # modems transmit several bits # per symbol. byte 8 bit # Not all machines had 8 bit B byte # bytes, but these days most of # them do. But beware: for # transmission over modems, a # few extra bits are used so # there are actually 10 bits per # byte. octet 8 bits # The octet is always 8 bits nybble 4 bits # Half of a byte. Sometimes # equal to different lengths # such as 3 bits. nibble nybble nyp 2 bits # Donald Knuth asks in an exercise # for a name for a 2 bit # quantity and gives the "nyp" # as a solution due to Gregor # Purdy. Not in common use. meg megabyte # Some people consider these # units along with the kilobyte gig gigabyte # to be defined according to # powers of 2 with the kilobyte # equal to 2^10 bytes, the # megabyte equal to 2^20 bytes and # the gigabyte equal to 2^30 bytes # but these usages are forbidden # by SI. Binary prefixes have # been defined by IEC to replace # the SI prefixes. Use them to # get the binary units KiB, MiB, # GiB, etc. jiffy 0.01 sec # This is defined in the Jargon File jiffies jiffy # (http://www.jargon.org) as being the # duration of a clock tick for measuring # wall-clock time. Supposedly the value # used to be 1|60 sec or 1|50 sec # depending on the frequency of AC power, # but then 1|100 sec became more common. # On linux systems, this term is used and # for the Intel based chips, it does have # the value of .01 sec. The Jargon File # also lists two other definitions: # millisecond, and the time taken for # light to travel one foot. cdaudiospeed 44.1 kHz 2*16 bits # CD audio data rate at 44.1 kHz with 2 # samples of sixteen bits each. cdromspeed 75 2048 bytes / sec # For data CDs (mode1) 75 sectors are read # each second with 2048 bytes per sector. # Audio CDs do not have sectors, but # people sometimes divide the bit rate by # 75 and claim a sector length of 2352. # Data CDs have a lower rate due to # increased error correction overhead. # There is a rarely used mode (mode2) with # 2336 bytes per sector that has fewer # error correction bits than mode1. dvdspeed 1385 kB/s # This is the "1x" speed of a DVD using # constant linear velocity (CLV) mode. # Modern DVDs may vary the linear velocity # as they go from the inside to the # outside of the disc. # See http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa4.htm FIT / 1e9 hour # Failures In Time, number of failures per billion hours # # The IP address space is divided into subnets. The number of hosts # in a subnet depends on the length of the subnet prefix. This is # often written as /N where N is the number of bits in the prefix. # # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnetwork # # These definitions gives the number of hosts for a subnet whose # prefix has the specified length in bits. # ipv4subnetsize(prefix_len) units=[1;1] domain=[0,32] range=[1,4294967296] \ 2^(32-prefix_len) ; 32-log2(ipv4subnetsize) ipv4classA ipv4subnetsize(8) ipv4classB ipv4subnetsize(16) ipv4classC ipv4subnetsize(24) ipv6subnetsize(prefix_len) units=[1;1] domain=[0,128] \ range=[1,340282366920938463463374607431768211456] \ 2^(128-prefix_len) ; 128-log2(ipv6subnetsize) # # Musical measures. Musical intervals expressed as ratios. Multiply # two intervals together to get the sum of the interval. The function # musicalcent can be used to convert ratios to cents. # # Perfect intervals octave 2 majorsecond musicalfifth^2 / octave majorthird 5|4 minorthird 6|5 musicalfourth 4|3 musicalfifth 3|2 majorsixth musicalfourth majorthird minorsixth musicalfourth minorthird majorseventh musicalfifth majorthird minorseventh musicalfifth minorthird pythagoreanthird majorsecond musicalfifth^2 / octave syntoniccomma pythagoreanthird / majorthird pythagoreancomma musicalfifth^12 / octave^7 # Equal tempered definitions semitone octave^(1|12) musicalcent(x) units=[1;1] range=(0,) semitone^(x/100) ; \ 100 log(musicalcent)/log(semitone) # # Musical note lengths. # wholenote ! MUSICAL_NOTE_LENGTH wholenote halfnote 1|2 wholenote quarternote 1|4 wholenote eighthnote 1|8 wholenote sixteenthnote 1|16 wholenote thirtysecondnote 1|32 wholenote sixtyfourthnote 1|64 wholenote dotted 3|2 doubledotted 7|4 breve doublewholenote semibreve wholenote minimnote halfnote crotchet quarternote quaver eighthnote semiquaver sixteenthnote demisemiquaver thirtysecondnote hemidemisemiquaver sixtyfourthnote semidemisemiquaver hemidemisemiquaver # # yarn and cloth measures # # yarn linear density woolyarnrun 1600 yard/pound # 1600 yds of "number 1 yarn" weighs # a pound. yarncut 300 yard/pound # Less common system used in # Pennsylvania for wool yarn cottonyarncount 840 yard/pound linenyarncount 300 yard/pound # Also used for hemp and ramie worstedyarncount 1680 ft/pound metricyarncount meter/gram denier 1|9 tex # used for silk and rayon manchesteryarnnumber drams/1000 yards # old system used for silk pli lb/in typp 1000 yd/lb # abbreviation for Thousand Yard Per Pound asbestoscut 100 yd/lb # used for glass and asbestos yarn tex gram / km # rational metric yarn measure, meant drex 0.1 tex # to be used for any kind of yarn poumar lb / 1e6 yard # yarn and cloth length skeincotton 80*54 inch # 80 turns of thread on a reel with a # 54 in circumference (varies for other # kinds of thread) cottonbolt 120 ft # cloth measurement woolbolt 210 ft bolt cottonbolt heer 600 yards cut 300 yards # used for wet-spun linen yarn lea 300 yards sailmakersyard 28.5 in sailmakersounce oz / sailmakersyard 36 inch silkmomme momme / 25 yards 1.49 inch # Traditional silk weight silkmm silkmomme # But it is also defined as # lb/100 yd 45 inch. The two # definitions are slightly different # and neither one seems likely to be # the true source definition. # # drug dosage # mcg microgram # Frequently used for vitamins iudiptheria 62.8 microgram # IU is for international unit iupenicillin 0.6 microgram iuinsulin 41.67 microgram drop 1|20 ml # The drop was an old "unit" that was # replaced by the minim. But I was # told by a pharmacist that in his # profession, the conversion of 20 # drops per ml is actually used. bloodunit 450 ml # For whole blood. For blood # components, a blood unit is the # quantity of the component found in a # blood unit of whole blood. The # human body contains about 12 blood # units of whole blood. # # misc medical measure # frenchcathetersize 1|3 mm # measure used for the outer diameter # of a catheter charriere frenchcathetersize # # fixup units for times when prefix handling doesn't do the job # hectare hectoare hektare hectoare decare dekaare dekare dekaare megohm megaohm kilohm kiloohm microhm microohm megalerg megaerg # 'L' added to make it pronounceable [18]. # # Money # # Note that US$ is the primitive unit so other currencies are # generally given in US$. # unitedstatesdollar US$ usdollar US$ $ dollar mark germanymark #bolivar venezuelabolivar # Not all databases are #venezuelabolivarfuerte 1e-5 bolivar # supplying these #bolivarfuerte 1e-5 bolivar # The currency was revalued #oldbolivar 1|1000 bolivarfuerte # twice peseta spainpeseta rand southafricarand escudo portugalescudo guilder netherlandsguilder hollandguilder netherlandsguilder peso mexicopeso yen japanyen lira turkeylira rupee indiarupee drachma greecedrachma franc francefranc markka finlandmarkka britainpound unitedkingdompound greatbritainpound unitedkingdompound unitedkingdompound ukpound poundsterling britainpound yuan chinayuan # Unicode Currency Names !utf8 icelandkróna icelandkrona polandzłoty polandzloty tongapa’anga tongapa'anga #venezuelabolívar venezuelabolivar vietnamđồng vietnamdong mongoliatögrög mongoliatugrik sãotomé&príncipedobra saotome&principedobra !endutf8 UKP GBP # Not an ISO code, but looks like one, and # sometimes used on usenet. !include currency.units # Money on the gold standard, used in the late 19th century and early # 20th century. olddollargold 23.22 grains goldprice # Used until 1934 newdollargold 96|7 grains goldprice # After Jan 31, 1934 dollargold newdollargold poundgold 113 grains goldprice # British pound # Precious metals goldounce goldprice troyounce silverounce silverprice troyounce platinumounce platinumprice troyounce XAU goldounce XPT platinumounce XAG silverounce # Nominal masses of US coins. Note that dimes, quarters and half dollars # have weight proportional to value. Before 1965 it was $40 / kg. USpennyweight 2.5 grams # Since 1982, 48 grains before USnickelweight 5 grams USdimeweight US$ 0.10 / (20 US$ / lb) # Since 1965 USquarterweight US$ 0.25 / (20 US$ / lb) # Since 1965 UShalfdollarweight US$ 0.50 / (20 US$ / lb) # Since 1971 USdollarweight 8.1 grams # Weight of Susan B. Anthony and # Sacagawea dollar coins # British currency quid britainpound # Slang names fiver 5 quid tenner 10 quid monkey 500 quid brgrand 1000 quid bob shilling shilling 1|20 britainpound # Before decimalisation, there oldpence 1|12 shilling # were 20 shillings to a pound, farthing 1|4 oldpence # each of twelve old pence guinea 21 shilling # Still used in horse racing crown 5 shilling florin 2 shilling groat 4 oldpence tanner 6 oldpence brpenny 0.01 britainpound pence brpenny tuppence 2 pence tuppenny tuppence ha'penny halfbrpenny hapenny ha'penny oldpenny oldpence oldtuppence 2 oldpence oldtuppenny oldtuppence threepence 3 oldpence # threepence never refers to new money threepenny threepence oldthreepence threepence oldthreepenny threepence oldhalfpenny halfoldpenny oldha'penny oldhalfpenny oldhapenny oldha'penny brpony 25 britainpound # Canadian currency loony 1 canadadollar # This coin depicts a loon toony 2 canadadollar # Cryptocurrency satoshi 1e-8 bitcoin XBT bitcoin # nonstandard code # Inflation. # # Currently US inflation as reported by the BLS CPI index is available. # The UScpi() table reports the USA consumer price index. Note that # if you specify a year like 2015, that refers to the CPI reported # for December of 2014 (which is released in mid January 2015), # so it refers to the point right at the start of the given year. # Months are increments of 1|12 on the year, so the January 2015 # release will be 2015+1|12 = 2015.08333. !include cpi.units USCPI() UScpi USCPI_now UScpi_now USCPI_lastdate UScpi_lastdate cpi() UScpi CPI() UScpi cpi_now UScpi_now CPI_now UScpi_now cpi_lastdate UScpi_lastdate CPI_lastdate UScpi_lastdate # These definitions hide the CPI index and directly convert US dollars # from a specified date to current dollars. You can use this to convert # historical dollars to present value or to convert money in the past # between two dates. dollars_in() USdollars_in US$in() USdollars_in $in() USdollars_in # This definition gives the dimensionless US inflation factor since the # specified date. inflation_since() USinflation_since # # Units used for measuring volume of wood # cord 4*4*8 ft^3 # 4 ft by 4 ft by 8 ft bundle of wood facecord 1|2 cord cordfoot 1|8 cord # One foot long section of a cord cordfeet cordfoot housecord 1|3 cord # Used to sell firewood for residences, # often confusingly called a "cord" boardfoot ft^2 inch # Usually 1 inch thick wood boardfeet boardfoot fbm boardfoot # feet board measure stack 4 yard^3 # British, used for firewood and coal [18] rick 4 ft 8 ft 16 inches # Stack of firewood, supposedly # sometimes called a face cord, but this # value is equal to 1|3 cord. Name # comes from an old Norse word for a # stack of wood. stere m^3 timberfoot ft^3 # Used for measuring solid blocks of wood standard 120 12 ft 11 in 1.5 in # This is the St Petersburg or # Pittsburg standard. Apparently the # term is short for "standard hundred" # which was meant to refer to 100 pieces # of wood (deals). However, this # particular standard is equal to 120 # deals which are 12 ft by 11 in by 1.5 # inches (not the standard deal). hoppusfoot (4/pi) ft^3 # Volume calculation suggested in 1736 hoppusboardfoot 1|12 hoppusfoot # forestry manual by Edward Hoppus, for hoppuston 50 hoppusfoot # estimating the usable volume of a log. # It results from computing the volume # of a cylindrical log of length, L, and # girth (circumference), G, by V=L(G/4)^2. # The hoppus ton is apparently still in # use for shipments from Southeast Asia. # In Britain, the deal is apparently any piece of wood over 6 feet long, over # 7 wide and 2.5 inches thick. The OED doesn't give a standard size. A piece # of wood less than 7 inches wide is called a "batten". This unit is now used # exclusively for fir and pine. deal 12 ft 11 in 2.5 in # The standard North American deal [OED] wholedeal 12 ft 11 in 1.25 in # If it's half as thick as the standard # deal it's called a "whole deal"! splitdeal 12 ft 11 in 5|8 in # And half again as thick is a split deal. # Used for shellac mixing rate poundcut pound / gallon lbcut poundcut # # Gas and Liquid flow units # FLUID_FLOW VOLUME / TIME # Some obvious volumetric gas flow units (cu is short for cubic) cumec m^3/s cusec ft^3/s # Conventional abbreviations for fluid flow units gph gal/hr gpm gal/min mgd megagal/day brgph brgallon/hr brgpm brgallon/min brmgd mega brgallon/day usgph usgallon/hr usgpm usgallon/min usmgd mega usgallon/day cfs ft^3/s cfh ft^3/hour cfm ft^3/min lpm liter/min lfm ft/min # Used to report air flow produced by fans. # Multiply by cross sectional area to get a # flow in cfm. pru mmHg / (ml/min) # peripheral resistance unit, used in # medicine to assess blood flow in # the capillaries. # Miner's inch: This is an old historic unit used in the Western United # States. It is generally defined as the rate of flow through a one square # inch hole at a specified depth such as 4 inches. In the late 19th century, # volume of water was sometimes measured in the "24 hour inch". Values for the # miner's inch were fixed by state statues. (This information is from a web # site operated by the Nevada Division of Water Planning: The Water Words # Dictionary at http://water.nv.gov/WaterPlanDictionary.aspx, specifically # http://water.nv.gov/programs/planning/dictionary/wwords-M.pdf. All # but minersinchNV are s.v. Miner's Inch [Western United States]) minersinchAZ 1.5 ft^3/min minersinchCA 1.5 ft^3/min minersinchMT 1.5 ft^3/min minersinchNV 1.5 ft^3/min minersinchOR 1.5 ft^3/min minersinchID 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchKS 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchNE 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchNM 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchND 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchSD 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchUT 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchCO 1 ft^3/sec / 38.4 # 38.4 miner's inches = 1 ft^3/sec minersinchBC 1.68 ft^3/min # British Columbia # Oceanographic flow sverdrup 1e6 m^3 / sec # Used to express flow of ocean # currents. Named after Norwegian # oceanographer H. Sverdrup. # In vacuum science and some other applications, gas flow is measured # as the product of volumetric flow and pressure. This is useful # because it makes it easy to compare with the flow at standard # pressure (one atmosphere). It also directly relates to the number # of gas molecules per unit time, and hence to the mass flow if the # molecular mass is known. GAS_FLOW PRESSURE FLUID_FLOW sccm atm cc/min # 's' is for "standard" to indicate sccs atm cc/sec # flow at standard pressure scfh atm ft^3/hour # scfm atm ft^3/min slpm atm liter/min slph atm liter/hour lusec liter micron Hg / s # Used in vacuum science # US Standard Atmosphere (1976) # Atmospheric temperature and pressure vs. geometric height above sea level # This definition covers only the troposphere (the lowest atmospheric # layer, up to 11 km), and assumes the layer is polytropic. # A polytropic process is one for which PV^k = const, where P is the # pressure, V is the volume, and k is the polytropic exponent. The # polytropic index is n = 1 / (k - 1). As noted in the Wikipedia article # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytropic_process, some authors reverse # the definitions of "exponent" and "index." The functions below assume # the following parameters: # temperature lapse rate, -dT/dz, in troposphere lapserate 6.5 K/km # US Std Atm (1976) # air molecular weight, including constituent mol wt, given # in Table 3, p. 3; CH4 (16.04303) and N2O (44.0128) from # Table 15, p. 33. Values for molecular weights are slightly # different from current values, so the original numerical # values are retained. air_1976 78.084 % 28.0134 \ + 20.9476 % 31.9988 \ + 9340 ppm 39.948 \ + 314 ppm 44.00995 \ + 18.18 ppm 20.183 \ + 5.24 ppm 4.0026 \ + 1.5 ppm 16.04303 \ + 1.14 ppm 83.80 \ + 0.5 ppm 2.01594 \ + 0.27 ppm 44.0128 \ + 0.087 ppm 131.30 # from US Standard Atmosphere, 1962, Table I.2.7, p. 9 air_1962 78.084 % 28.0134 \ + 20.9476 % 31.9988 \ + 9340 ppm 39.948 \ + 314 ppm 44.00995 \ + 18.18 ppm 20.183 \ + 5.24 ppm 4.0026 \ + 2 ppm 16.04303 \ + 1.14 ppm 83.80 \ + 0.5 ppm 2.01594 \ + 0.5 ppm 44.0128 \ + 0.087 ppm 131.30 # Average molecular weight of air # # Concentration of greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N20 are from # https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/global.html (accessed 2023-04-10); # others are from NASA Earth Fact Sheet # https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html (accessed 2023-04-10) # Numbers do not add up to exactly 100% due to roundoff and uncertainty. Water # is highly variable, typically makes up about 1% air_2023 78.08% nitrogen 2 \ + 20.95% oxygen 2 \ + 9340 ppm argon \ + 419 ppm (carbon + oxygen 2) \ + 18.18 ppm neon \ + 5.24 ppm helium \ + 1.92 ppm (carbon + 4 hydrogen) \ + 1.14 ppm krypton \ + 0.55 ppm hydrogen 2 \ + 0.34 ppm (nitrogen 2 + oxygen) # from NASA Earth Fact Sheet (accessed 28 August 2015) # http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html air_2015 78.08% nitrogen 2 \ + 20.95% oxygen 2 \ + 9340 ppm argon \ + 400 ppm (carbon + oxygen 2) \ + 18.18 ppm neon \ + 5.24 ppm helium \ + 1.7 ppm (carbon + 4 hydrogen) \ + 1.14 ppm krypton \ + 0.55 ppm hydrogen 2 air air_2023 # universal gas constant R_1976 8.31432e3 N m/(kmol K) # polytropic index n polyndx_1976 air_1976 (kg/kmol) gravity/(R_1976 lapserate) - 1 # If desired, redefine using current values for air mol wt and R polyndx polyndx_1976 # polyndx air (kg/kmol) gravity/(R lapserate) - 1 # for comparison with various references polyexpnt (polyndx + 1) / polyndx # The model assumes the following reference values: # sea-level temperature and pressure stdatmT0 288.15 K stdatmP0 atm # "effective radius" for relation of geometric to geopotential height, # at a latitude at which g = 9.80665 m/s (approximately 45.543 deg); no # relation to actual radius earthradUSAtm 6356766 m # Temperature vs. geopotential height h # Assumes 15 degC at sea level # Based on approx 45 deg latitude # Lower limits of domain and upper limits of range are those of the # tables in US Standard Atmosphere (NASA 1976) stdatmTH(h) units=[m;K] domain=[-5000,11e3] range=[217,321] \ stdatmT0+(-lapserate h) ; (stdatmT0+(-stdatmTH))/lapserate # Temperature vs. geometric height z; based on approx 45 deg latitude stdatmT(z) units=[m;K] domain=[-5000,11e3] range=[217,321] \ stdatmTH(geop_ht(z)) ; ~geop_ht(~stdatmTH(stdatmT)) # Pressure vs. geopotential height h # Assumes 15 degC and 101325 Pa at sea level # Based on approx 45 deg latitude # Lower limits of domain and upper limits of range are those of the # tables in US Standard Atmosphere (NASA 1976) stdatmPH(h) units=[m;Pa] domain=[-5000,11e3] range=[22877,177764] \ atm (1 - (lapserate/stdatmT0) h)^(polyndx + 1) ; \ (stdatmT0/lapserate) (1+(-(stdatmPH/stdatmP0)^(1/(polyndx + 1)))) # Pressure vs. geometric height z; based on approx 45 deg latitude stdatmP(z) units=[m;Pa] domain=[-5000,11e3] range=[22877,177764] \ stdatmPH(geop_ht(z)); ~geop_ht(~stdatmPH(stdatmP)) # Geopotential height from geometric height # Based on approx 45 deg latitude # Lower limits of domain and range are somewhat arbitrary; they # correspond to the limits in the US Std Atm tables geop_ht(z) units=[m;m] domain=[-5000,) range=[-5004,) \ (earthradUSAtm z) / (earthradUSAtm + z) ; \ (earthradUSAtm geop_ht) / (earthradUSAtm + (-geop_ht)) # The standard value for the sea-level acceleration due to gravity is # 9.80665 m/s^2, but the actual value varies with latitude (Harrison 1949) # R_eff = 2 g_phi / denom # g_phi = 978.0356e-2 (1+0.0052885 sin(lat)^2+(-0.0000059) sin(2 lat)^2) # or # g_phi = 980.6160e-2 (1+(-0.0026373) cos(2 lat)+0.0000059 cos(2 lat)^2) # denom = 3.085462e-6+2.27e-9 cos(2 lat)+(-2e-12) cos(4 lat) (minutes?) # There is no inverse function; the standard value applies at a latitude # of about 45.543 deg g_phi(lat) units=[deg;m/s2] domain=[0,90] noerror \ 980.6160e-2 (1+(-0.0026373) cos(2 lat)+0.0000059 cos(2 lat)^2) m/s2 # effective Earth radius for relation of geometric height to # geopotential height, as function of latitude (Harrison 1949) earthradius_eff(lat) units=[deg;m] domain=[0,90] noerror \ m 2 9.780356 (1+0.0052885 sin(lat)^2+(-0.0000059) sin(2 lat)^2) / \ (3.085462e-6 + 2.27e-9 cos(2 lat) + (-2e-12) cos(4 lat)) # References # Harrison, L.P. 1949. Relation Between Geopotential and Geometric # Height. In Smithsonian Meteorological Tables. List, Robert J., ed. # 6th ed., 4th reprint, 1968. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. # NASA. US National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1976. # US Standard Atmosphere 1976. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. # Gauge pressure functions # # Gauge pressure is measured relative to atmospheric pressure. In the English # system, where pressure is often given in pounds per square inch, gauge # pressure is often indicated by 'psig' to distinguish it from absolute # pressure, often indicated by 'psia'. At the standard atmospheric pressure # of 14.696 psia, a gauge pressure of 0 psig is an absolute pressure of 14.696 # psia; an automobile tire inflated to 31 psig has an absolute pressure of # 45.696 psia. # # With gaugepressure(), the units must be specified (e.g., gaugepressure(1.5 # bar)); with psig(), the units are taken as psi, so the example above of tire # pressure could be given as psig(31). # # If the normal elevation is significantly different from sea level, change # Patm appropriately, and adjust the lower domain limit on the gaugepressure # definition. Patm atm gaugepressure(x) units=[Pa;Pa] domain=[-101325,) range=[0,) \ x + Patm ; gaugepressure+(-Patm) psig(x) units=[1;Pa] domain=[-14.6959487755135,) range=[0,) \ gaugepressure(x psi) ; ~gaugepressure(psig) / psi # Pressure for underwater diving seawater 0.1 bar / meter msw meter seawater fsw foot seawater # # Wire Gauge # # This area is a nightmare with huge charts of wire gauge diameters # that usually have no clear origin. There are at least 5 competing wire gauge # systems to add to the confusion. The use of wire gauge is related to the # manufacturing method: a metal rod is heated and drawn through a hole. The # size change can't be too big. To get smaller wires, the process is repeated # with a series of smaller holes. Generally larger gauges mean smaller wires. # The gauges often have values such as "00" and "000" which are larger sizes # than simply "0" gauge. In the tables that appear below, these gauges must be # specified as negative numbers (e.g. "00" is -1, "000" is -2, etc). # Alternatively, you can use the following units: # g0 (0) # 1/0 g00 (-1) # 2/0 g000 (-2) # 3/0 g0000 (-3) # 4/0 g00000 (-4) # 5/0 g000000 (-5) # 6/0 g0000000 (-6) # 7/0 # or g1_0 (-1) # 1/0 g2_0 (-1) # 2/0 g3_0 (-2) # 3/0 g4_0 (-3) # 4/0 g5_0 (-4) # 5/0 g6_0 (-5) # 6/0 g7_0 (-6) # 7/0 # American Wire Gauge (AWG), formerly known as Brown & Sharpe Gauge, appears to # be the most important gauge. ASTM B 258 specifies that this gauge is based # on geometric interpolation between gauge 0000, which is 0.46 inches exactly, # and gauge 36 which is 0.005 inches exactly. Therefore, the diameter in # inches of a wire is given by the formula 1|200 92^((36-g)/39). Note that # 92^(1/39) is close to 2^(1/6), so diameter is approximately halved for every # 6 gauges. For the repeated zero values, e.g., "000", use negative numbers # (or the gxx... units) in the formula, as described above. In North America, # sizes larger than 0000 ("4/0") are usually given in terms of circular mils, # beginning with 250 kcmil. # # ASTM B 258 also specifies rounding rules which seem to be ignored by makers # of tables. Gauges up to 44 are to be specified with up to 4 significant # figures, but no closer than 0.0001 inch. Gauges from 44 to 56 are to be # rounded to the nearest 0.00001 inch. # # In addition to being used to measure wire thickness, this gauge is used to # measure the thickness of sheets of aluminum, copper, and most metals other # than steel, iron and zinc. # This converts AWG to a lineal dimension (diameter, in the case of wire). wiregauge(g) units=[1;m] range=(0,) \ 1|200 92^((36+(-g))/39) in; 36+(-39)ln(200 wiregauge/in)/ln(92) wirega() wiregauge awg() wiregauge # In North America, sizes larger than 0000 AWG are usually given in area in # kcmil (formerly, MCM). Outside North America, wire sizes are usually given # in area in mm^2, covered by IEC 60228, Conductors of Insulated Cables. # # This converts AWG to area; in general, there is no exact # correspondence of AWG to standard metric sizes. wiregaugeA(ga) units=[1;m^2] range=(0,) \ circlearea_d(awg(ga)); \ ~awg(~circlearea_d(wiregaugeA)) wiregaA() wiregaugeA awgA() wiregaugeA # Next we have the SWG, the Imperial or British Standard Wire Gauge. This one # is piecewise linear. It was used for aluminum sheets but also shows up for # wire used in jewelry. brwiregauge[in] \ -6 0.5 \ -5 0.464 \ -3 0.4 \ -2 0.372 \ 3 0.252 \ 6 0.192 \ 10 0.128 \ 14 0.08 \ 19 0.04 \ 23 0.024 \ 26 0.018 \ 28 0.0148 \ 30 0.0124 \ 39 0.0052 \ 49 0.0012 \ 50 0.001 swg() brwiregauge # The following is from the Appendix to ASTM B 258 # # For example, in U.S. gage, the standard for sheet metal is based on the # weight of the metal, not on the thickness. 16-gage is listed as # approximately .0625 inch thick and 40 ounces per square foot (the original # standard was based on wrought iron at .2778 pounds per cubic inch; steel # has almost entirely superseded wrought iron for sheet use, at .2833 pounds # per cubic inch). Smaller numbers refer to greater thickness. There is no # formula for converting gage to thickness or weight. # # It's rather unclear from the passage above whether the plate gauge values are # therefore wrong if steel is being used. Reference [15] states that steel is # in fact measured using this gauge (under the name Manufacturers' Standard # Gauge) with a density of 501.84 lb/ft3 = 0.2904 lb/in3 used for steel. # But this doesn't seem to be the correct density of steel (.2833 lb/in3 is # closer). # # This gauge was established in 1893 for purposes of taxation. # Old plate gauge for iron plategauge[(oz/ft^2)/(480*lb/ft^3)] \ -5 300 \ 1 180 \ 14 50 \ 16 40 \ 17 36 \ 20 24 \ 26 12 \ 31 7 \ 36 4.5 \ 38 4 # Manufacturers Standard Gage stdgauge[(oz/ft^2)/(501.84*lb/ft^3)] \ -5 300 \ 1 180 \ 14 50 \ 16 40 \ 17 36 \ 20 24 \ 26 12 \ 31 7 \ 36 4.5 \ 38 4 # A special gauge is used for zinc sheet metal. Notice that larger gauges # indicate thicker sheets. zincgauge[in] \ 1 0.002 \ 10 0.02 \ 15 0.04 \ 19 0.06 \ 23 0.1 \ 24 0.125 \ 27 0.5 \ 28 1 # # Imperial drill bit sizes are reported in inches or in a numerical or # letter gauge. # drillgauge[in] \ 1 0.2280 \ 2 0.2210 \ 3 0.2130 \ 4 0.2090 \ 5 0.2055 \ 6 0.2040 \ 7 0.2010 \ 8 0.1990 \ 9 0.1960 \ 10 0.1935 \ 11 0.1910 \ 12 0.1890 \ 13 0.1850 \ 14 0.1820 \ 15 0.1800 \ 16 0.1770 \ 17 0.1730 \ 18 0.1695 \ 19 0.1660 \ 20 0.1610 \ 22 0.1570 \ 23 0.1540 \ 24 0.1520 \ 25 0.1495 \ 26 0.1470 \ 27 0.1440 \ 28 0.1405 \ 29 0.1360 \ 30 0.1285 \ 31 0.1200 \ 32 0.1160 \ 33 0.1130 \ 34 0.1110 \ 35 0.1100 \ 36 0.1065 \ 38 0.1015 \ 39 0.0995 \ 40 0.0980 \ 41 0.0960 \ 42 0.0935 \ 43 0.0890 \ 44 0.0860 \ 45 0.0820 \ 46 0.0810 \ 48 0.0760 \ 51 0.0670 \ 52 0.0635 \ 53 0.0595 \ 54 0.0550 \ 55 0.0520 \ 56 0.0465 \ 57 0.0430 \ 65 0.0350 \ 66 0.0330 \ 68 0.0310 \ 69 0.0292 \ 70 0.0280 \ 71 0.0260 \ 73 0.0240 \ 74 0.0225 \ 75 0.0210 \ 76 0.0200 \ 78 0.0160 \ 79 0.0145 \ 80 0.0135 \ 88 0.0095 \ 104 0.0031 drillA 0.234 in drillB 0.238 in drillC 0.242 in drillD 0.246 in drillE 0.250 in drillF 0.257 in drillG 0.261 in drillH 0.266 in drillI 0.272 in drillJ 0.277 in drillK 0.281 in drillL 0.290 in drillM 0.295 in drillN 0.302 in drillO 0.316 in drillP 0.323 in drillQ 0.332 in drillR 0.339 in drillS 0.348 in drillT 0.358 in drillU 0.368 in drillV 0.377 in drillW 0.386 in drillX 0.397 in drillY 0.404 in drillZ 0.413 in # Screw sizes # # In the USA, diameters for small wood screws, tapping screws, drive screws, # and machine screws are reported using a gauge number. The dimensions are # covered by ASME B 18.6.1, Wood Screws (Inch Series) and ASME B 18.6.3, # Machine Screws, Tapping Screws, and Metallic Drive Screws (Inch Series). # Machine screw sizes larger than 12 are reported in fractional inches; metric # machine screws are reported as Mxx, where xx is the diameter in mm. # # Not all sizes apply to all screw types. The valid range for machine screws # is 0000-12, with only even values for sizes greater than 5. The valid range # for wood, tapping, and drive screws is 0-24, with only even values for sizes # greater than 9. # # The formula below is easily inferred from tables in ASME B 18.6.1 or ASME # B 18.6.3. The allowed range of sizes is 0000-24, but as noted above, not # all results may be meaningful. For sizes 0000-00, use a negative value of 1 # less than the number of zeros (e.g., for #000, use -2) or the gxx or gx_0 # units as with American Wire Gauge. screwgauge(g) units=[1;m] domain=[-3,24] range=[0.0005334,0.0094488] \ (.06 + .013 g) in ; (screwgauge/in + (-.06)) / .013 # Nominal pipe size (NPS), formerly iron pipe size (IPS) is a North American # set of standard outside diameters (OD) for pipes. The sizes are covered by # ASME B 36.10, Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe. The wall thickness # (and hence the inside diameter) is determined by the schedule. The value is # dimensionless but roughly corresponds to the outside diameter in inches. # For smaller pipe sizes, there is only an approximate relationship between # nominal and actual diameters: for NPS 1/8 to 12, the NPS and OD values are # different; for NPS 14 and greater, the OD in inches is the same as the NPS. # For example, the actual OD of an NPS 12 pipe is 12.75 inches; the OD of an # NPS 14 pipe is 14 inches. For a given NPS, the outside diameter is # constant; the inside diameter varies with schedule. # # For steel tubing, the OD is the actual size. # # ASME B36.10 gives OD and wall thickness; inside diameters in tables nps40, # nps80, nps40s, and nps80s are calculated from those values # NPS: Nominal Pipe Size # outside diameter: all schedules npsOD[in] \ 0.125 0.405 \ 0.25 0.540 \ 0.375 0.675 \ 0.5 0.840 \ 0.75 1.050 \ 1 1.315 \ 1.25 1.660 \ 1.5 1.900 \ 2 2.375 \ 2.5 2.875 \ 3 3.500 \ 3.5 4.000 \ 4 4.500 \ 5 5.563 \ 6 6.625 \ 8 8.625 \ 10 10.750 \ 12 12.750 \ 14 14.000 \ 16 16.000 \ 18 18.000 \ 20 20.000 \ 24 24.000 # inside diameter: schedule 40 steel and PVC nps40[in] \ 0.125 0.269 \ 0.25 0.364 \ 0.375 0.493 \ 0.5 0.622 \ 0.75 0.824 \ 1 1.049 \ 1.25 1.380 \ 1.5 1.610 \ 2 2.067 \ 2.5 2.469 \ 3 3.068 \ 3.5 3.548 \ 4 4.026 \ 5 5.047 \ 6 6.065 \ 8 7.981 \ 10 10.020 \ 12 11.938 \ 14 13.124 \ 16 15.000 \ 18 16.876 \ 20 18.812 \ 24 22.626 # inside diameter: schedule 80 steel and PVC nps80[in] \ 0.125 0.215 \ 0.25 0.302 \ 0.375 0.423 \ 0.5 0.546 \ 0.75 0.742 \ 1 0.957 \ 1.25 1.278 \ 1.5 1.500 \ 2 1.939 \ 2.5 2.323 \ 3 2.900 \ 3.5 3.364 \ 4 3.826 \ 5 4.813 \ 6 5.761 \ 8 7.625 \ 10 9.564 \ 12 11.376 \ 14 12.500 \ 16 14.314 \ 18 16.126 \ 20 17.938 \ 24 21.564 # inside diameter: schedule 40s (stainless steel) nps40s[in] \ 0.125 0.269 \ 0.25 0.364 \ 0.375 0.493 \ 0.5 0.622 \ 0.75 0.824 \ 1 1.049 \ 1.25 1.380 \ 1.5 1.610 \ 2 2.067 \ 2.5 2.469 \ 3 3.068 \ 3.5 3.548 \ 4 4.026 \ 5 5.047 \ 6 6.065 \ 8 7.981 \ 10 10.020 \ 12 12.000 \ 14 13.250 \ 16 15.250 \ 18 17.250 \ 20 19.250 \ 24 23.250 # inside diameter: schedule 80s (stainless steel) nps80s[in] \ 0.125 0.215 \ 0.25 0.302 \ 0.375 0.423 \ 0.5 0.546 \ 0.75 0.742 \ 1 0.957 \ 1.25 1.278 \ 1.5 1.500 \ 2 1.939 \ 2.5 2.323 \ 3 2.900 \ 3.5 3.364 \ 4 3.826 \ 5 4.813 \ 6 5.761 \ 8 7.625 \ 10 9.750 \ 12 11.750 \ 14 13.000 \ 16 15.000 \ 18 17.000 \ 20 19.000 \ 24 23.000 # iron pipe size ("IPS") aliases ipsOD() npsOD ips40() nps40 ips80() nps80 ips40s() nps40s ips80s() nps80s # diamètre nominal/nominal diameter/Nennweite/NW/nominal bore/NB to NPS # metric sizes are given in dimensionless values that very roughly correspond # to OD in mm. The table below can be used to find pipe sizes in metric # units, e.g., npsOD(DN(15)) = 21.336 mm DN[1] \ 6 0.125 \ 8 0.25 \ 10 0.375 \ 15 0.5 \ 20 0.75 \ 25 1 \ 32 1.25 \ 40 1.5 \ 50 2 \ 65 2.5 \ 80 3 \ 90 3.5 \ 100 4 \ 115 4.5 \ 125 5 \ 150 6 \ 200 8 \ 250 10 \ 300 12 \ 350 14 \ 400 16 \ 450 18 \ 500 20 \ 550 22 \ 600 24 NB() DN NW() DN # standard dimension ratio: OD to ID # SDR = actual diameter / min wall thickness (nominally) # copper tubing # Copper Tube Handbook https://copper.org/applications/plumbing/cth/homepage.php # Copper Development Association https://copper.org/ # for types K, L, and M, OD is 1/8" greater than nominal # for ACR, OD is nominal OD copperTubeOD[in] \ 0.375 0.500 \ 0.5 0.625 \ 0.75 0.875 \ 1 1.125 \ 1.25 1.375 \ 1.5 1.625 \ 2 2.125 \ 2.5 2.625 \ 3 3.125 \ 3.5 3.625 \ 4 4.125 \ 5 5.125 \ 6 6.125 \ 8 8.125 \ 10 10.125 \ 12 12.125 # copper tubing type K: ID copperTypeK[in] \ 0.25 0.305 \ 0.375 0.402 \ 0.5 0.527 \ 0.625 0.652 \ 0.75 0.745 \ 1 0.995 \ 1.25 1.245 \ 1.5 1.481 \ 2 1.959 \ 2.5 2.435 \ 3 2.907 \ 3.5 3.385 \ 4 3.857 \ 5 4.805 \ 6 5.741 \ 8 7.583 \ 10 9.449 \ 12 11.315 # copper tubing type L: ID copperTypeL[in] \ 0.25 0.315 \ 0.375 0.430 \ 0.5 0.545 \ 0.625 0.666 \ 0.75 0.785 \ 1 1.025 \ 1.25 1.265 \ 1.5 1.505 \ 2 1.985 \ 2.5 2.465 \ 3 2.945 \ 3.5 3.425 \ 4 3.905 \ 5 4.875 \ 6 5.845 \ 8 7.725 \ 10 9.625 \ 12 11.565 # copper tubing type M: ID copperTypeM[in] \ 0.375 0.450 \ 0.5 0.569 \ 0.75 0.811 \ 1 1.055 \ 1.25 1.291 \ 1.5 1.527 \ 2 2.009 \ 2.5 2.495 \ 3 2.981 \ 3.5 3.459 \ 4 3.935 \ 5 4.907 \ 6 5.881 \ 8 7.785 \ 10 9.701 \ 12 11.617 # copper tubing: air conditioning and refrigeration: ID # ID is the same as for type L of the same actual OD copperTypeACR[in] \ 0.25 0.200 \ 0.375 0.315 \ 0.5 0.430 \ 0.625 0.545 \ 0.75 0.666 \ 0.875 0.785 \ 1.125 1.025 \ 1.375 1.265 \ 1.625 1.505 \ 2.125 1.985 \ 2.625 2.465 \ 3.125 2.945 \ 3.625 3.425 \ 4.125 3.905 copperOD() copperTubeOD copperK() copperTypeK copperL() copperTypeL copperM() copperTypeM copperACR() copperTypeACR # # Abrasive grit size # # Standards governing abrasive grit sizes are complicated, specifying # fractions of particles that are passed or retained by different mesh # sizes. As a result, it is not possible to make precise comparisons # of different grit standards. The tables below allow the # determination of rough equivlants by using median particle size. # # Standards in the USA are determined by the Unified Abrasives # Manufacturers' Association (UAMA), which resulted from the merger of # several previous organizations. One of the old organizations was # CAMI (Coated Abrasives Manufacturers' Institute). # # UAMA has a web page with plots showing abrasive particle ranges for # various different grits and comparisons between standards. # # https://uama.org/abrasives-101/ # # Abrasives are grouped into "bonded" abrasives for use with grinding # wheels and "coated" abrasives for sandpapers and abrasive films. # The industry uses different grit standards for these two # categories. # # Another division is between "macrogrits", grits below 240 and # "microgrits", which are above 240. Standards differ, as do methods # for determining particle size. In the USA, ANSI B74.12 is the # standard governing macrogrits. ANSI B74.10 covers bonded microgrit # abrasives, and ANSI B74.18 covers coated microgrit abrasives. It # appears that the coated standard is identical to the bonded standard # for grits up through 600 but then diverges significantly. # # European grit sizes are determined by the Federation of European # Producers of Abrasives. http://www.fepa-abrasives.org # # They give two standards, the "F" grit for bonded abrasives and the # "P" grit for coated abrasives. This data is taken directly from # their web page. # FEPA P grit for coated abrasives is commonly seen on sandpaper in # the USA where the paper will be marked P600, for example. FEPA P # grits are said to be more tightly constrained than comparable ANSI # grits so that the particles are more uniform in size and hence give # a better finish. grit_P[micron] \ 12 1815 \ 16 1324 \ 20 1000 \ 24 764 \ 30 642 \ 36 538 \ 40 425 \ 50 336 \ 60 269 \ 80 201 \ 100 162 \ 120 125 \ 150 100 \ 180 82 \ 220 68 \ 240 58.5 \ 280 52.2 \ 320 46.2 \ 360 40.5 \ 400 35 \ 500 30.2 \ 600 25.8 \ 800 21.8 \ 1000 18.3 \ 1200 15.3 \ 1500 12.6 \ 2000 10.3 \ 2500 8.4 # The F grit is the European standard for bonded abrasives such as # grinding wheels grit_F[micron] \ 4 4890 \ 5 4125 \ 6 3460 \ 7 2900 \ 8 2460 \ 10 2085 \ 12 1765 \ 14 1470 \ 16 1230 \ 20 1040 \ 22 885 \ 24 745 \ 30 625 \ 36 525 \ 40 438 \ 46 370 \ 54 310 \ 60 260 \ 70 218 \ 80 185 \ 90 154 \ 100 129 \ 120 109 \ 150 82 \ 180 69 \ 220 58 \ 230 53 \ 240 44.5 \ 280 36.5 \ 320 29.2 \ 360 22.8 \ 400 17.3 \ 500 12.8 \ 600 9.3 \ 800 6.5 \ 1000 4.5 \ 1200 3 \ 1500 2.0 \ 2000 1.2 # According to the UAMA web page, the ANSI bonded and ANSI coated standards # are identical to FEPA F in the macrogrit range (under 240 grit), so these # values are taken from the FEPA F table. The values for 240 and above are # from the UAMA web site and represent the average of the "d50" range # endpoints listed there. ansibonded[micron] \ 4 4890 \ 5 4125 \ 6 3460 \ 7 2900 \ 8 2460 \ 10 2085 \ 12 1765 \ 14 1470 \ 16 1230 \ 20 1040 \ 22 885 \ 24 745 \ 30 625 \ 36 525 \ 40 438 \ 46 370 \ 54 310 \ 60 260 \ 70 218 \ 80 185 \ 90 154 \ 100 129 \ 120 109 \ 150 82 \ 180 69 \ 220 58 \ 240 50 \ 280 39.5 \ 320 29.5 \ 360 23 \ 400 18.25 \ 500 13.9 \ 600 10.55 \ 800 7.65 \ 1000 5.8 \ 1200 3.8 grit_ansibonded() ansibonded # Like the bonded grit, the coated macrogrits below 240 are taken from the # FEPA F table. Data above this is from the UAMA site. Note that the coated # and bonded standards are evidently the same from 240 up to 600 grit, but # starting at 800 grit, the coated standard diverges. The data from UAMA show # that 800 grit coated has an average size slightly larger than the average # size of 600 grit coated/bonded. However, the 800 grit has a significantly # smaller particle size variation. # # Because of this non-monotonicity from 600 grit to 800 grit this definition # produces a warning about the lack of a unique inverse. ansicoated[micron] noerror \ 4 4890 \ 5 4125 \ 6 3460 \ 7 2900 \ 8 2460 \ 10 2085 \ 12 1765 \ 14 1470 \ 16 1230 \ 20 1040 \ 22 885 \ 24 745 \ 30 625 \ 36 525 \ 40 438 \ 46 370 \ 54 310 \ 60 260 \ 70 218 \ 80 185 \ 90 154 \ 100 129 \ 120 109 \ 150 82 \ 180 69 \ 220 58 \ 240 50 \ 280 39.5 \ 320 29.5 \ 360 23 \ 400 18.25 \ 500 13.9 \ 600 10.55 \ 800 11.5 \ 1000 9.5 \ 2000 7.2 \ 2500 5.5 \ 3000 4 \ 4000 3 \ 6000 2 \ 8000 1.2 grit_ansicoated() ansicoated # # Is this correct? This is the JIS Japanese standard used on waterstones # jisgrit[micron] \ 150 75 \ 180 63 \ 220 53 \ 280 48 \ 320 40 \ 360 35 \ 400 30 \ 600 20 \ 700 17 \ 800 14 \ 1000 11.5 \ 1200 9.5 \ 1500 8 \ 2000 6.7 \ 2500 5.5 \ 3000 4 \ 4000 3 \ 6000 2 \ 8000 1.2 # The "Finishing Scale" marked with an A (e.g. A75). This information # is from the web page of the sand paper manufacturer Klingspor # https://www.klingspor.com/ctemplate1.aspx?page=default/html/gritGradingSystems_en-US.html # # I have no information about what this scale is used for. grit_A[micron]\ 16 15.3 \ 25 21.8 \ 30 23.6 \ 35 25.75 \ 45 35 \ 60 46.2 \ 65 53.5 \ 75 58.5 \ 90 65 \ 110 78 \ 130 93 \ 160 127 \ 200 156 # # Grits for DMT brand diamond sharpening stones from # https://www.dmtsharp.com/resources/dmt-catalog-product-information.html # "DMT Diamond Grits" PDF download dmtxxcoarse 120 micron # 120 mesh dmtsilver dmtxxcoarse dmtxx dmtxxcoarse dmtxcoarse 60 micron # 220 mesh dmtx dmtxcoarse dmtblack dmtxcoarse dmtcoarse 45 micron # 325 mesh dmtc dmtcoarse dmtblue dmtcoarse dmtfine 25 micron # 600 mesh dmtred dmtfine dmtf dmtfine dmtefine 9 micron # 1200 mesh dmte dmtefine dmtgreen dmtefine dmtceramic 7 micron # 2200 mesh dmtcer dmtceramic dmtwhite dmtceramic dmteefine 3 micron # 8000 mesh dmttan dmteefine dmtee dmteefine # # The following values come from a page in the Norton Stones catalog, # available at their web page, http://www.nortonstones.com. # hardtranslucentarkansas 6 micron # Natural novaculite (silicon quartz) softarkansas 22 micron # stones extrafineindia 22 micron # India stones are Norton's manufactured fineindia 35 micron # aluminum oxide product mediumindia 53.5 micron coarseindia 97 micron finecrystolon 45 micron # Crystolon stones are Norton's mediumcrystalon 78 micron # manufactured silicon carbide product coarsecrystalon 127 micron # The following are not from the Norton catalog hardblackarkansas 6 micron hardwhitearkansas 11 micron washita 35 micron # # Mesh systems for measuring particle sizes by sifting through a wire # mesh or sieve # # The Tyler system and US Sieve system are based on four steps for # each factor of 2 change in the size, so each size is 2^1|4 different # from the adjacent sizes. Unfortunately, the mesh numbers are # arbitrary, so the sizes cannot be expressed with a functional form. # Various references round the values differently. The mesh numbers # are supposed to correspond to the number of holes per inch, but this # correspondence is only approximate because it doesn't include the # wire size of the mesh. # The Tyler Mesh system was apparently introduced by the WS Tyler # company, but it appears that they no longer use it. They follow the # ASTM E11 standard. meshtyler[micron] \ 2.5 8000 \ 3 6727 \ 3.5 5657 \ 4 4757 \ 5 4000 \ 6 3364 \ 7 2828 \ 8 2378 \ 9 2000 \ 10 1682 \ 12 1414 \ 14 1189 \ 16 1000 \ 20 841 \ 24 707 \ 28 595 \ 32 500 \ 35 420 \ 42 354 \ 48 297 \ 60 250 \ 65 210 \ 80 177 \ 100 149 \ 115 125 \ 150 105 \ 170 88 \ 200 74 \ 250 63 \ 270 53 \ 325 44 \ 400 37 # US Sieve size, ASTM E11 # # The WS Tyler company prints the list from ASTM E11 in # A Calculator for ASTM E11 Standard Sieve Designations # https://blog.wstyler.com/particle-analysis/astm-e11-standard-designations sieve[micron] \ 3.5 5600 \ 4 4750 \ 5 4000 \ 6 3350 \ 7 2800 \ 8 2360 \ 10 2000 \ 12 1700 \ 14 1400 \ 16 1180 \ 18 1000 \ 20 850 \ 25 710 \ 30 600 \ 35 500 \ 40 425 \ 45 355 \ 50 300 \ 60 250 \ 70 212 \ 80 180 \ 100 150 \ 120 125 \ 140 106 \ 170 90 \ 200 75 \ 230 63 \ 270 53 \ 325 45 \ 400 38 \ 450 32 \ 500 25 \ 625 20 # These last two values are not in the standard series # but were included in the ASTM standard because they meshUS() sieve # were in common usage. # British Mesh size, BS 410: 1986 # This system appears to correspond to the Tyler and US system, but # with different mesh numbers. # # http://www.panadyne.com/technical/panadyne_international_sieve_chart.pdf # meshbritish[micron] \ 3 5657 \ 3.5 4757 \ 4 4000 \ 5 3364 \ 6 2828 \ 7 2378 \ 8 2000 \ 10 1682 \ 12 1414 \ 14 1189 \ 16 1000 \ 18 841 \ 22 707 \ 25 595 \ 30 500 \ 36 420 \ 44 354 \ 52 297 \ 60 250 \ 72 210 \ 85 177 \ 100 149 \ 120 125 \ 150 105 \ 170 88 \ 200 74 \ 240 63 \ 300 53 \ 350 44 \ 400 37 # French system, AFNOR NFX11-501: 1970 # The system appears to be based on size doubling every 3 mesh # numbers, though the values have been aggressively rounded. # It's not clear if the unrounded values would be considered # incorrect, so this is given as a table rather than a function. # Functional form: # meshtamis(mesh) units=[1;m] 5000 2^(1|3 (mesh-38)) micron # # http://www.panadyne.com/technical/panadyne_international_sieve_chart.pdf meshtamis[micron] \ 17 40 \ 18 50 \ 19 63 \ 20 80 \ 21 100 \ 22 125 \ 23 160 \ 24 200 \ 25 250 \ 26 315 \ 27 400 \ 28 500 \ 29 630 \ 30 800 \ 31 1000 \ 32 1250 \ 33 1600 \ 34 2000 \ 35 2500 \ 36 3150 \ 37 4000 \ 38 5000 # # Ring size. All ring sizes are given as the circumference of the ring. # # USA ring sizes. Several slightly different definitions seem to be in # circulation. According to [15], the interior diameter of size n ring in # inches is 0.32 n + 0.458 for n ranging from 3 to 13.5 by steps of 0.5. The # size 2 ring is inconsistently 0.538in and no 2.5 size is listed. # # However, other sources list 0.455 + 0.0326 n and 0.4525 + 0.0324 n as the # diameter and list no special case for size 2. (Or alternatively they are # 1.43 + .102 n and 1.4216+.1018 n for measuring circumference in inches.) One # reference claimed that the original system was that each size was 1|10 inch # circumference, but that source doesn't have an explanation for the modern # system which is somewhat different. ringsize(n) units=[1;in] domain=[2,) range=[1.6252,) \ (1.4216+.1018 n) in ; (ringsize/in + (-1.4216))/.1018 # Old practice in the UK measured rings using the "Wheatsheaf gauge" with sizes # specified alphabetically and based on the ring inside diameter in steps of # 1|64 inch. This system was replaced in 1987 by British Standard 6820 which # specifies sizes based on circumference. Each size is 1.25 mm different from # the preceding size. The baseline is size C which is 40 mm circumference. # The new sizes are close to the old ones. Sometimes it's necessary to go # beyond size Z to Z+1, Z+2, etc. sizeAring 37.50 mm sizeBring 38.75 mm sizeCring 40.00 mm sizeDring 41.25 mm sizeEring 42.50 mm sizeFring 43.75 mm sizeGring 45.00 mm sizeHring 46.25 mm sizeIring 47.50 mm sizeJring 48.75 mm sizeKring 50.00 mm sizeLring 51.25 mm sizeMring 52.50 mm sizeNring 53.75 mm sizeOring 55.00 mm sizePring 56.25 mm sizeQring 57.50 mm sizeRring 58.75 mm sizeSring 60.00 mm sizeTring 61.25 mm sizeUring 62.50 mm sizeVring 63.75 mm sizeWring 65.00 mm sizeXring 66.25 mm sizeYring 67.50 mm sizeZring 68.75 mm # Japanese sizes start with size 1 at a 13mm inside diameter and each size is # 1|3 mm larger in diameter than the previous one. They are multiplied by pi # to give circumference. jpringsize(n) units=[1;mm] domain=[1,) range=[0.040840704,) \ (38|3 + n/3) pi mm ; 3 jpringsize/ pi mm + (-38) # The European ring sizes are the length of the circumference in mm minus 40. euringsize(n) units=[1;mm] (n+40) mm ; euringsize/mm + (-40) # # Abbreviations # mph mile/hr brmpg mile/brgallon usmpg mile/usgallon mpg mile/gal kph km/hr fL footlambert fpm ft/min fps ft/s rpm rev/min rps rev/sec mi mile smi mile nmi nauticalmile mbh 1e3 btu/hour mcm 1e3 circularmil ipy inch/year # used for corrosion rates ccf 100 ft^3 # used for selling water [18] Mcf 1000 ft^3 # not million cubic feet [18] kp kilopond kpm kp meter Wh W hour hph hp hour plf lb / foot # pounds per linear foot # # Compatibility units with Unix version # pa Pa ev eV hg Hg oe Oe mh mH rd rod pf pF gr grain nt N hz Hz hd hogshead dry drygallon/gallon nmile nauticalmile beV GeV bev beV coul C # # Radioactivity units # event !dimensionless becquerel event /s # Activity of radioactive source Bq becquerel # curie 3.7e10 Bq # Defined in 1910 as the radioactivity Ci curie # emitted by the amount of radon that is # in equilibrium with 1 gram of radium. rutherford 1e6 Bq # RADIATION_DOSE gray gray J/kg # Absorbed dose of radiation Gy gray # rad 1e-2 Gy # From Radiation Absorbed Dose rep 8.38 mGy # Roentgen Equivalent Physical, the amount # of radiation which , absorbed in the # body, would liberate the same amount # of energy as 1 roentgen of X rays # would, or 97 ergs. sievert J/kg # Dose equivalent: dosage that has the Sv sievert # same effect on human tissues as 200 rem 1e-2 Sv # keV X-rays. Different types of # radiation are weighted by the # Relative Biological Effectiveness # (RBE). # # Radiation type RBE # X-ray, gamma ray 1 # beta rays, > 1 MeV 1 # beta rays, < 1 MeV 1.08 # neutrons, < 1 MeV 4-5 # neutrons, 1-10 MeV 10 # protons, 1 MeV 8.5 # protons, .1 MeV 10 # alpha, 5 MeV 15 # alpha, 1 MeV 20 # # The energies are the kinetic energy # of the particles. Slower particles # interact more, so they are more # effective ionizers, and hence have # higher RBE values. # # rem stands for Roentgen Equivalent # Mammal banana_dose 0.1e-6 sievert # Informal measure of the dose due to # eating one average sized banana roentgen 2.58e-4 C / kg # Ionizing radiation that produces # 1 statcoulomb of charge in 1 cc of # dry air at stp. rontgen roentgen # Sometimes it appears spelled this way sievertunit 8.38 rontgen # Unit of gamma ray dose delivered in one # hour at a distance of 1 cm from a # point source of 1 mg of radium # enclosed in platinum .5 mm thick. eman 1e-7 Ci/m^3 # radioactive concentration mache 3.7e-7 Ci/m^3 # # Atomic weights. The atomic weight of an element is the ratio of the mass of # a mole of the element to 1|12 of a mole of Carbon 12. For each element, we # list the atomic weights of all of the isotopes. The Standard Atomic Weights # apply to the elements in the isotopic composition that occurs naturally on # Earth. These are computed values based on the isotopic distribution, and # may vary for specific samples. Elements which do not occur naturally do # not have Standard Atomic Weights. For these elements, if data on the most # stable isotope is available, is given. Otherwise, the user must specify the # desired isotope. !include elements.units # Density of the elements # # Note some elements occur in multiple forms (allotropes) with different # densities, and they are accordingly listed multiple times. # Density of gas phase elements at STP hydrogendensity 0.08988 g/l heliumdensity 0.1786 g/l neondensity 0.9002 g/l nitrogendensity 1.2506 g/l oxygendensity 1.429 g/l fluorinedensity 1.696 g/l argondensity 1.784 g/l chlorinedensity 3.2 g/l kryptondensity 3.749 g/l xenondensity 5.894 g/l radondensity 9.73 g/l # Density of liquid phase elements near room temperature brominedensity 3.1028 g/cm^3 mercurydensity 13.534 g/cm^3 # Density of solid elements near room temperature lithiumdensity 0.534 g/cm^3 potassiumdensity 0.862 g/cm^3 sodiumdensity 0.968 g/cm^3 rubidiumdensity 1.532 g/cm^3 calciumdensity 1.55 g/cm^3 magnesiumdensity 1.738 g/cm^3 phosphorus_white_density 1.823 g/cm^3 berylliumdensity 1.85 g/cm^3 sulfur_gamma_density 1.92 g/cm^3 cesiumdensity 1.93 g/cm^3 carbon_amorphous_density 1.95 g/cm^3 # average value sulfur_betadensity 1.96 g/cm^3 sulfur_alpha_density 2.07 g/cm^3 carbon_graphite_density 2.267 g/cm^3 phosphorus_red_density 2.27 g/cm^3 # average value silicondensity 2.3290 g/cm^3 phosphorus_violet_density 2.36 g/cm^3 borondensity 2.37 g/cm^3 strontiumdensity 2.64 g/cm^3 phosphorus_black_density 2.69 g/cm^3 aluminumdensity 2.7 g/cm^3 bariumdensity 3.51 g/cm^3 carbon_diamond_density 3.515 g/cm^3 scandiumdensity 3.985 g/cm^3 selenium_vitreous_density 4.28 g/cm^3 selenium_alpha_density 4.39 g/cm^3 titaniumdensity 4.406 g/cm^3 yttriumdensity 4.472 g/cm^3 selenium_gray_density 4.81 g/cm^3 iodinedensity 4.933 g/cm^3 europiumdensity 5.264 g/cm^3 germaniumdensity 5.323 g/cm^3 radiumdensity 5.5 g/cm^3 arsenicdensity 5.727 g/cm^3 tin_alpha_density 5.769 g/cm^3 galliumdensity 5.91 g/cm^3 vanadiumdensity 6.11 g/cm^3 lanthanumdensity 6.162 g/cm^3 telluriumdensity 6.24 g/cm^3 zirconiumdensity 6.52 g/cm^3 antimonydensity 6.697 g/cm^3 ceriumdensity 6.77 g/cm^3 praseodymiumdensity 6.77 g/cm^3 ytterbiumdensity 6.9 g/cm^3 neodymiumdensity 7.01 g/cm^3 zincdensity 7.14 g/cm^3 chromiumdensity 7.19 g/cm^3 manganesedensity 7.21 g/cm^3 promethiumdensity 7.26 g/cm^3 tin_beta_density 7.265 g/cm^3 indiumdensity 7.31 g/cm^3 samariumdensity 7.52 g/cm^3 irondensity 7.874 g/cm^3 gadoliniumdensity 7.9 g/cm^3 terbiumdensity 8.23 g/cm^3 dysprosiumdensity 8.54 g/cm^3 niobiumdensity 8.57 g/cm^3 cadmiumdensity 8.65 g/cm^3 holmiumdensity 8.79 g/cm^3 cobaltdensity 8.9 g/cm^3 nickeldensity 8.908 g/cm^3 erbiumdensity 9.066 g/cm^3 polonium_alpha_density 9.196 g/cm^3 thuliumdensity 9.32 g/cm^3 polonium_beta_density 9.398 g/cm^3 bismuthdensity 9.78 g/cm^3 lutetiumdensity 9.841 g/cm^3 actiniumdensity 10 g/cm^3 molybdenumdensity 10.28 g/cm^3 silverdensity 10.49 g/cm^3 technetiumdensity 11 g/cm^3 leaddensity 11.34 g/cm^3 thoriumdensity 11.7 g/cm^3 thalliumdensity 11.85 g/cm^3 americiumdensity 12 g/cm^3 palladiumdensity 12.023 g/cm^3 rhodiumdensity 12.41 g/cm^3 rutheniumdensity 12.45 g/cm^3 berkelium_beta_density 13.25 g/cm^3 hafniumdensity 13.31 g/cm^3 curiumdensity 13.51 g/cm^3 berkelium_alphadensity 14.78 g/cm^3 californiumdensity 15.1 g/cm^3 protactiniumdensity 15.37 g/cm^3 tantalumdensity 16.69 g/cm^3 uraniumdensity 19.1 g/cm^3 tungstendensity 19.3 g/cm^3 golddensity 19.30 g/cm^3 plutoniumdensity 19.816 g/cm^3 neptuniumdensity 20.45 g/cm^3 # alpha form, only one at room temp rheniumdensity 21.02 g/cm^3 platinumdensity 21.45 g/cm^3 iridiumdensity 22.56 g/cm^3 osmiumdensity 22.59 g/cm^3 # A few alternate names tin_gray tin_alpha_density tin_white tin_beta_density graphitedensity carbon_graphite_density diamonddensity carbon_diamond_density # Predicted density of elements that have not been made in sufficient # quantities for measurement. franciumdensity 2.48 g/cm^3 # liquid, predicted melting point 8 degC astatinedensity 6.35 g/cm^3 einsteiniumdensity 8.84 g/cm^3 fermiumdensity 9.7 g/cm^3 nobeliumdensity 9.9 g/cm^3 mendeleviumdensity 10.3 g/cm^3 lawrenciumdensity 16 g/cm^3 rutherfordiumdensity 23.2 g/cm^3 roentgeniumdensity 28.7 g/cm^3 dubniumdensity 29.3 g/cm^3 darmstadtiumdensity 34.8 g/cm^3 seaborgiumdensity 35 g/cm^3 bohriumdensity 37.1 g/cm^3 meitneriumdensity 37.4 g/cm^3 hassiumdensity 41 g/cm^3 # # population units # people 1 person people death people capita people percapita per capita # TGM dozen based unit system listed on the "dozenal" forum # http://www.dozenalsociety.org.uk/apps/tgm.htm. These units are # proposed as an allegedly more rational alternative to the SI system. Tim 12^-4 hour # Time Grafut gravity Tim^2 # Length based on gravity Surf Grafut^2 # area Volm Grafut^3 # volume Vlos Grafut/Tim # speed Denz Maz/Volm # density Mag Maz gravity # force Maz Volm kg / oldliter # mass based on water # Abbreviations # Tm Tim # Conflicts with Tm = Terameter Gf Grafut Sf Surf Vm Volm Vl Vlos Mz Maz Dz Denz # Dozen based unit prefixes Zena- 12 Duna- 12^2 Trina- 12^3 Quedra- 12^4 Quena- 12^5 Hesa- 12^6 Seva- 12^7 Aka- 12^8 Neena- 12^9 Dexa- 12^10 Lefa- 12^11 Zennila- 12^12 Zeni- 12^-1 Duni- 12^-2 Trini- 12^-3 Quedri- 12^-4 Queni- 12^-5 Hesi- 12^-6 Sevi- 12^-7 Aki- 12^-8 Neeni- 12^-9 Dexi- 12^-10 Lefi- 12^-11 Zennili- 12^-12 # # Traditional Japanese units (shakkanhou) # # The traditional system of weights and measures is called shakkanhou from the # shaku and the ken. Japan accepted SI units in 1891 and legalized conversions # to the traditional system. In 1909 the inch-pound system was also legalized, # so Japan had three legally approved systems. A change to the metric system # started in 1921 but there was a lot of resistance. The Measurement Law of # October 1999 prohibits sales in anything but SI units. However, the old # units still live on in construction and as the basis for paper sizes of books # and tools used for handicrafts. # # Note that units below use the Hepburn romanization system. Some other # systems would render "mou", "jou", and "chou" as "mo", "jo" and "cho". # # # http://hiramatu-hifuka.com/onyak/onyindx.html # Japanese Proportions. These are still in everyday use. They also # get used as units to represent the proportion of the standard unit. wari_proportion 1|10 wari wari_proportion bu_proportion 1|100 # The character bu can also be read fun or bun # but usually "bu" is used for units. rin_proportion 1|1000 mou_proportion 1|10000 # Japanese Length Measures # # The length system is called kanejaku or # square and originated in China. It was # adopted as Japan's official measure in 701 # by the Taiho Code. This system is still in # common use in architecture and clothing. shaku 1|3.3 m mou 1|10000 shaku rin 1|1000 shaku bu_distance 1|100 shaku sun 1|10 shaku jou_distance 10 shaku jou jou_distance kanejakusun sun # Alias to emphasize architectural name kanejaku shaku kanejakujou jou # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement taichi shaku # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/台尺 taicun sun # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/台制 !utf8 台尺 taichi # via Hanyu Pinyin romanizations 台寸 taicun !endutf8 # In context of clothing, shaku is different from architecture kujirajaku 10|8 shaku kujirajakusun 1|10 kujirajaku kujirajakubu 1|100 kujirajaku kujirajakujou 10 kujirajaku tan_distance 3 kujirajakujou ken 6 shaku # Also sometimes 6.3, 6.5, or 6.6 # http://www.homarewood.co.jp/syakusun.htm # mostly unused chou_distance 60 ken chou chou_distance ri 36 chou # Japanese Area Measures # Tsubo is still used for land size, though the others are more # recognized by their homonyms in the other measurements. gou_area 1|10 tsubo tsubo 36 shaku^2 # Size of two tatami = ken^2 ?? se 30 tsubo tan_area 10 se chou_area 10 tan_area # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement ping tsubo # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/坪 jia 2934 ping # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/甲_(单位) fen 1|10 jia # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/分 fen_area 1|10 jia # Protection against future collisions !utf8 坪 ping # via Hanyu Pinyin romanizations 甲 jia 分 fen 分地 fen_area # Protection against future collisions !endutf8 # Japanese architecture is based on a "standard" size of tatami mat. # Room sizes today are given in number of tatami, and this number # determines the spacing between colums and hence sizes of sliding # doors and paper screens. However, every region has its own slightly # different tatami size. Edoma, used in and around Tokyo and # Hokkaido, is becoming a nationwide standard. Kyouma is used around # Kyoto, Osaka and Kyuushu, and Chuukyouma is used around Nagoya. # Note that the tatami all have the aspect ratio 2:1 so that the mats # can tile the room with some of them turned 90 degrees. # # http://www.moon2.net/tatami/infotatami/structure.html edoma (5.8*2.9) shaku^2 kyouma (6.3*3.15) shaku^2 chuukyouma (6*3) shaku^2 jou_area edoma tatami jou_area # Japanese Volume Measures # The "shou" is still used for such things as alcohol and seasonings. # Large quantities of paint are still purchased in terms of "to". shaku_volume 1|10 gou_volume gou_volume 1|10 shou gou gou_volume shou (4.9*4.9*2.7) sun^3 # The character shou which is # the same as masu refers to a # rectangular wooden cup used to # measure liquids and cereal. # Sake is sometimes served in a masu # Note that it happens to be # EXACTLY 7^4/11^3 liters. to 10 shou koku 10 to # No longer used; historically a measure of rice # Japanese Weight Measures # # https://web.archive.org/web/20040927115452/http://wyoming.hp.infoseek.co.jp/zatugaku/zamoney.html # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_units_of_measurement # Not really used anymore. rin_weight 1|10 bu_weight bu_weight 1|10 monme fun 1|10 monme monme momme kin 160 monme kan 1000 monme kwan kan # This was the old pronunciation of the unit. # The old spelling persisted a few centuries # longer and was not changed until around # 1950. # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement # says: "Volume measure in Taiwan is largely metric". taijin kin # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/台斤 tailiang 10 monme # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/台斤 taiqian monme # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/台制 !utf8 台斤 taijin # via Hanyu Pinyin romanizations 台兩 tailiang 台錢 taiqian !endutf8 # # Australian unit # australiasquare (10 ft)^2 # Used for house area # # A few German units as currently in use. # zentner 50 kg doppelzentner 2 zentner pfund 500 g # The klafter, which was used in central Europe, was derived from the span of # outstretched arms. # # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsolete_Austrian_units_of_measurement # https://www.llv.li/files/abi/klafter-m2-en.pdf austriaklafter 1.89648384 m # Exact definition, 23 July 1871 austriafoot 1|6 austriaklafter prussiaklafter 1.88 m prussiafoot 1|6 prussiaklafter bavariaklafter 1.751155 m bavariafoot 1|6 bavariaklafter hesseklafter 2.5 m hessefoot 1|6 hesseklafter switzerlandklafter metricklafter switzerlandfoot 1|6 switzerlandklafter swissklafter switzerlandklafter swissfoot 1|6 swissklafter metricklafter 1.8 m austriayoke 8 austriaklafter * 200 austriaklafter liechtensteinsquareklafter 3.596652 m^2 # Used until 2017 to measure land area liechtensteinklafter sqrt(liechtensteinsquareklafter) # The klafter was also used to measure volume of wood, generally being a stack # of wood one klafter wide, one klafter long, with logs 3 feet (half a klafter) # in length prussiawoodklafter 0.5 prussiaklafter^3 austriawoodklafter 0.5 austriaklafter^3 festmeter m^3 # modern measure of wood, solid cube raummeter 0.7 festmeter # Air space between the logs, stacked schuettraummeter 0.65 raummeter # A cubic meter volume of split and cut # firewood in a loose, unordered # pile, not stacked. This is called # "tipped". !utf8 schüttraummeter schuettraummeter !endutf8 # # Swedish (Sweden) pre-metric units of 1739. # The metric system was adopted in 1878. # https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkm%C3%A5tt # verklinje 2.0618125 mm verktum 12 verklinje kvarter 6 verktum fot 2 kvarter aln 2 fot famn 3 aln # # Some traditional Russian measures # # If you would like to help expand this section and understand # cyrillic transliteration, let me know. These measures are meant to # reflect common usage, e.g. in translated literature. # dessiatine 2400 sazhen^2 # Land measure dessjatine dessiatine funt 409.51718 grams # similar to pound zolotnik 1|96 funt # used for precious metal measure pood 40 funt # common in agricultural measure arshin (2 + 1|3) feet sazhen 3 arshin # analogous to fathom verst 500 sazhen # of similar use to mile versta verst borderverst 1000 sazhen russianmile 7 verst # # Old French distance measures, from French Weights and Measures # Before the Revolution by Zupko # frenchfoot 144|443.296 m # pied de roi, the standard of Paris. pied frenchfoot # Half of the hashimicubit, frenchfeet frenchfoot # instituted by Charlemagne. frenchinch 1|12 frenchfoot # This exact definition comes from frenchthumb frenchinch # a law passed on 10 Dec 1799 which pouce frenchthumb # fixed the meter at # 3 frenchfeet + 11.296 lignes. frenchline 1|12 frenchinch # This is supposed to be the size ligne frenchline # of the average barleycorn frenchpoint 1|12 frenchline toise 6 frenchfeet arpent 180^2 pied^2 # The arpent is 100 square perches, # but the perche seems to vary a lot # and can be 18 feet, 20 feet, or 22 # feet. This measure was described # as being in common use in Canada in # 1934 (Websters 2nd). The value # given here is the Paris standard # arpent. frenchgrain 1|18827.15 kg # Weight of a wheat grain, hence # smaller than the British grain. frenchpound 9216 frenchgrain # # Before the Imperial Weights and Measures Act of 1824, various different # weights and measures were in use in different places. # # Scots linear measure scotsinch 1.00540054 UKinch scotslink 1|100 scotschain scotsfoot 12 scotsinch scotsfeet scotsfoot scotsell 37 scotsinch scotsfall 6 scotsell scotschain 4 scotsfall scotsfurlong 10 scotschain scotsmile 8 scotsfurlong # Scots area measure scotsrood 40 scotsfall^2 scotsacre 4 scotsrood # Irish linear measure irishinch UKinch irishpalm 3 irishinch irishspan 3 irishpalm irishfoot 12 irishinch irishfeet irishfoot irishcubit 18 irishinch irishyard 3 irishfeet irishpace 5 irishfeet irishfathom 6 irishfeet irishpole 7 irishyard # Only these values irishperch irishpole # are different from irishchain 4 irishperch # the British Imperial irishlink 1|100 irishchain # or English values for irishfurlong 10 irishchain # these lengths. irishmile 8 irishfurlong # # Irish area measure irishrood 40 irishpole^2 irishacre 4 irishrood # English wine capacity measures (Winchester measures) winepint 1|2 winequart winequart 1|4 winegallon winegallon 231 UKinch^3 # Sometimes called the Winchester Wine Gallon, # it was legalized in 1707 by Queen Anne, and # given the definition of 231 cubic inches. It # had been in use for a while as 8 pounds of wine # using a merchant's pound, but the definition of # the merchant's pound had become uncertain. A # pound of 15 tower ounces (6750 grains) had been # common, but then a pound of 15 troy ounces # (7200 grains) gained popularity. Because of # the switch in the value of the merchants pound, # the size of the wine gallon was uncertain in # the market, hence the official act in 1707. # The act allowed that a six inch tall cylinder # with a 7 inch diameter was a lawful wine # gallon. (This comes out to 230.9 in^3.) # Note also that in Britain a legal conversion # was established to the 1824 Imperial gallon # then taken as 277.274 in^3 so that the wine # gallon was 0.8331 imperial gallons. This is # 231.1 cubic inches (using the international # inch). winerundlet 18 winegallon winebarrel 31.5 winegallon winetierce 42 winegallon winehogshead 2 winebarrel winepuncheon 2 winetierce winebutt 2 winehogshead winepipe winebutt winetun 2 winebutt # English beer and ale measures used 1803-1824 and used for beer before 1688 beerpint 1|2 beerquart beerquart 1|4 beergallon beergallon 282 UKinch^3 beerbarrel 36 beergallon beerhogshead 1.5 beerbarrel # English ale measures used from 1688-1803 for both ale and beer alepint 1|2 alequart alequart 1|4 alegallon alegallon beergallon alebarrel 34 alegallon alehogshead 1.5 alebarrel # Scots capacity measure scotsgill 1|4 mutchkin mutchkin 1|2 choppin choppin 1|2 scotspint scotspint 1|2 scotsquart scotsquart 1|4 scotsgallon scotsgallon 827.232 UKinch^3 scotsbarrel 8 scotsgallon jug scotspint # Scots dry capacity measure scotswheatlippy 137.333 UKinch^3 # Also used for peas, beans, rye, salt scotswheatlippies scotswheatlippy scotswheatpeck 4 scotswheatlippy scotswheatfirlot 4 scotswheatpeck scotswheatboll 4 scotswheatfirlot scotswheatchalder 16 scotswheatboll scotsoatlippy 200.345 UKinch^3 # Also used for barley and malt scotsoatlippies scotsoatlippy scotsoatpeck 4 scotsoatlippy scotsoatfirlot 4 scotsoatpeck scotsoatboll 4 scotsoatfirlot scotsoatchalder 16 scotsoatboll # Scots Tron weight trondrop 1|16 tronounce tronounce 1|20 tronpound tronpound 9520 grain tronstone 16 tronpound # Irish liquid capacity measure irishnoggin 1|4 irishpint irishpint 1|2 irishquart irishquart 1|2 irishpottle irishpottle 1|2 irishgallon irishgallon 217.6 UKinch^3 irishrundlet 18 irishgallon irishbarrel 31.5 irishgallon irishtierce 42 irishgallon irishhogshead 2 irishbarrel irishpuncheon 2 irishtierce irishpipe 2 irishhogshead irishtun 2 irishpipe # Irish dry capacity measure irishpeck 2 irishgallon irishbushel 4 irishpeck irishstrike 2 irishbushel irishdrybarrel 2 irishstrike irishquarter 2 irishbarrel # English Tower weights, abolished in 1528 towerpound 5400 grain towerounce 1|12 towerpound towerpennyweight 1|20 towerounce towergrain 1|32 towerpennyweight # English Mercantile weights, used since the late 12th century mercpound 6750 grain mercounce 1|15 mercpound mercpennyweight 1|20 mercounce # English weights for lead leadstone 12.5 lb fotmal 70 lb leadwey 14 leadstone fothers 12 leadwey # English Hay measure newhaytruss 60 lb # New and old here seem to refer to "new" newhayload 36 newhaytruss # hay and "old" hay rather than a new unit oldhaytruss 56 lb # and an old unit. oldhayload 36 oldhaytruss # English wool measure woolclove 7 lb woolstone 2 woolclove wooltod 2 woolstone woolwey 13 woolstone woolsack 2 woolwey woolsarpler 2 woolsack woollast 6 woolsarpler # # Ancient history units: There tends to be uncertainty in the definitions # of the units in this section # These units are from [11] # Roman measure. The Romans had a well defined distance measure, but their # measures of weight were poor. They adopted local weights in different # regions without distinguishing among them so that there are half a dozen # different Roman "standard" weight systems. romanfoot 296 mm # There is some uncertainty in this definition romanfeet romanfoot # from which all the other units are derived. pes romanfoot # This value appears in numerous sources. In "The pedes romanfoot # Roman Land Surveyors", Dilke gives 295.7 mm. romaninch 1|12 romanfoot # The subdivisions of the Roman foot have the romandigit 1|16 romanfoot # same names as the subdivisions of the pound, romanpalm 1|4 romanfoot # but we can't have the names for different romancubit 18 romaninch # units. romanpace 5 romanfeet # Roman double pace (basic military unit) passus romanpace romanperch 10 romanfeet stade 125 romanpaces stadia stade stadium stade romanmile 8 stadia # 1000 paces romanleague 1.5 romanmile schoenus 4 romanmile # Other values for the Roman foot (from Dilke) earlyromanfoot 29.73 cm pesdrusianus 33.3 cm # or 33.35 cm, used in Gaul & Germany in 1st c BC lateromanfoot 29.42 cm # Roman areas actuslength 120 romanfeet # length of a Roman furrow actus 120*4 romanfeet^2 # area of the furrow squareactus 120^2 romanfeet^2 # actus quadratus acnua squareactus iugerum 2 squareactus iugera iugerum jugerum iugerum jugera iugerum heredium 2 iugera # heritable plot heredia heredium centuria 100 heredia centurium centuria # Roman volumes sextarius 35.4 in^3 # Basic unit of Roman volume. As always, sextarii sextarius # there is uncertainty. Six large Roman # measures survive with volumes ranging from # 34.4 in^3 to 39.55 in^3. Three of them # cluster around the size given here. # # But the values for this unit vary wildly # in other sources. One reference gives 0.547 # liters, but then says the amphora is a # cubic Roman foot. This gives a value for the # sextarius of 0.540 liters. And the # encyclopedia Britannica lists 0.53 liters for # this unit. Both [7] and [11], which were # written by scholars of weights and measures, # give the value of 35.4 cubic inches. cochlearia 1|48 sextarius cyathi 1|12 sextarius acetabula 1|8 sextarius quartaria 1|4 sextarius quartarius quartaria heminae 1|2 sextarius hemina heminae cheonix 1.5 sextarii # Dry volume measures (usually) semodius 8 sextarius semodii semodius modius 16 sextarius modii modius # Liquid volume measures (usually) congius 12 heminae congii congius amphora 8 congii amphorae amphora # Also a dry volume measure culleus 20 amphorae quadrantal amphora # Roman weights libra 5052 grain # The Roman pound varied significantly librae libra # from 4210 grains to 5232 grains. Most of romanpound libra # the standards were obtained from the weight uncia 1|12 libra # of particular coins. The one given here is unciae uncia # based on the Gold Aureus of Augustus which romanounce uncia # was in use from BC 27 to AD 296. deunx 11 uncia dextans 10 uncia dodrans 9 uncia bes 8 uncia seprunx 7 uncia semis 6 uncia quincunx 5 uncia triens 4 uncia quadrans 3 uncia sextans 2 uncia sescuncia 1.5 uncia semuncia 1|2 uncia siscilius 1|4 uncia sextula 1|6 uncia semisextula 1|12 uncia scriptulum 1|24 uncia scrupula scriptulum romanobol 1|2 scrupula romanaspound 4210 grain # Old pound based on bronze coinage, the # earliest money of Rome BC 338 to BC 268. # Egyptian length measure egyptianroyalcubit 20.63 in # plus or minus .2 in egyptianpalm 1|7 egyptianroyalcubit egyptiandigit 1|4 egyptianpalm egyptianshortcubit 6 egyptianpalm doubleremen 29.16 in # Length of the diagonal of a square with remendigit 1|40 doubleremen # side length of 1 royal egyptian cubit. # This is divided into 40 digits which are # not the same size as the digits based on # the royal cubit. # Greek length measures greekfoot 12.45 in # Listed as being derived from the greekfeet greekfoot # Egyptian Royal cubit in [11]. It is greekcubit 1.5 greekfoot # said to be 3|5 of a 20.75 in cubit. pous greekfoot podes greekfoot orguia 6 greekfoot greekfathom orguia stadion 100 orguia akaina 10 greekfeet plethron 10 akaina greekfinger 1|16 greekfoot homericcubit 20 greekfingers # Elbow to end of knuckles. shortgreekcubit 18 greekfingers # Elbow to start of fingers. ionicfoot 296 mm doricfoot 326 mm olympiccubit 25 remendigit # These olympic measures were not as olympicfoot 2|3 olympiccubit # common as the other greek measures. olympicfinger 1|16 olympicfoot # They were used in agriculture. olympicfeet olympicfoot olympicdakylos olympicfinger olympicpalm 1|4 olympicfoot olympicpalestra olympicpalm olympicspithame 3|4 foot olympicspan olympicspithame olympicbema 2.5 olympicfeet olympicpace olympicbema olympicorguia 6 olympicfeet olympicfathom olympicorguia olympiccord 60 olympicfeet olympicamma olympiccord olympicplethron 100 olympicfeet olympicstadion 600 olympicfeet # Greek capacity measure greekkotyle 270 ml # This approximate value is obtained xestes 2 greekkotyle # from two earthenware vessels that khous 12 greekkotyle # were reconstructed from fragments. metretes 12 khous # The kotyle is a day's corn ration choinix 4 greekkotyle # for one man. hekteos 8 choinix medimnos 6 hekteos # Greek weight. Two weight standards were used, an Aegina standard based # on the Beqa shekel and an Athens (attic) standard. aeginastater 192 grain # Varies up to 199 grain aeginadrachmae 1|2 aeginastater aeginaobol 1|6 aeginadrachmae aeginamina 50 aeginastaters aeginatalent 60 aeginamina # Supposedly the mass of a cubic foot # of water (whichever foot was in use) atticstater 135 grain # Varies 134-138 grain atticdrachmae 1|2 atticstater atticobol 1|6 atticdrachmae atticmina 50 atticstaters attictalent 60 atticmina # Supposedly the mass of a cubic foot # of water (whichever foot was in use) # "Northern" cubit and foot. This was used by the pre-Aryan civilization in # the Indus valley. It was used in Mesopotamia, Egypt, North Africa, China, # central and Western Europe until modern times when it was displaced by # the metric system. northerncubit 26.6 in # plus/minus .2 in northernfoot 1|2 northerncubit sumeriancubit 495 mm kus sumeriancubit sumerianfoot 2|3 sumeriancubit assyriancubit 21.6 in assyrianfoot 1|2 assyriancubit assyrianpalm 1|3 assyrianfoot assyriansusi 1|20 assyrianpalm susi assyriansusi persianroyalcubit 7 assyrianpalm # Arabic measures. The arabic standards were meticulously kept. Glass weights # accurate to .2 grains were made during AD 714-900. hashimicubit 25.56 in # Standard of linear measure used # in Persian dominions of the Arabic # empire 7-8th cent. Is equal to two # French feet. blackcubit 21.28 in arabicfeet 1|2 blackcubit arabicfoot arabicfeet arabicinch 1|12 arabicfoot arabicmile 4000 blackcubit silverdirhem 45 grain # The weights were derived from these two tradedirhem 48 grain # units with two identically named systems # used for silver and used for trade purposes silverkirat 1|16 silverdirhem silverwukiyeh 10 silverdirhem silverrotl 12 silverwukiyeh arabicsilverpound silverrotl tradekirat 1|16 tradedirhem tradewukiyeh 10 tradedirhem traderotl 12 tradewukiyeh arabictradepound traderotl # Miscellaneous ancient units parasang 3.5 mile # Persian unit of length usually thought # to be between 3 and 3.5 miles biblicalcubit 21.8 in hebrewcubit 17.58 in li 10|27.8 mile # Chinese unit of length # 100 li is considered a day's march liang 11|3 oz # Chinese weight unit # Medieval time units. According to the OED, these appear in Du Cange # by Papias. timepoint 1|5 hour # also given as 1|4 timeminute 1|10 hour timeostent 1|60 hour timeounce 1|8 timeostent timeatom 1|47 timeounce # Given in [15], these subdivisions of the grain were supposedly used # by jewelers. The mite may have been used but the blanc could not # have been accurately measured. mite 1|20 grain droit 1|24 mite periot 1|20 droit blanc 1|24 periot # # Localization # !var UNITS_ENGLISH US hundredweight ushundredweight ton uston scruple apscruple fluidounce usfluidounce gallon usgallon bushel usbushel quarter quarterweight cup uscup tablespoon ustablespoon teaspoon usteaspoon dollar US$ cent $ 0.01 penny cent minim minimvolume pony ponyvolume grand usgrand firkin usfirkin hogshead ushogshead cable uscable !endvar !var UNITS_ENGLISH GB hundredweight brhundredweight ton brton scruple brscruple fluidounce brfluidounce gallon brgallon bushel brbushel quarter brquarter chaldron brchaldron cup brcup teacup brteacup tablespoon brtablespoon teaspoon brteaspoon dollar US$ cent $ 0.01 penny brpenny minim minimnote pony brpony grand brgrand firkin brfirkin hogshead brhogshead cable brcable !endvar !varnot UNITS_ENGLISH GB US !message Unknown value for environment variable UNITS_ENGLISH. Should be GB or US. !endvar !utf8 ⅛- 1|8 ¼- 1|4 ⅜- 3|8 ½- 1|2 ⅝- 5|8 ¾- 3|4 ⅞- 7|8 ⅙- 1|6 ⅓- 1|3 ⅔- 2|3 ⅚- 5|6 ⅕- 1|5 ⅖- 2|5 ⅗- 3|5 ⅘- 4|5 # U+2150- 1|7 For some reason these characters are getting # U+2151- 1|9 flagged as invalid UTF8. # U+2152- 1|10 #⅐- 1|7 # fails under MacOS #⅑- 1|9 # fails under MacOS #⅒- 1|10 # fails under MacOS ℯ exp(1) # U+212F, base of natural log µ- micro # micro sign U+00B5 μ- micro # small mu U+03BC ångström angstrom Å angstrom # angstrom symbol U+212B Å angstrom # A with ring U+00C5 röntgen roentgen K K # Kelvin symbol, U+212A ℃ degC ℉ degF °C degC °F degF °K K # °K is incorrect notation °R degR ℓ liter # unofficial abbreviation used in some places Ω ohm # Ohm symbol U+2126 Ω ohm # Greek capital omega U+03A9 ℧ mho G₀ G0 H₀ H0 Z₀ Z0 a₀ a0 n₀ n0 ε₀ epsilon0 μ₀ mu0 Φ₀ Phi0 R∞ Rinfinity R_∞ Rinfinity λ_C lambda_C μ_B mu_B ν_133Cs nu_133Cs ʒ dram # U+0292 ℈ scruple ℥ ounce ℔ lb ℎ h ℏ hbar τ tau π pi # Greek letter pi 𝜋 pi # mathematical italic small pi α alpha σ sigma ‰ 1|1000 ‱ 1|10000 # # Unicode currency symbols # ¢ cent £ britainpound ¥ japanyen € euro ₩ southkoreawon ₪ israelnewshekel ₤ lira # ₺ turkeylira # fails under MacOS ₨ rupee # unofficial legacy rupee sign # ₹ indiarupee # official rupee sign # MacOS fail #؋ afghanafghani # fails under MacOS ฿ thailandbaht ₡ costaricacolon ₣ francefranc ₦ nigerianaira ₧ spainpeseta ₫ vietnamdong ₭ laokip ₮ mongoliatugrik ₯ greecedrachma ₱ philippinepeso # ₲ paraguayguarani # fails under MacOS #₴ ukrainehryvnia # fails under MacOS #₵ ghanacedi # fails under MacOS #₸ kazakhstantenge # fails under MacOS #₼ azerbaijanmanat # fails under MacOS #₽ russiaruble # fails under MacOS #₾ georgialari # fails under MacOS ﷼ iranrial ﹩ $ ¢ ¢ £ £ ¥ ¥ ₩ ₩ # # Square Unicode symbols starting at U+3371 # ㍱ hPa ㍲ da ㍳ au ㍴ bar # ㍵ oV??? ㍶ pc #㍷ dm invalid on Mac #㍸ dm^2 invalid on Mac #㍹ dm^3 invalid on Mac ㎀ pA ㎁ nA ㎂ µA ㎃ mA ㎄ kA ㎅ kB ㎆ MB ㎇ GB ㎈ cal ㎉ kcal ㎊ pF ㎋ nF ㎌ µF ㎍ µg ㎎ mg ㎏ kg ㎐ Hz ㎑ kHz ㎒ MHz ㎓ GHz ㎔ THz ㎕ µL ㎖ mL ㎗ dL ㎘ kL ㎙ fm ㎚ nm ㎛ µm ㎜ mm ㎝ cm ㎞ km ㎟ mm^2 ㎠ cm^2 ㎡ m^2 ㎢ km^2 ㎣ mm^3 ㎤ cm^3 ㎥ m^3 ㎦ km^3 ㎧ m/s ㎨ m/s^2 ㎩ Pa ㎪ kPa ㎫ MPa ㎬ GPa ㎭ rad ㎮ rad/s ㎯ rad/s^2 ㎰ ps ㎱ ns ㎲ µs ㎳ ms ㎴ pV ㎵ nV ㎶ µV ㎷ mV ㎸ kV ㎹ MV ㎺ pW ㎻ nW ㎼ µW ㎽ mW ㎾ kW ㎿ MW ㏀ kΩ ㏁ MΩ ㏃ Bq ㏄ cc ㏅ cd ㏆ C/kg ㏈() dB ㏉ Gy ㏊ ha # ㏋ HP?? ㏌ in # ㏍ KK?? # ㏎ KM??? ㏏ kt ㏐ lm # ㏑ ln # ㏒ log ㏓ lx ㏔ mb ㏕ mil ㏖ mol ㏗() pH ㏙ ppm # ㏚ PR??? ㏛ sr ㏜ Sv ㏝ Wb #㏞ V/m Invalid on Mac #㏟ A/m Invalid on Mac #㏿ gal Invalid on Mac !endutf8 ############################################################################ # # Unit list aliases # # These provide a shorthand for conversions to unit lists. # ############################################################################ !unitlist uswt lb;oz !unitlist hms hr;min;sec !unitlist time year;day;hr;min;sec !unitlist dms deg;arcmin;arcsec !unitlist ftin ft;in;1|8 in !unitlist ftin4 ft;in;1|4 in !unitlist ftin8 ft;in;1|8 in !unitlist ftin16 ft;in;1|16 in !unitlist ftin32 ft;in;1|32 in !unitlist ftin64 ft;in;1|64 in !unitlist inchfine in;1|8 in;1|16 in;1|32 in;1|64 in !unitlist by2 1;1|2;1|4;1|8;1|16;1|32;1|64;1|128;1|256 !unitlist usvol cup;3|4 cup;2|3 cup;1|2 cup;1|3 cup;1|4 cup;\ tbsp;tsp;1|2 tsp;1|4 tsp;1|8 tsp ############################################################################ # # The following units were in the Unix units database but do not appear in # this file: # # wey used for cheese, salt and other goods. Measured mass or # waymass volume depending on what was measured and where the measuring # took place. A wey of cheese ranged from 200 to 324 pounds. # # sack No precise definition # # spindle The length depends on the type of yarn # # block Defined variously on different computer systems # # erlang A unit of telephone traffic defined variously. # Omitted because there are no other units for this # dimension. Is this true? What about CCS = 1/36 erlang? # Erlang is supposed to be dimensionless. One erlang means # a single channel occupied for one hour. # ############################################################################ # # The following have been suggested or considered and deemed out of scope. # They will not be added to GNU units. # # Conversions between different calendar systems used in different countries or # different historical periods are out of scope for units and will not be added. # # Wind chill and heat index cannot be handled because they are bivarite, # with dependence on both the temperature and wind speed or humidity. # # Plain english text output like "one hectare is equivalent to one hundred # million square centimeters" is out of scope. # postgresql-unit-7.10/definitions.units.patch000066400000000000000000000302011472555243500213260ustar00rootroot00000000000000--- definitions.units 2023-01-04 18:22:06.602713513 +0200 +++ definitions.units.patched 2023-01-04 19:54:54.681679346 +0200 @@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ # equator to a pole. h_SI 6.62607015e-34 -h 6.62607015e-34 J s # Planck constant (exact) +h 6.62607015e-34 (m^2*kg/s^2) s # Planck constant (exact) kg ! # The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is kilogram kg # defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck @@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibble_balance k_SI 1.380649e-23 -boltzmann 1.380649e-23 J/K # Boltzmann constant (exact) +boltzmann 1.380649e-23 (m^2*kg/s^2)/K # Boltzmann constant (exact) k boltzmann K ! # The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic @@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ # depend directly on temperature. e_SI 1.602176634e-19 -e 1.602176634e-19 C # electron charge (exact) +e 1.602176634e-19 A s # electron charge (exact) A ! # The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. ampere A # It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the @@ -425,7 +425,9 @@ # A primitive non-SI unit # -bit ! # Basic unit of information (entropy). The entropy in bits +B ! +byte B +bit 1|8 B # Basic unit of information (entropy). The entropy in bits # of a random variable over a finite alphabet is defined # to be the sum of -p(i)*log2(p(i)) over the alphabet where # p(i) is the probability that the random variable takes @@ -442,6 +444,8 @@ # # ########################################################################### +quetta- 1e30 +ronna- 1e27 yotta- 1e24 # Greek or Latin octo, "eight" zetta- 1e21 # Latin septem, "seven" exa- 1e18 # Greek hex, "six" @@ -464,6 +468,8 @@ atto- 1e-18 # Danish-Norwegian atten, "eighteen" zepto- 1e-21 # Latin septem, "seven" yocto- 1e-24 # Greek or Latin octo, "eight" +ronto- 1e-27 +quecto- 1e-30 quarter- 1|4 semi- 0.5 @@ -482,6 +488,8 @@ exbi- 2^60 zebi- 2^70 # Zebi- and yobi- were added in the 2005 ed., yobi- 2^80 # later superseded by ISO/IEC 80000-13:2008. +robi- 2^90 +quebi- 2^100 Ki- kibi Mi- mebi Gi- gibi @@ -490,7 +498,11 @@ Ei- exbi Zi- zebi Yi- yobi +Ri- robi +Qi- quebi +Q- quetta +R- ronna Y- yotta Z- zetta E- exa @@ -505,12 +517,15 @@ c- centi m- milli u- micro # it should be a mu but u is easy to type +mu- micro n- nano p- pico f- femto a- atto z- zepto y- yocto +r- ronto +q- quecto # # Names of some numbers @@ -683,6 +698,14 @@ padm 1e15 shankh 1e17 +# postgresql-unit: Define some units before they are used elsewhere before their original definition +pi 3.14159265358979323846 +π pi +astronomicalunit 149597870700 m # IAU definition from 2012, exact +au astronomicalunit # ephemeris for the above described +m2 m^2 + + ############################################################################# # # # Derived units which can be reduced to the primitive units # @@ -962,7 +985,7 @@ pointangle 1|32 circle # Used for reporting compass readings centrad 0.01 radian # Used for angular deviation of light # through a prism. -mas milli arcsec # Used by astronomers +mas milliarcsec # Used by astronomers seclongitude circle (seconds/day) # Astronomers measure longitude # (which they call right ascension) in # time units by dividing the equator into @@ -1083,8 +1106,8 @@ tempF(x) units=[1;K] domain=[-459.67,) range=[0,) \ (x+(-32)) degF + stdtemp ; (tempF+(-stdtemp))/degF + 32 tempfahrenheit() tempF -degfahrenheit 5|9 degC -degF 5|9 degC +degfahrenheit 5|9 * degC +degF 5|9 * degC degreesrankine degF # The Rankine scale has the @@ -1096,7 +1119,7 @@ tempreaumur(x) units=[1;K] domain=[-218.52,) range=[0,) \ x degreaumur+stdtemp ; (tempreaumur+(-stdtemp))/degreaumur -degreaumur 10|8 degC # The Reaumur scale was used in Europe and +degreaumur 10|8 * degC # The Reaumur scale was used in Europe and # particularly in France. It is defined # to be 0 at the freezing point of water # and 80 at the boiling point. Reaumur @@ -1184,7 +1207,7 @@ # Basic constants -pi 3.14159265358979323846 +#pi 3.14159265358979323846 tau 2 pi phi (sqrt(5)+1)/2 light c @@ -1341,6 +1364,15 @@ H2O50C 0.98807 force gram / cm^3 H2O100C 0.95838 force gram / cm^3 +# moved because ft is used before being defined (and otherwise parsed as femtotonne) +inch 2.54 cm +in inch +inches inch +foot 12 inch +feet foot +ft foot +ft3 ft^3 + # Atomic constants hartree 4.3597447222071e-18 J # Approximate electric potential energy @@ -1715,7 +1747,7 @@ abampere 10 A # Current which produces a force of abamp abampere # 2 dyne/cm between two infinitely -aA abampere # long wires that are 1 cm apart +#aA abampere # long wires that are 1 cm apart abA abampere biot abampere Bi biot @@ -2668,8 +2700,8 @@ # gravitational constant. This is a # fictional year, and doesn't # correspond to any celestial event. -astronomicalunit 149597870700 m # IAU definition from 2012, exact -au astronomicalunit # ephemeris for the above described +#astronomicalunit 149597870700 m # IAU definition from 2012, exact +#au astronomicalunit # ephemeris for the above described # astronomical unit. (See the NASA # site listed above.) GMsun 132712440041.279419 km^3 / s^2 # heliocentric gravitational constant @@ -3003,11 +3035,6 @@ int 3937|1200 ft/m # Convert US Survey measures to int- int # international measures -inch 2.54 cm -in inch -foot 12 inch -feet foot -ft foot yard 3 ft yd yard mile 5280 ft # The mile was enlarged from 5000 ft @@ -3155,6 +3182,7 @@ # Liquid measure usgallon 231 in^3 # US liquid measure is derived from +gallon usgallon gal gallon # the British wine gallon of 1707. quart 1|4 gallon # See the "winegallon" entry below pint 1|2 quart # more historical information. @@ -3656,7 +3684,7 @@ number1can 10 usfloz number2can 19 usfloz -number2.5can 3.5 uscups +number2_5can 3.5 uscups number3can 4 uscups number5can 7 uscups number10can 105 usfloz @@ -4618,10 +4646,10 @@ btu btu_IT # International Table BTU is the default britishthermalunit btu -btu_IT cal_IT lb degF / gram K -btu_th cal_th lb degF / gram K -btu_mean cal_mean lb degF / gram K -btu_15 cal_15 lb degF / gram K +btu_IT cal_IT lb (degF) / gram K +btu_th cal_th lb (degF) / gram K +btu_mean cal_mean lb (degF) / gram K +btu_15 cal_15 lb (degF) / gram K btu_ISO 1055.06 J # Exact, rounded ISO definition based # on the IT calorie quad quadrillion btu @@ -4784,7 +4812,7 @@ # Celsius heat unit: energy to raise a pound of water 1 degC -celsiusheatunit cal lb degC / gram K +celsiusheatunit cal lb (degC) / gram K chu celsiusheatunit # "Apparent" average power in an AC circuit, the product of rms voltage @@ -4842,13 +4870,13 @@ Uvalue 1/Rvalue europeanUvalue watt / m^2 K RSI degC m^2 / W -clo 0.155 degC m^2 / W # Supposed to be the insulance +clo 0.155 * degC m^2 / W # Supposed to be the insulance # required to keep a resting person # comfortable indoors. The value # given is from NIST and the CRC, # but [5] gives a slightly different # value of 0.875 ft^2 degF hr / btu. -tog 0.1 degC m^2 / W # Also used for clothing. +tog 0.1 * degC m^2 / W # Also used for clothing. # Thermal Conductivity of a few materials @@ -5352,8 +5380,8 @@ # to symbols per second. Modern # modems transmit several bits # per symbol. -byte 8 bit # Not all machines had 8 bit -B byte # bytes, but these days most of +#byte 8 bit # Not all machines had 8 bit +#B byte # bytes, but these days most of # them do. But beware: for # transmission over modems, a # few extra bits are used so @@ -6800,7 +6828,7 @@ pa Pa ev eV -hg Hg +#hg Hg oe Oe mh mH rd rod @@ -7182,7 +7210,8 @@ Mag Maz gravity # force Maz Volm kg / oldliter # mass based on water -Tm Tim # Abbreviations +#gross conflict with terameter +#Tm Tim # Abbreviations Gf Grafut Sf Surf Vm Volm @@ -7972,7 +8001,7 @@ ton uston scruple apscruple fluidounce usfluidounce -gallon usgallon +#gallon usgallon bushel usbushel quarter quarterweight cup uscup postgresql-unit-7.10/definitions.units.patched000066400000000000000000013322641472555243500216560ustar00rootroot00000000000000# # This file is the units database for use with GNU units, a units conversion # program by Adrian Mariano adrianm@gnu.org # # Version 3.22 # last updated 22 November 2024 # # Copyright (C) 1996-2002, 2004-2020, 2022, 2024 # Free Software Foundation, Inc # # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by # the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or # (at your option) any later version. # # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the # GNU General Public License for more details. # # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software # Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, # Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA # ############################################################################ # # Improvements and corrections are welcome. # # See the end of this file for a list of items we have chosen to exclude # or have decided are out of scope for GNU units. # # Fundamental constants in this file are the 2018 CODATA recommended values. # # Most units data was drawn from # 1. NIST Special Publication 811, Guide for the # Use of the International System of Units (SI). # Barry N. Taylor. 2008 # https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811 # 2. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 70th edition # 3. Oxford English Dictionary # 4. Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary # 5. Units of Measure by Stephen Dresner # 6. A Dictionary of English Weights and Measures by Ronald Zupko # 7. British Weights and Measures by Ronald Zupko # 8. Realm of Measure by Isaac Asimov # 9. United States standards of weights and measures, their # creation and creators by Arthur H. Frazier. # 10. French weights and measures before the Revolution: a # dictionary of provincial and local units by Ronald Zupko # 11. Weights and Measures: their ancient origins and their # development in Great Britain up to AD 1855 by FG Skinner # 12. The World of Measurements by H. Arthur Klein # 13. For Good Measure by William Johnstone # 14. NTC's Encyclopedia of International Weights and Measures # by William Johnstone # 15. Sizes by John Lord # 16. Sizesaurus by Stephen Strauss # 17. CODATA Recommended Values of Physical Constants available at # http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html # 18. How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. Available at # http://www.ibiblio.org/units/ # 19. Numericana. http://www.numericana.com # 20. UK history of measurement # https://metrication.uk/more/timeline/ # 21. NIST Handbook 44, Specifications, Tolerances, and # Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring # Devices. 2011 # 22. NIST Special Publication 447, Weights and Measures Standards # of the United States: a brief history. Lewis V. Judson. # 1963; rev. 1976 # 23. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 96th edition # 24. Dictionary of Scientific Units, 6th ed. H.G. Jerrard and D.B. # McNeill. 1992 # 25. NIST Special Publication 330, The International System of # Units (SI). ed. Barry N. Taylor and Ambler Thompson. 2008 # https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-330 # 26. BIPM Brochure, The International System of Units (SI). # 9th ed., 2019 # https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure/ # ########################################################################### # # If units you use are missing or defined incorrectly, please contact me. # If your country's local units are missing and you are willing to supply # them, please send me a list. # ########################################################################### ########################################################################### # # Brief Philosophy of this file # # Most unit definitions are made in terms of integers or simple fractions of # other definitions. The typical exceptions are when converting between two # different unit systems, or the values of measured physical constants. In # this file definitions are given in the most natural and revealing way in # terms of integer factors. # # If you make changes be sure to run 'units --check' to check your work. # # The file is USA-centric, but there is some modest effort to support other # countries. This file is now coded in UTF-8. To support environments where # UTF-8 is not available, definitions that require this character set are # wrapped in !utf8 directives. # # When a unit name is used in different countries with the different meanings # the system should be as follows: # # Suppose countries ABC and XYZ both use the "foo". Then globally define # # ABCfoo # XYZfoo # # Then, using the !locale directive, define the "foo" appropriately for each of # the two countries with a definition like # # !locale ABC # foo ABCfoo # !endlocale # ########################################################################### !locale en_US ! set UNITS_ENGLISH US !endlocale !locale en_GB ! set UNITS_ENGLISH GB !endlocale !set UNITS_ENGLISH US # Default setting for English units !set UNITS_SYSTEM default # Set a default value !varnot UNITS_SYSTEM si emu esu gaussian gauss hlu natural natural-gauss hartree planck planck-red default !message Unknown unit system given with -u or UNITS_SYSTEM environment variable !message Valid systems: si, emu, esu, gauss[ian], hlu, natural, natural-gauss !message planck, planck-red, hartree !message Using SI !prompt (SI) !endvar !var UNITS_SYSTEM si !message SI units selected !prompt (SI) !endvar ########################################################################### # # # Primitive units. Any unit defined to contain a '!' character is a # # primitive unit which will not be reduced any further. All units should # # reduce to primitive units. # # # ########################################################################### # # SI units # # On 20 May 2019, the SI was revised to define the units by fixing the # values of physical constants that depend on those units. # # https://www.nist.gov/si-redefinition/ # # The BIPM--the International Bureau of Weights and Measures--provides a # succinct description of the new SI in its Concise Summary: # # https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-concise-EN.pdf # # The SI is the system of units in which: # # * the unperturbed ground state hyperfine transition frequency of the # caesium 133 atom is delta nu_Cs = 9 192 631 770 Hz, # * the speed of light in vacuum, c, is 299 792 458 m/s, # * the Planck constant, h, is 6.626 070 15 * 10^-34 J s, # * the elementary charge, e, is 1.602 176 634 * 10^-19 C, # * the Boltzmann constant, k, is 1.380 649 * 10^-23 J/K, # * the Avogadro constant, N_A, is 6.022 140 76 * 10^23 mol^-1, # * the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency # 540 * 10^12 Hz, K_cd, is 683 lm/W, # # where the hertz, joule, coulomb, lumen, and watt, with unit symbols Hz, # J, C, lm, and W, respectively, are related to the units second, metre, # kilogram, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela, with unit symbols s, m, kg, # A, K, mol, and cd, respectively, according to Hz = s^-1, J = kg m^2 s^-2, # C = A s, lm = cd m^2 m^-2 = cd sr, and W = kg m^2 s^-3. # # These definitions specify the exact numerical value of each constant when # its value is expressed in the corresponding SI unit. By fixing the exact # numerical value the unit becomes defined, since the product of the # numerical value and the unit has to equal the value of the constant, # which is invariant. # # The defining constants have been chosen such that, when taken together, # their units cover all of the units of the SI. In general, there is no # one-to-one correspondence between the defining constants and the SI base # units. Any SI unit is a product of powers of these seven constants and a # dimensionless factor. # # Until 2018, the SI was defined in terms of base units and derived units. # These categories are no longer essential in the SI, but they are maintained # in view of their convenience and widespread use. They are arguably more # intuitive than the new definitions. (They are also essential to the # operation of GNU units.) The definitions of the base units, which follow # from the definition of the SI in terms of the seven defining constants, are # given below. # s ! # The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined second s # by taking the fixed numerical value of the unperturbed # ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the # cesium-133 atom to be 9 192 631 770 when expressed in the # unit Hz, which is equal to 1/s. # # This definition is a restatement of the previous one, the # duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding # to the cesium-133 transition. nu_133Cs 9192631770 Hz # Cesium-133 transition frequency (exact) c_SI 299792458 c 299792458 m/s # speed of light in vacuum (exact) m ! # The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is meter m # defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed metre m # of light in vacuum, c, to be 299 792 458 when expressed in # units of m/s. # # This definition is a rewording of the previous one and is # equivalent to defining the meter as the distance light # travels in 1|299792458 seconds. The meter was originally # intended to be 1e-7 of the length along a meridian from the # equator to a pole. h_SI 6.62607015e-34 h 6.62607015e-34 (m^2*kg/s^2) s # Planck constant (exact) kg ! # The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is kilogram kg # defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck # constant, h, to be 6.626 070 15 * 10^-34 when expressed in # the unit J s which is equal to kg m^2 / s. # # One advantage of fixing h to define the kilogram is that this # affects constants used to define the ampere. If the kg were # defined by directly fixing the mass of something, then h # would be subject to error. # # The previous definition of the kilogram was the mass of the # international prototype kilogram. The kilogram was the last # unit whose definition relied on reference to an artifact. # # It is not obvious what this new definition means, or # intuitively how fixing Planck's constant defines the # kilogram. To define the kilogram we need to give the mass # of some reference in kilograms. Previously the prototype in # France served as this reference, and it weighed exactly 1 # kg. But the reference can have any weight as long as you # know the weight of the reference. The new definition uses # the "mass" of a photon, or more accurately, the mass # equivalent of the energy of a photon. The energy of a # photon depends on its frequency. If you pick a frequency, # f, then the energy of the photon is hf, and hence the mass # equivalent is hf/c^2. If we reduce this expression using # the constant defined values for h and c the result is a # value in kilograms for the mass-equivalent of a photon of # frequency f, which can therefore define the size of the # kilogram. # # For more on the relationship between mass an Planck's # constant: # # https://www.nist.gov/si-redefinition/kilogram-mass-and-plancks-constant # This definition may still seem rather abstract: you can't # place a "kilogram of radiation" on one side of a balance. # Metrologists realize the kilogram using a Kibble Balance, a # device which relates mechanical energy to electrical energy # and can measure mass with extreme accuracy if h is known. # # For more on the Kibble Balance see # # https://www.nist.gov/si-redefinition/kilogram-kibble-balance # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibble_balance k_SI 1.380649e-23 boltzmann 1.380649e-23 (m^2*kg/s^2)/K # Boltzmann constant (exact) k boltzmann K ! # The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic kelvin K # temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical # value of the Boltzmann constant, k, to be 1.380 649 * 10^-23 # when expressed in the unit J/K, which is equal to # kg m^2/s^2 K. # # The boltzmann constant establishes the relationship between # energy and temperature. The average thermal energy carried # by each degree of freedom is kT/2. A monatomic ideal gas # has three degrees of freedom corresponding to the three # spatial directions, which means its thermal energy is # (3/2) k T. # # The previous definition of the kelvin was based on the # triple point of water. The change in the definition of the # kelvin will not have much effect on measurement practice. # Practical temperature calibration makes use of two scales, # the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), which # covers the range of 0.65 K to 1357.77K and the Provisional # Low Temperature Scale of 2000 (PLTS-2000), which covers the # range of 0.9 mK to 1 K. # https://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cc/cct/publications-cc.html # # The ITS-90 contains 17 reference points including things # like the triple point of hydrogen (13.8033 K) or the # freezing point of gold (1337.33 K), and of course the triple # point of water. The PLTS-2000 specifies four reference # points, all based on properties of helium-3. # # The redefinition of the kelvin will not affect the values of # these reference points, which have been determined by # primary thermometry, using thermometers that rely only on # relationships that allow temperature to be calculated # directly without using any unknown quantities. Examples # include acoustic thermometers, which measure the speed of # sound in a gas, or electronic thermometers, which measure # tiny voltage fluctuations in resistors. Both variables # depend directly on temperature. e_SI 1.602176634e-19 e 1.602176634e-19 A s # electron charge (exact) A ! # The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. ampere A # It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the amp ampere # elementary charge, e, to be 1.602 176 634 * 10^-19 when # expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A*s. # # The previous definition was the current which produces a # force of 2e-7 N/m between two infinitely long wires a meter # apart. This definition was difficult to realize accurately. # # The ampere is actually realized by establishing the volt and # the ohm, since A = V / ohm. These measurements can be done # using the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect, # which accurately measure voltage and resistance, respectively, # with reference to two fixed constants, the Josephson # constant, K_J=2e/h and the von Klitzing constant, R_K=h/e^2. # Under the previous SI system, these constants had official # fixed values, defined in 1990. This created a situation # where the standard values for the volt and ohm were in some # sense outside of SI because they depended primarily on # constants different from the ones used to define SI. After # the revision, since e and h have exact definitions, the # Josephson and von Klitzing constants will also have exact # definitions that derive from SI instead of the conventional # 1990 values. # # In fact we know that there is a small offset between the # conventional values of the electrical units based on the # conventional 1990 values and the SI values. The new # definition, which brings the practical electrical units back # into SI, will lead to a one time change of +0.1ppm for # voltage values and +0.02ppm for resistance values. # # The previous definition resulted in fixed exact values for # the vacuum permeability (mu0), the impedance of free space # (Z0), the vacuum permittivity (epsilon0), and the Coulomb # constant. With the new definition, these four values are # subject to experimental error. avogadro 6.02214076e23 / mol # Size of a mole (exact) N_A avogadro mol ! # The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of mole mol # substance. One mole contains exactly 6.022 140 76 * 10^23 # elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical # value of the Avogadro constant, N_A, when expressed in the # unit 1/mol and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of # substance, symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number # of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may # be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other # particle or specified group of particles. # # The atomic mass unit (u) is defined as 1/12 the mass of # carbon-12. Previously the mole was defined so that a mole # of carbon-12 weighed exactly 12g, or N_A u = 1 g/mol # exactly. This relationship is now an experimental, # approximate relationship. # # To determine the size of the mole, researchers used spheres # of very pure silicon-28 that weighed a kilogram. They # measured the molar mass of Si-28 using mass spectrometry and # used X-ray diffraction interferometry to determine the # spacing of the silicon atoms in the sphere. Using the # sphere's volume it was then possible to determine the number # of silicon atoms in the sphere, and hence determine the # Avogadro constant. The results of this experiment were used # to define N_A, which is henceforth a fixed, unchanging # quantity. cd ! # The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of luminous intensity candela cd # in a given direction. It is defined by taking the fixed # numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic # radiation of the frequency 540e12 Hz to be 683 when # expressed in the unit lumen/watt, which is equal to # cd sr/W, or cd sr s^3/kg m^2 # # This definition is a rewording of the previous definition. # Luminous intensity differs from radiant intensity (W/sr) in # that it is adjusted for human perceptual dependence on # wavelength. The frequency of 540e12 Hz (yellow; # wavelength approximately 555 nm in vacuum) is where human # perception is most efficient. K_cd 683 lumen/W # Luminous efficiency at 540e12 Hz (exact) # Angular Measure # # The radian and steradian are defined as dimensionless primitive units. # The radian is equal to m/m and the steradian to m^2/m^2 so these units are # dimensionless. Retaining them as named units is useful because it allows # clarity in expressions and makes the meaning of unit definitions more clear. # These units will reduce to 1 in conversions but not for sums of units or for # arguments to functions. # radian !dimensionless # Plane angle subtended at the center of a circle by # an arc equal in length to the radius of the # circle. # Dimension: LENGTH (of arc) / DISTANCE (radius) sr !dimensionless # Solid angle which cuts off an area of the surface steradian sr # of the sphere equal to that of a square with # sides of length equal to the radius of the # sphere. # Dimension: AREA (of surface) / DISTANCE^2 # (radius^2) # # A primitive non-SI unit # B ! byte B bit 1|8 B # Basic unit of information (entropy). The entropy in bits # of a random variable over a finite alphabet is defined # to be the sum of -p(i)*log2(p(i)) over the alphabet where # p(i) is the probability that the random variable takes # on the value i. # # Currency: the primitive unit of currency is defined in currency.units. # It is usually the US$ or the euro, but it is user selectable. # # # Absolute value # abs(x) noerror sqrt(x^2) ########################################################################### # # # Prefixes (longer names must come first) # # # ########################################################################### quetta- 1e30 # Allegedly from "q" plus Greek "deka" (ten) ronna- 1e27 # Allegedly from "r" plus Greek "ennea" (nine) yotta- 1e24 # Greek or Latin "octo" (eight) zetta- 1e21 # Latin "septem" (seven) exa- 1e18 # Greek "hex" (six) peta- 1e15 # Greek "pente" (five) tera- 1e12 # Greek "teras" (monster) giga- 1e9 # Greek "gigas" (giant) mega- 1e6 # Greek "megas" (large) myria- 1e4 # Not an official SI prefix kilo- 1e3 # Greek "chilioi" (thousand) hecto- 1e2 # Greek "hekaton" (hundred) deca- 1e1 # Greek "deka" (ten) deka- deca deci- 1e-1 # Latin "decimus" (tenth) centi- 1e-2 # Latin "centum" (hundred) milli- 1e-3 # Latin "mille" (thousand) micro- 1e-6 # Latin "micro" or Greek "mikros" (small) nano- 1e-9 # Latin "nanus" or Greek "nanos" (dwarf) pico- 1e-12 # Spanish "pico" (a bit) femto- 1e-15 # Danish-Norwegian "femten" (fifteen) atto- 1e-18 # Danish-Norwegian "atten" (eighteen) zepto- 1e-21 # Latin "septem" (seven) yocto- 1e-24 # Greek or Latin "octo" (eight) ronto- 1e-27 # Allegedly "r" plus Latin "novum" (nine) quecto- 1e-30 # Allegedly "q" plus Latin "decim" (ten) quarter- 1|4 semi- 0.5 demi- 0.5 hemi- 0.5 half- 0.5 double- 2 triple- 3 treble- 3 kibi- 2^10 # In response to the improper and confusing mebi- 2^20 # use of SI prefixes for powers of two, gibi- 2^30 # the International Electrotechnical tebi- 2^40 # Commission aproved these binary prefixes pebi- 2^50 # in IEC 60027-2 Amendment 2 (1999). exbi- 2^60 zebi- 2^70 # Zebi- and yobi- were added in the 2005 ed., yobi- 2^80 # later superseded by ISO/IEC 80000-13:2008. robi- 2^90 quebi- 2^100 Ki- kibi Mi- mebi Gi- gibi Ti- tebi Pi- pebi Ei- exbi Zi- zebi Yi- yobi Ri- robi Qi- quebi Q- quetta R- ronna Y- yotta Z- zetta E- exa P- peta T- tera G- giga M- mega k- kilo h- hecto da- deka d- deci c- centi m- milli u- micro # it should be a mu but u is easy to type mu- micro n- nano p- pico f- femto a- atto z- zepto y- yocto r- ronto q- quecto # # Names of some numbers # one 1 two 2 double 2 couple 2 three 3 triple 3 four 4 quadruple 4 five 5 quintuple 5 six 6 seven 7 eight 8 nine 9 ten 10 eleven 11 twelve 12 thirteen 13 fourteen 14 fifteen 15 sixteen 16 seventeen 17 eighteen 18 nineteen 19 twenty 20 thirty 30 forty 40 fifty 50 sixty 60 seventy 70 eighty 80 ninety 90 hundred 100 thousand 1000 million 1e6 twoscore two score threescore three score fourscore four score fivescore five score sixscore six score sevenscore seven score eightscore eight score ninescore nine score tenscore ten score twelvescore twelve score # These number terms were described by N. Chuquet and De la Roche in the 16th # century as being successive powers of a million. These definitions are still # used in most European countries. The current US definitions for these # numbers arose in the 17th century and don't make nearly as much sense. These # numbers are listed in the CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics by Eric # W. Weisstein. shortbillion 1e9 shorttrillion 1e12 shortquadrillion 1e15 shortquintillion 1e18 shortsextillion 1e21 shortseptillion 1e24 shortoctillion 1e27 shortnonillion 1e30 shortnoventillion shortnonillion shortdecillion 1e33 shortundecillion 1e36 shortduodecillion 1e39 shorttredecillion 1e42 shortquattuordecillion 1e45 shortquindecillion 1e48 shortsexdecillion 1e51 shortseptendecillion 1e54 shortoctodecillion 1e57 shortnovemdecillion 1e60 shortvigintillion 1e63 centillion 1e303 googol 1e100 longbillion million^2 longtrillion million^3 longquadrillion million^4 longquintillion million^5 longsextillion million^6 longseptillion million^7 longoctillion million^8 longnonillion million^9 longnoventillion longnonillion longdecillion million^10 longundecillion million^11 longduodecillion million^12 longtredecillion million^13 longquattuordecillion million^14 longquindecillion million^15 longsexdecillion million^16 longseptdecillion million^17 longoctodecillion million^18 longnovemdecillion million^19 longvigintillion million^20 # These numbers fill the gaps left by the long system above. milliard 1000 million billiard 1000 million^2 trilliard 1000 million^3 quadrilliard 1000 million^4 quintilliard 1000 million^5 sextilliard 1000 million^6 septilliard 1000 million^7 octilliard 1000 million^8 nonilliard 1000 million^9 noventilliard nonilliard decilliard 1000 million^10 # For consistency longmilliard milliard longbilliard billiard longtrilliard trilliard longquadrilliard quadrilliard longquintilliard quintilliard longsextilliard sextilliard longseptilliard septilliard longoctilliard octilliard longnonilliard nonilliard longnoventilliard noventilliard longdecilliard decilliard # The long centillion would be 1e600. The googolplex is another # familiar large number equal to 10^googol. These numbers give overflows. # # The short system prevails in English speaking countries # billion shortbillion trillion shorttrillion quadrillion shortquadrillion quintillion shortquintillion sextillion shortsextillion septillion shortseptillion octillion shortoctillion nonillion shortnonillion noventillion shortnoventillion decillion shortdecillion undecillion shortundecillion duodecillion shortduodecillion tredecillion shorttredecillion quattuordecillion shortquattuordecillion quindecillion shortquindecillion sexdecillion shortsexdecillion septendecillion shortseptendecillion octodecillion shortoctodecillion novemdecillion shortnovemdecillion vigintillion shortvigintillion # # Numbers used in India # lakh 1e5 crore 1e7 arab 1e9 kharab 1e11 neel 1e13 padm 1e15 shankh 1e17 # postgresql-unit: Define some units before they are used elsewhere before their original definition pi 3.14159265358979323846 π pi astronomicalunit 149597870700 m # IAU definition from 2012, exact au astronomicalunit # ephemeris for the above described m2 m^2 ############################################################################# # # # Derived units which can be reduced to the primitive units # # # ############################################################################# # # Named SI derived units (officially accepted) # newton kg m / s^2 # force N newton pascal N/m^2 # pressure or stress Pa pascal joule N m # energy J joule watt J/s # power W watt coulomb A s # charge C coulomb volt W/A # potential difference V volt ohm V/A # electrical resistance siemens A/V # electrical conductance S siemens farad C/V # capacitance F farad weber V s # magnetic flux Wb weber henry V s / A # inductance, also Wb/A, but needs to be H henry # defined this way for CGS units tesla Wb/m^2 # magnetic flux density T tesla hertz /s # frequency Hz hertz # # Dimensions. These are here to help with dimensional analysis and # because they will appear in the list produced by hitting '?' at the # "You want:" prompt to tell the user the dimension of the unit. # LENGTH meter AREA LENGTH^2 VOLUME LENGTH^3 MASS kilogram AMOUNT mole ANGLE radian SOLID_ANGLE steradian MONEY US$ FORCE newton TORQUE FORCE DISTANCE PRESSURE FORCE / AREA STRESS FORCE / AREA FREQUENCY hertz WAVELENGTH LENGTH WAVENUMBER 1/WAVELENGTH # number of waves per distance VELOCITY DISPLACEMENT / TIME # a vector (includes direction) SPEED DISTANCE / TIME # a scalar ACCELERATION VELOCITY / TIME MOMENTUM MASS VELOCITY # Also ENERGY / VELOCITY or IMPULSE IMPULSE FORCE TIME DISPLACEMENT LENGTH DISTANCE LENGTH ELONGATION LENGTH STRAIN ELONGATION / LENGTH ENERGY joule POWER watt WORK FORCE DISTANCE DENSITY MASS / VOLUME LINEAR_DENSITY MASS / LENGTH SPECIFIC_ENERGY ENERGY / MASS VISCOSITY FORCE TIME / AREA KINEMATIC_VISCOSITY VISCOSITY / DENSITY CURRENT ampere CHARGE coulomb CAPACITANCE farad RESISTANCE ohm CONDUCTANCE siemens # It may be easier to understand the relationship by considering # an object with specified dimensions and resistivity, whose # resistance is given by the resistivity * length / area. RESISTIVITY RESISTANCE AREA / LENGTH CONDUCTIVITY CONDUCTANCE LENGTH / AREA INDUCTANCE henry E_FIELD ELECTRIC_POTENTIAL / LENGTH B_FIELD tesla # The D and H fields are related to the E and B fields by factors of # epsilon (electric permittivity) and mu (magnetic permeability) # respectively. The definitions of permittivity and permeability # below are scaled to make it possible to convert D_FIELD and # E_FIELD between SI and CGS units. ELECTRIC_PERMITTIVITY epsilon0 / epsilon0_SI # SI: F/m MAGNETIC_PERMEABILITY mu0 / mu0_SI # SI: H/m = N/A^2 D_FIELD E_FIELD ELECTRIC_PERMITTIVITY H_FIELD B_FIELD / MAGNETIC_PERMEABILITY ELECTRIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT CHARGE DISTANCE MAGNETIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT TORQUE / B_FIELD POLARIZATION ELECTRIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT / VOLUME MAGNETIZATION MAGNETIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT / VOLUME ELECTRIC_POTENTIAL ENERGY / CHARGE # volt VOLTAGE ELECTRIC_POTENTIAL E_FLUX E_FIELD AREA D_FLUX D_FIELD AREA B_FLUX B_FIELD AREA H_FLUX H_FIELD AREA # # units derived easily from SI units # gram millikg gm gram g gram tonne 1000 kg t tonne metricton tonne sthene tonne m / s^2 funal sthene pieze sthene / m^2 quintal 100 kg bar 1e5 Pa # About 1 atm b bar vac millibar micron micrometer # One millionth of a meter bicron picometer # One brbillionth of a meter cc cm^3 liter 1000 cc # The liter was defined in 1901 as the oldliter 1.000028 dm^3 # space occupied by 1 kg of pure water at L liter # the temperature of its maximum density l liter # under a pressure of 1 atm. This was # supposed to be 1000 cubic cm, but it # was discovered that the original # measurement was off. In 1964, the # liter was redefined to be exactly 1000 # cubic centimeters. Ah amp hour # Unit of charge mho siemens # Inverse of ohm, hence ohm spelled backward galvat ampere # Named after Luigi Galvani angstrom 1e-10 m # Convenient for describing molecular sizes xunit xunit_cu # Used for measuring x-ray wavelengths. siegbahn xunit # Originally defined to be 1|3029.45 of xunit_cu 1.00207697e-13 m # the spacing of calcite planes at 18 xunit_mo 1.00209952e-13 m # degC. It was intended to be exactly # 1e-13 m, but was later found to be # slightly off. Current usage is with # reference to common x-ray lines, either # the K-alpha 1 line of copper or the # same line of molybdenum. angstromstar 1.00001495 angstrom # Defined by JA Bearden in 1965 to replace # the X unit. The wavelength of the # tungsten K alpha1 line was defined as # exactly 0.20901 angstrom star, with the # value chosen to try to make the new # unit close to the angstrom. silicon_d220 1.920155716e-10 m # Silicon lattice spacing siliconlattice sqrt(8) silicon_d220# Silicon lattice parameter, (a), the side # length of the unit cell for the diamond # centered cubic structure of silicon. fermi 1e-15 m # Convenient for describing nuclear sizes # Nuclear radius is from 1 to 10 fermis barn 1e-28 m^2 # Used to measure cross section for # particle physics collision, said to # have originated in the phrase "big as # a barn". shed 1e-24 barn # Defined to be a smaller companion to the # barn, but it's too small to be of # much use. brewster micron^2/N # measures stress-optical coef diopter /m # measures reciprocal of lens focal length fresnel 1e12 Hz # occasionally used in spectroscopy shake 1e-8 sec svedberg 1e-13 s # Used for measuring the sedimentation # coefficient for centrifuging. gamma microgram # Also used for 1e-9 tesla lambda microliter spat 1e12 m # Rarely used for astronomical measurements preece 1e13 ohm m # resistivity planck J s # action of one joule over one second sturgeon /henry # magnetic reluctance daraf 1/farad # elastance (farad spelled backwards) leo 10 m/s^2 poiseuille N s / m^2 # viscosity mayer J/g K # specific heat mired / microK # reciprocal color temperature. The name # abbreviates micro reciprocal degree. crocodile megavolt # used informally in UK physics labs metricounce 25 g mounce metricounce finsenunit 1e5 W/m^2 # Measures intensity of ultraviolet light # with wavelength 296.7 nm. fluxunit 1e-26 W/m^2 Hz # Used in radio astronomy to measure # the energy incident on the receiving # body across a specified frequency # bandwidth. [12] jansky fluxunit # K. G. Jansky identified radio waves coming Jy jansky # from outer space in 1931. flick W / cm^2 sr micrometer # Spectral radiance or irradiance pfu / cm^2 sr s # particle flux unit -- Used to measure # rate at which particles are received by # a spacecraft as particles per solid # angle per detector area per second. [18] pyron cal_IT / cm^2 min # Measures heat flow from solar radiation, # from Greek work "pyr" for fire. katal mol/sec # Measure of the amount of a catalyst. One kat katal # katal of catalyst enables the reaction # to consume or produce one mol/sec. solarluminosity 382.8e24 W # A common yardstick for comparing the # output of different stars. # http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html # at mean Earth-Sun distance solarirradiance solarluminosity / (4 pi sundist^2) solarconstant solarirradiance TSI solarirradiance # total solar irradiance # # Land Area # # The are was defined by an earlier form of SI. Many countries # redefined old land area units to equal the decare (10 are) # are 100 m^2 a are sotka are # Russian stremma decare # Greece dunam decare # Different spellings of the old dulum decare # Ottoman measure donum decare # !utf8 dönüm decare mål decare # Norway. !endutf8 # # time # sec s minute 60 s min minute hour 60 min hr hour day 24 hr d day da day week 7 day wk week sennight 7 day fortnight 14 day blink 1e-5 day # Actual human blink takes 1|3 second ce 1e-2 day cron 1e6 years watch 4 hours # time a sentry stands watch or a ship's # crew is on duty. bell 1|8 watch # Bell would be sounded every 30 minutes. # French Revolutionary Time or Decimal Time. It was Proposed during # the French Revolution. A few clocks were made, but it never caught # on. In 1998 Swatch defined a time measurement called ".beat" and # sold some watches that displayed time in this unit. decimalhour 1|10 day decimalminute 1|100 decimalhour decimalsecond 1|100 decimalminute beat decimalminute # Swatch Internet Time # # angular measure # circle 2 pi radian degree 1|360 circle deg degree arcdeg degree arcmin 1|60 degree arcminute arcmin ' arcmin arcsec 1|60 arcmin arcsecond arcsec " arcsec '' " !utf8 ° degree ′ ' # prime, U+2032 ″ " # double prime, U+2033 !endutf8 rightangle 90 degrees quadrant 1|4 circle quintant 1|5 circle sextant 1|6 circle sign 1|12 circle # Angular extent of one sign of the zodiac turn circle revolution turn rev turn pulsatance radian / sec gon 1|100 rightangle # measure of grade grade gon centesimalminute 1|100 grade centesimalsecond 1|100 centesimalminute milangle 1|6400 circle # Official NIST definition. # Another choice is 1e-3 radian. pointangle 1|32 circle # Used for reporting compass readings centrad 0.01 radian # Used for angular deviation of light # through a prism. mas milliarcsec # Used by astronomers seclongitude circle (seconds/day) # Astronomers measure longitude # (which they call right ascension) in # time units by dividing the equator into # 24 hours instead of 360 degrees. # # Some geometric formulas # circum(r) units=[m;m] range=[0,) 2 pi r; circum/ 2 pi circum_d(d) units=[m;m] range=[0,) circum(d/2); 2 ~circum(circum_d) circlearea(r) units=[m;m^2] range=[0,) pi r^2 ; sqrt(circlearea/pi) circlearea_d(d) units=[m;m^2] range=[0,) circlearea(d/2); 2 ~circlearea(circlearea_d) spherevolume(r) units=[m;m^3] range=[0,) 4|3 pi r^3 ; \ cuberoot(spherevolume/4|3 pi) spherevolume_d(d) units=[m;m^3] range=[0,) spherevolume(d/2); 2 ~spherevolume(spherevolume_d) spherevol() spherevolume spherevol_d() spherevolume_d circumference() circum circumference_d() circum_d square(x) range=[0,) x^2 ; sqrt(square) cube(x) range=[0,) x^3 ; cube^(1|3) # # Solid angle measure # sphere 4 pi sr squaredegree 1|180^2 pi^2 sr squareminute 1|60^2 squaredegree squaresecond 1|60^2 squareminute squarearcmin squareminute squarearcsec squaresecond sphericalrightangle 1|8 sphere octant 1|8 sphere # # Concentration measures # percent 0.01 % percent mill 0.001 # Originally established by Congress in 1791 # as a unit of money equal to 0.001 dollars, # it has come to refer to 0.001 in general. # Used by some towns to set their property # tax rate, and written with a symbol similar # to the % symbol but with two 0's in the # denominator. [18] proof 1|200 # Alcohol content measured by volume at # 60 degrees Fahrenheit. This is a USA # measure. In Europe proof=percent. ppm 1e-6 partspermillion ppm ppb 1e-9 partsperbillion ppb # USA billion ppt 1e-12 partspertrillion ppt # USA trillion karat 1|24 # measure of gold purity caratgold karat gammil mg/l basispoint 0.01 % # Used in finance fine 1|1000 # Measure of gold purity # The pH scale is used to measure the concentration of hydronium (H3O+) ions in # a solution. A neutral solution has a pH of 7 as a result of dissociated # water molecules. pH(x) units=[1;mol/liter] range=(0,) 10^(-x) mol/liter ; (-log(pH liters/mol)) # # Temperature # # Two types of units are defined: units for converting temperature differences # and functions for converting absolute temperatures. Conversions for # differences start with "deg" and conversions for absolute temperature start # with "temp". # # If the temperature inside is 72 degrees Fahrenheit and you want to # convert this to degrees Celsius then you need absolute temperature: # # You have: tempF(72) # You want: tempC # 22.222222 # # If the temperature rose 72 degrees Fahrenheit during the chemical reaction # then this is a temperature difference: # # You have: 72 degF # You want: degC # * 40 # / 0.025 # TEMPERATURE kelvin TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE kelvin # In 1741 Anders Celsius introduced a temperature scale with water boiling at # 0 degrees and freezing at 100 degrees at standard pressure. After his death # the fixed points were reversed and the scale was called the centigrade # scale. Due to the difficulty of accurately measuring the temperature of # melting ice at standard pressure, the centigrade scale was replaced in 1954 # by the Celsius scale which is defined by subtracting 273.15 from the # temperature in Kelvins. This definition differed slightly from the old # centigrade definition, but the Kelvin scale depends on the triple point of # water rather than a melting point, so it can be measured accurately. tempC(x) units=[1;K] domain=[-273.15,) range=[0,) \ x K + stdtemp ; (tempC +(-stdtemp))/K tempcelsius() tempC degcelsius K degC K # Fahrenheit defined his temperature scale by setting 0 to the coldest # temperature he could produce in his lab with a salt water solution and by # setting 96 degrees to body heat. In Fahrenheit's words: # # Placing the thermometer in a mixture of sal ammoniac or sea # salt, ice, and water a point on the scale will be found which # is denoted as zero. A second point is obtained if the same # mixture is used without salt. Denote this position as 30. A # third point, designated as 96, is obtained if the thermometer # is placed in the mouth so as to acquire the heat of a healthy # man." (D. G. Fahrenheit, Phil. Trans. (London) 33, 78, 1724) tempF(x) units=[1;K] domain=[-459.67,) range=[0,) \ (x+(-32)) degF + stdtemp ; (tempF+(-stdtemp))/degF + 32 tempfahrenheit() tempF degfahrenheit 5|9 * degC degF 5|9 * degC degreesrankine degF # The Rankine scale has the degrankine degreesrankine # Fahrenheit degree, but its zero degreerankine degF # is at absolute zero. degR degrankine tempR degrankine temprankine degrankine tempreaumur(x) units=[1;K] domain=[-218.52,) range=[0,) \ x degreaumur+stdtemp ; (tempreaumur+(-stdtemp))/degreaumur degreaumur 10|8 * degC # The Reaumur scale was used in Europe and # particularly in France. It is defined # to be 0 at the freezing point of water # and 80 at the boiling point. Reaumur # apparently selected 80 because it is # divisible by many numbers. degK K # "Degrees Kelvin" is forbidden usage. tempK K # For consistency # Gas mark is implemented below but in a terribly ugly way. There is # a simple formula, but it requires a conditional which is not # presently supported. # # The formula to convert to degrees Fahrenheit is: # # 25 log2(gasmark) + k_f gasmark<=1 # 25 (gasmark-1) + k_f gasmark>=1 # # k_f = 275 # gasmark[degR] \ .0625 634.67 \ .125 659.67 \ .25 684.67 \ .5 709.67 \ 1 734.67 \ 2 759.67 \ 3 784.67 \ 4 809.67 \ 5 834.67 \ 6 859.67 \ 7 884.67 \ 8 909.67 \ 9 934.67 \ 10 959.67 # The Beaufort wind force scale was developed from 1805-1807 by Sir Francis # Beaufort to categorize wind conditions at sea. It is normally defined from # Beaufort 0, also called "Force 0," through Beaufort 12. Beaufort numbers # 13-17 were later defined for tropical cyclones but are rarely used. The # original Beaufort scale was qualitative and did not relate directly to wind # speed. In 1906, George Simpson of the British Met Office fit wind-speed # measurements to visual Beaufort estimates made from five coastal and inland # stations in Britain. Simpson's formula was adopted by the World Meterological # Organization in 1946 to produce a table, known as WMO Code 1100, giving mean # (and min/max) wind speed equivalents at a height of 10 meters for each # Beaufort number. This is the "operational" Beaufort scale that mariners # use. Meterological and climatic researchers typically use a "scientific" # Beaufort scale based on more recent and comprehensive fits. See Wallbrink and # Cook, Historical Wind Speed Equivalents Of The Beaufort Scale, 1850-1950, at # https://icoads.noaa.gov/reclaim/pdf/Hisklim13.pdf # beaufort_WMO1100(B) units=[1;m/s] domain=[0,17] range=[0,) \ 0.836 B^3|2 m/s; (beaufort_WMO1100 s / 0.836 m)^2|3 beaufort(B) units=[1;m/s] domain=[0,17] range=[0,) \ beaufort_WMO1100(B); ~beaufort_WMO1100(beaufort) # Units cannot handle wind chill or heat index because they are two-variable # functions, but they are included here for your edification. Clearly these # equations are the result of a model fitting operation. # # wind chill index (WCI) a measurement of the combined cooling effect of low # air temperature and wind on the human body. The index was first defined # by the American Antarctic explorer Paul Siple in 1939. As currently used # by U.S. meteorologists, the wind chill index is computed from the # temperature T (in deg F) and wind speed V (in mi/hr) using the formula: # WCI = 0.0817(3.71 sqrt(V) + 5.81 - 0.25V)(T - 91.4) + 91.4. # For very low wind speeds, below 4 mi/hr, the WCI is actually higher than # the air temperature, but for higher wind speeds it is lower than the air # temperature. # # heat index (HI or HX) a measure of the combined effect of heat and # humidity on the human body. U.S. meteorologists compute the index # from the temperature T (in deg F) and the relative humidity H (as a # value from 0 to 1). # HI = -42.379 + 2.04901523 T + 1014.333127 H - 22.475541 TH # - .00683783 T^2 - 548.1717 H^2 + 0.122874 T^2 H + 8.5282 T H^2 # - 0.0199 T^2 H^2. # # Physical constants # # Basic constants #pi 3.14159265358979323846 # More digits than double tau 2 pi # precision can handle phi (sqrt(5)+1)/2 light c coulombconst alpha hbar c / e^2 # Coulomb constant k_C coulombconst # Gets overridden in CGS modes k_C_SI alpha hbar_SI c_SI / e_SI^2 epsilon0_SI 1 / 4 pi k_C_SI # Vacuum electric permittivity epsilon0 1 / 4 pi k_C # Also overridden in CGS modes mu0_SI 1 / epsilon0_SI c_SI^2 # Vacuum magnetic permeability mu0 1 / epsilon0 c^2 # Also overridden in CGS modes Z0 4 pi k_C / c # Free space impedance energy c^2 # Convert mass to energy hbar h / 2 pi hbar_SI h_SI / 2 pi spin hbar G_SI 6.67430e-11 G 6.67430e-11 N m^2 / kg^2 # Newtonian gravitational constant # Physico-chemical constants atomicmassunit_SI 1.66053906892e-27 atomicmassunit 1.66053906892e-27 kg # Unified atomic mass unit, defined as u atomicmassunit # 1|12 of the mass of carbon 12. amu atomicmassunit # The relationship N_A u = 1 g/mol dalton u # is approximately, but not exactly Da dalton # true (with the 2019 SI). # Previously the mole was defined to # make this relationship exact. amu_chem 1.66026e-27 kg # 1|16 of the weighted average mass of # the 3 naturally occurring neutral # isotopes of oxygen amu_phys 1.65981e-27 kg # 1|16 of the mass of a neutral # oxygen 16 atom molarmassconstant N_A u gasconstant k N_A # Molar gas constant (exact) R gasconstant kboltzmann boltzmann sackurtetrodeconstant 5|2 + ln((u k K / 2 pi hbar^2)^(3|2) k K / atm) # Appears in the Sakur-Tetrode # equation for the entropy of a # monatomic ideal gas. molarvolume R stdtemp / atm # Volume occupied by one mole of an V_m molarvolume # ideal gas at STP. (exact) loschmidt avogadro / molarvolume # Molecules per cubic meter of an n0 loschmidt # ideal gas at STP. Loschmidt did # work similar to Avogadro. molarvolume_si N_A siliconlattice^3 / 8 # Volume of a mole of crystalline # silicon. The unit cell contains 8 # silicon atoms and has a side # length of siliconlattice. stefanboltzmann pi^2 k^4 / 60 hbar^3 c^2 # The power per area radiated by a sigma stefanboltzmann # blackbody at temperature T is # given by sigma T^4. (exact) wiendisplacement (h c/k)/4.9651142317442763 # Wien's Displacement Law gives # the wavelength at which the # Planck spectrum has maximum # intensity. The relation is lambda # T = b where lambda is wavelength, # T is temperature and b is the Wien # displacement. This relation is # used to determine the temperature # of stars. The constant is the # solution to x=5(1-exp(-x)). # This expression has no experimental # error, and x is defined exactly # by the equation above, so it is # an exact definition. wienfrequencydisplacement 2.8214393721220788934 k/h # In a similar vein, # this variant gives the frequency of # maximum intensity. The constant # is the solution to x=3*(1-exp(-x)), # and, as above, this relation is # an exact definition with zero # experimental error. K_J90 483597.9 GHz/V # Direct measurement of the volt is difficult. Until K_J 2e/h # recently, laboratories kept Weston cadmium cells as # a reference, but they could drift. In 1987 the # CGPM officially recommended the use of the # Josephson effect as a laboratory representation of # the volt. The Josephson effect occurs when two # superconductors are separated by a thin insulating # layer. A "supercurrent" flows across the insulator # with a frequency that depends on the potential # applied across the superconductors. This frequency # can be very accurately measured. The Josephson # constant K_J relates the measured frequency to the # potential. Two values given, the conventional # (exact) value from 1990, which was used until the # 2019 SI revision, and the current exact value. R_K90 25812.807 ohm # Measurement of the ohm also presents difficulties. R_K h/e^2 # The old approach involved maintaining resistances # that were subject to drift. The new standard is # based on the Hall effect. When a current carrying # ribbon is placed in a magnetic field, a potential # difference develops across the ribbon. The ratio # of the potential difference to the current is # called the Hall resistance. Klaus von Klitzing # discovered in 1980 that the Hall resistance varies # in discrete jumps when the magnetic field is very # large and the temperature very low. This enables # accurate realization of the resistance h/e^2 in the # lab. The 1990 value was an exact conventional # value used until the SI revision in 2019. This value # did not agree with measurements. The new value # is exact. # The 2019 update to SI gives exact definitions for R_K and K_J. Previously # the electromagnetic units were realized using the 1990 conventional values # for these constants, and as a result, the standard definitions were in some # sense outside of SI. The revision corrects this problem. The definitions # below give the 1990 conventional values for the electromagnetic units in # terms of 2019 SI. ampere90 (K_J90 R_K90 / K_J R_K) A coulomb90 (K_J90 R_K90 / K_J R_K) C farad90 (R_K90/R_K) F henry90 (R_K/R_K90) H ohm90 (R_K/R_K90) ohm volt90 (K_J90/K_J) V watt90 (K_J90^2 R_K90 / K_J^2 R_K) W # Various conventional values gravity 9.80665 m/s^2 # std acceleration of gravity (exact) # Established by the 3rd CGPM in # 1901. This is a nominal midrange # value, originally based on the # acceleration of a body at sea # level at 45 degrees latitude. # The value was actually determined # by measuring at the International # Bureau and correcting the # measurement by a theoretical # cofficient to get the 45 deg # latitude sea level value. # (Wikipedia: Standard gravity) force gravity # use to turn masses into forces atm 101325 Pa # Standard atmospheric pressure atmosphere atm Hg 13.5951 gram force / cm^3 # Standard weight of mercury (exact) water gram force/cm^3 # Standard weight of water (exact) waterdensity gram / cm^3 # Density of water H2O water wc water # water column mach 331.46 m/s # speed of sound in dry air at STP standardtemp 273.15 K # standard temperature stdtemp standardtemp normaltemp tempF(70) # for gas density, from NIST normtemp normaltemp # Handbook 44 # Weight of mercury and water at different temperatures using the standard # force of gravity. Hg10C 13.5708 force gram / cm^3 # These units, when used to form Hg20C 13.5462 force gram / cm^3 # pressure measures, are not accurate Hg23C 13.5386 force gram / cm^3 # because of considerations of the Hg30C 13.5217 force gram / cm^3 # revised practical temperature scale. Hg40C 13.4973 force gram / cm^3 Hg60F 13.5574 force gram / cm^3 H2O0C 0.99987 force gram / cm^3 H2O5C 0.99999 force gram / cm^3 H2O10C 0.99973 force gram / cm^3 H2O15C 0.99913 force gram / cm^3 H2O18C 0.99862 force gram / cm^3 H2O20C 0.99823 force gram / cm^3 H2O25C 0.99707 force gram / cm^3 H2O50C 0.98807 force gram / cm^3 H2O100C 0.95838 force gram / cm^3 # moved because ft is used before being defined (and otherwise parsed as femtotonne) inch 2.54 cm in inch inches inch foot 12 inch feet foot ft foot ft3 ft^3 # Atomic constants hartree 4.3597447222060e-18 J # Approximate electric potential energy E_h hartree # of the hydrogen atom in its ground # state, and approximately twice its # ionization energy. The hartree # energy is traditionally defined as # coulombconst^2 m_e e^4 / hbar^2, # but it can be measured to greater # precision using the relationship # hartree = 2 h c Rinfinity # because Rinfinity is one of the # most accurately measured physical # constants. Because h and c are # exact we can choose either hartree # or Rinfinity from CODATA to use as # the primary value without # affecting the precision. Rinfinity hartree / 2 h c # The wavelengths of a spectral series R_H Rinfinity m_p / (m_e + m_p) # can be expressed as # 1/lambda = R (1/m^2 - 1/n^2). # where R is a number that various # slightly from element to element. # For hydrogen, R_H is the value, # and for heavy elements, the value # approaches Rinfinity, which can be # computed from # Rinfinity = m_e c alpha^2 / 2 h # with loss of precision. Rinfinity # is one of the most accurately # measured physical constants and is # known to higher precision than m_e # or alpha. alpha 7.2973525643e-3 # The fine structure constant was # introduced to explain fine # structure visible in spectral # lines. bohrradius hbar / alpha m_e c a0 bohrradius prout 185.5 keV # nuclear binding energy equal to 1|12 # binding energy of the deuteron conductancequantum e^2 / pi hbar G0 conductancequantum magneticfluxquantum pi hbar / e Phi0 magneticfluxquantum circulationquantum h / 2 m_e # weak-force related weakmixingangle 0.22305 w_to_z_mass_ratio 0.88145 # Particle radius electronradius alpha^2 bohrradius # Classical thomsoncrosssection 8|3 pi electronradius^2 # Arises in Thomson scattering alphachargeradius 1.6785e-15 m deuteronchargeradius 2.12778e-15 m protonchargeradius 8.4075e-16 m # Masses of elementary particles electronmass_SI electronmass_u atomicmassunit_SI electronmass_u 5.485799090441e-4 electronmass 5.485799090441e-4 u m_e electronmass muonmass 0.1134289257 u m_mu muonmass taumass 1.90754 u m_tau taumass protonmass 1.0072764665789 u m_p protonmass neutronmass 1.00866491606 u m_n neutronmass deuteronmass 2.013553212544 u # Nucleus of deuterium, one m_d deuteronmass # proton and one neutron alphaparticlemass 4.001506179129 u # Nucleus of He, two protons m_alpha alphaparticlemass # and two neutrons tritonmass 3.01550071597 u # Nucleus of H3, one proton m_t tritonmass # and two neutrons helionmass 3.014932246932 u # Nucleus of He3, two protons m_h helionmass # and one neutron # particle wavelengths: the compton wavelength of a particle is # defined as h / m c where m is the mass of the particle. electronwavelength h / m_e c lambda_C electronwavelength protonwavelength h / m_p c lambda_C,p protonwavelength neutronwavelength h / m_n c lambda_C,n neutronwavelength muonwavelength h / m_mu c lambda_C,mu muonwavelength tauwavelength h / m_tau c lambda_C,tau tauwavelength # The g-factor or dimensionless magnetic moment is a quantity that # characterizes the magnetic moment of a particle. The electron g-factor is # one of the most precisely measured values in physics, with a relative # uncertainty of 1.7e-13. g_d 0.8574382335 # Deuteron g-factor g_e -2.00231930436092 # Electron g-factor g_h -4.2552506995 # Helion g-factor g_mu -2.00233184123 # Muon g-factor g_n -3.82608552 # Neutron g-factor g_p 5.5856946893 # Proton g-factor g_t 5.957924930 # Triton g-factor fermicoupling 1.1663787e-5 / GeV^2 # Magnetic moments (derived from the more accurate g-factors) # # The magnetic moment is g * mu_ref * spin where in most cases # the reference is the nuclear magneton, and all of the particles # except the deuteron have spin 1/2. bohrmagneton e hbar / 2 electronmass # Reference magnetic moment for mu_B bohrmagneton # the electron mu_e g_e mu_B / 2 # Electron spin magnet moment mu_mu g_mu mu_B m_e / 2 muonmass # Muon spin magnetic moment nuclearmagneton mu_B m_e / protonmass # Convenient reference magnetic mu_N nuclearmagneton # moment for heavy particles mu_p g_p mu_N / 2 # Proton magnetic moment mu_n g_n mu_N / 2 # Neutron magnetic moment mu_d g_d mu_N # Deuteron magnetic moment, spin 1 mu_t g_t mu_N / 2 # Triton magnetic moment mu_h g_h mu_N / 2 # Helion magnetic moment shielded_mu_h -1.07455311035e-26 J / T shielded_mu_p 1.4105705830e-26 J / T # # Units derived from physical constants # kgf kg force technicalatmosphere kgf / cm^2 at technicalatmosphere hyl kgf s^2 / m # Also gram-force s^2/m according to [15] mmHg mm Hg torr atm / 760 # The torr, named after Evangelista # Torricelli, and is very close to the mm Hg tor Pa # Suggested in 1913 but seldom used [24]. # Eventually renamed the Pascal. Don't # confuse the tor with the torr. inHg inch Hg inH2O inch water mmH2O mm water eV e V # Energy acquired by a particle with charge e electronvolt eV # when it is accelerated through 1 V lightyear c julianyear # The 365.25 day year is specified in ly lightyear # NIST publication 811 lightsecond c s lightminute c min parsec au / tan(arcsec) # Unit of length equal to distance pc parsec # from the Sun to a point having # heliocentric parallax of 1 # arcsec (derived from parallax # second). A distant object with # parallax theta will be about # (arcsec/theta) parsecs from the # Sun (using the approximation # that tan(theta) = theta). rydberg 1|2 hartree # Rydberg energy crith 0.089885 gram # The crith is the mass of one # liter of hydrogen at standard # temperature and pressure. amagat N_A / molarvolume # Used to measure gas as a number amagatvolume mol molarvolume # density lorentz bohrmagneton / h c # Used to measure the extent # that the frequency of light # is shifted by a magnetic field. cminv h c / cm # Unit of energy used in infrared invcm cminv # spectroscopy. wavenumber 1/cm # kcal_mol kcal_th / mol N_A # kcal/mol is used as a unit of # energy by physical chemists. # # CGS system based on centimeter, gram and second # dyne cm gram / s^2 # force dyn dyne erg cm dyne # energy poise gram / cm s # viscosity, honors Jean Poiseuille P poise rhe /poise # reciprocal viscosity stokes cm^2 / s # kinematic viscosity St stokes stoke stokes lentor stokes # old name Gal cm / s^2 # acceleration, used in geophysics galileo Gal # for Earth's gravitational field # (note that "gal" is for gallon # but "Gal" is the standard symbol # for the gal which is evidently a # shortened form of "galileo".) barye dyne/cm^2 # pressure barad barye # old name kayser 1/cm # Proposed as a unit for wavenumber balmer kayser # Even less common name than "kayser" kine cm/s # velocity bole g cm / s # momentum pond gram force glug gram force s^2 / cm # Mass which is accelerated at # 1 cm/s^2 by 1 gram force darcy centipoise cm^2 / s atm # Measures permeability to fluid flow. # One darcy is the permeability of a # medium that allows a flow of cc/s # of a liquid of centipoise viscosity # under a pressure gradient of # atm/cm. Named for H. Darcy. mobileohm cm / dyn s # mobile ohm, measure of mechanical # mobility mechanicalohm dyn s / cm # mechanical resistance acousticalohm dyn s / cm^5 # ratio of the sound pressure of # 1 dyn/cm^2 to a source of strength # 1 cm^3/s ray acousticalohm rayl dyn s / cm^3 # Specific acoustical resistance eotvos 1e-9 Gal/cm # Change in gravitational acceleration # over horizontal distance # # Electromagnetic CGS Units # # For measuring electromagnetic quantities in SI, we introduce the new base # dimension of current, define the ampere to measure current, and derive the # other electromagnetic units from the ampere. With the CGS units one approach # is to use the basic equations of electromagnetism to define units that # eliminate constants from those equations. Coulomb's law has the form # # F = k_C q1 q2 / r^2 # # where k_C is the Coulomb constant equal to 1|4 pi epsilon0 in SI units. # Ampere's force law takes the form # # dF/dl = 2 k_A I1 I2 / r # # where k_A is the ampere constant. In the CGS system we force either k_C or # k_A to 1 which then defines either a unit for charge or a unit for current. # The other unit then becomes a derived unit. When k_C is 1 the ESU system # results. When k_A is 1 the EMU system results. Note that these parameters # are not independent of each other: Maxwell's equations indicate that # # k_C / k_A = c^2 # # where c is the speed of light. # # One more choice is needed to define a complete system. Using Coulomb's law # we define the electric field as the force per unit charge # # E = k_C 1 / r^2. # # But what about the magnetic field? It is derived from Ampere's law but we # have the option of adding a proportionality constant, k_B, that may have # dimensions: # # B = 2 k_A k_B I / r # # We can choose k_B = 1, which is done in the SI, ESU and EMU systems. But if # instead we give k_B units of length/time then the magnetic field has # the same units as the electric field. This choice leads to the Gaussian # and Heaviside-Lorentz systems. # # The relations above are used to determine the dimensions, but the units are # derived from the base units of CGS, not directly from those formulas. We # will use the notation [unit] to refer to the dimension of the unit in # brackets. This same process gives rise to the SI units such as the tesla, # which is defined by # # [tesla] = [2 (1/4 pi c^2 epsilon0) amp / m] = [(mu0 / 2) amp / m] # # which gives kg / A s^2 as expected. # # References: # # Classical Electrodynamics by John David Jackson, 3rd edition. # Cardarelli, Francois. 1999. Scientific Unit Conversion. 2nd ed. Trans. # M.J. Shields. London: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 1-85233-043-0 # # # All of the CGS systems result in electromagnetic units that involve the square # roots of the centimeter and gram. This requires a change in the primitive # units. # !var UNITS_SYSTEM esu emu gaussian gauss hlu sqrt_cm ! sqrt_centimeter sqrt_cm +m 100 sqrt_cm^2 sqrt_g ! sqrt_gram sqrt_g +kg kilo sqrt_g^2 !endvar # Electrostatic CGS (ESU) # # This system uses the statcoulomb as the fundamental unit of charge, with # derived units that parallel the conventional terminology but use the stat- # prefix. The statcoulomb is derived from Coulomb's law based on the dyne # # dyne = statcoulomb^2 / k_C cm^2. # # and in the EUS system, k_C=1. The statcoulomb is also called the # franklin or esu. # # The ESU system was specified by a committee report in 1873 and rarely used. statcoulomb sqrt(dyne cm^2/k_C) # Charge such that two charges esu statcoulomb # of 1 statC separated by 1 cm statcoul statcoulomb # exert a force of 1 dyne statC statcoulomb stC statcoulomb franklin statcoulomb Fr franklin !var UNITS_SYSTEM esu !message CGS-ESU units selected !prompt (ESU) +coulombconst 1 +epsilon0 1 / k_C # SI relation: 1 / 4 pi k_C +A 10 c_SI statamp !endvar statampere statcoulomb / s statamp statampere statA statampere stA statampere statvolt dyne cm / statamp sec statV statvolt stV statvolt statfarad statamp sec / statvolt statF statfarad stF statfarad cmcapacitance statfarad stathenry statvolt sec / statamp statH stathenry stH stathenry statohm statvolt / statamp stohm statohm statmho /statohm stmho statmho statweber statvolt sec statWb statweber stWb statweber stattesla statWb/cm^2 # Defined by analogy with SI; rarely statT stattesla # if ever used stT stattesla debye 1e-10 statC angstrom # unit of electrical dipole moment helmholtz debye/angstrom^2 # Dipole moment per area jar 1000 statfarad # approx capacitance of Leyden jar # Electromagnetic CGS (EMU) # # The abampere is the fundamental unit of this system, with the derived units # using the ab- prefix. The dimensions of the abampere are defined by assuming # that k_A=1, which # # [dyne / cm] = [2 abampere^2 / cm] # # where the brackets indicate taking the dimension of the unit in base units # and discarding any constant factors. This results in the definition from # base CGS units of: # # abampere = sqrt(dyne). # # The abampere is also called the biot. The magnetic field unit (the gauss) # follows from the assumption that k_B=1, which means # # B = 2 I / r, # # and hence the dimensions of the gauss are given by # # [gauss] = [2 abampere / cm] # # or rewriting in terms of the base units # # gauss = abampere / cm. # # The definition given below is different because it is in a form that # gives a valid reduction for SI and ESU and still gives the correct # result in EMU. (It can be derived from Faraday's law.) # # The EMU system was developed by Gauss and Weber and formalized as a system in # a committee report by the British Association for the Advancement of Science # in 1873. abampere 10 A # Current which produces a force of abamp abampere # 2 dyne/cm between two infinitely #aA abampere # long wires that are 1 cm apart abA abampere biot abampere Bi biot !var UNITS_SYSTEM emu !message CGS-EMU units selected !prompt (EMU) +coulombconst c^2 +epsilon0 1 / k_C # SI relation: 1 / 4 pi k_C +abampere sqrt(dyne) +A 0.1 abamp !endvar abcoulomb abamp sec abcoul abcoulomb abC abcoulomb abfarad abampere sec / abvolt abF abfarad abhenry abvolt sec / abamp abH abhenry abvolt dyne cm / abamp sec abV abvolt abohm abvolt / abamp abmho /abohm maxwell erg / abamp # Also called the "line" Mx maxwell gauss maxwell / cm^2 # The magnetic field 2 cm from a wire Gs gauss # carrying a current of 1 abampere oersted gauss / mu0 # From the relation H = B / mu Oe oersted gilbert gauss cm / mu0 Gb gilbert Gi gilbert unitpole 4 pi maxwell # unit magnetic pole emu erg/gauss # "electro-magnetic unit", a measure of # magnetic moment, often used as emu/cm^3 # to specify magnetic moment density. # Electromagnetic CGS (Gaussian) # # The Gaussian system uses the statcoulomb and statamp from the ESU system # derived by setting k_C=1, but it defines the magnetic field unit differently # by taking k_B=c instead of k_B=1. As noted above, k_C and k_A are not # independent. With k_C=1 we must have k_A=c^-2. This results in the magnetic # field unit, the gauss, having dimensions give by: # # [gauss] = [2 (c^-2) c statamp / cm] = [statamp / c cm] # # We then define the gauss using base CGS units to obtain # # gauss = statamp / ((cm/s) cm) = statcoulomb / cm^2. # # Note that this definition happens to give the same result as the definition # for the EMU system, so the definitions of the gauss are consistent. # # This definition gives the same dimensions for the E and B fields and was also # known as the "symmetric system". This system was proposed by Hertz in 1888. !var UNITS_SYSTEM gaussian gauss !message CGS-Gaussian units selected !prompt (Gaussian) !endvar !var UNITS_SYSTEM gaussian gauss natural-gauss +coulombconst 1 +A 10 c_SI statamp # Some SI-based definitions need re-scaling # by factors of "c" and/or "4 pi": +epsilon0 1 / k_C # SI relation: 1 / 4 pi k_C +mu0 1 / epsilon0 # SI relation: 1 / epsilon0 c^2 +bohrmagneton (e hbar / 2 electronmass) / c +magneticfluxquantum c (pi hbar / e) +maxwell c (erg / abamp) +weber c (J / A) !endvar # Electromagnetic CGS (Heaviside-Lorentz) # The Heaviside-Lorentz system is similar to the Gaussian system, but it is # "rationalized" so that factors of 4 pi do not appear in Maxwell's equations. # The SI system is similarly rationalized, but the other CGS systems are not. # # The factor of 4 pi appears instead in Coulomb's law, so in this system # k_C = 1 / 4 pi, which means the charge unit is defined by # # dyne = (1 / 4 pi) hlu_charge^2 / cm^2. # # Since we have the leading constant of (1 / 4pi) the numerical value of the # charge number is larger by sqrt(4pi), which in turns means that the HLU # charge unit is smaller by this multiple. But note that the dimensions of the # charge unit are the same as the Gaussian system, so both systems measure # charge with cm^(3/2) g^(1/2) / s, but the amount of charge for this dimension # differs by a factor of sqrt(4pi) between the two systems. # # Ampere's law for the Heaviside-Lorentz system has the form # # B = 1/(2 pi c) * I/r # The Heaviside-Lorentz system does not appear to have any named units, so we # use "hlu" for "Heaviside-Lorentz unit" so we can define values for the basic # units in this system. hlu_charge statcoulomb / sqrt(4 pi) hlu_current hlu_charge / sec hlu_volt erg / hlu_charge hlu_efield hlu_volt / cm hlu_bfield sqrt(4 pi) gauss !var UNITS_SYSTEM hlu !message CGS-Heaviside-Lorentz Units selected !prompt (HLU) !endvar !var UNITS_SYSTEM hlu natural planck planck-red +coulombconst 1 / 4 pi +A 10 c_SI statamp # Some SI-based magnetism definitions # need re-scaling by factors of "c": +mu0 1 / epsilon0 # SI relation: 1 / epsilon0 c^2 +bohrmagneton (e hbar / 2 electronmass) / c +magneticfluxquantum c (pi hbar / e) +weber c (J / A) +maxwell c (erg / abamp) !endvar # "Natural units" (high energy physics and cosmology) # # In particle physics "natural units" (which don't seem to have a more specific # name) are defined by setting hbar = c = boltzmann = 1. In this system the # electron volt is the only base unit. The electromagnetic units can be # derived from the rationalized Heaviside-Lorentz units or from Gaussian units. # The default form is the rationalized HLU derived version. # # The basic mechanical and thermodynamic definitions for the natural # units are identical in both systems. These appear below. The # natural-gauss system has additional electromagnetic redefinitions # that appear above in the "Electromagnetic CGS (Gaussian)" Section. # These are the Heaviside-Lorentz natural units natural_action hbar natural_energy eV #XXX according to CODATA 2022 (at least), natural energy = m_e c^2 natural_charge e / sqrt(4 pi alpha) natural_time natural_action / natural_energy natural_length natural_time c natural_mass natural_energy / c^2 natural_momentum natural_energy / c natural_temp natural_energy / boltzmann natural_force natural_energy / natural_length natural_power natural_energy / natural_time natural_volt natural_energy / natural_charge natural_Efield natural_volt / natural_length natural_Bfield natural_Efield / c natural_current natural_charge / natural_time !var UNITS_SYSTEM natural !message Natural units selected (Heavyside-Lorentz based) !prompt (natural) !endvar !var UNITS_SYSTEM natural-gauss !message Natural units selected (Gaussian based) !prompt (natgauss) !endvar # These definitions are the same in both natural unit systems !var UNITS_SYSTEM natural natural-gauss +eV ! +h 2 pi +c 1 +boltzmann 1 +m e_SI / hbar_SI c_SI eV +kg (c_SI^2 / e_SI) eV +s e_SI / hbar_SI eV +K (k_SI / e_SI) eV !endvar # # Planck units # # Planck units are a set of "natural" units based on physical constants c, G, # hbar, boltzmann's constant, and epsilon0, often used when working with # gravitational theory. In planck units, all quantities are dimensionless. # Some variations are possible for exactly how the units are defined. We # provide two variations, the rationalized planck units and the # rationalized-reduced planck units. # # In both forms the units are defined by c = hbar = boltzmann = 1. # But the choice of rationalized and reduced affects how epsilon0 and G # are treated. # # In the "rationalized" units, factors of 4 pi do not appear in Maxwell's # equation, and Coulomb's law bears a factor of 1/4 pi. See the section on # the Heaviside-Lorentz units for more about this. The choice of rationalized # units means that epsilon0 = 1. (In the unrationalized case, which is not # supported, 1/(4 pi epsilon0) = 1.) # # The "reduced" units similarly are defined to eliminate factors of 8 pi # from the Einstein field equations for gravitation. With reduced units # we set 8 pi G = 1 and with the unreduced units, simply G = 1. # Rationalized, unreduced planck units planckmass sqrt(hbar c / G) m_P planckmass planckenergy planckmass c^2 E_P planckenergy plancktime hbar / planckenergy t_P plancktime plancklength plancktime c l_P plancklength plancktemperature planckenergy / k T_P plancktemperature planckforce planckenergy / plancklength planckcharge sqrt(epsilon0 hbar c) planckcurrent planckcharge / plancktime planckvolt planckenergy / planckcharge planckEfield planckvolt / plancklength planckBfield planckEfield / c # Rationalized, reduced planck units planckmass_red sqrt(hbar c / 8 pi G) planckenergy_red planckmass_red c^2 plancktime_red hbar / planckenergy_red plancklength_red plancktime_red c plancktemperature_red planckenergy_red / k planckforce_red planckenergy_red / plancklength_red planckcharge_red sqrt(epsilon0 hbar c) planckcurrent_red planckcharge_red / plancktime_red planckvolt_red planckenergy_red / planckcharge_red planckEfield_red planckvolt_red / plancklength_red planckBfield_red planckEfield_red /c !var UNITS_SYSTEM planck !message Planck units selected !prompt (planck) +c 1 +h 2 pi +G 1 +boltzmann 1 +kg sqrt(G_SI / hbar_SI c_SI) +s c_SI^2 / hbar_SI kg +m s / c_SI +K k_SI / hbar_SI s !endvar !var UNITS_SYSTEM planck-red !message Reduced planck units selected !prompt (planck reduced) +c 1 +h 2 pi +G 1/8 pi +boltzmann 1 +kg sqrt(8 pi G_SI / hbar_SI c_SI) +s c_SI^2 / hbar_SI kg +m s / c_SI +K k_SI / hbar_SI s !endvar # # Some historical electromagnetic units # intampere 0.999835 A # Defined as the current which in one intamp intampere # second deposits .001118 gram of # silver from an aqueous solution of # silver nitrate. intfarad 0.999505 F intvolt 1.00033 V intohm 1.000495 ohm # Defined as the resistance of a # uniform column of mercury containing # 14.4521 gram in a column 1.063 m # long and maintained at 0 degC. daniell 1.042 V # Meant to be electromotive force of a # Daniell cell, but in error by .04 V faraday N_A e mol # Charge that must flow to deposit or faraday_phys 96521.9 C # liberate one gram equivalent of any faraday_chem 96495.7 C # element. (The chemical and physical faradayconst N_A e # values are off slightly from what is # obtained by multiplying by amu_chem # or amu_phys. These values are from # a 1991 NIST publication.) Note that # there is also a Faraday constant, # which has units of C/mol. kappline 6000 maxwell # Named by and for Gisbert Kapp siemensunit 0.9534 ohm # Resistance of a meter long column of # mercury with a 1 mm cross section. # # Printed circuit board units. # # Iowa State University Center for Nondestructive Evaluation # Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity # https://www.nde-ed.org/Physics/Materials/Physical_Chemical/Electrical.xhtml # # Conductivity is often expressed as a percentage of IACS. A copper wire a # meter long with a 1 mm^2 cross section has a resistance of 1|58 ohm at # 20 deg C. Copper density also has a standard IACS value at that temperature. # copperconductivity 58 siemens m / mm^2 # A wire a meter long with IACS copperconductivity # a 1 mm^2 cross section copperdensity 8.89 g/cm^3 # The "ounce" measures the ouncecopper oz / ft^2 copperdensity # thickness of copper used ozcu ouncecopper # in circuitboard fabrication # # Photometric units # LUMINOUS_INTENSITY candela LUMINOUS_FLUX lumen LUMINOUS_ENERGY talbot ILLUMINANCE lux EXITANCE lux candle 1.02 candela # Standard unit for luminous intensity hefnerunit 0.9 candle # in use before candela hefnercandle hefnerunit # violle 20.17 cd # luminous intensity of 1 cm^2 of # platinum at its temperature of # solidification (2045 K) lumen cd sr # Luminous flux (luminous energy per lm lumen # time unit) talbot lumen s # Luminous energy lumberg talbot # References give these values for lumerg talbot # lumerg and lumberg both. Note that # a paper from 1948 suggests that # lumerg should be 1e-7 talbots so # that lumergs/erg = talbots/joule. # lumerg = luminous erg lux lm/m^2 # Illuminance or exitance (luminous lx lux # flux incident on or coming from phot lumen / cm^2 # a surface) ph phot # footcandle lumen/ft^2 # Illuminance from a 1 candela source # at a distance of one foot metercandle lumen/m^2 # Illuminance from a 1 candela source # at a distance of one meter mcs metercandle s # luminous energy per area, used to # measure photographic exposure nox 1e-3 lux # These two units were proposed for skot 1e-3 apostilb # measurements relating to dark adapted # eyes. # Luminance measures LUMINANCE nit nit cd/m^2 # Luminance: the intensity per projected stilb cd / cm^2 # area of an extended luminous source. sb stilb # (nit is from latin nitere = to shine.) apostilb cd/pi m^2 asb apostilb blondel apostilb # Named after a French scientist. # Equivalent luminance measures. These units are units which measure # the luminance of a surface with a specified exitance which obeys # Lambert's law. (Lambert's law specifies that luminous intensity of # a perfectly diffuse luminous surface is proportional to the cosine # of the angle at which you view the luminous surface.) equivalentlux cd / pi m^2 # luminance of a 1 lux surface equivalentphot cd / pi cm^2 # luminance of a 1 phot surface lambert cd / pi cm^2 footlambert cd / pi ft^2 # The bril is used to express "brilliance" of a source of light on a # logarithmic scale to correspond to subjective perception. An increase of 1 # bril means doubling the luminance. A luminance of 1 lambert is defined to # have a brilliance of 1 bril. bril(x) units=[1;lambert] 2^(x+-100) lamberts ;log2(bril/lambert)+100 # Some luminance data from the IES Lighting Handbook, 8th ed, 1993 sunlum 1.6e9 cd/m^2 # at zenith sunillum 100e3 lux # clear sky sunillum_o 10e3 lux # overcast sky sunlum_h 6e6 cd/m^2 # value at horizon skylum 8000 cd/m^2 # average, clear sky skylum_o 2000 cd/m^2 # average, overcast sky moonlum 2500 cd/m^2 # # Photographic Exposure Value # This section by Jeff Conrad (jeff_conrad@msn.com) # # The Additive system of Photographic EXposure (APEX) proposed in ASA # PH2.5-1960 was an attempt to simplify exposure determination for people who # relied on exposure tables rather than exposure meters. Shortly thereafter, # nearly all cameras incorporated exposure meters, so the APEX system never # caught on, but the concept of exposure value remains in use. Though given as # 'Ev' in ASA PH2.5-1960, it is now more commonly indicated by 'EV'. EV is # related to exposure parameters by # # A^2 LS ES # 2^EV = --- = -- = -- # t K C # # Where # A = Relative aperture (f-number) # t = Exposure time in seconds # L = Scene luminance in cd/m2 # E = Scene illuminance in lux # S = Arithmetic ISO speed # K = Reflected-light meter calibration constant # C = Incident-light meter calibration constant # # Strictly, an exposure value is a combination of aperture and exposure time, # but it's also commonly used to indicate luminance (or illuminance). # Conversion to luminance or illuminance units depends on the ISO speed and the # meter calibration constant. Common practice is to use an ISO speed of 100. # Calibration constants vary among camera and meter manufacturers: Canon, # Nikon, and Sekonic use a value of 12.5 for reflected-light meters, while # Kenko (formerly Minolta) and Pentax use a value of 14. Kenko and Sekonic use # a value of 250 for incident-light meters with flat receptors. # # The values for in-camera meters apply only averaging, weighted-averaging, or # spot metering--the multi-segment metering incorporated in most current # cameras uses proprietary algorithms that evaluate many factors related to the # luminance distribution of what is being metered; they are not amenable to # simple conversions, and are usually not disclosed by the manufacturers. s100 100 / lx s # ISO 100 speed iso100 s100 # Reflected-light meter calibration constant with ISO 100 speed k1250 12.5 (cd/m2) / lx s # For Canon, Nikon, and Sekonic k1400 14 (cd/m2) / lx s # For Kenko (Minolta) and Pentax # Incident-light meter calibration constant with ISO 100 film c250 250 lx / lx s # flat-disc receptor # Exposure value to scene luminance with ISO 100 imaging media # For Kenko (Minolta) or Pentax #ev100(x) units=[;cd/m^2] range=(0,) 2^x k1400 / s100; log2(ev100 s100/k1400) # For Canon, Nikon, or Sekonic ev100(x) units=[1;cd/m^2] range=(0,) 2^x k1250 / s100; log2(ev100 s100/k1250) EV100() ev100 # Exposure value to scene illuminance with ISO 100 imaging media iv100(x) units=[1;lx] range=(0,) 2^x c250 / s100; log2(iv100 s100 / c250) # Other Photographic Exposure Conversions # # As part of APEX, ASA PH2.5-1960 proposed several logarithmic quantities # related by # # Ev = Av + Tv = Bv + Sv # # where # Av = log2(A^2) Aperture value # Tv = log2(1/t) Time value # Sv = log2(N Sx) Speed value # Bv = log2(B S / K) Luminance ("brightness") value # Iv = log2(I S / C) Illuminance value # # and # A = Relative aperture (f-number) # t = Exposure time in seconds # Sx = Arithmetic ISO speed in 1/lux s # B = luminance in cd/m2 # I = luminance in lux # The constant N derives from the arcane relationship between arithmetic # and logarithmic speed given in ASA PH2.5-1960. That relationship # apparently was not obvious--so much so that it was thought necessary # to explain it in PH2.12-1961. The constant has had several values # over the years, usually without explanation for the changes. Although # APEX had little impact on consumer cameras, it has seen a partial # resurrection in the Exif standards published by the Camera & Imaging # Products Association of Japan. #N_apex 2^-1.75 lx s # precise value implied in ASA PH2.12-1961, # derived from ASA PH2.5-1960. #N_apex 0.30 lx s # rounded value in ASA PH2.5-1960, # ASA PH2.12-1961, and ANSI PH2.7-1986 #N_apex 0.3162 lx s # value in ANSI PH2.7-1973 N_exif 1|3.125 lx s # value in Exif 2.3 (2010), making Sv(5) = 100 K_apex1961 11.4 (cd/m2) / lx s # value in ASA PH2.12-1961 K_apex1971 12.5 (cd/m2) / lx s # value in ANSI PH3.49-1971; more common C_apex1961 224 lx / lx s # value in PH2.12-1961 (20.83 for I in # footcandles; flat sensor?) C_apex1971 322 lx / lx s # mean value in PH3.49-1971 (30 +/- 5 for I in # footcandles; hemispherical sensor?) N_speed N_exif K_lum K_apex1971 C_illum C_apex1961 # Units for Photographic Exposure Variables # # Practical photography sometimes pays scant attention to units for exposure # variables. In particular, the "speed" of the imaging medium is treated as if # it were dimensionless when it should have units of reciprocal lux seconds; # this practice works only because "speed" is almost invariably given in # accordance with international standards (or similar ones used by camera # manufacturers)--so the assumed units are invariant. In calculating # logarithmic quantities--especially the time value Tv and the exposure value # EV--the units for exposure time ("shutter speed") are often ignored; this # practice works only because the units of exposure time are assumed to be in # seconds, and the missing units that make the argument to the logarithmic # function dimensionless are silently provided. # # In keeping with common practice, the definitions that follow treat "speeds" # as dimensionless, so ISO 100 speed is given simply as '100'. When # calculating the logarithmic APEX quantities Av and Tv, the definitions # provide the missing units, so the times can be given with any appropriate # units. For example, giving an exposure time of 1 minute as either '1 min' or # '60 s' will result in Tv of -5.9068906. # # Exposure Value from f-number and Exposure Time # # Because nonlinear unit conversions only accept a single quantity, # there is no direct conversion from f-number and exposure time to # exposure value EV. But the EV can be obtained from a combination of # Av and Tv. For example, the "sunny 16" rule states that correct # exposure for a sunlit scene can achieved by using f/16 and an exposure # time equal to the reciprocal of the ISO speed in seconds; this can be # calculated as # # ~Av(16) + ~Tv(1|100 s), # # which gives 14.643856. These conversions may be combined with the # ev100 conversion: # # ev100(~Av(16) + ~Tv(1|100 s)) # # to yield the assumed average scene luminance of 3200 cd/m^2. # convert relative aperture (f-number) to aperture value Av(A) units=[1;1] domain=[-2,) range=[0.5,) 2^(A/2); 2 log2(Av) # convert exposure time to time value Tv(t) units=[1;s] range=(0,) 2^(-t) s; log2(s / Tv) # convert logarithmic speed Sv in ASA PH2.5-1960 to ASA/ISO arithmetic speed; # make arithmetic speed dimensionless # 'Sv' conflicts with the symbol for sievert; you can uncomment this function # definition if you don't need that symbol #Sv(S) units=[1;1] range=(0,) 2^S / (N_speed/lx s); log2((N_speed/lx s) Sv) Sval(S) units=[1;1] range=(0,) 2^S / (N_speed/lx s); log2((N_speed/lx s) Sval) # convert luminance value Bv in ASA PH2.12-1961 to luminance Bv(x) units=[1;cd/m^2] range=(0,) \ 2^x K_lum N_speed ; log2(Bv / (K_lum N_speed)) # convert illuminance value Iv in ASA PH2.12-1961 to illuminance Iv(x) units=[1;lx] range=(0,) \ 2^x C_illum N_speed ; log2(Iv / (C_illum N_speed)) # convert ASA/ISO arithmetic speed Sx to ASA logarithmic speed in # ASA PH2.5-1960; make arithmetic speed dimensionless Sx(S) units=[1;1] domain=(0,) \ log2((N_speed/lx s) S); 2^Sx / (N_speed/lx s) # convert DIN speed/ISO logarithmic speed in ISO 6:1993 to arithmetic speed # for convenience, speed is treated here as if it were dimensionless Sdeg(S) units=[1;1] range=(0,) 10^((S - 1) / 10) ; (1 + 10 log(Sdeg)) Sdin() Sdeg # Numerical Aperture and f-Number of a Lens # # The numerical aperture (NA) is given by # # NA = n sin(theta) # # where n is the index of refraction of the medium and theta is half # of the angle subtended by the aperture stop from a point in the image # or object plane. For a lens in air, n = 1, and # # NA = 0.5 / f-number # # convert NA to f-number numericalaperture(x) units=[1;1] domain=(0,1] range=[0.5,) \ 0.5 / x ; 0.5 / numericalaperture NA() numericalaperture # # convert f-number to itself; restrict values to those possible fnumber(x) units=[1;1] domain=[0.5,) range=[0.5,) x ; fnumber # Referenced Photographic Standards # # ASA PH-2.5-1960. USA Standard, Method for Determining (Monochrome, # Continuous-Tone) Speed of Photographic Negative Materials. # ASA PH2.12-1961. American Standard, General-Purpose Photographic # Exposure Meters (photoelectric type). # ANSI PH3.49-1971. American National Standard for general-purpose # photographic exposure meters (photoelectric type). # ANSI PH2.7-1973. American National Standard Photographic Exposure Guide. # ANSI PH2.7-1986. American National Standard for Photography -- # Photographic Exposure Guide. # CIPA DC-008-2010. Exchangeable image file format for digital still # cameras: Exif Version 2.3 # ISO 6:1993. International Standard, Photography -- Black-and-white # pictorial still camera negative film/process systems -- # Determination of ISO Speed. # # Astronomical time measurements # # Astronomical time measurement is a complicated matter. The length of the # true day at a given place can be 21 seconds less than 24 hours or 30 seconds # over 24 hours. The two main reasons for this are the varying speed of # Earth in its elliptical orbit and the fact that the Sun moves on the ecliptic # instead of along the celestial equator. To devise a workable system for time # measurement, Simon Newcomb (1835-1909) used a fictitious "mean Sun". # Consider a first fictitious Sun traveling along the ecliptic at a constant # speed and coinciding with the true Sun at perigee and apogee. Then # considering a second fictitious Sun traveling along the celestial equator at # a constant speed and coinciding with the first fictitious Sun at the # equinoxes. The second fictitious Sun is the "mean Sun". From this equations # can be written out to determine the length of the mean day, and the tropical # year. The length of the second was determined based on the tropical year # from such a calculation and was officially used from 1960-1967 until atomic # clocks replaced astronomical measurements for a standard of time. All of the # values below give the mean time for the specified interval. # # See "Mathematical Astronomy Morsels" by Jean Meeus for more details # and a description of how to compute the correction to mean time. # TIME second anomalisticyear 365.2596 days # The time between successive # perihelion passages of # Earth. siderealyear 365.256360417 day # The time for Earth to make # one revolution around the Sun # relative to the stars. tropicalyear 365.242198781 day # The time needed for the mean Sun # as defined above to increase # its longitude by 360 degrees. # Most references defined the # tropical year as the interval # between vernal equinoxes, but # this is misleading. The length # of the season changes over time # because of the eccentricity of # Earth's orbit. The time # between vernal equinoxes is # approximately 365.24237 days # around the year 2000. See # "Mathematical Astronomy # Morsels" for more details. eclipseyear 346.62 days # The line of nodes is the # intersection of the plane of # Earth's orbit around the Sun # with the plane of the Moon's # orbit around Earth. Eclipses # can only occur when the Moon # and Sun are close to this # line. The line rotates and # appearances of the Sun on the # line of nodes occur every # eclipse year. saros 223 synodicmonth # The Earth, Moon and Sun appear in # the same arrangement every # saros, so if an eclipse occurs, # then one saros later, a similar # eclipse will occur. (The saros # is close to 19 eclipse years.) # The eclipse will occur about # 120 degrees west of the # preceding one because the # saros is not an even number of # days. After 3 saros, an # eclipse will occur at # approximately the same place. solarday day # Time from noon to noon siderealday 86164.09054 s # The sidereal day is the interval siderealhour 1|24 siderealday # between two successive transits siderealminute 1|60 siderealhour # of a star over the meridian, siderealsecond 1|60 siderealminute # or the time required for # Earth to make one rotation # relative to the stars. Another # way to think about it is to # imagine looking down at the # solar system and noting when # Earth has made a rotation. # The more usual solar day is the # time required to make a # rotation relative to the Sun, # which means the same point on # Earth faces the Sun again. # Because Earth moves in its # orbit, it has to rotate a bit # more to face the Sun again, # hence the solar day is slightly # longer than the sidereal day. # The value given here is the # mean day length taken from # ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/astro_par.html # which in turn cites the # "Explanatory Supplement to the # Astronomical Almanac", 1992. anomalisticmonth 27.55454977 day # Time for the Moon to travel from # perigee to perigee nodicalmonth 27.2122199 day # The nodes are the points where draconicmonth nodicalmonth # an orbit crosses the ecliptic. draconiticmonth nodicalmonth # This is the time required to # travel from the ascending node # to the next ascending node. siderealmonth 27.321661 day # Time required for the Moon to # orbit the Earth lunarmonth 29 days + 12 hours + 44 minutes + 2.8 seconds # Mean time between full moons. synodicmonth lunarmonth # Full moons occur when the Sun lunation synodicmonth # and Moon are on opposite sides lune 1|30 lunation # of the Earth. Since the Earth lunour 1|24 lune # moves around the Sun, the Moon # has to move a bit further in its # orbit to return to the full moon # configuration. year tropicalyear yr year month 1|12 year mo month lustrum 5 years # The Lustrum was a Roman # purification ceremony that took # place every five years. # Classically educated Englishmen # used this term. decade 10 years century 100 years millennium 1000 years millennia millennium solaryear year lunaryear 12 lunarmonth calendaryear 365 day commonyear 365 day leapyear 366 day # The Julian year is The length of an average year over a 4-year cycle in the # Julian calendar. The calendar was proposed by Julius Caesar in 46 BCE and # took effect the following year. It has a normal year of 365 days and a leap # year of 366 days every four years. Though this calendar was used in # Europe for more than 1600 years, it drifts from the topical year by # about 1 day every 128 years, which became noticeable over its period # of use. # This growing discrepancy between the seasons and the calendar was perhaps # confusing but was also of concern to the Catholic Church because it led to a # shift in the date of Easter. To correct this discrepancy, Pope Gregory XIII # introduced the more accurate Gregorian calendar in 1582. The Gregorian year # is the length of an average year over a 400-year cycle in the Gregorian # calendar. Every year that is exactly divisible by four is a # leap year, except for years that are exactly divisible by 100, unless these # centurial years are exactly divisible by 400. This calendar was adopted by # many Catholic countries when it was proclaimed, but was not adopted by many # other countries until much later; Britain and the British Empire, including # what is now the eastern part of the United States, adopted it in 1752. See # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_adoption_dates_of_the_Gregorian_calendar_by_country # for additional details. julianyear 365.25 days gregorianyear 365.2425 days islamicyear 354 day # A year of 12 lunar months. They islamicleapyear 355 day # began counting on July 16, AD 622 # when Muhammad emigrated to Medina # (the year of the Hegira). They need # 11 leap days in 30 years to stay in # sync with the lunar year which is a # bit longer than the 29.5 days of the # average month. The months do not # keep to the same seasons, but # regress through the seasons every # 32.5 years. islamicmonth 1|12 islamicyear # They have 29 day and 30 day months. # The Hebrew year is also based on lunar months, but synchronized to the solar # calendar. The months vary irregularly between 29 and 30 days in length, and # the years likewise vary. The regular year is 353, 354, or 355 days long. To # keep up with the solar calendar, a leap month of 30 days is inserted every # 3rd, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years of a 19 year cycle. This # gives leap years that last 383, 384, or 385 days. # # Planetary data from JPL's planet fact sheets. Each planet has its # own sheet at https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/fact.html # The source for data on the fact sheets is described at # https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/fact_notes.html # and they also indicate that the values listed are not "official" values: # there is no single set of agreed upon values. # Sidereal days. The sidereal day is the time required for a planet to make a # revolution relative to the stars. This is the default day value. mercuryday mercuryday_sidereal venusday venusday_sidereal earthday earthday_sidereal marsday marsday_sidereal jupiterday jupiterday_sidereal saturnday saturnday_sidereal uranusday uranusday_sidereal neptuneday neptuneday_sidereal plutoday plutoday_sidereal mercuryday_sidereal 1407.6 hr # Mercury is in a 3:2 resonance lock # where it makes 3 rotations per 2 orbits # so 3 sidereal days = 2 years venusday_sidereal 5832.6 hr # Retrograde earthday_sidereal siderealday marsday_sidereal 24.6229 hr jupiterday_sidereal 9.9250 hr saturnday_sidereal 10.656 hr uranusday_sidereal 17.24 hr # Retrograde neptuneday_sidereal 16.11 hr plutoday_sidereal 153.2928 hr # Retrograde # In astronomy, an object's rotation is "prograde" if it rotates in # the same direction as the primary object it orbits. Prograde # rotation is the more common case: in Earth's solar system, Mercury, # Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune have prograde rotation. # When an object rotates opposite the direction of its primary object, # the object's rotation is "retrograde". Venus, Uranus, and Pluto have # retrograde rotation. # # The solar (or synodic) day is the time from noon to noon on a planet. This # is different from the sidereal day because the planet has moved in its orbit, # so (if its rotation is prograde) it needs additional rotation to return to # the same orientation relative to the Sun. In one orbital period (a year), # this amounts to one additional complete rotation, so the number of sidereal # days in a year is one greater than the number of solar days. # # If the planet's rotation is retrograde, less rotation is needed to return to # the same orientation relative to the Sun, and the number of sidereal days in # a year is one fewer than the number of solar days. # # The solar day can be computed from the sidereal day in the typical prograde # case by: # solar_day = sidereal_day year / (year - sidereal_day) # If the planet's rotation is retrograde like Venus then the formula is # solar_day = sidereal_day year / (year + sidereal_day) # If the sidereal day and year are the same length then the same face of the # planet faces the Sun and there is no solar day. mercuryday_solar 4222.6 hr venusday_solar 2802.0 hr earthday_solar 24 hr marsday_solar 24.6597 hr jupiterday_solar 9.9259 hr saturnday_solar 10.656 hr uranusday_solar 17.24 hr neptuneday_solar 16.11 hr plutoday_solar 153.2820 hr # Sidereal years mercuryyear 87.969 day venusyear 224.701 day earthyear siderealyear marsyear 686.980 day jupiteryear 4332.589 day saturnyear 10759.22 day uranusyear 30685.4 day neptuneyear 60189 day plutoyear 90560 day # Equatorial radii for the planets from JPL fact sheets mercuryradius 2440.5 km venusradius 6051.8 km earthradius 6378.137 km marsradius 3396.2 km jupiterradius 71492 km # 1 bar level saturnradius 60268 km # 1 bar level uranusradius 25559 km # 1 bar level neptuneradius 24764 km # 1 bar level plutoradius 1188 km # Volumetric mean radii mercuryradius_mean 2440.5 km venusradius_mean 6051.8 km earthradius_mean 6371 km marsradius_mean 3389.5 km jupiterradius_mean 69911 km saturnradius_mean 58232 km uranusradius_mean 25362 km neptuneradius_mean 24622 km plutoradius_mean 1188 km # Polar radii mercuryradius_polar 2438.3 km venusradius_polar 6051.8 km marsradius_polar 3376.2 km jupiterradius_polar 66854 km saturnradius_polar 54364 km uranusradius_polar 24973 km neptuneradius_polar 24341 km plutoradius_polar 1188 km mercurysundist_min 46.000 Gm mercurysundist_max 69.818 Gm venussundist_min 107.480 Gm venussundist_max 108.941 Gm earthsundist_min sundist_min earthsundist_max sundist_max marssundist_min 206.650 Gm marssundist_max 249.261 Gm jupitersundist_min 740.595 Gm jupitersundist_max 816.363 Gm saturnsundist_min 1357.554 Gm saturnsundist_max 1506.527 Gm uranussundist_min 2732.696 Gm uranussundist_max 3001.390 Gm neptunesundist_min 4471.050 Gm neptunesundist_max 4558.857 Gm plutosundist_min 4434.987 Gm plutosundist_max 7304.326 Gm sundist 1.0000010178 au # mean Earth-Sun distance moondist 384400 km # mean Earth-Moon distance sundist_near 147.095 Gm # Earth-Sun distance at perihelion sundist_min sundist_near sundist_far 152.100 Gm # Earth-Sun distance at aphelion sundist_max sundist_far # The Earth-Moon distances at perigee and apogee are different for every # lunation. The values here are the extremes for 1500-2500 according to # Jean Meeus's Astronomical Algorithms (1991, 332). moondist_min 356371 km # minimum distance at perigee 1500-2500 moondist_max 406720 km # maximum distance at apogee 1500-2500 # Objects on Earth are charted relative to a perfect ellipsoid whose # dimensions are specified by different organizations. The ellipsoid is # specified by an equatorial radius and a flattening value which defines the # polar radius. earthflattening IERS_earthflattening earthradius_equatorial IERS_earthradius_equatorial earthradius_polar (1-earthflattening) earthradius_equatorial # The World Geodetic System maintains a standard, WGS84, which is used by the # the GPS system. This system uses a conventional ellipsoid that was fixed in # 1984 and has remained constant so that data collected at different times is # referenced to the same ellipsoid. https://epsg.io/4326 WGS84_earthflattening 1|298.257223563 WGS84_earthradius_equatorial 6378137 m WGS84_earthradius_polar (1-WGS84_earthflattening) WGS84_earthradius_equatorial # The International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) attempts to # maintain an accurate model of Earth, with updates to maintain the highest # possible accuracy, even though this makes it more difficult to relate geodetic # measurements made at different times. # IERS Conventions, Chapter 1, General definitions and numerical standards (16 November 2017) # https://iers-conventions.obspm.fr/content/chapter1/icc1.pdf IERS_earthflattening 1|298.25642 IERS_earthradius_equatorial 6378136.6 m IERS_earthradius_polar (1-IERS_earthflattening) IERS_earthradius_equatorial landarea 148.847e6 km^2 oceanarea 361.254e6 km^2 moonradius 1738 km # mean value sunradius 6.96e8 m # Many astronomical values can be measured most accurately in a system of units # using the astronomical unit and the mass of the Sun as base units. The # uncertainty in the gravitational constant makes conversion to SI units # significantly less accurate. # The astronomical unit was defined to be the length of the of the semimajor # axis of a massless object with the same year as Earth. With such a # definition in force, and with the mass of the Sun set equal to one, Kepler's # third law can be used to solve for the value of the gravitational constant. # Kepler's third law says that (2 pi / T)^2 a^3 = G M where T is the orbital # period, a is the size of the semimajor axis, G is the gravitational constant # and M is the mass. With M = 1 and T and a chosen for Earth's orbit, we # find sqrt(G) = (2 pi / T) sqrt(AU^3). This constant is called the Gaussian # gravitational constant, apparently because Gauss originally did the # calculations. However, when the original calculation was done, the value # for the length of Earth's year was inaccurate. The value used is called # the Gaussian year. Changing the astronomical unit to bring it into # agreement with more accurate values for the year would have invalidated a # lot of previous work, so instead the astronomical unit has been kept equal # to this original value. This is accomplished by using a standard value for # the Gaussian gravitational constant. This constant is called k. gauss_k 0.01720209895 # This beast has dimensions of # au^(3|2) / day and is exact. gaussianyear (2 pi / gauss_k) days # Year that corresponds to the Gaussian # gravitational constant. This is a # fictional year, and doesn't # correspond to any celestial event. #astronomicalunit 149597870700 m # IAU definition from 2012, exact #au astronomicalunit # ephemeris for the above described # astronomical unit. (See the NASA # site listed above.) GMsun 132712440041.279419 km^3 / s^2 # heliocentric gravitational constant solarmass GMsun/G # is known more accurately than G. sunmass solarmass # Estimated from DE440 # The following are masses for planetary systems, not just the planet itself, # except for the case of Earth, where the Moon is excluded. Masses are # relative to G because they are known much more accurately than G. # # See https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/astro_par.html. Values are from # the DE440 Ephemeris: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/doc/Park.2021.AJ.DE440.pdf mercurymass 22031.868551 km^3 / s^2 G venusmass 324858.592000 km^3 / s^2 G marsmass 42828.375816 km^3 / s^2 G jupitermass 126712764.100000 km^3 / s^2 G saturnmass 37940584.841800 km^3 / s^2 G uranusmass 5794556.400000 km^3 / s^2 G neptunemass 6836527.100580 km^3 / s^2 G plutomass 975.500000 km^3 / s^2 G ceresmass 62.62890 km^3 / s^2 G vestamass 17.288245 km^3 / s^2 G earthmass 398600.435507 km^3 / s^2 G # Earth alone moonmass 4902.800118 km^3 / s^2 G moonearthmassratio moonmass/earthmass earthmoonmass earthmass+moonmass moongravity 1.62 m/s^2 # Earth gravity values at the equator and poles. These values are # obtained from the WGS84 model. gravity_equatorial 9.7803263359 m / s^2 gravity_polar 9.8321849378 m / s^2 # The Hubble constant gives the speed at which distance galaxies are moving # away from Earth according to v = H0*d, where H0 is the hubble constant # and d is the distance to the galaxy. hubble 70 km/s/Mpc # approximate H0 hubble # Parallax is the angular difference between the topocentric (on Earth's # surface) and geocentric (at Earth's center) direction toward a celestial body # when the body is at a given altitude. When the body is on the horizon, the # parallax is the horizontal parallax; when the body is on the horizon and the # observer is on the equator, the parallax is the equatorial horizontal # parallax. When the body is at zenith, the parallax is zero. lunarparallax asin(earthradius_equatorial / moondist) # Moon equatorial moonhp lunarparallax # horizontal parallax # at mean distance # Light from celestial objects is attenuated by passage through Earth's # atmosphere. A body near the horizon passes through much more air than an # object at zenith, and is consequently less bright. Air mass is the ratio of # the length of the optical path at a given altitude (angle above the horizon) # to the length at zenith. Air mass at zenith is by definition unity; at the # horizon, air mass is approximately 38, though the latter value can vary # considerably with atmospheric conditions. The general formula is # E = E0 # exp(-c X), where E0 is the value outside Earth's atmosphere, E is the value # seen by an observer, X is the air mass and c is the extinction coefficient. # A common value for c in reasonably clear air is 0.21, but values can be # considerably greater in urban areas. Apparent altitude is that perceived by # an observer; it includes the effect of atmospheric refraction. There is no # shortage of formulas for air mass # (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_mass_(astronomy)); all are subject to # variations in local atmospheric conditions. The formula used here is simple # and is in good agreement with rigorously calculated values under standard # conditions. # # Extraterrestrial illuminance or luminance of an object at a given altitude # determined with vmag() or SB_xxx() below can be multiplied by # atm_transmission() or atm_transmissionz() to estimate the terrestrial value. # # Kasten and Young (1989) air mass formula. alt is apparent altitude # Reference: # Kasten, F., and A.T. Young. 1989. "Revised Optical Air Mass Tables # and Approximation Formula." Applied Optics. Vol. 28, 4735-4738. # Bibcode:1989ApOpt..28.4735K. doi:10.1364/AO.28.004735. airmass(alt) units=[degree;1] domain=[0,90] noerror \ 1 / (sin(alt) + 0.50572 (alt / degree + 6.07995)^-1.6364) # zenith is apparent zenith angle (zenith = 90 deg - alt) airmassz(zenith) units=[degree;1] domain=[0,90] noerror \ 1 / (cos(zenith) + 0.50572 (96.07995 - zenith / degree)^-1.6364) # For reasonably clear air at sea level; values may need adjustment for # elevation and local atmospheric conditions # for scotopic vision (510 nm), appropriate for the dark-adapted eye # extinction_coeff 0.26 # for photopic vision, appropriate for observing brighter objects such # as the full moon extinction_coeff 0.21 atm_transmission(alt) units=[degree;1] domain=[0,90] noerror \ exp(-extinction_coeff airmass(alt)) # in terms of zenith angle (zenith = 90 deg - alt) atm_transmissionz(zenith) units=[degree;1] domain=[0,90] noerror \ exp(-extinction_coeff airmassz(zenith)) # Moon and Sun data at mean distances moonvmag -12.74 # Moon apparent visual magnitude at mean distance sunvmag -26.74 # Sun apparent visual magnitude at mean distance moonsd asin(moonradius / moondist) # Moon angular semidiameter at mean distance sunsd asin(sunradius / sundist) # Sun angular semidiameter at mean distance # Visual magnitude of star or other celestial object. The system of stellar # magnitudes, developed in ancient Greece, assigned magnitudes from 1 # (brightest) to 6 (faintest visible to the naked eye). In 1856, British # astronomer Norman Pogson made the system precise, with a magnitude 1 object # 100 times as bright as a magnitude 6 object, and each magnitude differing # from the next by a constant ratio; the ratio, sometimes known as Pogson's # ratio, is thus 100^0.2, or approximately 2.5119. The logarithm of 100^0.2 is # 0.4, hence the common use of powers of 10 and base-10 logarithms. # # Reference: # Allen, C.W. 1976. Astrophysical Quantities, 3rd ed. 1973, reprinted # with corrections, 1976. London: Athlone. # # The function argument is the (dimensionless) visual magnitude; reference # illuminance of 2.54e-6 lx is from Allen (2000, 21), and is for outside # Earth's atmosphere. Illuminance values can be adjusted to terrestrial values # by multiplying by one of the atm_transmission functions above. # Illuminance from apparent visual magnitude vmag(mag) units=[1;lx] domain=[,] range=(0,] \ 2.54e-6 lx 10^(-0.4 mag); -2.5 log(vmag / (2.54e-6 lx)) # Surface brightness of a celestial object of a given visual magnitude # is a logarithmic measure of the luminance the object would have if its # light were emitted by an object of specified solid angle; it is # expressed in magnitudes per solid angle. Surface brightness can be # obtained from the visual magnitude by # S = m + 2.5 log(pi pi k a b), # where k is the phase (fraction illuminated), a is the equatorial # radius, and b is the polar radius. For 100% illumination (e.g., full # moon), this is often simplified to # S = m + 2.5 log(pi k s^2), # where s is the object's angular semidiameter; the units of s determine # the units of solid angle. The visual magnitude and semidiameter must # be appropriate for the object's distance; for other than 100% # illumination, the visual magnitude must be appropriate for the phase. # Luminance values are for outside Earth's atmosphere; they can be # adjusted to terrestrial values by multiplying by one of the atm_transmission # functions above. # luminance from surface brightness in magnitudes per square degree SB_degree(sb) units=[1;cd/m^2] domain=[,] range=(0,] \ vmag(sb) / squaredegree ; \ ~vmag(SB_degree squaredegree) # luminance from surface brightness in magnitudes per square minute SB_minute(sb) units=[1;cd/m^2] domain=[,] range=(0,] \ vmag(sb) / squareminute ; \ ~vmag(SB_minute squareminute) # luminance from surface brightness in magnitudes per square second SB_second(sb) units=[1;cd/m^2] domain=[,] range=(0,] \ vmag(sb) / squaresecond ; \ ~vmag(SB_second squaresecond) # luminance from surface brightness in magnitudes per steradian SB_sr(sb) units=[1;cd/m^2] domain=[,] range=(0,] \ vmag(sb) / sr ; \ ~vmag(SB_sr sr) SB() SB_second SB_sec() SB_second SB_min() SB_minute SB_deg() SB_degree # The brightness of one tenth-magnitude star per square degree outside # Earth's atmosphere; often used for night sky brightness. S10 SB_degree(10) # Examples for magnitude and surface brightness functions # Sun illuminance from visual magnitude # You have: sunvmag # You want: # Definition: -26.74 = -26.74 # You have: vmag(sunvmag) # You want: lx # * 126134.45 # / 7.9280482e-06 # # Moon surface brightness from visual magnitude and semidiameter at 100% # illumination (full moon): # You have: moonvmag # You want: # Definition: -12.74 = -12.74 # You have: moonsd # You want: arcsec # * 932.59484 # / 0.001072277 # You have: moonvmag + 2.5 log(pi 932.59484^2) # You want: # Definition: 3.3513397 # # Similar example with specific data obtained from another source (JPL # Horizons, https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi); semidiameter is in # arcseconds # # You have: -12.9 + 2.5 log(pi 2023.201|2^2) # You want: # Definition: 3.3679199 # You have: SB_second(-12.9 + 2.5 log(pi 2023.201|2^2)) # You want: # Definition: 4858.6547 cd / m^2 # # If surface brightness is provided by another source (e.g., Horizons), # it can simply be used directly: # You have: SB_second(3.3679199) # You want: cd/m^2 # * 4858.6546 # / 0.0002058183 # The illuminance and luminance values are extraterrestrial (outside # Earth's atmosphere). The values at Earth's surface are less than these # because of atmospheric extinction. For example, in the last example # above, if the Moon were at an altitude of 55 degrees, the terrestrial # luminance could be calculated with # You have: SB_second(3.3679199) # You want: cd/m^2 # * 4858.6546 # / 0.0002058183 # You have: _ atm_transmission(55 deg) # You want: cd/m^2 # * 3760.6356 # / 0.0002659125 # If desired, photographic exposure can be determined with EV100(), # leading to acceptable combinations of aperture and exposure time. # For the example above, but with the Moon at 10 degrees, # You have: SB_second(3.3679199) atm_transmission(10 deg) # You want: EV100 # 13.553962 # # The Hartree system of atomic units, derived from fundamental units # of mass (of the electron), action (Planck's constant), charge, and # the Coulomb constant. This system is used in the fields of physical # chemistry and condensed matter physics. # # Fundamental units atomicmass electronmass atomiccharge e atomicaction hbar atomicenergy hartree # Derived units atomicvelocity sqrt(atomicenergy / atomicmass) atomictime atomicaction / atomicenergy atomiclength atomicvelocity atomictime atomicforce atomicenergy / atomiclength atomicmomentum atomicenergy / atomicvelocity atomiccurrent atomiccharge / atomictime atomicdipolemoment atomiccharge atomiclength atomicpotential atomicenergy / atomiccharge # electrical potential atomicvolt atomicpotential atomicEfield atomicpotential / atomiclength atomicBfield atomicEfield / atomicvelocity atomictemperature atomicenergy / boltzmann # # In Hartree units, m_e = hbar = e = coulombconst = bohrradius = alpha*c = 1 # !var UNITS_SYSTEM hartree !message Hartree units selected !prompt (hartree) +hartree 1 +kg 1/electronmass_SI +K k_SI / hbar_SI s +m alpha c_SI electronmass_SI / hbar_SI +s alpha c_SI m +A 1 / s e_SI !endvar # # These thermal units treat entropy as charge, from [5] # thermalcoulomb J/K # entropy thermalampere W/K # entropy flow thermalfarad J/K^2 thermalohm K^2/W # thermal resistance fourier thermalohm thermalhenry J K^2/W^2 # thermal inductance thermalvolt K # thermal potential difference # # United States units # # linear measure # The US Metric Law of 1866 legalized the metric system in the USA and # defined the meter in terms of the British system with the exact # 1 meter = 39.37 inches. On April 5, 1893 Thomas Corwin Mendenhall, # Superintendent of Weights and Measures, decided, in what has become # known as the "Mendenhall Order" that the meter and kilogram would be the # fundamental standards in the USA. The definition from 1866 was turned # around to give an exact definition of the yard as 3600|3937 meters This # definition was used until July of 1959 when the definition was changed # to bring the US and other English-speaking countries into agreement; the # Canadian value of 1 yard = 0.9144 meter (exactly) was chosen because it # was approximately halfway between the British and US values; it had the # added advantage of making 1 inch = 25.4 mm (exactly). Since 1959, the # "international" foot has been exactly 0.3048 meters. At the same time, # it was decided that any data expressed in feet derived from geodetic # surveys within the US would continue to use the old definition and call # the old unit the "survey foot." # # Until 1 January 2023, the US continued to define the statute # mile, furlong, chain, rod, link, and fathom in terms of the US survey # foot. Since then, use of the US survey foot has been officially # deprecated, with its use limited to historical and legacy applications. # These units are now defined in terms of the international foot. # # Sources: # NIST Special Publication 447, Sects. 5, 7, and 8. # NIST Handbook 44, 2024 ed., Appendix C. # Canadian Journal of Physics, 1959, 37:(1) 84, 10.1139/p59-014. yard 3 ft yd yard mile 5280 ft # The mile was enlarged from 5000 ft # to this number in order to make # it an even number of furlongs. # (The Roman mile is 5000 romanfeet.) line 1|12 inch # Also defined as '.1 in' or as '1e-8 Wb' rod 16.5 ft pole rod perch rod furlong 40 rod # From "furrow long" statutemile mile league 3 mile # Intended to be an hour's walk # surveyor's measure # The US survey foot is officially deprecated as of 1 January 2023 US 1200|3937 m/ft # These four values will convert US- US # international measures to survey- US # US Survey measures geodetic- US int 3937|1200 ft/m # Convert US Survey measures to int- int # international measures # values based on the US survey foot are deprecated as of 1 January 2023 surveyorschain 66 surveyft surveychain surveyorschain surveyorspole 1|4 surveyorschain surveyorslink 1|100 surveyorschain USacre 10 surveychain^2 USacrefoot USacre surveyfoot chain 66 ft link 1|100 chain ch chain intacre 10 chain^2 # Acre based on international ft intacrefoot acre foot acrefoot intacrefoot acre intacre ac acre section mile^2 township 36 section homestead 160 acre # Area of land granted by the 1862 Homestead # Act of the United States Congress gunterschain surveyorschain engineerschain 100 ft engineerslink 1|100 engineerschain ramsdenschain engineerschain ramsdenslink engineerslink gurleychain 33 feet # Andrew Ellicott chain is the gurleylink 1|50 gurleychain # same length wingchain 66 feet # Chain from 1664, introduced by winglink 1|80 wingchain # Vincent Wing, also found in a # 33 foot length with 40 links. # early US length standards # The US has had four standards for the yard: one by Troughton of London # (1815); bronze yard #11 (1856); the Mendhall yard (1893), consistent # with the definition of the meter in the metric joint resolution of # Congress in 1866, but defining the yard in terms of the meter; and the # international yard (1959), which standardized definitions for Australia, # Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, the UK, and the US. # Sources: Pat Naughtin (2009), Which Inch?: # https://metricationmatters.org/docs/WhichInch.pdf, # Lewis E. Barbrow and Lewis V. Judson (1976). NBS Special # Publication 447, Weights and Measures Standards of the United States: A # Brief History. troughtonyard 914.42190 mm bronzeyard11 914.39980 mm mendenhallyard surveyyard internationalyard yard # nautical measure fathom 6 ft # Originally defined as the distance from # fingertip to fingertip with arms fully # extended. nauticalmile 1852 m # Supposed to be one minute of latitude at # the equator. That value is about 1855 m. # Early estimates of Earth's circumference # were a bit off. The value of 1852 m was # made the international standard in 1929. # The US did not accept this value until # 1954. The UK switched in 1970. # The cable is used for depth in water and has a wide range of definitions intcable 1|10 nauticalmile # international cable uscable 120 fathom # value after 1 January 2023 surveycable 120 USfathom # value before 1 January 2023 UScable surveycable cableslength cable cablelength cable navycablelength cable brcable 1|10 brnauticalmile admiraltycable brcable marineleague 3 nauticalmile geographicalmile brnauticalmile knot nauticalmile / hr click km # US military slang klick click # Avoirdupois weight pound 0.45359237 kg # Exact, International Pound (1959) lb pound # From the Latin libra grain 1|7000 pound # The grain is the same in all three # weight systems. It was originally # defined as the weight of a barley # corn taken from the middle of the # ear. ounce 1|16 pound oz ounce dram 1|16 ounce dr dram ushundredweight 100 pounds cwt hundredweight shorthundredweight ushundredweight uston shortton shortton 2000 lb quarterweight 1|4 uston shortquarterweight 1|4 shortton shortquarter shortquarterweight # Troy Weight. In 1828 the troy pound was made the first United States # standard weight. It was to be used to regulate coinage. troypound 5760 grain troyounce 1|12 troypound ozt troyounce pennyweight 1|20 troyounce # Abbreviated "d" in reference to a dwt pennyweight # Frankish coin called the "denier" # minted in the late 700's. There # were 240 deniers to the pound. assayton mg ton / troyounce # mg / assayton = troyounce / ton usassayton mg uston / troyounce brassayton mg brton / troyounce fineounce troyounce # A troy ounce of 99.5% pure gold # Some other jewelers units metriccarat 0.2 gram # Defined in 1907 metricgrain 50 mg carat metriccarat ct carat jewelerspoint 1|100 carat silversmithpoint 1|4000 inch momme 3.75 grams # Traditional Japanese unit based # on the chinese mace. It is used for # pearls in modern times and also for # silk density. The definition here # was adopted in 1891. # Apothecaries' weight appound troypound apounce troyounce apdram 1|8 apounce apscruple 1|3 apdram # Liquid measure usgallon 231 in^3 # US liquid measure is derived from gallon usgallon gal gallon # the British wine gallon of 1707. quart 1|4 gallon # See the "winegallon" entry below pint 1|2 quart # more historical information. gill 1|4 pint usquart 1|4 usgallon uspint 1|2 usquart usgill 1|4 uspint usfluidounce 1|16 uspint fluiddram 1|8 usfloz minimvolume 1|60 fluiddram qt quart pt pint floz fluidounce usfloz usfluidounce fldr fluiddram liquidbarrel 31.5 usgallon usbeerbarrel 2 beerkegs beerkeg 15.5 usgallon # Various among brewers ponykeg 1|2 beerkeg winekeg 12 usgallon petroleumbarrel 42 usgallon # Originated in Pennsylvania oil barrel petroleumbarrel # fields, from the winetierce bbl barrel ushogshead 2 liquidbarrel usfirkin 9 usgallon # Dry measures: The Winchester Bushel was defined by William III in 1702 and # legally adopted in the US in 1836. usbushel 2150.42 in^3 # Volume of 8 inch cylinder with 18.5 bu bushel # inch diameter (rounded) peck 1|4 bushel uspeck 1|4 usbushel brpeck 1|4 brbushel pk peck drygallon 1|2 uspeck dryquart 1|4 drygallon drypint 1|2 dryquart drybarrel 7056 in^3 # Used in US for fruits, vegetables, # and other dry commodities except for # cranberries. cranberrybarrel 5826 in^3 # US cranberry barrel heapedbushel 1.278 usbushel# The following explanation for this # value was provided by Wendy Krieger # based on # guesswork. The cylindrical vessel is # 18.5 inches in diameter and 1|2 inch # thick. A heaped bushel includes the # contents of this cylinder plus a heap # on top. The heap is a cone 19.5 # inches in diameter and 6 inches # high. With these values, the volume # of the bushel is 684.5 pi in^3 and # the heap occupies 190.125 pi in^3. # Therefore, the heaped bushel is # 874.625|684.5 bushels. This value is # approximately 1.2777575 and it rounds # to the value listed for the size of # the heaped bushel. Sometimes the # heaped bushel is reported as 1.25 # bushels. This same explanation gives # that value if the heap is taken to # have an 18.5 inch diameter. # Grain measures. The bushel as it is used by farmers in the USA is actually # a measure of mass which varies for different commodities. Canada uses the # same bushel masses for most commodities, but not for oats. wheatbushel 60 lb soybeanbushel 60 lb cornbushel 56 lb ryebushel 56 lb barleybushel 48 lb oatbushel 32 lb ricebushel 45 lb canada_oatbushel 34 lb # Wine and Spirits measure ponyvolume 1 usfloz jigger 1.5 usfloz # Can vary between 1 and 2 usfloz shot jigger # Sometimes 1 usfloz eushot 25 ml # EU standard spirits measure fifth 1|5 usgallon winebottle 750 ml # US industry standard, 1979 winesplit 1|4 winebottle magnum 1.5 liter # Standardized in 1979, but given # as 2 qt in some references metrictenth 375 ml metricfifth 750 ml metricquart 1 liter # Old British bottle size reputedquart 1|6 brgallon reputedpint 1|2 reputedquart brwinebottle reputedquart # Very close to 1|5 winegallon # French champagne bottle sizes split 200 ml jeroboam 2 magnum rehoboam 3 magnum methuselah 4 magnum imperialbottle 4 magnum salmanazar 6 magnum balthazar 8 magnum nebuchadnezzar 10 magnum solomon 12 magnum melchior 12 magnum sovereign 17.5 magnum primat 18 magnum goliath 18 magnum melchizedek 20 magnum midas 20 magnum # The wine glass doesn't seem to have an official standard, but the same value # is suggested by several sources in the US. wineglass 150 mL # In the UK, serving size offerings legally mandated by The Weights and # Measures (Specified Quantities) (Unwrapped Bread and Intoxicating # Liquor) Order 2011, effective 1st October 2011. The quantities--not # the names--are mandated. Lawful size offerings are these or multiples # thereof, but other sizes can be provided at the express request of a # buyer. smallwineglass 125 mL mediumwineglass 175 mL # Values vary considerably among countries and even more so in practice. The # "standard" US value gives 5 glasses per standard 750 ml bottle. Old practice # in the UK was 125 ml per glass, or 6 glasses per bottle. Some sources suggest # a more recent common value of 250 ml per glass, or 3 glasses per # bottle; as a multiple of 125 ml, this would be a lawful serving size offering. # # The value refers to the size of the serving, not the total volume of the # glass, which is typically not filled above the height of its greatest # diameter. # # A unit of alcohol is a specified amount of pure ethyl alcohol, expressed as a # mass or volumetric equivalent. Many countries use the same concept but use # different terms. "Alcohol unit" is used officially in the UK; the US, Canada, # and Australia use "standard drink." Values vary considerably among # countries. The UK value of 8 g is nominally the amount of alcohol that a # typical adult can metabolize in one hour. alcoholunitus 14 g / ethanoldensity alcoholunitca 13.6 g / ethanoldensity alcoholunituk 8 g / ethanoldensity alcoholunitau 10 g / ethanoldensity # Common serving sizes have roughly equivalent amounts of alcohol, as # illustrated by US examples for wine (12% Alcohol By Volume), beer (5% ABV), # and spirits (80 proof). # # alcoholunitus / 12% = 147.8 mL, close to the "standard" serving of 150 mL. # alcoholunitus / 5% = 11.995346 floz, close to a standard 12 floz bottle or can # alcoholunitus / 80 proof = 1.4994182 floz, close to a standard "shot" or jigger # https://www.rethinkingdrinking.niaaa.nih.gov/ # https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm # https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/substance-use/alcohol/low-risk-alcohol-drinking-guidelines # https://www.drinkaware.co.uk/ # https://www.drinkaware.co.uk/facts/alcoholic-drinks-and-units # https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/545937/UK_CMOs__report.pdf # https://adf.org.au/reducing-risk/alcohol/alcohol-guidelines/ # https://www.health.gov.au/topics/alcohol/about-alcohol/standard-drinks-guide # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_alcohol # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_drink # Coffee # # The recommended ratio of coffee to water. Values vary considerably; # one is from the Specialty Coffee Association of America: Brewing Best Practices # https://sca.coffee/research/protocols-best-practices coffeeratio 55 g/L # +/- 10% # other recommendations are more loose, e.g., # http://www.ncausa.org/About-Coffee/How-to-Brew-Coffee # # Water is "hard" if it contains various minerals, especially calcium # carbonate. # clarkdegree grains/brgallon # Content by weigh of calcium carbonate gpg grains/usgallon # Divide by water's density to convert to # a dimensionless concentration measure # # Shoe measures # shoeiron 1|48 inch # Used to measure leather in soles shoeounce 1|64 inch # Used to measure non-sole shoe leather # USA shoe sizes. These express the length of the shoe or the length # of the "last", the form that the shoe is made on. But note that # this only captures the length. It appears that widths change 1/4 # inch for each letter within the same size, and if you change the # length by half a size then the width changes between 1/8 inch and # 1/4 inch. But this may not be standard. If you know better, please # contact me. shoesize_delta 1|3 inch # USA shoe sizes differ by this amount shoe_men0 8.25 inch shoe_women0 (7+11|12) inch shoe_boys0 (3+11|12) inch shoe_girls0 (3+7|12) inch shoesize_men(n) units=[1;inch] shoe_men0 + n shoesize_delta ; \ (shoesize_men+(-shoe_men0))/shoesize_delta shoesize_women(n) units=[1;inch] shoe_women0 + n shoesize_delta ; \ (shoesize_women+(-shoe_women0))/shoesize_delta shoesize_boys(n) units=[1;inch] shoe_boys0 + n shoesize_delta ; \ (shoesize_boys+(-shoe_boys0))/shoesize_delta shoesize_girls(n) units=[1;inch] shoe_girls0 + n shoesize_delta ; \ (shoesize_girls+(-shoe_girls0))/shoesize_delta # European shoe size. According to # http://www.shoeline.com/footnotes/shoeterm.shtml # shoe sizes in Europe are measured with Paris points which simply measure # the length of the shoe. europeshoesize 2|3 cm # # USA slang units # buck US$ fin 5 US$ sawbuck 10 US$ usgrand 1000 US$ greenback US$ key kg # usually of marijuana, 60's lid 1 oz # Another 60's weed unit footballfield usfootballfield usfootballfield 100 yards canadafootballfield 110 yards # And 65 yards wide marathon 26 miles + 385 yards # # British # # The length measure in the UK was defined by a bronze bar manufactured in # 1844. Various conversions were sanctioned for convenience at different # times, which makes conversions before 1963 a confusing matter. Apparently # previous conversions were never explicitly revoked. Four different # conversion factors appear below. Multiply them times an imperial length # units as desired. The Weights and Measures Act of 1963 switched the UK away # from their bronze standard and onto a definition of the yard in terms of the # meter. This happened after an international agreement in 1959 to align the # world's measurement systems. UK UKlength_SJJ UK- UK british- UK UKlength_B 0.9143992 meter / yard # Benoit found the yard to be # 0.9143992 m at a weights and # measures conference around # 1896. Legally sanctioned # in 1898. UKlength_SJJ 0.91439841 meter / yard # In 1922, Seers, Jolly and # Johnson found the yard to be # 0.91439841 meters. # Used starting in the 1930's. UKlength_K meter / 39.37079 inch # In 1816 Kater found this ratio # for the meter and inch. This # value was used as the legal # conversion ratio when the # metric system was legalized # for contract in 1864. UKlength_C meter / 1.09362311 yard # In 1866 Clarke found the meter # to be 1.09362311 yards. This # conversion was legalized # around 1878. brnauticalmile 6080 ft # Used until 1970 when the UK brknot brnauticalmile / hr # switched to the international admiraltymile brnauticalmile # nautical mile. admiraltyknot brknot seamile 6000 ft shackle 15 fathoms # Adopted 1949 by British navy # British Imperial weight is mostly the same as US weight. A few extra # units are added here. clove 7 lb stone 14 lb tod 28 lb brquarterweight 1|4 brhundredweight brhundredweight 8 stone longhundredweight brhundredweight longton 20 brhundredweight brton longton # British Imperial volume measures brminim 1|60 brdram brscruple 1|3 brdram fluidscruple brscruple brdram 1|8 brfloz brfluidounce 1|20 brpint brfloz brfluidounce brgill 1|4 brpint brpint 1|2 brquart brquart 1|4 brgallon brgallon 4.54609 l # The British Imperial gallon was # defined in 1824 to be the volume of # water which weighed 10 pounds at 62 # deg F with a pressure of 30 inHg. # It was also defined as 277.274 in^3, # Which is slightly in error. In # 1963 it was defined to be the volume # occupied by 10 pounds of distilled # water of density 0.998859 g/ml weighed # in air of density 0.001217 g/ml # against weights of density 8.136 g/ml. # This gives a value of approximately # 4.5459645 liters, but the old liter # was in force at this time. In 1976 # the definition was changed to exactly # 4.54609 liters using the new # definition of the liter (1 dm^3). brbarrel 36 brgallon # Used for beer brbushel 8 brgallon brheapedbushel 1.278 brbushel brquarter 8 brbushel brchaldron 36 brbushel # Obscure British volume measures. These units are generally traditional # measures whose definitions have fluctuated over the years. Often they # depended on the quantity being measured. They are given here in terms of # British Imperial measures. For example, the puncheon may have historically # been defined relative to the wine gallon or beer gallon or ale gallon # rather than the British Imperial gallon. bag 4 brbushel bucket 4 brgallon kilderkin 2 brfirkin last 40 brbushel noggin brgill pottle 0.5 brgallon pin 4.5 brgallon puncheon 72 brgallon seam 8 brbushel coomb 4 brbushel boll 6 brbushel firlot 1|4 boll brfirkin 9 brgallon # Used for ale and beer cran 37.5 brgallon # measures herring, about 750 fish brwinehogshead 52.5 brgallon # This value is approximately equal brhogshead brwinehogshead # to the old wine hogshead of 63 # wine gallons. This adjustment # is listed in the OED and in # "The Weights and Measures of # England" by R. D. Connor brbeerhogshead 54 brgallon brbeerbutt 2 brbeerhogshead registerton 100 ft^3 # Used for internal capacity of ships shippington 40 ft^3 # Used for ship's cargo freight or timber brshippington 42 ft^3 # freightton shippington # Both register ton and shipping ton derive # from the "tun cask" of wine. displacementton 35 ft^3 # Approximate volume of a longton weight of # sea water. Measures water displaced by # ships. waterton 224 brgallon strike 70.5 l # 16th century unit, sometimes # defined as .5, 2, or 4 bushels # depending on the location. It # probably doesn't make a lot of # sense to define in terms of imperial # bushels. Zupko gives a value of # 2 Winchester grain bushels or about # 70.5 liters. amber 4 brbushel# Used for dry and liquid capacity [18] # British volume measures with "imperial" imperialminim brminim imperialscruple brscruple imperialdram brdram imperialfluidounce brfluidounce imperialfloz brfloz imperialgill brgill imperialpint brpint imperialquart brquart imperialgallon brgallon imperialbarrel brbarrel imperialbushel brbushel imperialheapedbushel brheapedbushel imperialquarter brquarter imperialchaldron brchaldron imperialwinehogshead brwinehogshead imperialhogshead brhogshead imperialbeerhogshead brbeerhogshead imperialbeerbutt brbeerbutt imperialfirkin brfirkin # obscure British lengths barleycorn 1|3 UKinch # Given in Realm of Measure as the # difference between successive shoe sizes nail 1|16 UKyard # Originally the width of the thumbnail, # or 1|16 ft. This took on the general # meaning of 1|16 and settled on the # nail of a yard or 1|16 yards as its # final value. [12] UKpole 16.5 UKft # This was 15 Saxon feet, the Saxon rope 20 UKft # foot (aka northern foot) being longer englishell 45 UKinch flemishell 27 UKinch ell englishell # supposed to be measure from elbow to # fingertips span 9 UKinch # supposed to be distance from thumb # to pinky with full hand extension goad 4.5 UKft # used for cloth, possibly named after the # stick used for prodding animals. # misc obscure British units hide 120 acre # English unit of land area dating to the 7th # century, originally the amount of land # that a single plowman could cultivate, # which varied from 60-180 acres regionally. # Standardized at Normon conquest. virgate 1|4 hide nook 1|2 virgate rood furlong rod # Area of a strip a rod by a furlong englishcarat troyounce/151.5 # Originally intended to be 4 grain # but this value ended up being # used in the London diamond market mancus 2 oz mast 2.5 lb nailkeg 100 lbs basebox 31360 in^2 # Used in metal plating # alternate spellings gramme gram litre liter dioptre diopter sulphur sulfur # # Units derived the human body (may not be very accurate) # geometricpace 5 ft # distance between points where the same # foot hits the ground pace 2.5 ft # distance between points where alternate # feet touch the ground USmilitarypace 30 in # United States official military pace USdoubletimepace 36 in # United States official doubletime pace fingerbreadth 7|8 in # The finger is defined as either the width fingerlength 4.5 in # or length of the finger finger fingerbreadth palmwidth hand # The palm is a unit defined as either the width palmlength 8 in # or the length of the hand hand 4 inch # width of hand shaftment 6 inch # Distance from tip of outstretched thumb to the # opposite side of the palm of the hand. The # ending -ment is from the old English word # for hand. [18] smoot 5 ft + 7 in # Created as part of an MIT fraternity prank. # In 1958 Oliver Smoot was used to measure # the length of the Harvard Bridge, which was # marked off in Smoot lengths. These # markings have been maintained on the bridge # since then and repainted by subsequent # incoming fraternity members. During a # bridge renovation the new sidewalk was # scored every Smoot rather than at the # customary 6 ft spacing. tomcruise 5 ft + 7.75 in # Height of Tom Cruise # # Cooking measures # # Common abbreviations tbl tablespoon tbsp tablespoon tblsp tablespoon Tb tablespoon tsp teaspoon saltspoon 1|4 tsp # US measures uscup 8 usfloz ustablespoon 1|16 uscup usteaspoon 1|3 ustablespoon ustbl ustablespoon ustbsp ustablespoon ustblsp ustablespoon ustsp usteaspoon metriccup 250 ml stickbutter 1|4 lb # Butter in the USA is sold in one # pound packages that contain four # individually wrapped pieces. The # pieces are marked into tablespoons, # making it possible to measure out # butter by volume by slicing the # butter. legalcup 240 ml # The cup used on nutrition labeling legaltablespoon 1|16 legalcup legaltbsp legaltablespoon # Scoop size. Ice cream scoops in the US are marked with numbers # indicating the number of scoops required to fill a US quart. scoop(n) units=[1;cup] domain=[4,100] range=[0.04,1] \ 32 usfloz / n ; 32 usfloz / scoop # US can sizes. number1can 10 usfloz number2can 19 usfloz number2_5can 3.5 uscups number3can 4 uscups number5can 7 uscups number10can 105 usfloz # British measures brcup 1|2 brpint brteacup 1|3 brpint brtablespoon 15 ml # Also 5|8 brfloz, approx 17.7 ml brteaspoon 1|3 brtablespoon # Also 1|4 brtablespoon brdessertspoon 2 brteaspoon dessertspoon brdessertspoon dsp dessertspoon brtsp brteaspoon brtbl brtablespoon brtbsp brtablespoon brtblsp brtablespoon # Australian australiatablespoon 20 ml austbl australiatablespoon austbsp australiatablespoon austblsp australiatablespoon australiateaspoon 1|4 australiatablespoon austsp australiateaspoon # Italian etto 100 g # Used for buying items like meat and etti etto # cheese. # Chinese catty 0.5 kg oldcatty 4|3 lbs # Before metric conversion. tael 1|16 oldcatty # Should the tael be defined both ways? mace 0.1 tael oldpicul 100 oldcatty picul 100 catty # Chinese usage # Indian seer 14400 grain # British Colonial standard ser seer maund 40 seer pakistanseer 1 kg pakistanmaund 40 pakistanseer chittak 1|16 seer tola 1|5 chittak ollock 1|4 liter # Is this right? # Japanese japancup 200 ml # densities of cooking ingredients from The Cake Bible by Rose Levy Beranbaum # so you can convert '2 cups sugar' to grams, for example, or in the other # direction grams could be converted to 'cup flour_scooped'. butter 8 oz/uscup butter_clarified 6.8 oz/uscup cocoa_butter 9 oz/uscup shortening 6.75 oz/uscup # vegetable shortening oil 7.5 oz/uscup cakeflour_sifted 3.5 oz/uscup # The density of flour depends on the cakeflour_spooned 4 oz/uscup # measuring method. "Scooped", or cakeflour_scooped 4.5 oz/uscup # "dip and sweep" refers to dipping a flour_sifted 4 oz/uscup # measure into a bin, and then sweeping flour_spooned 4.25 oz/uscup # the excess off the top. "Spooned" flour_scooped 5 oz/uscup # means to lightly spoon into a measure breadflour_sifted 4.25 oz/uscup # and then sweep the top. Sifted means breadflour_spooned 4.5 oz/uscup # sifting the flour directly into a breadflour_scooped 5.5 oz/uscup # measure and then sweeping the top. cornstarch 120 grams/uscup dutchcocoa_sifted 75 g/uscup # These are for Dutch processed cocoa dutchcocoa_spooned 92 g/uscup dutchcocoa_scooped 95 g/uscup cocoa_sifted 75 g/uscup # These are for nonalkalized cocoa cocoa_spooned 82 g/uscup cocoa_scooped 95 g/uscup heavycream 232 g/uscup milk 242 g/uscup sourcream 242 g/uscup molasses 11.25 oz/uscup cornsyrup 11.5 oz/uscup honey 11.75 oz/uscup sugar 200 g/uscup powdered_sugar 4 oz/uscup brownsugar_light 217 g/uscup # packed brownsugar_dark 239 g/uscup baking_powder 4.6 grams / ustsp salt 6 g / ustsp koshersalt 2.8 g / ustsp # Diamond Crystal kosher salt koshersalt_morton 4.8 g / ustsp # Morton kosher salt # Values are from the nutrition info # on the packages # Egg weights and volumes for a USA large egg egg 50 grams # without shell eggwhite 30 grams eggyolk 18.6 grams eggvolume 3 ustablespoons + 1|2 ustsp eggwhitevolume 2 ustablespoons eggyolkvolume 3.5 ustsp # Alcohol density ethanoldensity 0.7893 g/cm^3 # From CRC Handbook, 91st Edition alcoholdensity ethanoldensity # # Density measures. Density has traditionally been measured on a variety of # bizarre nonlinear scales. # # Density of a sugar syrup is frequently measured in candy making procedures. # In the USA the boiling point of the syrup is measured. Some recipes instead # specify the density using degrees Baume. Conversion between degrees Baume # and the boiling point measure has proved elusive. This table appeared in one # text, and provides a fragmentary relationship to the concentration. # # temp(C) conc (%) # 100 30 # 101 40 # 102 50 # 103 60 # 106 70 # 112 80 # 123 90 # 140 95 # 151 97 # 160 98.2 # 166 99.5 # 171 99.6 # # The best source identified to date came from "Boiling point elevation of # technical sugarcane solutions and its use in automatic pan boiling" by # Michael Saska. International Sugar Journal, 2002, 104, 1247, pp 500-507. # # But I'm using equation (3) which is credited to Starzak and Peacock, # "Water activity coefficient in aqueous solutions of sucrose--A comprehensive # data analysis. Zuckerindustrie, 122, 380-387. (I couldn't find this # document.) # # Note that the range of validity is uncertain, but answers are in agreement # with the above table all the way to 99.6. # # The original equation has a parameter for the boiling point of water, which # of course varies with altitude. It also includes various other model # parameters. The input is the molar concentration of sucrose in the solution, # (moles sucrose) / (total moles). # # Bsp 3797.06 degC # Csp 226.28 degC # QQ -17638 J/mol # asp -1.0038 # bsp -0.24653 # tbw 100 degC # boiling point of water # sugar_bpe_orig(x) ((1-QQ/R Bsp * x^2 (1+asp x + bsp x^2) (tbw + Csp) \ # /(tbw+stdtemp)) / (1+(tbw + Csp)/Bsp *ln(1-x))-1) * (tbw + Csp) # # To convert mass concentration (brix) to molar concentration # # sc(x) (x / 342.3) / (( x/342.3) + (100-x)/18.02); \ # 100 sc 342.3|18.02 / (sc (342.3|18.02-1)+1) # # Here is a simplified version of this equation where the temperature of boiling # water has been fixed at 100 degrees Celsius and the argument is now the # concentration (brix). # # sugar_bpe(x) ((1+ 0.48851085 * sc(x)^2 (1+ -1.0038 sc(x) + -0.24653 sc(x)^2)) \ # / (1+0.08592964 ln(1-sc(x)))-1) 326.28 K # # # The formula is not invertible, so to implement it in units we unfortunately # must turn it into a table. # This table gives the boiling point elevation as a function of the sugar syrup # concentration expressed as a percentage. sugar_conc_bpe[K] \ 0 0.0000 5 0.0788 10 0.1690 15 0.2729 20 0.3936 25 0.5351 \ 30 0.7027 35 0.9036 40 1.1475 42 1.2599 44 1.3825 46 1.5165 \ 48 1.6634 50 1.8249 52 2.0031 54 2.2005 56 2.4200 58 2.6651 \ 60 2.9400 61 3.0902 62 3.2499 63 3.4198 64 3.6010 65 3.7944 \ 66 4.0012 67 4.2227 68 4.4603 69 4.7156 70 4.9905 71 5.2870 \ 72 5.6075 73 5.9546 74 6.3316 75 6.7417 76 7.1892 77 7.6786 \ 78.0 8.2155 79.0 8.8061 80.0 9.4578 80.5 9.8092 81.0 10.1793 \ 81.5 10.5693 82.0 10.9807 82.5 11.4152 83.0 11.8743 83.5 12.3601 \ 84.0 12.8744 84.5 13.4197 85.0 13.9982 85.5 14.6128 86.0 15.2663 \ 86.5 15.9620 87.0 16.7033 87.5 17.4943 88.0 18.3391 88.5 19.2424 \ 89.0 20.2092 89.5 21.2452 90.0 22.3564 90.5 23.5493 91.0 24.8309 \ 91.5 26.2086 92.0 27.6903 92.5 29.2839 93.0 30.9972 93.5 32.8374 \ 94.0 34.8104 94.5 36.9195 95.0 39.1636 95.5 41.5348 96.0 44.0142 \ 96.5 46.5668 97.0 49.1350 97.5 51.6347 98.0 53.9681 98.1 54.4091 \ 98.2 54.8423 98.3 55.2692 98.4 55.6928 98.5 56.1174 98.6 56.5497 \ 98.7 56.9999 98.8 57.4828 98.9 58.0206 99.0 58.6455 99.1 59.4062 \ 99.2 60.3763 99.3 61.6706 99.4 63.4751 99.5 66.1062 99.6 70.1448 \ 99.7 76.7867 # Using the brix table we can use this to produce a mapping from boiling point # to density which makes all of the units interconvertible. Because the brix # table stops at 95 this approach works up to a boiling point elevation of 39 K # or a boiling point of 139 C / 282 F, which is the "soft crack" stage in candy # making. The "hard crack" stage continues up to 310 F. # Boiling point elevation sugar_bpe(T) units=[K;g/cm^3] domain=[0,39.1636] range=[0.99717,1.5144619] \ brix(~sugar_conc_bpe(T)); sugar_conc_bpe(~brix(sugar_bpe)) # Absolute boiling point (produces an absolute temperature) sugar_bp(T) units=[K;g/cm^3] domain=[373.15,412.3136] \ range=[0.99717,1.5144619] \ brix(~sugar_conc_bpe(T-tempC(100))) ;\ sugar_conc_bpe(~brix(sugar_bp))+tempC(100) # In practice dealing with the absolute temperature is annoying because it is # not possible to convert to a nested function, so you're stuck retyping the # absolute temperature in Kelvins to convert to celsius or Fahrenheit. To # prevent this we supply definitions that build in the temperature conversion # and produce results in the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales. So using these # measures, to convert 46 degrees Baume to a Fahrenheit boiling point: # # You have: baume(45) # You want: sugar_bpF # 239.05647 # sugar_bpF(T) units=[1;g/cm^3] domain=[212,282.49448] range=[0.99717,1.5144619]\ brix(~sugar_conc_bpe(tempF(T)+-tempC(100))) ;\ ~tempF(sugar_conc_bpe(~brix(sugar_bpF))+tempC(100)) sugar_bpC(T) units=[1;g/cm^3] domain=[100,139.1636] range=[0.99717,1.5144619]\ brix(~sugar_conc_bpe(tempC(T)+-tempC(100))) ;\ ~tempC(sugar_conc_bpe(~brix(sugar_bpC))+tempC(100)) # Degrees Baume is used in European recipes to specify the density of a sugar # syrup. An entirely different definition is used for densities below # 1 g/cm^3. An arbitrary constant appears in the definition. This value is # equal to 145 in the US, but was according to [], the old scale used in # Holland had a value of 144, and the new scale or Gerlach scale used 146.78. baumeconst 145 # US value baume(d) units=[1;g/cm^3] domain=[0,145) range=[1,) \ (baumeconst/(baumeconst+-d)) g/cm^3 ; \ (baume+((-g)/cm^3)) baumeconst / baume # It's not clear if this value was ever used with negative degrees. twaddell(x) units=[1;g/cm^3] domain=[-200,) range=[0,) \ (1 + 0.005 x) g / cm^3 ; \ 200 (twaddell / (g/cm^3) +- 1) # The degree quevenne is a unit for measuring the density of milk. # Similarly it's unclear if negative values were allowed here. quevenne(x) units=[1;g/cm^3] domain=[-1000,) range=[0,) \ (1 + 0.001 x) g / cm^3 ; \ 1000 (quevenne / (g/cm^3) +- 1) # Degrees brix measures sugar concentration by weigh as a percentage, so a # solution that is 3 degrees brix is 3% sugar by weight. This unit was named # after Adolf Brix who invented a hydrometer that read this percentage # directly. This data is from Table 114 of NIST Circular 440, "Polarimetry, # Saccharimetry and the Sugars". It gives apparent specific gravity at 20 # degrees Celsius of various sugar concentrations. As rendered below this # data is converted to apparent density at 20 degrees Celsius using the # density figure for water given in the same NIST reference. They use the # word "apparent" to refer to measurements being made in air with brass # weights rather than vacuum. brix[0.99717g/cm^3]\ 0 1.00000 1 1.00390 2 1.00780 3 1.01173 4 1.01569 5 1.01968 \ 6 1.02369 7 1.02773 8 1.03180 9 1.03590 10 1.04003 11 1.04418 \ 12 1.04837 13 1.05259 14 1.05683 15 1.06111 16 1.06542 17 1.06976 \ 18 1.07413 19 1.07853 20 1.08297 21 1.08744 22 1.09194 23 1.09647 \ 24 1.10104 25 1.10564 26 1.11027 27 1.11493 28 1.11963 29 1.12436 \ 30 1.12913 31 1.13394 32 1.13877 33 1.14364 34 1.14855 35 1.15350 \ 36 1.15847 37 1.16349 38 1.16853 39 1.17362 40 1.17874 41 1.18390 \ 42 1.18910 43 1.19434 44 1.19961 45 1.20491 46 1.21026 47 1.21564 \ 48 1.22106 49 1.22652 50 1.23202 51 1.23756 52 1.24313 53 1.24874 \ 54 1.25439 55 1.26007 56 1.26580 57 1.27156 58 1.27736 59 1.28320 \ 60 1.28909 61 1.29498 62 1.30093 63 1.30694 64 1.31297 65 1.31905 \ 66 1.32516 67 1.33129 68 1.33748 69 1.34371 70 1.34997 71 1.35627 \ 72 1.36261 73 1.36900 74 1.37541 75 1.38187 76 1.38835 77 1.39489 \ 78 1.40146 79 1.40806 80 1.41471 81 1.42138 82 1.42810 83 1.43486 \ 84 1.44165 85 1.44848 86 1.45535 87 1.46225 88 1.46919 89 1.47616 \ 90 1.48317 91 1.49022 92 1.49730 93 1.50442 94 1.51157 95 1.51876 # Density measure invented by the American Petroleum Institute. Lighter # petroleum products are more valuable, and they get a higher API degree. # # The intervals of range and domain should be open rather than closed. # apidegree(x) units=[1;g/cm^3] domain=[-131.5,) range=[0,) \ 141.5 g/cm^3 / (x+131.5) ; \ 141.5 (g/cm^3) / apidegree + (-131.5) # # Average densities of various woods (dried) # Data from The Wood Database https://www.wood-database.com # # North American Hardwoods wood_cherry 35 lb/ft^3 wood_redoak 44 lb/ft^3 wood_whiteoak 47 lb/ft^3 wood_blackwalnut 38 lb/ft^3 wood_walnut wood_blackwalnut wood_birch 43 lb/ft^3 wood_hardmaple 44 lb/ft^3 wood_bigleafmaple 34 lb/ft^3 wood_boxeldermaple 30 lb/ft^3 wood_redmaple 38 lb/ft^3 wood_silvermaple 33 lb/ft^3 wood_stripedmaple 32 lb/ft^3 wood_softmaple (wood_bigleafmaple \ + wood_boxeldermaple \ + wood_redmaple \ + wood_silvermaple \ + wood_stripedmaple) / 5 wood_poplar 29 lb/ft^3 wood_beech 45 lb/ft^3 # North American Softwoods wood_jeffreypine 28 lb/ft^3 wood_ocotepine 44 lb/ft^3 wood_ponderosapine 28 lb/ft^3 wood_loblollypine 35 lb/ft^3 wood_longleafpine 41 lb/ft^3 wood_shortleafpine 35 lb/ft^3 wood_slashpine 41 lb/ft^3 wood_yellowpine (wood_loblollypine \ + wood_longleafpine \ + wood_shortleafpine \ + wood_slashpine) / 4 wood_redpine 34 lb/ft^3 wood_easternwhitepine 25 lb/ft^3 wood_westernwhitepine 27 lb/ft^3 wood_whitepine (wood_easternwhitepine + wood_westernwhitepine) / 2 wood_douglasfir 32 lb/ft^3 wood_blackspruce 28 lb/ft^3 wood_engelmannspruce 24 lb/ft^3 wood_redspruce 27 lb/ft^3 wood_sitkaspruce 27 lb/ft^3 wood_whitespruce 27 lb/ft^3 wood_spruce (wood_blackspruce \ + wood_engelmannspruce \ + wood_redspruce \ + wood_sitkaspruce \ + wood_whitespruce) / 5 # Other woods wood_basswood 26 lb/ft^3 wood_balsa 9 lb/ft^3 wood_ebony_gaboon 60 lb/ft^3 wood_ebony_macassar 70 lb/ft^3 wood_mahogany 37 lb/ft^3 # True (Honduran) mahogany, # Swietenia macrophylla wood_teak 41 lb/ft^3 wood_rosewood_brazilian 52 lb/ft^3 wood_rosewood_honduran 64 lb/ft^3 wood_rosewood_indian 52 lb/ft^3 wood_cocobolo 69 lb/ft^3 wood_bubinga 56 lb/ft^3 wood_zebrawood 50 lb/ft^3 wood_koa 38 lb/ft^3 wood_snakewood 75.7 lb/ft^3 wood_lignumvitae 78.5 lb/ft^3 wood_blackwood 79.3 lb/ft^3 wood_blackironwood 84.5 lb/ft^3 # Krugiodendron ferreum, listed # in database as the heaviest wood # # Modulus of elasticity of selected woods. # Data from The Wood Database https://www.wood-database.com # # North American Hardwoods wood_mod_beech 1.720e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_birchyellow 2.010e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_birch wood_mod_birchyellow wood_mod_cherry 1.490e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_hardmaple 1.830e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_bigleafmaple 1.450e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_boxeldermaple 1.050e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_redmaple 1.640e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_silvermaple 1.140e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_softmaple (wood_mod_bigleafmaple \ + wood_mod_boxeldermaple \ + wood_mod_redmaple \ + wood_mod_silvermaple) / 4 wood_mod_redoak 1.761e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_whiteoak 1.762e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_poplar 1.580e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_blackwalnut 1.680e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_walnut wood_mod_blackwalnut # North American Softwoods wood_mod_jeffreypine 1.240e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_ocotepine 2.209e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_ponderosapine 1.290e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_loblollypine 1.790e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_longleafpine 1.980e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_shortleafpine 1.750e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_slashpine 1.980e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_yellowpine (wood_mod_loblollypine \ + wood_mod_longleafpine \ + wood_mod_shortleafpine \ + wood_mod_slashpine) / 4 wood_mod_redpine 1.630e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_easternwhitepine 1.240e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_westernwhitepine 1.460e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_whitepine (wood_mod_easternwhitepine + \ wood_mod_westernwhitepine) / 2 wood_mod_douglasfir 1.765e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_blackspruce 1.523e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_englemannspruce 1.369e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_redspruce 1.560e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_sitkaspruce 1.600e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_whitespruce 1.315e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_spruce (wood_mod_blackspruce \ + wood_mod_englemannspruce \ + wood_mod_redspruce + wood_mod_sitkaspruce \ + wood_mod_whitespruce) / 5 # Other woods wood_mod_balsa 0.538e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_basswood 1.460e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_blackwood 2.603e6 lbf/in^2 # African, Dalbergia melanoxylon wood_mod_bubinga 2.670e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_cocobolo 2.712e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_ebony_gaboon 2.449e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_ebony_macassar 2.515e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_blackironwood 2.966e6 lbf/in^2 # Krugiodendron ferreum wood_mod_koa 1.503e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_lignumvitae 2.043e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_mahogany 1.458e6 lbf/in^2 # True (Honduran) mahogany, # Swietenia macrophylla wood_mod_rosewood_brazilian 2.020e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_rosewood_honduran 3.190e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_rosewood_indian 1.668e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_snakewood 3.364e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_teak 1.781e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_zebrawood 2.374e6 lbf/in^2 # # Area of countries and other regions. This is the "total area" which # includes land and water areas within international boundaries and # coastlines. Data from January, 2019. # # except as noted, sources are # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area # US Central Intelligence Agency: The World Factbook # https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/ area_russia 17098246 km^2 area_antarctica 14000000 km^2 # area_canada is covered below as sum of province and territory areas area_china 9596961 km^2 # area_unitedstates is covered below as sum of state areas # includes only the 50 states and District of Columbia area_us area_unitedstates area_brazil 8515767 km^2 area_australia 7692024 km^2 # area_europeanunion is covered below as sum of member areas area_india 3287263 km^2 area_argentina 2780400 km^2 area_kazakhstan 2724900 km^2 area_algeria 2381741 km^2 area_drcongo 2344858 km^2 area_greenland 2166086 km^2 area_saudiarabia 2149690 km^2 area_mexico 1964375 km^2 area_indonesia 1910931 km^2 area_sudan 1861484 km^2 area_libya 1759540 km^2 area_iran 1648195 km^2 area_mongolia 1564110 km^2 area_peru 1285216 km^2 area_chad 1284000 km^2 area_niger 1267000 km^2 area_angola 1246700 km^2 area_mali 1240192 km^2 area_southafrica 1221037 km^2 area_colombia 1141748 km^2 area_ethiopia 1104300 km^2 area_bolivia 1098581 km^2 area_mauritania 1030700 km^2 area_egypt 1002450 km^2 area_tanzania 945087 km^2 area_nigeria 923768 km^2 area_venezuela 916445 km^2 area_pakistan 881912 km^2 area_namibia 825615 km^2 area_mozambique 801590 km^2 area_turkey 783562 km^2 area_chile 756102 km^2 area_zambia 752612 km^2 area_myanmar 676578 km^2 area_burma area_myanmar area_afghanistan 652230 km^2 area_southsudan 644329 km^2 area_france 640679 km^2 area_somalia 637657 km^2 area_centralafrica 622984 km^2 area_ukraine 603500 km^2 area_crimea 27000 km^2 # occupied by Russia; included in # (Encyclopedia Britannica) area_madagascar 587041 km^2 area_botswana 581730 km^2 area_kenya 580367 km^2 area_yemen 527968 km^2 area_thailand 513120 km^2 area_spain 505992 km^2 area_turkmenistan 488100 km^2 area_cameroon 475422 km^2 area_papuanewguinea 462840 km^2 area_sweden 450295 km^2 area_uzbekistan 447400 km^2 area_morocco 446550 km^2 area_iraq 438317 km^2 area_paraguay 406752 km^2 area_zimbabwe 390757 km^2 area_japan 377973 km^2 area_germany 357114 km^2 area_congorepublic 342000 km^2 area_finland 338424 km^2 area_vietnam 331212 km^2 area_malaysia 330803 km^2 area_norway 323802 km^2 area_ivorycoast 322463 km^2 area_poland 312696 km^2 area_oman 309500 km^2 area_italy 301339 km^2 area_philippines 300000 km^2 area_ecuador 276841 km^2 area_burkinafaso 274222 km^2 area_newzealand 270467 km^2 area_gabon 267668 km^2 area_westernsahara 266000 km^2 area_guinea 245857 km^2 # area_unitedkingdom is covered below area_uganda 241550 km^2 area_ghana 238533 km^2 area_romania 238397 km^2 area_laos 236800 km^2 area_guyana 214969 km^2 area_belarus 207600 km^2 area_kyrgyzstan 199951 km^2 area_senegal 196722 km^2 area_syria 185180 km^2 area_golanheights 1150 km^2 # occupied by Israel; included in # Syria (Encyclopedia Britannica) area_cambodia 181035 km^2 area_uruguay 176215 km^2 area_somaliland 176120 km^2 area_suriname 163820 km^2 area_tunisia 163610 km^2 area_bangladesh 147570 km^2 area_nepal 147181 km^2 area_tajikistan 143100 km^2 area_greece 131990 km^2 area_nicaragua 130373 km^2 area_northkorea 120540 km^2 area_malawi 118484 km^2 area_eritrea 117600 km^2 area_benin 114763 km^2 area_honduras 112492 km^2 area_liberia 111369 km^2 area_bulgaria 110879 km^2 area_cuba 109884 km^2 area_guatemala 108889 km^2 area_iceland 103000 km^2 area_southkorea 100210 km^2 area_hungary 93028 km^2 area_portugal 92090 km^2 area_jordan 89342 km^2 area_serbia 88361 km^2 area_azerbaijan 86600 km^2 area_austria 83871 km^2 area_uae 83600 km^2 area_czechia 78865 km^2 area_czechrepublic area_czechia area_panama 75417 km^2 area_sierraleone 71740 km^2 area_ireland 70273 km^2 area_georgia 69700 km^2 area_srilanka 65610 km^2 area_lithuania 65300 km^2 area_latvia 64559 km^2 area_togo 56785 km^2 area_croatia 56594 km^2 area_bosnia 51209 km^2 area_costarica 51100 km^2 area_slovakia 49037 km^2 area_dominicanrepublic 48671 km^2 area_estonia 45227 km^2 area_denmark 43094 km^2 area_netherlands 41850 km^2 area_switzerland 41284 km^2 area_bhutan 38394 km^2 area_taiwan 36193 km^2 area_guineabissau 36125 km^2 area_moldova 33846 km^2 area_belgium 30528 km^2 area_lesotho 30355 km^2 area_armenia 29743 km^2 area_solomonislands 28896 km^2 area_albania 28748 km^2 area_equitorialguinea 28051 km^2 area_burundi 27834 km^2 area_haiti 27750 km^2 area_rwanda 26338 km^2 area_northmacedonia 25713 km^2 area_djibouti 23200 km^2 area_belize 22966 km^2 area_elsalvador 21041 km^2 area_israel 20770 km^2 area_slovenia 20273 km^2 area_fiji 18272 km^2 area_kuwait 17818 km^2 area_eswatini 17364 km^2 area_easttimor 14919 km^2 area_bahamas 13943 km^2 area_montenegro 13812 km^2 area_vanatu 12189 km^2 area_qatar 11586 km^2 area_gambia 11295 km^2 area_jamaica 10991 km^2 area_kosovo 10887 km^2 area_lebanon 10452 km^2 area_cyprus 9251 km^2 area_puertorico 9104 km^2 # United States territory; not included # in United States area area_westbank 5860 km^2 # (CIA World Factbook) area_hongkong 2755 km^2 area_luxembourg 2586 km^2 area_singapore 716 km^2 area_gazastrip 360 km^2 # (CIA World Factbook) area_malta 316 km^2 # smallest EU country area_liechtenstein 160 km^2 area_monaco 2.02 km^2 area_vaticancity 0.44 km^2 # Members as of 1 Feb 2020 area_europeanunion area_austria + area_belgium + area_bulgaria \ + area_croatia + area_cyprus + area_czechia + area_denmark \ + area_estonia + area_finland + area_france + area_germany \ + area_greece + area_hungary + area_ireland + area_italy \ + area_latvia + area_lithuania + area_luxembourg \ + area_malta + area_netherlands + area_poland \ + area_portugal + area_romania + area_slovakia \ + area_slovenia + area_spain + area_sweden area_eu area_europeanunion # # Areas of the individual US states # # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area # # United States Summary: 2010, Population and Housing Unit Counts, Table 18, p. 41 # Issued September 2012 area_alaska 1723336.8 km^2 area_texas 695661.6 km^2 area_california 423967.4 km^2 area_montana 380831.1 km^2 area_newmexico 314917.4 km^2 area_arizona 295233.5 km^2 area_nevada 286379.7 km^2 area_colorado 269601.4 km^2 area_oregon 254799.2 km^2 area_wyoming 253334.5 km^2 area_michigan 250486.8 km^2 area_minnesota 225162.8 km^2 area_utah 219881.9 km^2 area_idaho 216442.6 km^2 area_kansas 213100.0 km^2 area_nebraska 200329.9 km^2 area_southdakota 199728.7 km^2 area_washington 184660.8 km^2 area_northdakota 183107.8 km^2 area_oklahoma 181037.2 km^2 area_missouri 180540.3 km^2 area_florida 170311.7 km^2 area_wisconsin 169634.8 km^2 area_georgia_us 153910.4 km^2 area_illinois 149995.4 km^2 area_iowa 145745.9 km^2 area_newyork 141296.7 km^2 area_northcarolina 139391.0 km^2 area_arkansas 137731.8 km^2 area_alabama 135767.4 km^2 area_louisiana 135658.7 km^2 area_mississippi 125437.7 km^2 area_pennsylvania 119280.2 km^2 area_ohio 116097.7 km^2 area_virginia 110786.6 km^2 area_tennessee 109153.1 km^2 area_kentucky 104655.7 km^2 area_indiana 94326.2 km^2 area_maine 91633.1 km^2 area_southcarolina 82932.7 km^2 area_westvirginia 62755.5 km^2 area_maryland 32131.2 km^2 area_hawaii 28313.0 km^2 area_massachusetts 27335.7 km^2 area_vermont 24906.3 km^2 area_newhampshire 24214.2 km^2 area_newjersey 22591.4 km^2 area_connecticut 14357.4 km^2 area_delaware 6445.8 km^2 area_rhodeisland 4001.2 km^2 area_districtofcolumbia 177.0 km^2 area_unitedstates area_alabama + area_alaska + area_arizona \ + area_arkansas + area_california + area_colorado \ + area_connecticut + area_delaware \ + area_districtofcolumbia + area_florida \ + area_georgia_us + area_hawaii + area_idaho \ + area_illinois + area_indiana + area_iowa \ + area_kansas + area_kentucky + area_louisiana \ + area_maine + area_maryland + area_massachusetts \ + area_michigan + area_minnesota + area_mississippi \ + area_missouri + area_montana + area_nebraska \ + area_nevada + area_newhampshire + area_newjersey \ + area_newmexico + area_newyork + area_northcarolina \ + area_northdakota + area_ohio + area_oklahoma \ + area_oregon + area_pennsylvania + area_rhodeisland \ + area_southcarolina + area_southdakota \ + area_tennessee + area_texas + area_utah \ + area_vermont + area_virginia + area_washington \ + area_westvirginia + area_wisconsin + area_wyoming # Total area of Canadian province and territories # # Statistics Canada, "Land and freshwater area, by province and territory", # 2016-10-07: # # https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-402-x/2012000/chap/geo/tbl/tbl06-eng.htm area_ontario 1076395 km^2 # confederated 1867-Jul-01 area_quebec 1542056 km^2 # confederated 1867-Jul-01 area_novascotia 55284 km^2 # confederated 1867-Jul-01 area_newbrunswick 72908 km^2 # confederated 1867-Jul-01 area_canada_original area_ontario + area_quebec + area_novascotia \ + area_newbrunswick area_manitoba 647797 km^2 # confederated 1870-Jul-15 area_britishcolumbia 944735 km^2 # confederated 1871-Jul-20 area_princeedwardisland 5660 km^2 # confederated 1873-Jul-01 area_canada_additional area_manitoba + area_britishcolumbia \ + area_princeedwardisland area_alberta 661848 km^2 # confederated 1905-Sep-01 area_saskatchewan 651036 km^2 # confederated 1905-Sep-01 area_newfoundlandandlabrador 405212 km^2 # confederated 1949-Mar-31 area_canada_recent area_alberta + area_saskatchewan \ + area_newfoundlandandlabrador area_canada_provinces area_canada_original + area_canada_additional \ + area_canada_recent area_northwestterritories 1346106 km^2 # NT confederated 1870-Jul-15 area_yukon 482443 km^2 # YT confederated 1898-Jun-13 area_nunavut 2093190 km^2 # NU confederated 1999-Apr-01 area_canada_territories area_northwestterritories + area_yukon \ + area_nunavut area_canada area_canada_provinces + area_canada_territories # area-uk-countries.units - UK country (/province) total areas # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom#Statistics # GB is official UK country code for some purposes but internally is a Kingdom # # areas from A Beginners Guide to UK Geography 2019 v1.0, Office for National Statistics # England: country; 0927-Jul-12 united; 1603-Mar-24 union of crowns area_england 132947.76 km^2 # # Wales: 1282 conquered; 1535 union; principality until 2011 area_wales 21224.48 km^2 # # England and Wales: nation; 1535 union area_englandwales area_england + area_wales # # Scotland: country; ~900 united; 1603-Mar-24 union of crowns area_scotland 80226.36 km^2 # # Great Britain: kingdom; excludes NI; # 1707 Treaty and Acts of Union: union of parliaments area_greatbritain area_england + area_wales + area_scotland area_gb area_greatbritain # # Northern Ireland: province; Ireland: 1177 Henry II lordship; # 1542 Henry VIII kingdom; 1652 Cromwell commonwealth; # 1691 William III kingdom; 1800 Acts of Union: UK of GB & Ireland; # 1921 Irish Free State independent of UK area_northernireland 14133.38 km^2 # # United Kingdom of GB & NI: 1800 Acts of Union: UK of GB & Ireland; # 1921 Irish Free State independent of UK area_unitedkingdom area_greatbritain + area_northernireland area_uk area_unitedkingdom # # Units derived from imperial system # ouncedal oz ft / s^2 # force which accelerates an ounce # at 1 ft/s^2 poundal lb ft / s^2 # same thing for a pound tondal longton ft / s^2 # and for a ton pdl poundal osi ounce force / inch^2 # used in aviation psi pound force / inch^2 psia psi # absolute pressure # Note that gauge pressure can be given # using the gaugepressure() and # psig() nonlinear unit definitions tsi ton force / inch^2 reyn psi sec slug lbf s^2 / ft slugf slug force slinch lbf s^2 / inch # Mass unit derived from inch second slinchf slinch force # pound-force system. Used in space # applications where in/sec^2 was a # natural acceleration measure. geepound slug lbf lb force tonf ton force lbm lb kip 1000 lbf # from kilopound ksi kip / in^2 mil 0.001 inch thou 0.001 inch tenth 0.0001 inch # one tenth of one thousandth of an inch millionth 1e-6 inch # one millionth of an inch circularinch 1|4 pi in^2 # area of a one-inch diameter circle circleinch circularinch # A circle with diameter d inches has # an area of d^2 circularinches cylinderinch circleinch inch # Cylinder h inch tall, d inches diameter # has volume d^2 h cylinder inches circularmil 1|4 pi mil^2 # area of one-mil diameter circle cmil circularmil MCM kcmil # older initialism for thousand circular mills cental 100 pound centner cental # Shotgun gauge measures the inside diameter of the barrel by counting # the number of spherical lead balls you can make to fit that barrel # using a pound of lead. Equivalently, this means that an n gauge gun # has a bore diameter that fits a ball of lead that weighs 1|n pounds shotgungauge(ga) units=[1;m] domain=(0,] range=(0,] \ 2 ~spherevol(1 pound / ga leaddensity) ; \ 1 pound / leaddensity spherevol(shotgungauge/2) shotgunga() shotgungauge caliber 0.01 inch # for measuring bullets duty ft lbf celo ft / s^2 jerk ft / s^3 australiapoint 0.01 inch # The "point" is used to measure rainfall # in Australia sabin ft^2 # Measure of sound absorption equal to the # absorbing power of one square foot of # a perfectly absorbing material. The # sound absorptivity of an object is the # area times a dimensionless # absorptivity coefficient. standardgauge 4 ft + 8.5 in # Standard width between railroad track flag 5 ft^2 # Construction term referring to sidewalk. rollwallpaper 30 ft^2 # Area of roll of wall paper fillpower in^3 / ounce # Density of down at standard pressure. # The best down has 750-800 fillpower. pinlength 1|16 inch # A #17 pin is 17/16 in long in the USA. buttonline 1|40 inch # The line was used in 19th century USA # to measure width of buttons. beespace 1|4 inch # Bees will fill any space that is smaller # than the bee space and leave open # spaces that are larger. The size of # the space varies with species. diamond 8|5 ft # Marking on US tape measures that is # useful to carpenters who wish to place # five studs in an 8 ft distance. Note # that the numbers appear in red every # 16 inches as well, giving six # divisions in 8 feet. retmaunit 1.75 in # Height of rack mountable equipment. U retmaunit # Equipment should be 1|32 inch narrower RU U # than its U measurement indicates to # allow for clearance, so 4U=(6+31|32)in # RETMA stands for the former name of # the standardizing organization, Radio # Electronics Television Manufacturers # Association. This organization is now # called the Electronic Industries # Alliance (EIA) and the rack standard # is specified in EIA RS-310-D. count per pound # For measuring the size of shrimp flightlevel 100 ft # Flight levels are used to ensure safe FL flightlevel # vertical separation between aircraft # despite variations in local air # pressure. Flight levels define # altitudes based on a standard air # pressure so that altimeter calibration # is not needed. This means that # aircraft at separated flight levels # are guaranteed to be separated. # Hence the definition of 100 feet is # a nominal, not true, measure. # Customarily written with no space in # the form FL290, which will not work in # units. But note "FL 290" will work. # # Other units of work, energy, power, etc # # Calorie: approximate energy to raise a gram of water one degree celsius calorie cal_th # Default is the thermochemical calorie cal calorie calorie_th 4.184 J # Thermochemical calorie, defined in 1930 thermcalorie calorie_th # by Frederick Rossini as 4.1833 J to cal_th calorie_th # avoid difficulties associated with the # uncertainty in the heat capacity of # water. In 1948 the value of the joule # was changed, so the thermochemical # calorie was redefined to 4.184 J. # This kept the energy measured by this # unit the same. calorie_IT 4.1868 J # International (Steam) Table calorie, cal_IT calorie_IT # defined in 1929 as watt-hour/860 or # equivalently 180|43 joules. At this # time the international joule had a # different value than the modern joule, # and the values were different in the # USA and in Europe. In 1956 at the # Fifth International Conference on # Properties of Steam the exact # definition given here was adopted. calorie_15 4.18580 J # Energy to go from 14.5 to 15.5 degC cal_15 calorie_15 calorie_fifteen cal_15 calorie_20 4.18190 J # Energy to go from 19.5 to 20.5 degC cal_20 calorie_20 calorie_twenty calorie_20 calorie_4 4.204 J # Energy to go from 3.5 to 4.5 degC cal_4 calorie_4 calorie_four calorie_4 cal_mean 4.19002 J # 1|100 energy to go from 0 to 100 degC Calorie kilocalorie # the food Calorie thermie 1e6 cal_15 # Heat required to raise the # temperature of a tonne of # water from 14.5 to 15.5 degC. # btu definitions: energy to raise a pound of water 1 degF btu btu_IT # International Table BTU is the default britishthermalunit btu btu_IT cal_IT lb (degF) / gram K btu_th cal_th lb (degF) / gram K btu_mean cal_mean lb (degF) / gram K btu_15 cal_15 lb (degF) / gram K btu_ISO 1055.06 J # Exact, rounded ISO definition based # on the IT calorie quad quadrillion btu ECtherm 1e5 btu_ISO # Exact definition UStherm 1.054804e8 J # Exact definition therm UStherm # Water latent heat from [23] water_fusion_heat 6.01 kJ/mol / (18.015 g/mol) # At 0 deg C water_vaporization_heat 2256.4 J/g # At saturation, 100 deg C, 101.42 kPa # Specific heat capacities of various substances # SPECIFIC_HEAT ENERGY / MASS / TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE SPECIFIC_HEAT_CAPACITY ENERGY / MASS / TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE specificheat_water calorie / g K water_specificheat specificheat_water # Values from www.engineeringtoolbox.com/specific-heat-metals-d_152.html specificheat_aluminum 0.91 J/g K specificheat_antimony 0.21 J/g K specificheat_barium 0.20 J/g K specificheat_beryllium 1.83 J/g K specificheat_bismuth 0.13 J/g K specificheat_cadmium 0.23 J/g K specificheat_cesium 0.24 J/g K specificheat_chromium 0.46 J/g K specificheat_cobalt 0.42 J/g K specificheat_copper 0.39 J/g K specificheat_gallium 0.37 J/g K specificheat_germanium 0.32 J/g K specificheat_gold 0.13 J/g K specificheat_hafnium 0.14 J/g K specificheat_indium 0.24 J/g K specificheat_iridium 0.13 J/g K specificheat_iron 0.45 J/g K specificheat_lanthanum 0.195 J/g K specificheat_lead 0.13 J/g K specificheat_lithium 3.57 J/g K specificheat_lutetium 0.15 J/g K specificheat_magnesium 1.05 J/g K specificheat_manganese 0.48 J/g K specificheat_mercury 0.14 J/g K specificheat_molybdenum 0.25 J/g K specificheat_nickel 0.44 J/g K specificheat_osmium 0.13 J/g K specificheat_palladium 0.24 J/g K specificheat_platinum 0.13 J/g K specificheat_plutonum 0.13 J/g K specificheat_potassium 0.75 J/g K specificheat_rhenium 0.14 J/g K specificheat_rhodium 0.24 J/g K specificheat_rubidium 0.36 J/g K specificheat_ruthenium 0.24 J/g K specificheat_scandium 0.57 J/g K specificheat_selenium 0.32 J/g K specificheat_silicon 0.71 J/g K specificheat_silver 0.23 J/g K specificheat_sodium 1.21 J/g K specificheat_strontium 0.30 J/g K specificheat_tantalum 0.14 J/g K specificheat_thallium 0.13 J/g K specificheat_thorium 0.13 J/g K specificheat_tin 0.21 J/g K specificheat_titanium 0.54 J/g K specificheat_tungsten 0.13 J/g K specificheat_uranium 0.12 J/g K specificheat_vanadium 0.39 J/g K specificheat_yttrium 0.30 J/g K specificheat_zinc 0.39 J/g K specificheat_zirconium 0.27 J/g K specificheat_ethanol 2.3 J/g K specificheat_ammonia 4.6 J/g K specificheat_freon 0.91 J/g K # R-12 at 0 degrees Fahrenheit specificheat_gasoline 2.22 J/g K specificheat_iodine 2.15 J/g K specificheat_oliveoil 1.97 J/g K # en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacity#Table_of_specific_heat_capacities specificheat_hydrogen 14.3 J/g K specificheat_helium 5.1932 J/g K specificheat_argon 0.5203 J/g K specificheat_tissue 3.5 J/g K specificheat_diamond 0.5091 J/g K specificheat_granite 0.79 J/g K specificheat_graphite 0.71 J/g K specificheat_ice 2.11 J/g K specificheat_asphalt 0.92 J/g K specificheat_brick 0.84 J/g K specificheat_concrete 0.88 J/g K specificheat_glass_silica 0.84 J/g K specificheat_glass_flint 0.503 J/g K specificheat_glass_pyrex 0.753 J/g K specificheat_gypsum 1.09 J/g K specificheat_marble 0.88 J/g K specificheat_sand 0.835 J/g K specificheat_soil 0.835 J/g K specificheat_wood 1.7 J/g K specificheat_sucrose 1.244 J/g K # www.sugartech.co.za/heatcapacity/indexphp # Energy densities of various fuels # # Most of these fuels have varying compositions or qualities and hence their # actual energy densities vary. These numbers are hence only approximate. # # E1. http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm # E2. https://web.archive.org/web/20100825042309/http://www.ior.com.au/ecflist.html tonoil 1e10 cal_IT # Ton oil equivalent. A conventional # value for the energy released by toe tonoil # burning one metric ton of oil. [18,E1] # Note that energy per mass of petroleum # products is fairly constant. # Variations in volumetric energy # density result from variations in the # density (kg/m^3) of different fuels. # This definition is given by the # IEA/OECD. toncoal 7e9 cal_IT # Energy in metric ton coal from [18]. # This is a nominal value which # is close to the heat content # of coal used in the 1950's barreloil 5.8 Mbtu # Conventional value for barrel of crude # oil [E1]. Actual range is 5.6 - 63. naturalgas_HHV 1027 btu/ft3 # Energy content of natural gas. HHV naturalgas_LHV 930 btu/ft3 # is for Higher Heating Value and naturalgas naturalgas_HHV # includes energy from condensation # combustion products. LHV is for Lower # Heating Value and excludes these. # American publications typically report # HHV whereas European ones report LHV. charcoal 30 GJ/tonne woodenergy_dry 20 GJ/tonne # HHV, a cord weights about a tonne woodenergy_airdry 15 GJ/tonne # 20% moisture content coal_bituminous 27 GJ / tonne coal_lignite 15 GJ / tonne coal_US 22 GJ / uston # Average for US coal (short ton), 1995 ethanol_HHV 84000 btu/usgallon ethanol_LHV 75700 btu/usgallon diesel 130500 btu/usgallon gasoline_LHV 115000 btu/usgallon gasoline_HHV 125000 btu/usgallon gasoline gasoline_HHV heating 37.3 MJ/liter fueloil 39.7 MJ/liter # low sulphur propane 93.3 MJ/m^3 butane 124 MJ/m^3 # The US EPA defines a "miles per gallon equivalent" for alternative # energy vehicles: mpg_e miles / gallon gasoline_LHV MPGe mpg_e # These values give total energy from uranium fission. Actual efficiency # of nuclear power plants is around 30%-40%. Note also that some reactors # use enriched uranium around 3% U-235. Uranium during processing or use # may be in a compound of uranium oxide or uranium hexafluoride, in which # case the energy density would be lower depending on how much uranium is # in the compound. uranium_pure 200 MeV avogadro / (235.0439299 g/mol) # Pure U-235 uranium_natural 0.7% uranium_pure # Natural uranium: 0.7% U-235 # Celsius heat unit: energy to raise a pound of water 1 degC celsiusheatunit cal lb (degC) / gram K chu celsiusheatunit # "Apparent" average power in an AC circuit, the product of rms voltage # and rms current, equal to the true power in watts when voltage and # current are in phase. In a DC circuit, always equal to the true power. VA volt ampere kWh kilowatt hour # The horsepower is supposedly the power of one horse pulling. Obviously # different people had different horses. horsepower 550 foot pound force / sec # Invented by James Watt mechanicalhorsepower horsepower hp horsepower metrichorsepower 75 kilogram force meter / sec # PS=Pferdestaerke in electrichorsepower 746 W # Germany boilerhorsepower 9809.50 W waterhorsepower 746.043 W brhorsepower horsepower # Value corrected Dec, 2019. Was 745.7 W. donkeypower 250 W chevalvapeur metrichorsepower # # Heat Transfer # # Thermal conductivity, K, measures the rate of heat transfer across # a material. The heat transferred is # Q = K dT A t / L # where dT is the temperature difference across the material, A is the # cross sectional area, t is the time, and L is the length (thickness). # Thermal conductivity is a material property. THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY POWER / AREA (TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE/LENGTH) THERMAL_RESISTIVITY 1/THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY # Thermal conductance is the rate at which heat flows across a given # object, so the area and thickness have been fixed. It depends on # the size of the object and is hence not a material property. THERMAL_CONDUCTANCE POWER / TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE THERMAL_RESISTANCE 1/THERMAL_CONDUCTANCE # Thermal admittance is the rate of heat flow per area across an # object whose thickness has been fixed. Its reciprocal, thermal # insulation, is used to for measuring the heat transfer per area # of sheets of insulation or cloth that are of specified thickness. THERMAL_ADMITTANCE THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY / LENGTH THERMAL_INSULANCE THERMAL_RESISTIVITY LENGTH THERMAL_INSULATION THERMAL_RESISTIVITY LENGTH Rvalue degF ft^2 hr / btu Uvalue 1/Rvalue europeanUvalue watt / m^2 K RSI degC m^2 / W clo 0.155 * degC m^2 / W # Supposed to be the insulance # required to keep a resting person # comfortable indoors. The value # given is from NIST and the CRC, # but [5] gives a slightly different # value of 0.875 ft^2 degF hr / btu. tog 0.1 * degC m^2 / W # Also used for clothing. # Thermal diffusivity measures the rate of heat transfer inside a # material. It is the thermal conductivity divided by the volumentric # heat capacity, and appears in the heat equation: # # du/dt = alpha (d^2 u / dx^2) # # where alpha is the thermal diffusivity. (Derivatives are partial derivatives.) THERMAL_DIFFUSIVITY THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY / DENSITY SPECIFIC_HEAT_CAPACITY # Thermal Conductivity of a few materials diamond_natural_thermal_conductivity 2200 W / m K diamond_synthetic_thermal_conductivity 3320 W / m K # 99% pure C12 silver_thermal_conductivity 406 W / m K aluminum_thermal_conductivity 205 W / m K copper_thermal_conductivity 385 W / m K gold_thermal_conductivity 314 W / m K iron_thermal_conductivity 79.5 W / m K stainless_304_thermal_conductivity 15.5 W / m K # average value # Thermal diffusivity of a few materials # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_diffusivity # Values for diamond from https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00351908 diamond_synthetic_thermal_diffusivity 1200 mm^2 / s diamond_natural_thermal_diffusivity 780 mm^2 / s helium_thermal_diffusivity 190 mm^2 / s # At 300 K, 1 atm silver_thermal_diffusivity 165.63 mm^2 / s # 99.9% pure gold_thermal_diffusivity 127 mm^2 / s copper_thermal_diffusivity 111 mm^2 / s aluminum_thermal_diffusivity 97 mm^2 / s iron_thermal_diffusivity 23 mm^2 / s air_thermal_diffusivity 19 mm^2 / s stainless_304_thermal_diffusivity 4.2 mm^2 / s ice_thermal_diffusivity 1.02 mm^2 / s # At 0 C glass_thermal_diffusivity 0.34 mm^2 / s water_thermal_diffusivity 0.143 mm^2 / s # At 25 C nylon_thermal_diffusivity 0.09 mm^2 / s pine_thermal_diffusivity 0.082 mm^2 / s # yellow pine # The bel was defined by engineers of Bell Laboratories to describe the # reduction in audio level over a length of one mile. It was originally # called the transmission unit (TU) but was renamed around 1923 to honor # Alexander Graham Bell. The bel proved inconveniently large so the decibel # has become more common. The decibel is dimensionless since it reports a # ratio, but it is used in various contexts to report a signal's power # relative to some reference level. bel(x) units=[1;1] range=(0,) 10^(x); log(bel) # Basic bel definition decibel(x) units=[1;1] range=(0,) 10^(x/10); 10 log(decibel) # Basic decibel dB() decibel # Abbreviation dBW(x) units=[1;W] range=(0,) dB(x) W ; ~dB(dBW/W) # Reference = 1 W dBk(x) units=[1;W] range=(0,) dB(x) kW ; ~dB(dBk/kW) # Reference = 1 kW dBf(x) units=[1;W] range=(0,) dB(x) fW ; ~dB(dBf/fW) # Reference = 1 fW dBm(x) units=[1;W] range=(0,) dB(x) mW ; ~dB(dBm/mW) # Reference = 1 mW dBmW(x) units=[1;W] range=(0,) dBm(x) ; ~dBm(dBmW) # Reference = 1 mW dBJ(x) units=[1;J] range=(0,) dB(x) J; ~dB(dBJ/J) # Energy relative # to 1 joule. Used for power spectral # density since W/Hz = J # When used to measure amplitude, voltage, or current the signal is squared # because power is proportional to the square of these measures. The root # mean square (RMS) voltage is typically used with these units. dB_amplitude(x) units=[1;1] dB(0.5 x) ; ~dB(dB_amplitude^2) dBV(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) V;~dB(dBV^2 / V^2) # Reference = 1 V dBmV(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) mV;~dB(dBmV^2/mV^2)# Reference = 1 mV dBuV(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) microV ; ~dB(dBuV^2 / microV^2) # Reference = 1 microvolt # Here are dB measurements for current. Be aware that dbA is also # a unit for frequency weighted sound pressure. dBA(x) units=[1;A] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) A;~dB(dBA^2 / A^2) # Reference = 1 A dBmA(x) units=[1;A] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) mA;~dB(dBmA^2/mA^2)# Reference = 1 mA dBuA(x) units=[1;A] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) microA ; ~dB(dBuA^2 / microA^2) # Reference = 1 microamp # Referenced to the voltage that causes 1 mW dissipation in a 600 ohm load. # Originally defined as dBv but changed to prevent confusion with dBV. # The "u" is for unloaded. dBu(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) sqrt(mW 600 ohm) ; \ ~dB(dBu^2 / mW 600 ohm) dBv(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dBu(x) ; ~dBu(dBv) # Synonym for dBu # Measurements for sound in air, referenced to the threshold of human hearing # Note that sound in other media typically uses 1 micropascal as a reference # for sound pressure. Units dBA, dBB, dBC, refer to different frequency # weightings meant to approximate the human ear's response. # sound pressure level dBSPL(x) units=[1;Pa] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) 20 microPa ; \ ~dB(dBSPL^2 / (20 microPa)^2) # sound intensity level dBSIL(x) units=[1;W/m^2] range=(0,) dB(x) 1e-12 W/m^2; \ ~dB(dBSIL / (1e-12 W/m^2)) # sound power level (The W in SWL is for the reference power, 1 W.) dBSWL(x) units=[1;W] range=(0,) dB(x) 1e-12 W; ~dB(dBSWL/1e-12 W) # The neper is another similar logarithmic unit. Note that the neper # is defined based on the ratio of amplitudes rather than the power # ratio like the decibel. This means that if the data is power, and # you convert to nepers you should take the square root of the data # to convert to amplitude. If you want to convert nepers to a power # measurement you need to square the resulting output. neper(x) units=[1;1] range=(0,) exp(x); ln(neper) centineper(x) units=[1;1] range=(0,) exp(x/100); 100 ln(centineper) Np() neper cNp() centineper Np_power(x) units=[1;1] Np(2 x) ; ~Np(Np_power)/2 # Misc other measures ENTROPY ENERGY / TEMPERATURE clausius 1e3 cal/K # A unit of physical entropy langley thermcalorie/cm^2 # Used in radiation theory poncelet 100 kg force m / s tonrefrigeration uston 144 btu / lb day # One ton refrigeration is # the rate of heat extraction required # turn one ton of water to ice in # a day. Ice is defined to have a # latent heat of 144 btu/lb. tonref tonrefrigeration refrigeration tonref / ton frigorie 1000 cal_15 # Used in refrigeration engineering. airwatt 8.5 (ft^3/min) inH2O # Measure of vacuum power as # pressure times air flow. # The unit "tnt" is defined so that you can write "tons tnt". The # question of which ton, exactly, is intended. The answer is that # nobody knows: # # Quoting the footnote from page 13 of # The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, 3rd ed. # https://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/effects/eonw_1.pdf # # The majority of the experimental and theoretical values of the # explosive energy released by TNT range from 900 to 1,100 calories per # gram. At one time, there was some uncertainty as to whether the term # "kiloton" of TNT referred to a short kiloton (2*10^6 pounds), a metric # kiloton (2.205*10^6 pounds), or a long kiloton (2.24*10^6 pounds). In # order to avoid ambiguity, it was agreed that the term "kiloton" would # refer to the release of 10^12 calories of explosive energy. This is # equivalent to 1 short kiloton of TNT if the energy release is 1,102 # calories per gram or to 1 long kiloton if the energy is 984 calories # per gram of TNT. # # It is therefore not well-defined how much energy a "gram of tnt" is, # though this term does appear in some references. tnt 1e9 cal_th / ton # Defined exact value # Nuclear weapon yields davycrocket 10 ton tnt # lightest US tactical nuclear weapon hiroshima 15.5 kiloton tnt # Uranium-235 fission bomb nagasaki 21 kiloton tnt # Plutonium-239 fission bomb fatman nagasaki littleboy hiroshima ivyking 500 kiloton tnt # most powerful fission bomb castlebravo 15 megaton tnt # most powerful US test tsarbomba 50 megaton tnt # most powerful test ever: USSR, # 30 October 1961 b53bomb 9 megaton tnt # http://rarehistoricalphotos.com/gadget-first-atomic-bomb/ trinity 18 kiloton tnt # July 16, 1945 gadget trinity # # Permeability: The permeability or permeance, n, of a substance determines # how fast vapor flows through the substance. The formula W = n A dP # holds where W is the rate of flow (in mass/time), n is the permeability, # A is the area of the flow path, and dP is the vapor pressure difference. # perm_0C grain / hr ft^2 inHg perm_zero perm_0C perm_0 perm_0C perm perm_0C perm_23C grain / hr ft^2 in Hg23C perm_twentythree perm_23C # # Counting measures # pair 2 brace 2 nest 3 # often used for items like bowls that # nest together hattrick 3 # Used in sports, especially cricket and ice # hockey to report the number of goals. dicker 10 dozen 12 bakersdozen 13 score 20 flock 40 timer 40 shock 60 toncount 100 # Used in sports in the UK longhundred 120 # From a germanic counting system gross 144 greatgross 12 gross tithe 1|10 # From Anglo-Saxon word for tenth # Paper counting measure shortquire 24 quire 25 shortream 480 ream 500 perfectream 516 bundle 2 reams bale 5 bundles # # Paper measures # # USA paper sizes lettersize 8.5 inch 11 inch legalsize 8.5 inch 14 inch ledgersize 11 inch 17 inch executivesize 7.25 inch 10.5 inch Apaper 8.5 inch 11 inch Bpaper 11 inch 17 inch Cpaper 17 inch 22 inch Dpaper 22 inch 34 inch Epaper 34 inch 44 inch # Correspondence envelope sizes. #10 is the standard business # envelope in the USA. envelope6_25size 3.5 inch 6 inch envelope6_75size 3.625 inch 6.5 inch envelope7size 3.75 inch 6.75 inch envelope7_75size 3.875 inch 7.5 inch envelope8_625size 3.625 inch 8.625 inch envelope9size 3.875 inch 8.875 inch envelope10size 4.125 inch 9.5 inch envelope11size 4.5 inch 10.375 inch envelope12size 4.75 inch 11 inch envelope14size 5 inch 11.5 inch envelope16size 6 inch 12 inch # Announcement envelope sizes (no relation to metric paper sizes like A4) envelopeA1size 3.625 inch 5.125 inch # same as 4bar envelopeA2size 4.375 inch 5.75 inch envelopeA6size 4.75 inch 6.5 inch envelopeA7size 5.25 inch 7.25 inch envelopeA8size 5.5 inch 8.125 inch envelopeA9size 5.75 inch 8.75 inch envelopeA10size 6 inch 9.5 inch # Baronial envelopes envelope4bar 3.625 inch 5.125 inch # same as A1 envelope5_5bar 4.375 inch 5.75 inch envelope6bar 4.75 inch 6.5 inch # Coin envelopes envelope1baby 2.25 inch 3.5 inch # same as #1 coin envelope00coin 1.6875 inch 2.75 inch envelope1coin 2.25 inch 3.5 inch envelope3coin 2.5 inch 4.25 inch envelope4coin 3 inch 4.5 inch envelope4_5coin 3 inch 4.875 inch envelope5coin 2.875 inch 5.25 inch envelope5_5coin 3.125 inch 5.5 inch envelope6coin 3.375 inch 6 inch envelope7coin 3.5 inch 6.5 inch # The metric paper sizes are defined so that if a sheet is cut in half # along the short direction, the result is two sheets which are # similar to the original sheet. This means that for any metric size, # the long side is close to sqrt(2) times the length of the short # side. Each series of sizes is generated by repeated cuts in half, # with the values rounded down to the nearest millimeter. A0paper 841 mm 1189 mm # The basic size in the A series A1paper 594 mm 841 mm # is defined to have an area of A2paper 420 mm 594 mm # one square meter. A3paper 297 mm 420 mm A4paper 210 mm 297 mm A5paper 148 mm 210 mm A6paper 105 mm 148 mm A7paper 74 mm 105 mm A8paper 52 mm 74 mm A9paper 37 mm 52 mm A10paper 26 mm 37 mm B0paper 1000 mm 1414 mm # The basic B size has an area B1paper 707 mm 1000 mm # of sqrt(2) square meters. B2paper 500 mm 707 mm B3paper 353 mm 500 mm B4paper 250 mm 353 mm B5paper 176 mm 250 mm B6paper 125 mm 176 mm B7paper 88 mm 125 mm B8paper 62 mm 88 mm B9paper 44 mm 62 mm B10paper 31 mm 44 mm C0paper 917 mm 1297 mm # The basic C size has an area C1paper 648 mm 917 mm # of sqrt(sqrt(2)) square meters. C2paper 458 mm 648 mm C3paper 324 mm 458 mm # Intended for envelope sizes C4paper 229 mm 324 mm C5paper 162 mm 229 mm C6paper 114 mm 162 mm C7paper 81 mm 114 mm C8paper 57 mm 81 mm C9paper 40 mm 57 mm C10paper 28 mm 40 mm # gsm (Grams per Square Meter), a sane, metric paper weight measure gsm grams / meter^2 # In the USA, a collection of crazy historical paper measures are used. Paper # is measured as a weight of a ream of that particular type of paper. This is # sometimes called the "substance" or "basis" (as in "substance 20" paper). # The standard sheet size or "basis size" varies depending on the type of # paper. As a result, 20 pound bond paper and 50 pound text paper are actually # about the same weight. The different sheet sizes were historically the most # convenient for printing or folding in the different applications. These # different basis weights are standards maintained by American Society for # Testing Materials (ASTM) and the American Forest and Paper Association # (AF&PA). poundbookpaper lb / 25 inch 38 inch ream lbbook poundbookpaper poundtextpaper poundbookpaper lbtext poundtextpaper poundoffsetpaper poundbookpaper # For offset printing lboffset poundoffsetpaper poundbiblepaper poundbookpaper # Designed to be lightweight, thin, lbbible poundbiblepaper # strong and opaque. poundtagpaper lb / 24 inch 36 inch ream lbtag poundtagpaper poundbagpaper poundtagpaper lbbag poundbagpaper poundnewsprintpaper poundtagpaper lbnewsprint poundnewsprintpaper poundposterpaper poundtagpaper lbposter poundposterpaper poundtissuepaper poundtagpaper lbtissue poundtissuepaper poundwrappingpaper poundtagpaper lbwrapping poundwrappingpaper poundwaxingpaper poundtagpaper lbwaxing poundwaxingpaper poundglassinepaper poundtagpaper lbglassine poundglassinepaper poundcoverpaper lb / 20 inch 26 inch ream lbcover poundcoverpaper poundindexpaper lb / 25.5 inch 30.5 inch ream lbindex poundindexpaper poundindexbristolpaper poundindexpaper lbindexbristol poundindexpaper poundbondpaper lb / 17 inch 22 inch ream # Bond paper is stiff and lbbond poundbondpaper # durable for repeated poundwritingpaper poundbondpaper # filing, and it resists lbwriting poundwritingpaper # ink penetration. poundledgerpaper poundbondpaper lbledger poundledgerpaper poundcopypaper poundbondpaper lbcopy poundcopypaper poundblottingpaper lb / 19 inch 24 inch ream lbblotting poundblottingpaper poundblankspaper lb / 22 inch 28 inch ream lbblanks poundblankspaper poundpostcardpaper lb / 22.5 inch 28.5 inch ream lbpostcard poundpostcardpaper poundweddingbristol poundpostcardpaper lbweddingbristol poundweddingbristol poundbristolpaper poundweddingbristol lbbristol poundbristolpaper poundboxboard lb / 1000 ft^2 lbboxboard poundboxboard poundpaperboard poundboxboard lbpaperboard poundpaperboard # When paper is marked in units of M, it means the weight of 1000 sheets of the # given size of paper. To convert this to paper weight, divide by the size of # the paper in question. paperM lb / 1000 # In addition paper weight is reported in "caliper" which is simply the # thickness of one sheet, typically in inches. Thickness is also reported in # "points" where a point is 1|1000 inch. These conversions are supplied to # convert these units roughly (using an approximate density) into the standard # paper weight values. pointthickness 0.001 in paperdensity 0.8 g/cm^3 # approximate--paper densities vary! papercaliper in paperdensity paperpoint pointthickness paperdensity # # Printing # fournierpoint 0.1648 inch / 12 # First definition of the printers # point made by Pierre Fournier who # defined it in 1737 as 1|12 of a # cicero which was 0.1648 inches. olddidotpoint 1|72 frenchinch # Francois Ambroise Didot, one of # a family of printers, changed # Fournier's definition around 1770 # to fit to the French units then in # use. bertholdpoint 1|2660 m # H. Berthold tried to create a # metric version of the didot point # in 1878. INpoint 0.4 mm # This point was created by a # group directed by Fermin Didot in # 1881 and is associated with the # imprimerie nationale. It doesn't # seem to have been used much. germandidotpoint 0.376065 mm # Exact definition appears in DIN # 16507, a German standards document # of 1954. Adopted more broadly in # 1966 by ??? metricpoint 3|8 mm # Proposed in 1977 by Eurograf oldpoint 1|72.27 inch # The American point was invented printerspoint oldpoint # by Nelson Hawks in 1879 and texpoint oldpoint # dominates USA publishing. # It was standardized by the American # Typefounders Association at the # value of 0.013837 inches exactly. # Knuth uses the approximation given # here (which is very close). The # comp.fonts FAQ claims that this # value is supposed to be 1|12 of a # pica where 83 picas is equal to 35 # cm. But this value differs from # the standard. texscaledpoint 1|65536 texpoint # The TeX typesetting system uses texsp texscaledpoint # this for all computations. computerpoint 1|72 inch # The American point was rounded point computerpoint computerpica 12 computerpoint # to an even 1|72 inch by computer postscriptpoint computerpoint # people at some point. pspoint postscriptpoint twip 1|20 point # TWentieth of an Imperial Point Q 1|4 mm # Used in Japanese phototypesetting # Q is for quarter frenchprinterspoint olddidotpoint didotpoint germandidotpoint # This seems to be the dominant value europeanpoint didotpoint # for the point used in Europe cicero 12 didotpoint stick 2 inches # Type sizes excelsior 3 oldpoint brilliant 3.5 oldpoint diamondtype 4 oldpoint pearl 5 oldpoint agate 5.5 oldpoint # Originally agate type was 14 lines per # inch, giving a value of 1|14 in. ruby agate # British nonpareil 6 oldpoint mignonette 6.5 oldpoint emerald mignonette # British minion 7 oldpoint brevier 8 oldpoint bourgeois 9 oldpoint longprimer 10 oldpoint smallpica 11 oldpoint pica 12 oldpoint english 14 oldpoint columbian 16 oldpoint greatprimer 18 oldpoint paragon 20 oldpoint meridian 44 oldpoint canon 48 oldpoint # German type sizes nonplusultra 2 didotpoint brillant 3 didotpoint diamant 4 didotpoint perl 5 didotpoint nonpareille 6 didotpoint kolonel 7 didotpoint petit 8 didotpoint borgis 9 didotpoint korpus 10 didotpoint corpus korpus garamond korpus mittel 14 didotpoint tertia 16 didotpoint text 18 didotpoint kleine_kanon 32 didotpoint kanon 36 didotpoint grobe_kanon 42 didotpoint missal 48 didotpoint kleine_sabon 72 didotpoint grobe_sabon 84 didotpoint # # Information theory units. Note that the name "entropy" is used both # to measure information and as a physical quantity. # INFORMATION bit nat (1/ln(2)) bits # Entropy measured base e hartley log2(10) bits # Entropy of a uniformly ban hartley # distributed random variable # over 10 symbols. dit hartley # from Decimal digIT # # Computer # bps bit/sec # Sometimes the term "baud" is # incorrectly used to refer to # bits per second. Baud refers # to symbols per second. Modern # modems transmit several bits # per symbol. #byte 8 bit # Not all machines had 8 bit #B byte # bytes, but these days most of # them do. But beware: for # transmission over modems, a # few extra bits are used so # there are actually 10 bits per # byte. octet 8 bits # The octet is always 8 bits nybble 4 bits # Half of a byte. Sometimes # equal to different lengths # such as 3 bits. nibble nybble nyp 2 bits # Donald Knuth asks in an exercise # for a name for a 2 bit # quantity and gives the "nyp" # as a solution due to Gregor # Purdy. Not in common use. meg megabyte # Some people consider these # units along with the kilobyte gig gigabyte # to be defined according to # powers of 2 with the kilobyte # equal to 2^10 bytes, the # megabyte equal to 2^20 bytes and # the gigabyte equal to 2^30 bytes # but these usages are forbidden # by SI. Binary prefixes have # been defined by IEC to replace # the SI prefixes. Use them to # get the binary units KiB, MiB, # GiB, etc. jiffy 0.01 sec # This is defined in the Jargon File jiffies jiffy # (http://www.jargon.org) as being the # duration of a clock tick for measuring # wall-clock time. Supposedly the value # used to be 1|60 sec or 1|50 sec # depending on the frequency of AC power, # but then 1|100 sec became more common. # On linux systems, this term is used and # for the Intel based chips, it does have # the value of .01 sec. The Jargon File # also lists two other definitions: # millisecond, and the time taken for # light to travel one foot. cdaudiospeed 44.1 kHz 2*16 bits # CD audio data rate at 44.1 kHz with 2 # samples of sixteen bits each. cdromspeed 75 2048 bytes / sec # For data CDs (mode1) 75 sectors are read # each second with 2048 bytes per sector. # Audio CDs do not have sectors, but # people sometimes divide the bit rate by # 75 and claim a sector length of 2352. # Data CDs have a lower rate due to # increased error correction overhead. # There is a rarely used mode (mode2) with # 2336 bytes per sector that has fewer # error correction bits than mode1. dvdspeed 1385 kB/s # This is the "1x" speed of a DVD using # constant linear velocity (CLV) mode. # Modern DVDs may vary the linear velocity # as they go from the inside to the # outside of the disc. # See http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa4.htm FIT / 1e9 hour # Failures In Time, number of failures per billion hours # # The IP address space is divided into subnets. The number of hosts # in a subnet depends on the length of the subnet prefix. This is # often written as /N where N is the number of bits in the prefix. # # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnetwork # # These definitions gives the number of hosts for a subnet whose # prefix has the specified length in bits. # ipv4subnetsize(prefix_len) units=[1;1] domain=[0,32] range=[1,4294967296] \ 2^(32-prefix_len) ; 32-log2(ipv4subnetsize) ipv4classA ipv4subnetsize(8) ipv4classB ipv4subnetsize(16) ipv4classC ipv4subnetsize(24) ipv6subnetsize(prefix_len) units=[1;1] domain=[0,128] \ range=[1,340282366920938463463374607431768211456] \ 2^(128-prefix_len) ; 128-log2(ipv6subnetsize) # # Musical measures. Musical intervals expressed as ratios. Multiply # two intervals together to get the sum of the interval. The function # musicalcent can be used to convert ratios to cents. # # Perfect intervals octave 2 majorsecond musicalfifth^2 / octave majorthird 5|4 minorthird 6|5 musicalfourth 4|3 musicalfifth 3|2 majorsixth musicalfourth majorthird minorsixth musicalfourth minorthird majorseventh musicalfifth majorthird minorseventh musicalfifth minorthird pythagoreanthird majorsecond musicalfifth^2 / octave syntoniccomma pythagoreanthird / majorthird pythagoreancomma musicalfifth^12 / octave^7 # Equal tempered definitions semitone octave^(1|12) musicalcent(x) units=[1;1] range=(0,) semitone^(x/100) ; \ 100 log(musicalcent)/log(semitone) # # Musical note lengths. # wholenote ! MUSICAL_NOTE_LENGTH wholenote halfnote 1|2 wholenote quarternote 1|4 wholenote eighthnote 1|8 wholenote sixteenthnote 1|16 wholenote thirtysecondnote 1|32 wholenote sixtyfourthnote 1|64 wholenote dotted 3|2 doubledotted 7|4 breve doublewholenote semibreve wholenote minimnote halfnote crotchet quarternote quaver eighthnote semiquaver sixteenthnote demisemiquaver thirtysecondnote hemidemisemiquaver sixtyfourthnote semidemisemiquaver hemidemisemiquaver # # yarn and cloth measures # # yarn linear density woolyarnrun 1600 yard/pound # 1600 yds of "number 1 yarn" weighs # a pound. yarncut 300 yard/pound # Less common system used in # Pennsylvania for wool yarn cottonyarncount 840 yard/pound linenyarncount 300 yard/pound # Also used for hemp and ramie worstedyarncount 1680 ft/pound metricyarncount meter/gram denier 1|9 tex # used for silk and rayon manchesteryarnnumber drams/1000 yards # old system used for silk pli lb/in typp 1000 yd/lb # abbreviation for Thousand Yard Per Pound asbestoscut 100 yd/lb # used for glass and asbestos yarn tex gram / km # rational metric yarn measure, meant drex 0.1 tex # to be used for any kind of yarn poumar lb / 1e6 yard # yarn and cloth length skeincotton 80*54 inch # 80 turns of thread on a reel with a # 54 in circumference (varies for other # kinds of thread) cottonbolt 120 ft # cloth measurement woolbolt 210 ft bolt cottonbolt heer 600 yards cut 300 yards # used for wet-spun linen yarn lea 300 yards sailmakersyard 28.5 in sailmakersounce oz / sailmakersyard 36 inch silkmomme momme / 25 yards 1.49 inch # Traditional silk weight silkmm silkmomme # But it is also defined as # lb/100 yd 45 inch. The two # definitions are slightly different # and neither one seems likely to be # the true source definition. # # drug dosage # mcg microgram # Frequently used for vitamins iudiptheria 62.8 microgram # IU is for international unit iupenicillin 0.6 microgram iuinsulin 41.67 microgram drop 1|20 ml # The drop was an old "unit" that was # replaced by the minim. But I was # told by a pharmacist that in his # profession, the conversion of 20 # drops per ml is actually used. bloodunit 450 ml # For whole blood. For blood # components, a blood unit is the # quantity of the component found in a # blood unit of whole blood. The # human body contains about 12 blood # units of whole blood. # # misc medical measure # frenchcathetersize 1|3 mm # measure used for the outer diameter # of a catheter charriere frenchcathetersize # # fixup units for times when prefix handling doesn't do the job # hectare hectoare hektare hectoare decare dekaare dekare dekaare megohm megaohm kilohm kiloohm microhm microohm megalerg megaerg # 'L' added to make it pronounceable [18]. # # Money # # Note that US$ is the primitive unit so other currencies are # generally given in US$. # unitedstatesdollar US$ usdollar US$ $ dollar mark germanymark #bolivar venezuelabolivar # Not all databases are #venezuelabolivarfuerte 1e-5 bolivar # supplying these #bolivarfuerte 1e-5 bolivar # The currency was revalued #oldbolivar 1|1000 bolivarfuerte # twice peseta spainpeseta rand southafricarand escudo portugalescudo guilder netherlandsguilder hollandguilder netherlandsguilder peso mexicopeso yen japanyen lira turkeylira rupee indiarupee drachma greecedrachma franc francefranc markka finlandmarkka britainpound unitedkingdompound greatbritainpound unitedkingdompound unitedkingdompound ukpound poundsterling britainpound yuan chinayuan # Unicode Currency Names !utf8 icelandkróna icelandkrona polandzłoty polandzloty tongapa’anga tongapa'anga #venezuelabolívar venezuelabolivar vietnamđồng vietnamdong mongoliatögrög mongoliatugrik sãotomé&príncipedobra saotome&principedobra !endutf8 UKP GBP # Not an ISO code, but looks like one, and # sometimes used on usenet. !include currency.units # Money on the gold standard, used in the late 19th century and early # 20th century. olddollargold 23.22 grains goldprice # Used until 1934 newdollargold 96|7 grains goldprice # After Jan 31, 1934 dollargold newdollargold poundgold 113 grains goldprice # British pound # Precious metals goldounce goldprice troyounce silverounce silverprice troyounce platinumounce platinumprice troyounce XAU goldounce XPT platinumounce XAG silverounce # Nominal masses of US coins. Note that dimes, quarters and half dollars # have weight proportional to value. Before 1965 it was $40 / kg. USpennyweight 2.5 grams # Since 1982, 48 grains before USnickelweight 5 grams USdimeweight US$ 0.10 / (20 US$ / lb) # Since 1965 USquarterweight US$ 0.25 / (20 US$ / lb) # Since 1965 UShalfdollarweight US$ 0.50 / (20 US$ / lb) # Since 1971 USdollarweight 8.1 grams # Weight of Susan B. Anthony and # Sacagawea dollar coins # British currency quid britainpound # Slang names fiver 5 quid tenner 10 quid monkey 500 quid brgrand 1000 quid bob shilling shilling 1|20 britainpound # Before decimalisation, there oldpence 1|12 shilling # were 20 shillings to a pound, farthing 1|4 oldpence # each of twelve old pence guinea 21 shilling # Still used in horse racing crown 5 shilling florin 2 shilling groat 4 oldpence tanner 6 oldpence brpenny 0.01 britainpound pence brpenny tuppence 2 pence tuppenny tuppence ha'penny halfbrpenny hapenny ha'penny oldpenny oldpence oldtuppence 2 oldpence oldtuppenny oldtuppence threepence 3 oldpence # threepence never refers to new money threepenny threepence oldthreepence threepence oldthreepenny threepence oldhalfpenny halfoldpenny oldha'penny oldhalfpenny oldhapenny oldha'penny brpony 25 britainpound # Canadian currency loony 1 canadadollar # This coin depicts a loon toony 2 canadadollar # Cryptocurrency satoshi 1e-8 bitcoin XBT bitcoin # nonstandard code # Inflation. # # Currently US inflation as reported by the BLS CPI index is available. # The UScpi() table reports the USA consumer price index. Note that # if you specify a year like 2015, that refers to the CPI reported # for December of 2014 (which is released in mid January 2015), # so it refers to the point right at the start of the given year. # Months are increments of 1|12 on the year, so the January 2015 # release will be 2015+1|12 = 2015.08333. !include cpi.units USCPI() UScpi USCPI_now UScpi_now USCPI_lastdate UScpi_lastdate cpi() UScpi CPI() UScpi cpi_now UScpi_now CPI_now UScpi_now cpi_lastdate UScpi_lastdate CPI_lastdate UScpi_lastdate # These definitions hide the CPI index and directly convert US dollars # from a specified date to current dollars. You can use this to convert # historical dollars to present value or to convert money in the past # between two dates. dollars_in() USdollars_in US$in() USdollars_in $in() USdollars_in # This definition gives the dimensionless US inflation factor since the # specified date. inflation_since() USinflation_since # # Units used for measuring volume of wood # cord 4*4*8 ft^3 # 4 ft by 4 ft by 8 ft bundle of wood facecord 1|2 cord cordfoot 1|8 cord # One foot long section of a cord cordfeet cordfoot housecord 1|3 cord # Used to sell firewood for residences, # often confusingly called a "cord" boardfoot ft^2 inch # Usually 1 inch thick wood boardfeet boardfoot fbm boardfoot # feet board measure stack 4 yard^3 # British, used for firewood and coal [18] rick 4 ft 8 ft 16 inches # Stack of firewood, supposedly # sometimes called a face cord, but this # value is equal to 1|3 cord. Name # comes from an old Norse word for a # stack of wood. stere m^3 timberfoot ft^3 # Used for measuring solid blocks of wood standard 120 12 ft 11 in 1.5 in # This is the St Petersburg or # Pittsburg standard. Apparently the # term is short for "standard hundred" # which was meant to refer to 100 pieces # of wood (deals). However, this # particular standard is equal to 120 # deals which are 12 ft by 11 in by 1.5 # inches (not the standard deal). hoppusfoot (4/pi) ft^3 # Volume calculation suggested in 1736 hoppusboardfoot 1|12 hoppusfoot # forestry manual by Edward Hoppus, for hoppuston 50 hoppusfoot # estimating the usable volume of a log. # It results from computing the volume # of a cylindrical log of length, L, and # girth (circumference), G, by V=L(G/4)^2. # The hoppus ton is apparently still in # use for shipments from Southeast Asia. # In Britain, the deal is apparently any piece of wood over 6 feet long, over # 7 wide and 2.5 inches thick. The OED doesn't give a standard size. A piece # of wood less than 7 inches wide is called a "batten". This unit is now used # exclusively for fir and pine. deal 12 ft 11 in 2.5 in # The standard North American deal [OED] wholedeal 12 ft 11 in 1.25 in # If it's half as thick as the standard # deal it's called a "whole deal"! splitdeal 12 ft 11 in 5|8 in # And half again as thick is a split deal. # Used for shellac mixing rate poundcut pound / gallon lbcut poundcut # # Gas and Liquid flow units # FLUID_FLOW VOLUME / TIME # Some obvious volumetric gas flow units (cu is short for cubic) cumec m^3/s cusec ft^3/s # Conventional abbreviations for fluid flow units gph gal/hr gpm gal/min mgd megagal/day brgph brgallon/hr brgpm brgallon/min brmgd mega brgallon/day usgph usgallon/hr usgpm usgallon/min usmgd mega usgallon/day cfs ft^3/s cfh ft^3/hour cfm ft^3/min lpm liter/min lfm ft/min # Used to report air flow produced by fans. # Multiply by cross sectional area to get a # flow in cfm. pru mmHg / (ml/min) # peripheral resistance unit, used in # medicine to assess blood flow in # the capillaries. # Miner's inch: This is an old historic unit used in the Western United # States. It is generally defined as the rate of flow through a one square # inch hole at a specified depth such as 4 inches. In the late 19th century, # volume of water was sometimes measured in the "24 hour inch". Values for the # miner's inch were fixed by state statues. (This information is from a web # site operated by the Nevada Division of Water Planning: The Water Words # Dictionary at http://water.nv.gov/WaterPlanDictionary.aspx, specifically # http://water.nv.gov/programs/planning/dictionary/wwords-M.pdf. All # but minersinchNV are s.v. Miner's Inch [Western United States]) minersinchAZ 1.5 ft^3/min minersinchCA 1.5 ft^3/min minersinchMT 1.5 ft^3/min minersinchNV 1.5 ft^3/min minersinchOR 1.5 ft^3/min minersinchID 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchKS 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchNE 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchNM 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchND 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchSD 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchUT 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchCO 1 ft^3/sec / 38.4 # 38.4 miner's inches = 1 ft^3/sec minersinchBC 1.68 ft^3/min # British Columbia # Oceanographic flow sverdrup 1e6 m^3 / sec # Used to express flow of ocean # currents. Named after Norwegian # oceanographer H. Sverdrup. # In vacuum science and some other applications, gas flow is measured # as the product of volumetric flow and pressure. This is useful # because it makes it easy to compare with the flow at standard # pressure (one atmosphere). It also directly relates to the number # of gas molecules per unit time, and hence to the mass flow if the # molecular mass is known. GAS_FLOW PRESSURE FLUID_FLOW sccm atm cc/min # 's' is for "standard" to indicate sccs atm cc/sec # flow at standard pressure scfh atm ft^3/hour # scfm atm ft^3/min slpm atm liter/min slph atm liter/hour lusec liter micron Hg / s # Used in vacuum science # US Standard Atmosphere (1976) # Atmospheric temperature and pressure vs. geometric height above sea level # This definition covers only the troposphere (the lowest atmospheric # layer, up to 11 km), and assumes the layer is polytropic. # A polytropic process is one for which PV^k = const, where P is the # pressure, V is the volume, and k is the polytropic exponent. The # polytropic index is n = 1 / (k - 1). As noted in the Wikipedia article # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytropic_process, some authors reverse # the definitions of "exponent" and "index." The functions below assume # the following parameters: # temperature lapse rate, -dT/dz, in troposphere lapserate 6.5 K/km # US Std Atm (1976) # air molecular weight, including constituent mol wt, given # in Table 3, p. 3; CH4 (16.04303) and N2O (44.0128) from # Table 15, p. 33. Values for molecular weights are slightly # different from current values, so the original numerical # values are retained. air_1976 78.084 % 28.0134 \ + 20.9476 % 31.9988 \ + 9340 ppm 39.948 \ + 314 ppm 44.00995 \ + 18.18 ppm 20.183 \ + 5.24 ppm 4.0026 \ + 1.5 ppm 16.04303 \ + 1.14 ppm 83.80 \ + 0.5 ppm 2.01594 \ + 0.27 ppm 44.0128 \ + 0.087 ppm 131.30 # from US Standard Atmosphere, 1962, Table I.2.7, p. 9 air_1962 78.084 % 28.0134 \ + 20.9476 % 31.9988 \ + 9340 ppm 39.948 \ + 314 ppm 44.00995 \ + 18.18 ppm 20.183 \ + 5.24 ppm 4.0026 \ + 2 ppm 16.04303 \ + 1.14 ppm 83.80 \ + 0.5 ppm 2.01594 \ + 0.5 ppm 44.0128 \ + 0.087 ppm 131.30 # Average molecular weight of air # # Concentration of greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N20 are from # https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/global.html (accessed 2023-04-10); # others are from NASA Earth Fact Sheet # https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html (accessed 2023-04-10) # Numbers do not add up to exactly 100% due to roundoff and uncertainty. Water # is highly variable, typically makes up about 1% air_2023 78.08% nitrogen 2 \ + 20.95% oxygen 2 \ + 9340 ppm argon \ + 419 ppm (carbon + oxygen 2) \ + 18.18 ppm neon \ + 5.24 ppm helium \ + 1.92 ppm (carbon + 4 hydrogen) \ + 1.14 ppm krypton \ + 0.55 ppm hydrogen 2 \ + 0.34 ppm (nitrogen 2 + oxygen) # from NASA Earth Fact Sheet (accessed 28 August 2015) # http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html air_2015 78.08% nitrogen 2 \ + 20.95% oxygen 2 \ + 9340 ppm argon \ + 400 ppm (carbon + oxygen 2) \ + 18.18 ppm neon \ + 5.24 ppm helium \ + 1.7 ppm (carbon + 4 hydrogen) \ + 1.14 ppm krypton \ + 0.55 ppm hydrogen 2 air air_2023 # universal gas constant R_1976 8.31432e3 N m/(kmol K) # polytropic index n polyndx_1976 air_1976 (kg/kmol) gravity/(R_1976 lapserate) - 1 # If desired, redefine using current values for air mol wt and R polyndx polyndx_1976 # polyndx air (kg/kmol) gravity/(R lapserate) - 1 # for comparison with various references polyexpnt (polyndx + 1) / polyndx # The model assumes the following reference values: # sea-level temperature and pressure stdatmT0 288.15 K stdatmP0 atm # "effective radius" for relation of geometric to geopotential height, # at a latitude at which g = 9.80665 m/s (approximately 45.543 deg); no # relation to actual radius earthradUSAtm 6356766 m # Temperature vs. geopotential height h # Assumes 15 degC at sea level # Based on approx 45 deg latitude # Lower limits of domain and upper limits of range are those of the # tables in US Standard Atmosphere (NASA 1976) stdatmTH(h) units=[m;K] domain=[-5000,11e3] range=[217,321] \ stdatmT0+(-lapserate h) ; (stdatmT0+(-stdatmTH))/lapserate # Temperature vs. geometric height z; based on approx 45 deg latitude stdatmT(z) units=[m;K] domain=[-5000,11e3] range=[217,321] \ stdatmTH(geop_ht(z)) ; ~geop_ht(~stdatmTH(stdatmT)) # Pressure vs. geopotential height h # Assumes 15 degC and 101325 Pa at sea level # Based on approx 45 deg latitude # Lower limits of domain and upper limits of range are those of the # tables in US Standard Atmosphere (NASA 1976) stdatmPH(h) units=[m;Pa] domain=[-5000,11e3] range=[22877,177764] \ atm (1 - (lapserate/stdatmT0) h)^(polyndx + 1) ; \ (stdatmT0/lapserate) (1+(-(stdatmPH/stdatmP0)^(1/(polyndx + 1)))) # Pressure vs. geometric height z; based on approx 45 deg latitude stdatmP(z) units=[m;Pa] domain=[-5000,11e3] range=[22877,177764] \ stdatmPH(geop_ht(z)); ~geop_ht(~stdatmPH(stdatmP)) # Geopotential height from geometric height # Based on approx 45 deg latitude # Lower limits of domain and range are somewhat arbitrary; they # correspond to the limits in the US Std Atm tables geop_ht(z) units=[m;m] domain=[-5000,) range=[-5004,) \ (earthradUSAtm z) / (earthradUSAtm + z) ; \ (earthradUSAtm geop_ht) / (earthradUSAtm + (-geop_ht)) # The standard value for the sea-level acceleration due to gravity is # 9.80665 m/s^2, but the actual value varies with latitude (Harrison 1949) # R_eff = 2 g_phi / denom # g_phi = 978.0356e-2 (1+0.0052885 sin(lat)^2+(-0.0000059) sin(2 lat)^2) # or # g_phi = 980.6160e-2 (1+(-0.0026373) cos(2 lat)+0.0000059 cos(2 lat)^2) # denom = 3.085462e-6+2.27e-9 cos(2 lat)+(-2e-12) cos(4 lat) (minutes?) # There is no inverse function; the standard value applies at a latitude # of about 45.543 deg g_phi(lat) units=[deg;m/s2] domain=[0,90] noerror \ 980.6160e-2 (1+(-0.0026373) cos(2 lat)+0.0000059 cos(2 lat)^2) m/s2 # effective Earth radius for relation of geometric height to # geopotential height, as function of latitude (Harrison 1949) earthradius_eff(lat) units=[deg;m] domain=[0,90] noerror \ m 2 9.780356 (1+0.0052885 sin(lat)^2+(-0.0000059) sin(2 lat)^2) / \ (3.085462e-6 + 2.27e-9 cos(2 lat) + (-2e-12) cos(4 lat)) # References # Harrison, L.P. 1949. Relation Between Geopotential and Geometric # Height. In Smithsonian Meteorological Tables. List, Robert J., ed. # 6th ed., 4th reprint, 1968. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. # NASA. US National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1976. # US Standard Atmosphere 1976. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. # Gauge pressure functions # # Gauge pressure is measured relative to atmospheric pressure. In the English # system, where pressure is often given in pounds per square inch, gauge # pressure is often indicated by 'psig' to distinguish it from absolute # pressure, often indicated by 'psia'. At the standard atmospheric pressure # of 14.696 psia, a gauge pressure of 0 psig is an absolute pressure of 14.696 # psia; an automobile tire inflated to 31 psig has an absolute pressure of # 45.696 psia. # # With gaugepressure(), the units must be specified (e.g., gaugepressure(1.5 # bar)); with psig(), the units are taken as psi, so the example above of tire # pressure could be given as psig(31). # # If the normal elevation is significantly different from sea level, change # Patm appropriately, and adjust the lower domain limit on the gaugepressure # definition. Patm atm gaugepressure(x) units=[Pa;Pa] domain=[-101325,) range=[0,) \ x + Patm ; gaugepressure+(-Patm) psig(x) units=[1;Pa] domain=[-14.6959487755135,) range=[0,) \ gaugepressure(x psi) ; ~gaugepressure(psig) / psi # Pressure for underwater diving seawater 0.1 bar / meter msw meter seawater fsw foot seawater # # Wire Gauge # # This area is a nightmare with huge charts of wire gauge diameters # that usually have no clear origin. There are at least 5 competing wire gauge # systems to add to the confusion. The use of wire gauge is related to the # manufacturing method: a metal rod is heated and drawn through a hole. The # size change can't be too big. To get smaller wires, the process is repeated # with a series of smaller holes. Generally larger gauges mean smaller wires. # The gauges often have values such as "00" and "000" which are larger sizes # than simply "0" gauge. In the tables that appear below, these gauges must be # specified as negative numbers (e.g. "00" is -1, "000" is -2, etc). # Alternatively, you can use the following units: # g0 (0) # 1/0 g00 (-1) # 2/0 g000 (-2) # 3/0 g0000 (-3) # 4/0 g00000 (-4) # 5/0 g000000 (-5) # 6/0 g0000000 (-6) # 7/0 # or g1_0 (-1) # 1/0 g2_0 (-1) # 2/0 g3_0 (-2) # 3/0 g4_0 (-3) # 4/0 g5_0 (-4) # 5/0 g6_0 (-5) # 6/0 g7_0 (-6) # 7/0 # American Wire Gauge (AWG), formerly known as Brown & Sharpe Gauge, appears to # be the most important gauge. ASTM B 258 specifies that this gauge is based # on geometric interpolation between gauge 0000, which is 0.46 inches exactly, # and gauge 36 which is 0.005 inches exactly. Therefore, the diameter in # inches of a wire is given by the formula 1|200 92^((36-g)/39). Note that # 92^(1/39) is close to 2^(1/6), so diameter is approximately halved for every # 6 gauges. For the repeated zero values, e.g., "000", use negative numbers # (or the gxx... units) in the formula, as described above. In North America, # sizes larger than 0000 ("4/0") are usually given in terms of circular mils, # beginning with 250 kcmil. # # ASTM B 258 also specifies rounding rules which seem to be ignored by makers # of tables. Gauges up to 44 are to be specified with up to 4 significant # figures, but no closer than 0.0001 inch. Gauges from 44 to 56 are to be # rounded to the nearest 0.00001 inch. # # In addition to being used to measure wire thickness, this gauge is used to # measure the thickness of sheets of aluminum, copper, and most metals other # than steel, iron and zinc. # This converts AWG to a lineal dimension (diameter, in the case of wire). wiregauge(g) units=[1;m] range=(0,) \ 1|200 92^((36+(-g))/39) in; 36+(-39)ln(200 wiregauge/in)/ln(92) wirega() wiregauge awg() wiregauge # In North America, sizes larger than 0000 AWG are usually given in area in # kcmil (formerly, MCM). Outside North America, wire sizes are usually given # in area in mm^2, covered by IEC 60228, Conductors of Insulated Cables. # # This converts AWG to area; in general, there is no exact # correspondence of AWG to standard metric sizes. wiregaugeA(ga) units=[1;m^2] range=(0,) \ circlearea_d(awg(ga)); \ ~awg(~circlearea_d(wiregaugeA)) wiregaA() wiregaugeA awgA() wiregaugeA # Next we have the SWG, the Imperial or British Standard Wire Gauge. This one # is piecewise linear. It was used for aluminum sheets but also shows up for # wire used in jewelry. brwiregauge[in] \ -6 0.5 \ -5 0.464 \ -3 0.4 \ -2 0.372 \ 3 0.252 \ 6 0.192 \ 10 0.128 \ 14 0.08 \ 19 0.04 \ 23 0.024 \ 26 0.018 \ 28 0.0148 \ 30 0.0124 \ 39 0.0052 \ 49 0.0012 \ 50 0.001 swg() brwiregauge # The following is from the Appendix to ASTM B 258 # # For example, in U.S. gage, the standard for sheet metal is based on the # weight of the metal, not on the thickness. 16-gage is listed as # approximately .0625 inch thick and 40 ounces per square foot (the original # standard was based on wrought iron at .2778 pounds per cubic inch; steel # has almost entirely superseded wrought iron for sheet use, at .2833 pounds # per cubic inch). Smaller numbers refer to greater thickness. There is no # formula for converting gage to thickness or weight. # # It's rather unclear from the passage above whether the plate gauge values are # therefore wrong if steel is being used. Reference [15] states that steel is # in fact measured using this gauge (under the name Manufacturers' Standard # Gauge) with a density of 501.84 lb/ft3 = 0.2904 lb/in3 used for steel. # But this doesn't seem to be the correct density of steel (.2833 lb/in3 is # closer). # # This gauge was established in 1893 for purposes of taxation. # Old plate gauge for iron plategauge[(oz/ft^2)/(480*lb/ft^3)] \ -5 300 \ 1 180 \ 14 50 \ 16 40 \ 17 36 \ 20 24 \ 26 12 \ 31 7 \ 36 4.5 \ 38 4 # Manufacturers Standard Gage stdgauge[(oz/ft^2)/(501.84*lb/ft^3)] \ -5 300 \ 1 180 \ 14 50 \ 16 40 \ 17 36 \ 20 24 \ 26 12 \ 31 7 \ 36 4.5 \ 38 4 # A special gauge is used for zinc sheet metal. Notice that larger gauges # indicate thicker sheets. zincgauge[in] \ 1 0.002 \ 10 0.02 \ 15 0.04 \ 19 0.06 \ 23 0.1 \ 24 0.125 \ 27 0.5 \ 28 1 # # Imperial drill bit sizes are reported in inches or in a numerical or # letter gauge. # drillgauge[in] \ 1 0.2280 \ 2 0.2210 \ 3 0.2130 \ 4 0.2090 \ 5 0.2055 \ 6 0.2040 \ 7 0.2010 \ 8 0.1990 \ 9 0.1960 \ 10 0.1935 \ 11 0.1910 \ 12 0.1890 \ 13 0.1850 \ 14 0.1820 \ 15 0.1800 \ 16 0.1770 \ 17 0.1730 \ 18 0.1695 \ 19 0.1660 \ 20 0.1610 \ 22 0.1570 \ 23 0.1540 \ 24 0.1520 \ 25 0.1495 \ 26 0.1470 \ 27 0.1440 \ 28 0.1405 \ 29 0.1360 \ 30 0.1285 \ 31 0.1200 \ 32 0.1160 \ 33 0.1130 \ 34 0.1110 \ 35 0.1100 \ 36 0.1065 \ 38 0.1015 \ 39 0.0995 \ 40 0.0980 \ 41 0.0960 \ 42 0.0935 \ 43 0.0890 \ 44 0.0860 \ 45 0.0820 \ 46 0.0810 \ 48 0.0760 \ 51 0.0670 \ 52 0.0635 \ 53 0.0595 \ 54 0.0550 \ 55 0.0520 \ 56 0.0465 \ 57 0.0430 \ 65 0.0350 \ 66 0.0330 \ 68 0.0310 \ 69 0.0292 \ 70 0.0280 \ 71 0.0260 \ 73 0.0240 \ 74 0.0225 \ 75 0.0210 \ 76 0.0200 \ 78 0.0160 \ 79 0.0145 \ 80 0.0135 \ 88 0.0095 \ 104 0.0031 drillA 0.234 in drillB 0.238 in drillC 0.242 in drillD 0.246 in drillE 0.250 in drillF 0.257 in drillG 0.261 in drillH 0.266 in drillI 0.272 in drillJ 0.277 in drillK 0.281 in drillL 0.290 in drillM 0.295 in drillN 0.302 in drillO 0.316 in drillP 0.323 in drillQ 0.332 in drillR 0.339 in drillS 0.348 in drillT 0.358 in drillU 0.368 in drillV 0.377 in drillW 0.386 in drillX 0.397 in drillY 0.404 in drillZ 0.413 in # Screw sizes # # In the USA, diameters for small wood screws, tapping screws, drive screws, # and machine screws are reported using a gauge number. The dimensions are # covered by ASME B 18.6.1, Wood Screws (Inch Series) and ASME B 18.6.3, # Machine Screws, Tapping Screws, and Metallic Drive Screws (Inch Series). # Machine screw sizes larger than 12 are reported in fractional inches; metric # machine screws are reported as Mxx, where xx is the diameter in mm. # # Not all sizes apply to all screw types. The valid range for machine screws # is 0000-12, with only even values for sizes greater than 5. The valid range # for wood, tapping, and drive screws is 0-24, with only even values for sizes # greater than 9. # # The formula below is easily inferred from tables in ASME B 18.6.1 or ASME # B 18.6.3. The allowed range of sizes is 0000-24, but as noted above, not # all results may be meaningful. For sizes 0000-00, use a negative value of 1 # less than the number of zeros (e.g., for #000, use -2) or the gxx or gx_0 # units as with American Wire Gauge. screwgauge(g) units=[1;m] domain=[-3,24] range=[0.0005334,0.0094488] \ (.06 + .013 g) in ; (screwgauge/in + (-.06)) / .013 # Nominal pipe size (NPS), formerly iron pipe size (IPS) is a North American # set of standard outside diameters (OD) for pipes. The sizes are covered by # ASME B 36.10, Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe. The wall thickness # (and hence the inside diameter) is determined by the schedule. The value is # dimensionless but roughly corresponds to the outside diameter in inches. # For smaller pipe sizes, there is only an approximate relationship between # nominal and actual diameters: for NPS 1/8 to 12, the NPS and OD values are # different; for NPS 14 and greater, the OD in inches is the same as the NPS. # For example, the actual OD of an NPS 12 pipe is 12.75 inches; the OD of an # NPS 14 pipe is 14 inches. For a given NPS, the outside diameter is # constant; the inside diameter varies with schedule. # # For steel tubing, the OD is the actual size. # # ASME B36.10 gives OD and wall thickness; inside diameters in tables nps40, # nps80, nps40s, and nps80s are calculated from those values # NPS: Nominal Pipe Size # outside diameter: all schedules npsOD[in] \ 0.125 0.405 \ 0.25 0.540 \ 0.375 0.675 \ 0.5 0.840 \ 0.75 1.050 \ 1 1.315 \ 1.25 1.660 \ 1.5 1.900 \ 2 2.375 \ 2.5 2.875 \ 3 3.500 \ 3.5 4.000 \ 4 4.500 \ 5 5.563 \ 6 6.625 \ 8 8.625 \ 10 10.750 \ 12 12.750 \ 14 14.000 \ 16 16.000 \ 18 18.000 \ 20 20.000 \ 24 24.000 # inside diameter: schedule 40 steel and PVC nps40[in] \ 0.125 0.269 \ 0.25 0.364 \ 0.375 0.493 \ 0.5 0.622 \ 0.75 0.824 \ 1 1.049 \ 1.25 1.380 \ 1.5 1.610 \ 2 2.067 \ 2.5 2.469 \ 3 3.068 \ 3.5 3.548 \ 4 4.026 \ 5 5.047 \ 6 6.065 \ 8 7.981 \ 10 10.020 \ 12 11.938 \ 14 13.124 \ 16 15.000 \ 18 16.876 \ 20 18.812 \ 24 22.626 # inside diameter: schedule 80 steel and PVC nps80[in] \ 0.125 0.215 \ 0.25 0.302 \ 0.375 0.423 \ 0.5 0.546 \ 0.75 0.742 \ 1 0.957 \ 1.25 1.278 \ 1.5 1.500 \ 2 1.939 \ 2.5 2.323 \ 3 2.900 \ 3.5 3.364 \ 4 3.826 \ 5 4.813 \ 6 5.761 \ 8 7.625 \ 10 9.564 \ 12 11.376 \ 14 12.500 \ 16 14.314 \ 18 16.126 \ 20 17.938 \ 24 21.564 # inside diameter: schedule 40s (stainless steel) nps40s[in] \ 0.125 0.269 \ 0.25 0.364 \ 0.375 0.493 \ 0.5 0.622 \ 0.75 0.824 \ 1 1.049 \ 1.25 1.380 \ 1.5 1.610 \ 2 2.067 \ 2.5 2.469 \ 3 3.068 \ 3.5 3.548 \ 4 4.026 \ 5 5.047 \ 6 6.065 \ 8 7.981 \ 10 10.020 \ 12 12.000 \ 14 13.250 \ 16 15.250 \ 18 17.250 \ 20 19.250 \ 24 23.250 # inside diameter: schedule 80s (stainless steel) nps80s[in] \ 0.125 0.215 \ 0.25 0.302 \ 0.375 0.423 \ 0.5 0.546 \ 0.75 0.742 \ 1 0.957 \ 1.25 1.278 \ 1.5 1.500 \ 2 1.939 \ 2.5 2.323 \ 3 2.900 \ 3.5 3.364 \ 4 3.826 \ 5 4.813 \ 6 5.761 \ 8 7.625 \ 10 9.750 \ 12 11.750 \ 14 13.000 \ 16 15.000 \ 18 17.000 \ 20 19.000 \ 24 23.000 # iron pipe size ("IPS") aliases ipsOD() npsOD ips40() nps40 ips80() nps80 ips40s() nps40s ips80s() nps80s # diamètre nominal/nominal diameter/Nennweite/NW/nominal bore/NB to NPS # metric sizes are given in dimensionless values that very roughly correspond # to OD in mm. The table below can be used to find pipe sizes in metric # units, e.g., npsOD(DN(15)) = 21.336 mm DN[1] \ 6 0.125 \ 8 0.25 \ 10 0.375 \ 15 0.5 \ 20 0.75 \ 25 1 \ 32 1.25 \ 40 1.5 \ 50 2 \ 65 2.5 \ 80 3 \ 90 3.5 \ 100 4 \ 115 4.5 \ 125 5 \ 150 6 \ 200 8 \ 250 10 \ 300 12 \ 350 14 \ 400 16 \ 450 18 \ 500 20 \ 550 22 \ 600 24 NB() DN NW() DN # standard dimension ratio: OD to ID # SDR = actual diameter / min wall thickness (nominally) # copper tubing # Copper Tube Handbook https://copper.org/applications/plumbing/cth/homepage.php # Copper Development Association https://copper.org/ # for types K, L, and M, OD is 1/8" greater than nominal # for ACR, OD is nominal OD copperTubeOD[in] \ 0.375 0.500 \ 0.5 0.625 \ 0.75 0.875 \ 1 1.125 \ 1.25 1.375 \ 1.5 1.625 \ 2 2.125 \ 2.5 2.625 \ 3 3.125 \ 3.5 3.625 \ 4 4.125 \ 5 5.125 \ 6 6.125 \ 8 8.125 \ 10 10.125 \ 12 12.125 # copper tubing type K: ID copperTypeK[in] \ 0.25 0.305 \ 0.375 0.402 \ 0.5 0.527 \ 0.625 0.652 \ 0.75 0.745 \ 1 0.995 \ 1.25 1.245 \ 1.5 1.481 \ 2 1.959 \ 2.5 2.435 \ 3 2.907 \ 3.5 3.385 \ 4 3.857 \ 5 4.805 \ 6 5.741 \ 8 7.583 \ 10 9.449 \ 12 11.315 # copper tubing type L: ID copperTypeL[in] \ 0.25 0.315 \ 0.375 0.430 \ 0.5 0.545 \ 0.625 0.666 \ 0.75 0.785 \ 1 1.025 \ 1.25 1.265 \ 1.5 1.505 \ 2 1.985 \ 2.5 2.465 \ 3 2.945 \ 3.5 3.425 \ 4 3.905 \ 5 4.875 \ 6 5.845 \ 8 7.725 \ 10 9.625 \ 12 11.565 # copper tubing type M: ID copperTypeM[in] \ 0.375 0.450 \ 0.5 0.569 \ 0.75 0.811 \ 1 1.055 \ 1.25 1.291 \ 1.5 1.527 \ 2 2.009 \ 2.5 2.495 \ 3 2.981 \ 3.5 3.459 \ 4 3.935 \ 5 4.907 \ 6 5.881 \ 8 7.785 \ 10 9.701 \ 12 11.617 # copper tubing: air conditioning and refrigeration: ID # ID is the same as for type L of the same actual OD copperTypeACR[in] \ 0.25 0.200 \ 0.375 0.315 \ 0.5 0.430 \ 0.625 0.545 \ 0.75 0.666 \ 0.875 0.785 \ 1.125 1.025 \ 1.375 1.265 \ 1.625 1.505 \ 2.125 1.985 \ 2.625 2.465 \ 3.125 2.945 \ 3.625 3.425 \ 4.125 3.905 copperOD() copperTubeOD copperK() copperTypeK copperL() copperTypeL copperM() copperTypeM copperACR() copperTypeACR # # Abrasive grit size # # Standards governing abrasive grit sizes are complicated, specifying # fractions of particles that are passed or retained by different mesh # sizes. As a result, it is not possible to make precise comparisons # of different grit standards. The tables below allow the # determination of rough equivlants by using median particle size. # # Standards in the USA are determined by the Unified Abrasives # Manufacturers' Association (UAMA), which resulted from the merger of # several previous organizations. One of the old organizations was # CAMI (Coated Abrasives Manufacturers' Institute). # # UAMA has a web page with plots showing abrasive particle ranges for # various different grits and comparisons between standards. # # https://uama.org/abrasives-101/ # # Abrasives are grouped into "bonded" abrasives for use with grinding # wheels and "coated" abrasives for sandpapers and abrasive films. # The industry uses different grit standards for these two # categories. # # Another division is between "macrogrits", grits below 240 and # "microgrits", which are above 240. Standards differ, as do methods # for determining particle size. In the USA, ANSI B74.12 is the # standard governing macrogrits. ANSI B74.10 covers bonded microgrit # abrasives, and ANSI B74.18 covers coated microgrit abrasives. It # appears that the coated standard is identical to the bonded standard # for grits up through 600 but then diverges significantly. # # European grit sizes are determined by the Federation of European # Producers of Abrasives. http://www.fepa-abrasives.org # # They give two standards, the "F" grit for bonded abrasives and the # "P" grit for coated abrasives. This data is taken directly from # their web page. # FEPA P grit for coated abrasives is commonly seen on sandpaper in # the USA where the paper will be marked P600, for example. FEPA P # grits are said to be more tightly constrained than comparable ANSI # grits so that the particles are more uniform in size and hence give # a better finish. grit_P[micron] \ 12 1815 \ 16 1324 \ 20 1000 \ 24 764 \ 30 642 \ 36 538 \ 40 425 \ 50 336 \ 60 269 \ 80 201 \ 100 162 \ 120 125 \ 150 100 \ 180 82 \ 220 68 \ 240 58.5 \ 280 52.2 \ 320 46.2 \ 360 40.5 \ 400 35 \ 500 30.2 \ 600 25.8 \ 800 21.8 \ 1000 18.3 \ 1200 15.3 \ 1500 12.6 \ 2000 10.3 \ 2500 8.4 # The F grit is the European standard for bonded abrasives such as # grinding wheels grit_F[micron] \ 4 4890 \ 5 4125 \ 6 3460 \ 7 2900 \ 8 2460 \ 10 2085 \ 12 1765 \ 14 1470 \ 16 1230 \ 20 1040 \ 22 885 \ 24 745 \ 30 625 \ 36 525 \ 40 438 \ 46 370 \ 54 310 \ 60 260 \ 70 218 \ 80 185 \ 90 154 \ 100 129 \ 120 109 \ 150 82 \ 180 69 \ 220 58 \ 230 53 \ 240 44.5 \ 280 36.5 \ 320 29.2 \ 360 22.8 \ 400 17.3 \ 500 12.8 \ 600 9.3 \ 800 6.5 \ 1000 4.5 \ 1200 3 \ 1500 2.0 \ 2000 1.2 # According to the UAMA web page, the ANSI bonded and ANSI coated standards # are identical to FEPA F in the macrogrit range (under 240 grit), so these # values are taken from the FEPA F table. The values for 240 and above are # from the UAMA web site and represent the average of the "d50" range # endpoints listed there. ansibonded[micron] \ 4 4890 \ 5 4125 \ 6 3460 \ 7 2900 \ 8 2460 \ 10 2085 \ 12 1765 \ 14 1470 \ 16 1230 \ 20 1040 \ 22 885 \ 24 745 \ 30 625 \ 36 525 \ 40 438 \ 46 370 \ 54 310 \ 60 260 \ 70 218 \ 80 185 \ 90 154 \ 100 129 \ 120 109 \ 150 82 \ 180 69 \ 220 58 \ 240 50 \ 280 39.5 \ 320 29.5 \ 360 23 \ 400 18.25 \ 500 13.9 \ 600 10.55 \ 800 7.65 \ 1000 5.8 \ 1200 3.8 grit_ansibonded() ansibonded # Like the bonded grit, the coated macrogrits below 240 are taken from the # FEPA F table. Data above this is from the UAMA site. Note that the coated # and bonded standards are evidently the same from 240 up to 600 grit, but # starting at 800 grit, the coated standard diverges. The data from UAMA show # that 800 grit coated has an average size slightly larger than the average # size of 600 grit coated/bonded. However, the 800 grit has a significantly # smaller particle size variation. # # Because of this non-monotonicity from 600 grit to 800 grit this definition # produces a warning about the lack of a unique inverse. ansicoated[micron] noerror \ 4 4890 \ 5 4125 \ 6 3460 \ 7 2900 \ 8 2460 \ 10 2085 \ 12 1765 \ 14 1470 \ 16 1230 \ 20 1040 \ 22 885 \ 24 745 \ 30 625 \ 36 525 \ 40 438 \ 46 370 \ 54 310 \ 60 260 \ 70 218 \ 80 185 \ 90 154 \ 100 129 \ 120 109 \ 150 82 \ 180 69 \ 220 58 \ 240 50 \ 280 39.5 \ 320 29.5 \ 360 23 \ 400 18.25 \ 500 13.9 \ 600 10.55 \ 800 11.5 \ 1000 9.5 \ 2000 7.2 \ 2500 5.5 \ 3000 4 \ 4000 3 \ 6000 2 \ 8000 1.2 grit_ansicoated() ansicoated # # Is this correct? This is the JIS Japanese standard used on waterstones # jisgrit[micron] \ 150 75 \ 180 63 \ 220 53 \ 280 48 \ 320 40 \ 360 35 \ 400 30 \ 600 20 \ 700 17 \ 800 14 \ 1000 11.5 \ 1200 9.5 \ 1500 8 \ 2000 6.7 \ 2500 5.5 \ 3000 4 \ 4000 3 \ 6000 2 \ 8000 1.2 # The "Finishing Scale" marked with an A (e.g. A75). This information # is from the web page of the sand paper manufacturer Klingspor # https://www.klingspor.com/ctemplate1.aspx?page=default/html/gritGradingSystems_en-US.html # # I have no information about what this scale is used for. grit_A[micron]\ 16 15.3 \ 25 21.8 \ 30 23.6 \ 35 25.75 \ 45 35 \ 60 46.2 \ 65 53.5 \ 75 58.5 \ 90 65 \ 110 78 \ 130 93 \ 160 127 \ 200 156 # # Grits for DMT brand diamond sharpening stones from # https://www.dmtsharp.com/resources/dmt-catalog-product-information.html # "DMT Diamond Grits" PDF download dmtxxcoarse 120 micron # 120 mesh dmtsilver dmtxxcoarse dmtxx dmtxxcoarse dmtxcoarse 60 micron # 220 mesh dmtx dmtxcoarse dmtblack dmtxcoarse dmtcoarse 45 micron # 325 mesh dmtc dmtcoarse dmtblue dmtcoarse dmtfine 25 micron # 600 mesh dmtred dmtfine dmtf dmtfine dmtefine 9 micron # 1200 mesh dmte dmtefine dmtgreen dmtefine dmtceramic 7 micron # 2200 mesh dmtcer dmtceramic dmtwhite dmtceramic dmteefine 3 micron # 8000 mesh dmttan dmteefine dmtee dmteefine # # The following values come from a page in the Norton Stones catalog, # available at their web page, http://www.nortonstones.com. # hardtranslucentarkansas 6 micron # Natural novaculite (silicon quartz) softarkansas 22 micron # stones extrafineindia 22 micron # India stones are Norton's manufactured fineindia 35 micron # aluminum oxide product mediumindia 53.5 micron coarseindia 97 micron finecrystolon 45 micron # Crystolon stones are Norton's mediumcrystalon 78 micron # manufactured silicon carbide product coarsecrystalon 127 micron # The following are not from the Norton catalog hardblackarkansas 6 micron hardwhitearkansas 11 micron washita 35 micron # # Mesh systems for measuring particle sizes by sifting through a wire # mesh or sieve # # The Tyler system and US Sieve system are based on four steps for # each factor of 2 change in the size, so each size is 2^1|4 different # from the adjacent sizes. Unfortunately, the mesh numbers are # arbitrary, so the sizes cannot be expressed with a functional form. # Various references round the values differently. The mesh numbers # are supposed to correspond to the number of holes per inch, but this # correspondence is only approximate because it doesn't include the # wire size of the mesh. # The Tyler Mesh system was apparently introduced by the WS Tyler # company, but it appears that they no longer use it. They follow the # ASTM E11 standard. meshtyler[micron] \ 2.5 8000 \ 3 6727 \ 3.5 5657 \ 4 4757 \ 5 4000 \ 6 3364 \ 7 2828 \ 8 2378 \ 9 2000 \ 10 1682 \ 12 1414 \ 14 1189 \ 16 1000 \ 20 841 \ 24 707 \ 28 595 \ 32 500 \ 35 420 \ 42 354 \ 48 297 \ 60 250 \ 65 210 \ 80 177 \ 100 149 \ 115 125 \ 150 105 \ 170 88 \ 200 74 \ 250 63 \ 270 53 \ 325 44 \ 400 37 # US Sieve size, ASTM E11 # # The WS Tyler company prints the list from ASTM E11 in # A Calculator for ASTM E11 Standard Sieve Designations # https://blog.wstyler.com/particle-analysis/astm-e11-standard-designations sieve[micron] \ 3.5 5600 \ 4 4750 \ 5 4000 \ 6 3350 \ 7 2800 \ 8 2360 \ 10 2000 \ 12 1700 \ 14 1400 \ 16 1180 \ 18 1000 \ 20 850 \ 25 710 \ 30 600 \ 35 500 \ 40 425 \ 45 355 \ 50 300 \ 60 250 \ 70 212 \ 80 180 \ 100 150 \ 120 125 \ 140 106 \ 170 90 \ 200 75 \ 230 63 \ 270 53 \ 325 45 \ 400 38 \ 450 32 \ 500 25 \ 625 20 # These last two values are not in the standard series # but were included in the ASTM standard because they meshUS() sieve # were in common usage. # British Mesh size, BS 410: 1986 # This system appears to correspond to the Tyler and US system, but # with different mesh numbers. # # http://www.panadyne.com/technical/panadyne_international_sieve_chart.pdf # meshbritish[micron] \ 3 5657 \ 3.5 4757 \ 4 4000 \ 5 3364 \ 6 2828 \ 7 2378 \ 8 2000 \ 10 1682 \ 12 1414 \ 14 1189 \ 16 1000 \ 18 841 \ 22 707 \ 25 595 \ 30 500 \ 36 420 \ 44 354 \ 52 297 \ 60 250 \ 72 210 \ 85 177 \ 100 149 \ 120 125 \ 150 105 \ 170 88 \ 200 74 \ 240 63 \ 300 53 \ 350 44 \ 400 37 # French system, AFNOR NFX11-501: 1970 # The system appears to be based on size doubling every 3 mesh # numbers, though the values have been aggressively rounded. # It's not clear if the unrounded values would be considered # incorrect, so this is given as a table rather than a function. # Functional form: # meshtamis(mesh) units=[1;m] 5000 2^(1|3 (mesh-38)) micron # # http://www.panadyne.com/technical/panadyne_international_sieve_chart.pdf meshtamis[micron] \ 17 40 \ 18 50 \ 19 63 \ 20 80 \ 21 100 \ 22 125 \ 23 160 \ 24 200 \ 25 250 \ 26 315 \ 27 400 \ 28 500 \ 29 630 \ 30 800 \ 31 1000 \ 32 1250 \ 33 1600 \ 34 2000 \ 35 2500 \ 36 3150 \ 37 4000 \ 38 5000 # # Ring size. All ring sizes are given as the circumference of the ring. # # USA ring sizes. Several slightly different definitions seem to be in # circulation. According to [15], the interior diameter of size n ring in # inches is 0.32 n + 0.458 for n ranging from 3 to 13.5 by steps of 0.5. The # size 2 ring is inconsistently 0.538in and no 2.5 size is listed. # # However, other sources list 0.455 + 0.0326 n and 0.4525 + 0.0324 n as the # diameter and list no special case for size 2. (Or alternatively they are # 1.43 + .102 n and 1.4216+.1018 n for measuring circumference in inches.) One # reference claimed that the original system was that each size was 1|10 inch # circumference, but that source doesn't have an explanation for the modern # system which is somewhat different. ringsize(n) units=[1;in] domain=[2,) range=[1.6252,) \ (1.4216+.1018 n) in ; (ringsize/in + (-1.4216))/.1018 # Old practice in the UK measured rings using the "Wheatsheaf gauge" with sizes # specified alphabetically and based on the ring inside diameter in steps of # 1|64 inch. This system was replaced in 1987 by British Standard 6820 which # specifies sizes based on circumference. Each size is 1.25 mm different from # the preceding size. The baseline is size C which is 40 mm circumference. # The new sizes are close to the old ones. Sometimes it's necessary to go # beyond size Z to Z+1, Z+2, etc. sizeAring 37.50 mm sizeBring 38.75 mm sizeCring 40.00 mm sizeDring 41.25 mm sizeEring 42.50 mm sizeFring 43.75 mm sizeGring 45.00 mm sizeHring 46.25 mm sizeIring 47.50 mm sizeJring 48.75 mm sizeKring 50.00 mm sizeLring 51.25 mm sizeMring 52.50 mm sizeNring 53.75 mm sizeOring 55.00 mm sizePring 56.25 mm sizeQring 57.50 mm sizeRring 58.75 mm sizeSring 60.00 mm sizeTring 61.25 mm sizeUring 62.50 mm sizeVring 63.75 mm sizeWring 65.00 mm sizeXring 66.25 mm sizeYring 67.50 mm sizeZring 68.75 mm # Japanese sizes start with size 1 at a 13mm inside diameter and each size is # 1|3 mm larger in diameter than the previous one. They are multiplied by pi # to give circumference. jpringsize(n) units=[1;mm] domain=[1,) range=[0.040840704,) \ (38|3 + n/3) pi mm ; 3 jpringsize/ pi mm + (-38) # The European ring sizes are the length of the circumference in mm minus 40. euringsize(n) units=[1;mm] (n+40) mm ; euringsize/mm + (-40) # # Abbreviations # mph mile/hr brmpg mile/brgallon usmpg mile/usgallon mpg mile/gal kph km/hr fL footlambert fpm ft/min fps ft/s rpm rev/min rps rev/sec mi mile smi mile nmi nauticalmile mbh 1e3 btu/hour mcm 1e3 circularmil ipy inch/year # used for corrosion rates ccf 100 ft^3 # used for selling water [18] Mcf 1000 ft^3 # not million cubic feet [18] kp kilopond kpm kp meter Wh W hour hph hp hour plf lb / foot # pounds per linear foot # # Compatibility units with Unix version # pa Pa ev eV #hg Hg oe Oe mh mH rd rod pf pF gr grain nt N hz Hz hd hogshead dry drygallon/gallon nmile nauticalmile beV GeV bev beV coul C # # Radioactivity units # event !dimensionless becquerel event /s # Activity of radioactive source Bq becquerel # curie 3.7e10 Bq # Defined in 1910 as the radioactivity Ci curie # emitted by the amount of radon that is # in equilibrium with 1 gram of radium. rutherford 1e6 Bq # RADIATION_DOSE gray gray J/kg # Absorbed dose of radiation Gy gray # rad 1e-2 Gy # From Radiation Absorbed Dose rep 8.38 mGy # Roentgen Equivalent Physical, the amount # of radiation which , absorbed in the # body, would liberate the same amount # of energy as 1 roentgen of X rays # would, or 97 ergs. sievert J/kg # Dose equivalent: dosage that has the Sv sievert # same effect on human tissues as 200 rem 1e-2 Sv # keV X-rays. Different types of # radiation are weighted by the # Relative Biological Effectiveness # (RBE). # # Radiation type RBE # X-ray, gamma ray 1 # beta rays, > 1 MeV 1 # beta rays, < 1 MeV 1.08 # neutrons, < 1 MeV 4-5 # neutrons, 1-10 MeV 10 # protons, 1 MeV 8.5 # protons, .1 MeV 10 # alpha, 5 MeV 15 # alpha, 1 MeV 20 # # The energies are the kinetic energy # of the particles. Slower particles # interact more, so they are more # effective ionizers, and hence have # higher RBE values. # # rem stands for Roentgen Equivalent # Mammal banana_dose 0.1e-6 sievert # Informal measure of the dose due to # eating one average sized banana roentgen 2.58e-4 C / kg # Ionizing radiation that produces # 1 statcoulomb of charge in 1 cc of # dry air at stp. rontgen roentgen # Sometimes it appears spelled this way sievertunit 8.38 rontgen # Unit of gamma ray dose delivered in one # hour at a distance of 1 cm from a # point source of 1 mg of radium # enclosed in platinum .5 mm thick. eman 1e-7 Ci/m^3 # radioactive concentration mache 3.7e-7 Ci/m^3 # # Atomic weights. The atomic weight of an element is the ratio of the mass of # a mole of the element to 1|12 of a mole of Carbon 12. For each element, we # list the atomic weights of all of the isotopes. The Standard Atomic Weights # apply to the elements in the isotopic composition that occurs naturally on # Earth. These are computed values based on the isotopic distribution, and # may vary for specific samples. Elements which do not occur naturally do # not have Standard Atomic Weights. For these elements, if data on the most # stable isotope is available, is given. Otherwise, the user must specify the # desired isotope. !include elements.units # Density of the elements # # Note some elements occur in multiple forms (allotropes) with different # densities, and they are accordingly listed multiple times. # Density of gas phase elements at STP hydrogendensity 0.08988 g/l heliumdensity 0.1786 g/l neondensity 0.9002 g/l nitrogendensity 1.2506 g/l oxygendensity 1.429 g/l fluorinedensity 1.696 g/l argondensity 1.784 g/l chlorinedensity 3.2 g/l kryptondensity 3.749 g/l xenondensity 5.894 g/l radondensity 9.73 g/l # Density of liquid phase elements near room temperature brominedensity 3.1028 g/cm^3 mercurydensity 13.534 g/cm^3 # Density of solid elements near room temperature lithiumdensity 0.534 g/cm^3 potassiumdensity 0.862 g/cm^3 sodiumdensity 0.968 g/cm^3 rubidiumdensity 1.532 g/cm^3 calciumdensity 1.55 g/cm^3 magnesiumdensity 1.738 g/cm^3 phosphorus_white_density 1.823 g/cm^3 berylliumdensity 1.85 g/cm^3 sulfur_gamma_density 1.92 g/cm^3 cesiumdensity 1.93 g/cm^3 carbon_amorphous_density 1.95 g/cm^3 # average value sulfur_betadensity 1.96 g/cm^3 sulfur_alpha_density 2.07 g/cm^3 carbon_graphite_density 2.267 g/cm^3 phosphorus_red_density 2.27 g/cm^3 # average value silicondensity 2.3290 g/cm^3 phosphorus_violet_density 2.36 g/cm^3 borondensity 2.37 g/cm^3 strontiumdensity 2.64 g/cm^3 phosphorus_black_density 2.69 g/cm^3 aluminumdensity 2.7 g/cm^3 bariumdensity 3.51 g/cm^3 carbon_diamond_density 3.515 g/cm^3 scandiumdensity 3.985 g/cm^3 selenium_vitreous_density 4.28 g/cm^3 selenium_alpha_density 4.39 g/cm^3 titaniumdensity 4.406 g/cm^3 yttriumdensity 4.472 g/cm^3 selenium_gray_density 4.81 g/cm^3 iodinedensity 4.933 g/cm^3 europiumdensity 5.264 g/cm^3 germaniumdensity 5.323 g/cm^3 radiumdensity 5.5 g/cm^3 arsenicdensity 5.727 g/cm^3 tin_alpha_density 5.769 g/cm^3 galliumdensity 5.91 g/cm^3 vanadiumdensity 6.11 g/cm^3 lanthanumdensity 6.162 g/cm^3 telluriumdensity 6.24 g/cm^3 zirconiumdensity 6.52 g/cm^3 antimonydensity 6.697 g/cm^3 ceriumdensity 6.77 g/cm^3 praseodymiumdensity 6.77 g/cm^3 ytterbiumdensity 6.9 g/cm^3 neodymiumdensity 7.01 g/cm^3 zincdensity 7.14 g/cm^3 chromiumdensity 7.19 g/cm^3 manganesedensity 7.21 g/cm^3 promethiumdensity 7.26 g/cm^3 tin_beta_density 7.265 g/cm^3 indiumdensity 7.31 g/cm^3 samariumdensity 7.52 g/cm^3 irondensity 7.874 g/cm^3 gadoliniumdensity 7.9 g/cm^3 terbiumdensity 8.23 g/cm^3 dysprosiumdensity 8.54 g/cm^3 niobiumdensity 8.57 g/cm^3 cadmiumdensity 8.65 g/cm^3 holmiumdensity 8.79 g/cm^3 cobaltdensity 8.9 g/cm^3 nickeldensity 8.908 g/cm^3 erbiumdensity 9.066 g/cm^3 polonium_alpha_density 9.196 g/cm^3 thuliumdensity 9.32 g/cm^3 polonium_beta_density 9.398 g/cm^3 bismuthdensity 9.78 g/cm^3 lutetiumdensity 9.841 g/cm^3 actiniumdensity 10 g/cm^3 molybdenumdensity 10.28 g/cm^3 silverdensity 10.49 g/cm^3 technetiumdensity 11 g/cm^3 leaddensity 11.34 g/cm^3 thoriumdensity 11.7 g/cm^3 thalliumdensity 11.85 g/cm^3 americiumdensity 12 g/cm^3 palladiumdensity 12.023 g/cm^3 rhodiumdensity 12.41 g/cm^3 rutheniumdensity 12.45 g/cm^3 berkelium_beta_density 13.25 g/cm^3 hafniumdensity 13.31 g/cm^3 curiumdensity 13.51 g/cm^3 berkelium_alphadensity 14.78 g/cm^3 californiumdensity 15.1 g/cm^3 protactiniumdensity 15.37 g/cm^3 tantalumdensity 16.69 g/cm^3 uraniumdensity 19.1 g/cm^3 tungstendensity 19.3 g/cm^3 golddensity 19.30 g/cm^3 plutoniumdensity 19.816 g/cm^3 neptuniumdensity 20.45 g/cm^3 # alpha form, only one at room temp rheniumdensity 21.02 g/cm^3 platinumdensity 21.45 g/cm^3 iridiumdensity 22.56 g/cm^3 osmiumdensity 22.59 g/cm^3 # A few alternate names tin_gray tin_alpha_density tin_white tin_beta_density graphitedensity carbon_graphite_density diamonddensity carbon_diamond_density # Predicted density of elements that have not been made in sufficient # quantities for measurement. franciumdensity 2.48 g/cm^3 # liquid, predicted melting point 8 degC astatinedensity 6.35 g/cm^3 einsteiniumdensity 8.84 g/cm^3 fermiumdensity 9.7 g/cm^3 nobeliumdensity 9.9 g/cm^3 mendeleviumdensity 10.3 g/cm^3 lawrenciumdensity 16 g/cm^3 rutherfordiumdensity 23.2 g/cm^3 roentgeniumdensity 28.7 g/cm^3 dubniumdensity 29.3 g/cm^3 darmstadtiumdensity 34.8 g/cm^3 seaborgiumdensity 35 g/cm^3 bohriumdensity 37.1 g/cm^3 meitneriumdensity 37.4 g/cm^3 hassiumdensity 41 g/cm^3 # # population units # people 1 person people death people capita people percapita per capita # TGM dozen based unit system listed on the "dozenal" forum # http://www.dozenalsociety.org.uk/apps/tgm.htm. These units are # proposed as an allegedly more rational alternative to the SI system. Tim 12^-4 hour # Time Grafut gravity Tim^2 # Length based on gravity Surf Grafut^2 # area Volm Grafut^3 # volume Vlos Grafut/Tim # speed Denz Maz/Volm # density Mag Maz gravity # force Maz Volm kg / oldliter # mass based on water # Abbreviations # Tm Tim # Conflicts with Tm = Terameter Gf Grafut Sf Surf Vm Volm Vl Vlos Mz Maz Dz Denz # Dozen based unit prefixes Zena- 12 Duna- 12^2 Trina- 12^3 Quedra- 12^4 Quena- 12^5 Hesa- 12^6 Seva- 12^7 Aka- 12^8 Neena- 12^9 Dexa- 12^10 Lefa- 12^11 Zennila- 12^12 Zeni- 12^-1 Duni- 12^-2 Trini- 12^-3 Quedri- 12^-4 Queni- 12^-5 Hesi- 12^-6 Sevi- 12^-7 Aki- 12^-8 Neeni- 12^-9 Dexi- 12^-10 Lefi- 12^-11 Zennili- 12^-12 # # Traditional Japanese units (shakkanhou) # # The traditional system of weights and measures is called shakkanhou from the # shaku and the ken. Japan accepted SI units in 1891 and legalized conversions # to the traditional system. In 1909 the inch-pound system was also legalized, # so Japan had three legally approved systems. A change to the metric system # started in 1921 but there was a lot of resistance. The Measurement Law of # October 1999 prohibits sales in anything but SI units. However, the old # units still live on in construction and as the basis for paper sizes of books # and tools used for handicrafts. # # Note that units below use the Hepburn romanization system. Some other # systems would render "mou", "jou", and "chou" as "mo", "jo" and "cho". # # # http://hiramatu-hifuka.com/onyak/onyindx.html # Japanese Proportions. These are still in everyday use. They also # get used as units to represent the proportion of the standard unit. wari_proportion 1|10 wari wari_proportion bu_proportion 1|100 # The character bu can also be read fun or bun # but usually "bu" is used for units. rin_proportion 1|1000 mou_proportion 1|10000 # Japanese Length Measures # # The length system is called kanejaku or # square and originated in China. It was # adopted as Japan's official measure in 701 # by the Taiho Code. This system is still in # common use in architecture and clothing. shaku 1|3.3 m mou 1|10000 shaku rin 1|1000 shaku bu_distance 1|100 shaku sun 1|10 shaku jou_distance 10 shaku jou jou_distance kanejakusun sun # Alias to emphasize architectural name kanejaku shaku kanejakujou jou # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement taichi shaku # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/台尺 taicun sun # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/台制 !utf8 台尺 taichi # via Hanyu Pinyin romanizations 台寸 taicun !endutf8 # In context of clothing, shaku is different from architecture kujirajaku 10|8 shaku kujirajakusun 1|10 kujirajaku kujirajakubu 1|100 kujirajaku kujirajakujou 10 kujirajaku tan_distance 3 kujirajakujou ken 6 shaku # Also sometimes 6.3, 6.5, or 6.6 # http://www.homarewood.co.jp/syakusun.htm # mostly unused chou_distance 60 ken chou chou_distance ri 36 chou # Japanese Area Measures # Tsubo is still used for land size, though the others are more # recognized by their homonyms in the other measurements. gou_area 1|10 tsubo tsubo 36 shaku^2 # Size of two tatami = ken^2 ?? se 30 tsubo tan_area 10 se chou_area 10 tan_area # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement ping tsubo # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/坪 jia 2934 ping # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/甲_(单位) fen 1|10 jia # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/分 fen_area 1|10 jia # Protection against future collisions !utf8 坪 ping # via Hanyu Pinyin romanizations 甲 jia 分 fen 分地 fen_area # Protection against future collisions !endutf8 # Japanese architecture is based on a "standard" size of tatami mat. # Room sizes today are given in number of tatami, and this number # determines the spacing between colums and hence sizes of sliding # doors and paper screens. However, every region has its own slightly # different tatami size. Edoma, used in and around Tokyo and # Hokkaido, is becoming a nationwide standard. Kyouma is used around # Kyoto, Osaka and Kyuushu, and Chuukyouma is used around Nagoya. # Note that the tatami all have the aspect ratio 2:1 so that the mats # can tile the room with some of them turned 90 degrees. # # http://www.moon2.net/tatami/infotatami/structure.html edoma (5.8*2.9) shaku^2 kyouma (6.3*3.15) shaku^2 chuukyouma (6*3) shaku^2 jou_area edoma tatami jou_area # Japanese Volume Measures # The "shou" is still used for such things as alcohol and seasonings. # Large quantities of paint are still purchased in terms of "to". shaku_volume 1|10 gou_volume gou_volume 1|10 shou gou gou_volume shou (4.9*4.9*2.7) sun^3 # The character shou which is # the same as masu refers to a # rectangular wooden cup used to # measure liquids and cereal. # Sake is sometimes served in a masu # Note that it happens to be # EXACTLY 7^4/11^3 liters. to 10 shou koku 10 to # No longer used; historically a measure of rice # Japanese Weight Measures # # https://web.archive.org/web/20040927115452/http://wyoming.hp.infoseek.co.jp/zatugaku/zamoney.html # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_units_of_measurement # Not really used anymore. rin_weight 1|10 bu_weight bu_weight 1|10 monme fun 1|10 monme monme momme kin 160 monme kan 1000 monme kwan kan # This was the old pronunciation of the unit. # The old spelling persisted a few centuries # longer and was not changed until around # 1950. # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement # says: "Volume measure in Taiwan is largely metric". taijin kin # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/台斤 tailiang 10 monme # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/台斤 taiqian monme # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/台制 !utf8 台斤 taijin # via Hanyu Pinyin romanizations 台兩 tailiang 台錢 taiqian !endutf8 # # Australian unit # australiasquare (10 ft)^2 # Used for house area # # A few German units as currently in use. # zentner 50 kg doppelzentner 2 zentner pfund 500 g # The klafter, which was used in central Europe, was derived from the span of # outstretched arms. # # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsolete_Austrian_units_of_measurement # https://www.llv.li/files/abi/klafter-m2-en.pdf austriaklafter 1.89648384 m # Exact definition, 23 July 1871 austriafoot 1|6 austriaklafter prussiaklafter 1.88 m prussiafoot 1|6 prussiaklafter bavariaklafter 1.751155 m bavariafoot 1|6 bavariaklafter hesseklafter 2.5 m hessefoot 1|6 hesseklafter switzerlandklafter metricklafter switzerlandfoot 1|6 switzerlandklafter swissklafter switzerlandklafter swissfoot 1|6 swissklafter metricklafter 1.8 m austriayoke 8 austriaklafter * 200 austriaklafter liechtensteinsquareklafter 3.596652 m^2 # Used until 2017 to measure land area liechtensteinklafter sqrt(liechtensteinsquareklafter) # The klafter was also used to measure volume of wood, generally being a stack # of wood one klafter wide, one klafter long, with logs 3 feet (half a klafter) # in length prussiawoodklafter 0.5 prussiaklafter^3 austriawoodklafter 0.5 austriaklafter^3 festmeter m^3 # modern measure of wood, solid cube raummeter 0.7 festmeter # Air space between the logs, stacked schuettraummeter 0.65 raummeter # A cubic meter volume of split and cut # firewood in a loose, unordered # pile, not stacked. This is called # "tipped". !utf8 schüttraummeter schuettraummeter !endutf8 # # Swedish (Sweden) pre-metric units of 1739. # The metric system was adopted in 1878. # https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkm%C3%A5tt # verklinje 2.0618125 mm verktum 12 verklinje kvarter 6 verktum fot 2 kvarter aln 2 fot famn 3 aln # # Some traditional Russian measures # # If you would like to help expand this section and understand # cyrillic transliteration, let me know. These measures are meant to # reflect common usage, e.g. in translated literature. # dessiatine 2400 sazhen^2 # Land measure dessjatine dessiatine funt 409.51718 grams # similar to pound zolotnik 1|96 funt # used for precious metal measure pood 40 funt # common in agricultural measure arshin (2 + 1|3) feet sazhen 3 arshin # analogous to fathom verst 500 sazhen # of similar use to mile versta verst borderverst 1000 sazhen russianmile 7 verst # # Old French distance measures, from French Weights and Measures # Before the Revolution by Zupko # frenchfoot 144|443.296 m # pied de roi, the standard of Paris. pied frenchfoot # Half of the hashimicubit, frenchfeet frenchfoot # instituted by Charlemagne. frenchinch 1|12 frenchfoot # This exact definition comes from frenchthumb frenchinch # a law passed on 10 Dec 1799 which pouce frenchthumb # fixed the meter at # 3 frenchfeet + 11.296 lignes. frenchline 1|12 frenchinch # This is supposed to be the size ligne frenchline # of the average barleycorn frenchpoint 1|12 frenchline toise 6 frenchfeet arpent 180^2 pied^2 # The arpent is 100 square perches, # but the perche seems to vary a lot # and can be 18 feet, 20 feet, or 22 # feet. This measure was described # as being in common use in Canada in # 1934 (Websters 2nd). The value # given here is the Paris standard # arpent. frenchgrain 1|18827.15 kg # Weight of a wheat grain, hence # smaller than the British grain. frenchpound 9216 frenchgrain # # Before the Imperial Weights and Measures Act of 1824, various different # weights and measures were in use in different places. # # Scots linear measure scotsinch 1.00540054 UKinch scotslink 1|100 scotschain scotsfoot 12 scotsinch scotsfeet scotsfoot scotsell 37 scotsinch scotsfall 6 scotsell scotschain 4 scotsfall scotsfurlong 10 scotschain scotsmile 8 scotsfurlong # Scots area measure scotsrood 40 scotsfall^2 scotsacre 4 scotsrood # Irish linear measure irishinch UKinch irishpalm 3 irishinch irishspan 3 irishpalm irishfoot 12 irishinch irishfeet irishfoot irishcubit 18 irishinch irishyard 3 irishfeet irishpace 5 irishfeet irishfathom 6 irishfeet irishpole 7 irishyard # Only these values irishperch irishpole # are different from irishchain 4 irishperch # the British Imperial irishlink 1|100 irishchain # or English values for irishfurlong 10 irishchain # these lengths. irishmile 8 irishfurlong # # Irish area measure irishrood 40 irishpole^2 irishacre 4 irishrood # English wine capacity measures (Winchester measures) winepint 1|2 winequart winequart 1|4 winegallon winegallon 231 UKinch^3 # Sometimes called the Winchester Wine Gallon, # it was legalized in 1707 by Queen Anne, and # given the definition of 231 cubic inches. It # had been in use for a while as 8 pounds of wine # using a merchant's pound, but the definition of # the merchant's pound had become uncertain. A # pound of 15 tower ounces (6750 grains) had been # common, but then a pound of 15 troy ounces # (7200 grains) gained popularity. Because of # the switch in the value of the merchants pound, # the size of the wine gallon was uncertain in # the market, hence the official act in 1707. # The act allowed that a six inch tall cylinder # with a 7 inch diameter was a lawful wine # gallon. (This comes out to 230.9 in^3.) # Note also that in Britain a legal conversion # was established to the 1824 Imperial gallon # then taken as 277.274 in^3 so that the wine # gallon was 0.8331 imperial gallons. This is # 231.1 cubic inches (using the international # inch). winerundlet 18 winegallon winebarrel 31.5 winegallon winetierce 42 winegallon winehogshead 2 winebarrel winepuncheon 2 winetierce winebutt 2 winehogshead winepipe winebutt winetun 2 winebutt # English beer and ale measures used 1803-1824 and used for beer before 1688 beerpint 1|2 beerquart beerquart 1|4 beergallon beergallon 282 UKinch^3 beerbarrel 36 beergallon beerhogshead 1.5 beerbarrel # English ale measures used from 1688-1803 for both ale and beer alepint 1|2 alequart alequart 1|4 alegallon alegallon beergallon alebarrel 34 alegallon alehogshead 1.5 alebarrel # Scots capacity measure scotsgill 1|4 mutchkin mutchkin 1|2 choppin choppin 1|2 scotspint scotspint 1|2 scotsquart scotsquart 1|4 scotsgallon scotsgallon 827.232 UKinch^3 scotsbarrel 8 scotsgallon jug scotspint # Scots dry capacity measure scotswheatlippy 137.333 UKinch^3 # Also used for peas, beans, rye, salt scotswheatlippies scotswheatlippy scotswheatpeck 4 scotswheatlippy scotswheatfirlot 4 scotswheatpeck scotswheatboll 4 scotswheatfirlot scotswheatchalder 16 scotswheatboll scotsoatlippy 200.345 UKinch^3 # Also used for barley and malt scotsoatlippies scotsoatlippy scotsoatpeck 4 scotsoatlippy scotsoatfirlot 4 scotsoatpeck scotsoatboll 4 scotsoatfirlot scotsoatchalder 16 scotsoatboll # Scots Tron weight trondrop 1|16 tronounce tronounce 1|20 tronpound tronpound 9520 grain tronstone 16 tronpound # Irish liquid capacity measure irishnoggin 1|4 irishpint irishpint 1|2 irishquart irishquart 1|2 irishpottle irishpottle 1|2 irishgallon irishgallon 217.6 UKinch^3 irishrundlet 18 irishgallon irishbarrel 31.5 irishgallon irishtierce 42 irishgallon irishhogshead 2 irishbarrel irishpuncheon 2 irishtierce irishpipe 2 irishhogshead irishtun 2 irishpipe # Irish dry capacity measure irishpeck 2 irishgallon irishbushel 4 irishpeck irishstrike 2 irishbushel irishdrybarrel 2 irishstrike irishquarter 2 irishbarrel # English Tower weights, abolished in 1528 towerpound 5400 grain towerounce 1|12 towerpound towerpennyweight 1|20 towerounce towergrain 1|32 towerpennyweight # English Mercantile weights, used since the late 12th century mercpound 6750 grain mercounce 1|15 mercpound mercpennyweight 1|20 mercounce # English weights for lead leadstone 12.5 lb fotmal 70 lb leadwey 14 leadstone fothers 12 leadwey # English Hay measure newhaytruss 60 lb # New and old here seem to refer to "new" newhayload 36 newhaytruss # hay and "old" hay rather than a new unit oldhaytruss 56 lb # and an old unit. oldhayload 36 oldhaytruss # English wool measure woolclove 7 lb woolstone 2 woolclove wooltod 2 woolstone woolwey 13 woolstone woolsack 2 woolwey woolsarpler 2 woolsack woollast 6 woolsarpler # # Ancient history units: There tends to be uncertainty in the definitions # of the units in this section # These units are from [11] # Roman measure. The Romans had a well defined distance measure, but their # measures of weight were poor. They adopted local weights in different # regions without distinguishing among them so that there are half a dozen # different Roman "standard" weight systems. romanfoot 296 mm # There is some uncertainty in this definition romanfeet romanfoot # from which all the other units are derived. pes romanfoot # This value appears in numerous sources. In "The pedes romanfoot # Roman Land Surveyors", Dilke gives 295.7 mm. romaninch 1|12 romanfoot # The subdivisions of the Roman foot have the romandigit 1|16 romanfoot # same names as the subdivisions of the pound, romanpalm 1|4 romanfoot # but we can't have the names for different romancubit 18 romaninch # units. romanpace 5 romanfeet # Roman double pace (basic military unit) passus romanpace romanperch 10 romanfeet stade 125 romanpaces stadia stade stadium stade romanmile 8 stadia # 1000 paces romanleague 1.5 romanmile schoenus 4 romanmile # Other values for the Roman foot (from Dilke) earlyromanfoot 29.73 cm pesdrusianus 33.3 cm # or 33.35 cm, used in Gaul & Germany in 1st c BC lateromanfoot 29.42 cm # Roman areas actuslength 120 romanfeet # length of a Roman furrow actus 120*4 romanfeet^2 # area of the furrow squareactus 120^2 romanfeet^2 # actus quadratus acnua squareactus iugerum 2 squareactus iugera iugerum jugerum iugerum jugera iugerum heredium 2 iugera # heritable plot heredia heredium centuria 100 heredia centurium centuria # Roman volumes sextarius 35.4 in^3 # Basic unit of Roman volume. As always, sextarii sextarius # there is uncertainty. Six large Roman # measures survive with volumes ranging from # 34.4 in^3 to 39.55 in^3. Three of them # cluster around the size given here. # # But the values for this unit vary wildly # in other sources. One reference gives 0.547 # liters, but then says the amphora is a # cubic Roman foot. This gives a value for the # sextarius of 0.540 liters. And the # encyclopedia Britannica lists 0.53 liters for # this unit. Both [7] and [11], which were # written by scholars of weights and measures, # give the value of 35.4 cubic inches. cochlearia 1|48 sextarius cyathi 1|12 sextarius acetabula 1|8 sextarius quartaria 1|4 sextarius quartarius quartaria heminae 1|2 sextarius hemina heminae cheonix 1.5 sextarii # Dry volume measures (usually) semodius 8 sextarius semodii semodius modius 16 sextarius modii modius # Liquid volume measures (usually) congius 12 heminae congii congius amphora 8 congii amphorae amphora # Also a dry volume measure culleus 20 amphorae quadrantal amphora # Roman weights libra 5052 grain # The Roman pound varied significantly librae libra # from 4210 grains to 5232 grains. Most of romanpound libra # the standards were obtained from the weight uncia 1|12 libra # of particular coins. The one given here is unciae uncia # based on the Gold Aureus of Augustus which romanounce uncia # was in use from BC 27 to AD 296. deunx 11 uncia dextans 10 uncia dodrans 9 uncia bes 8 uncia seprunx 7 uncia semis 6 uncia quincunx 5 uncia triens 4 uncia quadrans 3 uncia sextans 2 uncia sescuncia 1.5 uncia semuncia 1|2 uncia siscilius 1|4 uncia sextula 1|6 uncia semisextula 1|12 uncia scriptulum 1|24 uncia scrupula scriptulum romanobol 1|2 scrupula romanaspound 4210 grain # Old pound based on bronze coinage, the # earliest money of Rome BC 338 to BC 268. # Egyptian length measure egyptianroyalcubit 20.63 in # plus or minus .2 in egyptianpalm 1|7 egyptianroyalcubit egyptiandigit 1|4 egyptianpalm egyptianshortcubit 6 egyptianpalm doubleremen 29.16 in # Length of the diagonal of a square with remendigit 1|40 doubleremen # side length of 1 royal egyptian cubit. # This is divided into 40 digits which are # not the same size as the digits based on # the royal cubit. # Greek length measures greekfoot 12.45 in # Listed as being derived from the greekfeet greekfoot # Egyptian Royal cubit in [11]. It is greekcubit 1.5 greekfoot # said to be 3|5 of a 20.75 in cubit. pous greekfoot podes greekfoot orguia 6 greekfoot greekfathom orguia stadion 100 orguia akaina 10 greekfeet plethron 10 akaina greekfinger 1|16 greekfoot homericcubit 20 greekfingers # Elbow to end of knuckles. shortgreekcubit 18 greekfingers # Elbow to start of fingers. ionicfoot 296 mm doricfoot 326 mm olympiccubit 25 remendigit # These olympic measures were not as olympicfoot 2|3 olympiccubit # common as the other greek measures. olympicfinger 1|16 olympicfoot # They were used in agriculture. olympicfeet olympicfoot olympicdakylos olympicfinger olympicpalm 1|4 olympicfoot olympicpalestra olympicpalm olympicspithame 3|4 foot olympicspan olympicspithame olympicbema 2.5 olympicfeet olympicpace olympicbema olympicorguia 6 olympicfeet olympicfathom olympicorguia olympiccord 60 olympicfeet olympicamma olympiccord olympicplethron 100 olympicfeet olympicstadion 600 olympicfeet # Greek capacity measure greekkotyle 270 ml # This approximate value is obtained xestes 2 greekkotyle # from two earthenware vessels that khous 12 greekkotyle # were reconstructed from fragments. metretes 12 khous # The kotyle is a day's corn ration choinix 4 greekkotyle # for one man. hekteos 8 choinix medimnos 6 hekteos # Greek weight. Two weight standards were used, an Aegina standard based # on the Beqa shekel and an Athens (attic) standard. aeginastater 192 grain # Varies up to 199 grain aeginadrachmae 1|2 aeginastater aeginaobol 1|6 aeginadrachmae aeginamina 50 aeginastaters aeginatalent 60 aeginamina # Supposedly the mass of a cubic foot # of water (whichever foot was in use) atticstater 135 grain # Varies 134-138 grain atticdrachmae 1|2 atticstater atticobol 1|6 atticdrachmae atticmina 50 atticstaters attictalent 60 atticmina # Supposedly the mass of a cubic foot # of water (whichever foot was in use) # "Northern" cubit and foot. This was used by the pre-Aryan civilization in # the Indus valley. It was used in Mesopotamia, Egypt, North Africa, China, # central and Western Europe until modern times when it was displaced by # the metric system. northerncubit 26.6 in # plus/minus .2 in northernfoot 1|2 northerncubit sumeriancubit 495 mm kus sumeriancubit sumerianfoot 2|3 sumeriancubit assyriancubit 21.6 in assyrianfoot 1|2 assyriancubit assyrianpalm 1|3 assyrianfoot assyriansusi 1|20 assyrianpalm susi assyriansusi persianroyalcubit 7 assyrianpalm # Arabic measures. The arabic standards were meticulously kept. Glass weights # accurate to .2 grains were made during AD 714-900. hashimicubit 25.56 in # Standard of linear measure used # in Persian dominions of the Arabic # empire 7-8th cent. Is equal to two # French feet. blackcubit 21.28 in arabicfeet 1|2 blackcubit arabicfoot arabicfeet arabicinch 1|12 arabicfoot arabicmile 4000 blackcubit silverdirhem 45 grain # The weights were derived from these two tradedirhem 48 grain # units with two identically named systems # used for silver and used for trade purposes silverkirat 1|16 silverdirhem silverwukiyeh 10 silverdirhem silverrotl 12 silverwukiyeh arabicsilverpound silverrotl tradekirat 1|16 tradedirhem tradewukiyeh 10 tradedirhem traderotl 12 tradewukiyeh arabictradepound traderotl # Miscellaneous ancient units parasang 3.5 mile # Persian unit of length usually thought # to be between 3 and 3.5 miles biblicalcubit 21.8 in hebrewcubit 17.58 in li 10|27.8 mile # Chinese unit of length # 100 li is considered a day's march liang 11|3 oz # Chinese weight unit # Medieval time units. According to the OED, these appear in Du Cange # by Papias. timepoint 1|5 hour # also given as 1|4 timeminute 1|10 hour timeostent 1|60 hour timeounce 1|8 timeostent timeatom 1|47 timeounce # Given in [15], these subdivisions of the grain were supposedly used # by jewelers. The mite may have been used but the blanc could not # have been accurately measured. mite 1|20 grain droit 1|24 mite periot 1|20 droit blanc 1|24 periot # # Localization # !var UNITS_ENGLISH US hundredweight ushundredweight ton uston scruple apscruple fluidounce usfluidounce #gallon usgallon bushel usbushel quarter quarterweight cup uscup tablespoon ustablespoon teaspoon usteaspoon dollar US$ cent $ 0.01 penny cent minim minimvolume pony ponyvolume grand usgrand firkin usfirkin hogshead ushogshead cable uscable !endvar !var UNITS_ENGLISH GB hundredweight brhundredweight ton brton scruple brscruple fluidounce brfluidounce gallon brgallon bushel brbushel quarter brquarter chaldron brchaldron cup brcup teacup brteacup tablespoon brtablespoon teaspoon brteaspoon dollar US$ cent $ 0.01 penny brpenny minim minimnote pony brpony grand brgrand firkin brfirkin hogshead brhogshead cable brcable !endvar !varnot UNITS_ENGLISH GB US !message Unknown value for environment variable UNITS_ENGLISH. Should be GB or US. !endvar !utf8 ⅛- 1|8 ¼- 1|4 ⅜- 3|8 ½- 1|2 ⅝- 5|8 ¾- 3|4 ⅞- 7|8 ⅙- 1|6 ⅓- 1|3 ⅔- 2|3 ⅚- 5|6 ⅕- 1|5 ⅖- 2|5 ⅗- 3|5 ⅘- 4|5 # U+2150- 1|7 For some reason these characters are getting # U+2151- 1|9 flagged as invalid UTF8. # U+2152- 1|10 #⅐- 1|7 # fails under MacOS #⅑- 1|9 # fails under MacOS #⅒- 1|10 # fails under MacOS ℯ exp(1) # U+212F, base of natural log µ- micro # micro sign U+00B5 μ- micro # small mu U+03BC ångström angstrom Å angstrom # angstrom symbol U+212B Å angstrom # A with ring U+00C5 röntgen roentgen K K # Kelvin symbol, U+212A ℃ degC ℉ degF °C degC °F degF °K K # °K is incorrect notation °R degR ℓ liter # unofficial abbreviation used in some places Ω ohm # Ohm symbol U+2126 Ω ohm # Greek capital omega U+03A9 ℧ mho G₀ G0 H₀ H0 Z₀ Z0 a₀ a0 n₀ n0 ε₀ epsilon0 μ₀ mu0 Φ₀ Phi0 R∞ Rinfinity R_∞ Rinfinity λ_C lambda_C μ_B mu_B ν_133Cs nu_133Cs ʒ dram # U+0292 ℈ scruple ℥ ounce ℔ lb ℎ h ℏ hbar τ tau π pi # Greek letter pi 𝜋 pi # mathematical italic small pi α alpha σ sigma ‰ 1|1000 ‱ 1|10000 # # Unicode currency symbols # ¢ cent £ britainpound ¥ japanyen € euro ₩ southkoreawon ₪ israelnewshekel ₤ lira # ₺ turkeylira # fails under MacOS ₨ rupee # unofficial legacy rupee sign # ₹ indiarupee # official rupee sign # MacOS fail #؋ afghanafghani # fails under MacOS ฿ thailandbaht ₡ costaricacolon ₣ francefranc ₦ nigerianaira ₧ spainpeseta ₫ vietnamdong ₭ laokip ₮ mongoliatugrik ₯ greecedrachma ₱ philippinepeso # ₲ paraguayguarani # fails under MacOS #₴ ukrainehryvnia # fails under MacOS #₵ ghanacedi # fails under MacOS #₸ kazakhstantenge # fails under MacOS #₼ azerbaijanmanat # fails under MacOS #₽ russiaruble # fails under MacOS #₾ georgialari # fails under MacOS ﷼ iranrial ﹩ $ ¢ ¢ £ £ ¥ ¥ ₩ ₩ # # Square Unicode symbols starting at U+3371 # ㍱ hPa ㍲ da ㍳ au ㍴ bar # ㍵ oV??? ㍶ pc #㍷ dm invalid on Mac #㍸ dm^2 invalid on Mac #㍹ dm^3 invalid on Mac ㎀ pA ㎁ nA ㎂ µA ㎃ mA ㎄ kA ㎅ kB ㎆ MB ㎇ GB ㎈ cal ㎉ kcal ㎊ pF ㎋ nF ㎌ µF ㎍ µg ㎎ mg ㎏ kg ㎐ Hz ㎑ kHz ㎒ MHz ㎓ GHz ㎔ THz ㎕ µL ㎖ mL ㎗ dL ㎘ kL ㎙ fm ㎚ nm ㎛ µm ㎜ mm ㎝ cm ㎞ km ㎟ mm^2 ㎠ cm^2 ㎡ m^2 ㎢ km^2 ㎣ mm^3 ㎤ cm^3 ㎥ m^3 ㎦ km^3 ㎧ m/s ㎨ m/s^2 ㎩ Pa ㎪ kPa ㎫ MPa ㎬ GPa ㎭ rad ㎮ rad/s ㎯ rad/s^2 ㎰ ps ㎱ ns ㎲ µs ㎳ ms ㎴ pV ㎵ nV ㎶ µV ㎷ mV ㎸ kV ㎹ MV ㎺ pW ㎻ nW ㎼ µW ㎽ mW ㎾ kW ㎿ MW ㏀ kΩ ㏁ MΩ ㏃ Bq ㏄ cc ㏅ cd ㏆ C/kg ㏈() dB ㏉ Gy ㏊ ha # ㏋ HP?? ㏌ in # ㏍ KK?? # ㏎ KM??? ㏏ kt ㏐ lm # ㏑ ln # ㏒ log ㏓ lx ㏔ mb ㏕ mil ㏖ mol ㏗() pH ㏙ ppm # ㏚ PR??? ㏛ sr ㏜ Sv ㏝ Wb #㏞ V/m Invalid on Mac #㏟ A/m Invalid on Mac #㏿ gal Invalid on Mac !endutf8 ############################################################################ # # Unit list aliases # # These provide a shorthand for conversions to unit lists. # ############################################################################ !unitlist uswt lb;oz !unitlist hms hr;min;sec !unitlist time year;day;hr;min;sec !unitlist dms deg;arcmin;arcsec !unitlist ftin ft;in;1|8 in !unitlist ftin4 ft;in;1|4 in !unitlist ftin8 ft;in;1|8 in !unitlist ftin16 ft;in;1|16 in !unitlist ftin32 ft;in;1|32 in !unitlist ftin64 ft;in;1|64 in !unitlist inchfine in;1|8 in;1|16 in;1|32 in;1|64 in !unitlist by2 1;1|2;1|4;1|8;1|16;1|32;1|64;1|128;1|256 !unitlist usvol cup;3|4 cup;2|3 cup;1|2 cup;1|3 cup;1|4 cup;\ tbsp;tsp;1|2 tsp;1|4 tsp;1|8 tsp ############################################################################ # # The following units were in the Unix units database but do not appear in # this file: # # wey used for cheese, salt and other goods. Measured mass or # waymass volume depending on what was measured and where the measuring # took place. A wey of cheese ranged from 200 to 324 pounds. # # sack No precise definition # # spindle The length depends on the type of yarn # # block Defined variously on different computer systems # # erlang A unit of telephone traffic defined variously. # Omitted because there are no other units for this # dimension. Is this true? What about CCS = 1/36 erlang? # Erlang is supposed to be dimensionless. One erlang means # a single channel occupied for one hour. # ############################################################################ # # The following have been suggested or considered and deemed out of scope. # They will not be added to GNU units. # # Conversions between different calendar systems used in different countries or # different historical periods are out of scope for units and will not be added. # # Wind chill and heat index cannot be handled because they are bivarite, # with dependence on both the temperature and wind speed or humidity. # # Plain english text output like "one hectare is equivalent to one hundred # million square centimeters" is out of scope. # postgresql-unit-7.10/definitions.unresolved000066400000000000000000000066161472555243500212710ustar00rootroot00000000000000MONEY US$ sackurtetrodeconstant 5|2 + ln((u k K / 2 pi hbar^2)^(3|2) k K / atm) normaltemp tempF(70) normtemp normaltemp sqrt_cm sqrt_cm sqrt_centimeter sqrt_cm sqrt_g sqrt_g sqrt_gram sqrt_g S10 SB_degree(10) buck US$ fin 5 US$ sawbuck 10 US$ usgrand 1000 US$ greenback US$ count per pound diamond_natural_thermal_conductivity 2200 W / m K diamond_synthetic_thermal_conductivity 3320 W / m K stainless_304_thermal_conductivity 15.5 W / m K diamond_synthetic_thermal_diffusivity 1200 mm^2 / s diamond_natural_thermal_diffusivity 780 mm^2 / s stainless_304_thermal_diffusivity 4.2 mm^2 / s ipv4classA ipv4subnetsize(8) ipv4classB ipv4subnetsize(16) ipv4classC ipv4subnetsize(24) semitone octave^(1|12) wholenote wholenote MUSICAL_NOTE_LENGTH wholenote halfnote 1|2 wholenote quarternote 1|4 wholenote eighthnote 1|8 wholenote sixteenthnote 1|16 wholenote thirtysecondnote 1|32 wholenote sixtyfourthnote 1|64 wholenote breve doublewholenote semibreve wholenote minimnote halfnote crotchet quarternote quaver eighthnote semiquaver sixteenthnote demisemiquaver thirtysecondnote hemidemisemiquaver sixtyfourthnote semidemisemiquaver hemidemisemiquaver unitedstatesdollar US$ usdollar US$ $ dollar mark germanymark peseta spainpeseta rand southafricarand escudo portugalescudo guilder netherlandsguilder hollandguilder netherlandsguilder peso mexicopeso yen japanyen lira turkeylira rupee indiarupee drachma greecedrachma franc francefranc markka finlandmarkka britainpound unitedkingdompound greatbritainpound unitedkingdompound unitedkingdompound ukpound poundsterling britainpound yuan chinayuan icelandkróna icelandkrona polandzłoty polandzloty tongapa’anga tongapa'anga vietnamđồng vietnamdong mongoliatögrög mongoliatugrik sãotomé&príncipedobra saotome&principedobra UKP GBP olddollargold 23.22 grains goldprice newdollargold 96|7 grains goldprice dollargold newdollargold poundgold 113 grains goldprice goldounce goldprice troyounce silverounce silverprice troyounce platinumounce platinumprice troyounce XAU goldounce XPT platinumounce XAG silverounce USdimeweight US$ 0.10 / (20 US$ / lb) USquarterweight US$ 0.25 / (20 US$ / lb) UShalfdollarweight US$ 0.50 / (20 US$ / lb) quid britainpound fiver 5 quid tenner 10 quid monkey 500 quid brgrand 1000 quid bob shilling shilling 1|20 britainpound oldpence 1|12 shilling farthing 1|4 oldpence guinea 21 shilling crown 5 shilling florin 2 shilling groat 4 oldpence tanner 6 oldpence brpenny 0.01 britainpound pence brpenny tuppence 2 pence tuppenny tuppence ha'penny halfbrpenny hapenny ha'penny oldpenny oldpence oldtuppence 2 oldpence oldtuppenny oldtuppence threepence 3 oldpence threepenny threepence oldthreepence threepence oldthreepenny threepence oldhalfpenny halfoldpenny oldha'penny oldhalfpenny oldhapenny oldha'penny brpony 25 britainpound loony 1 canadadollar toony 2 canadadollar satoshi 1e-8 bitcoin XBT bitcoin USCPI_now UScpi_now USCPI_lastdate UScpi_lastdate cpi_now UScpi_now CPI_now UScpi_now cpi_lastdate UScpi_lastdate CPI_lastdate UScpi_lastdate brmgd mega brgallon/day usmgd mega usgallon/day percapita per capita dollar US$ cent $ 0.01 penny cent grand usgrand π pi ¢ cent £ britainpound ¥ japanyen € euro ₩ southkoreawon ₪ israelnewshekel ₤ lira ₨ rupee ฿ thailandbaht ₡ costaricacolon ₣ francefranc ₦ nigerianaira ₧ spainpeseta ₫ vietnamdong ₭ laokip ₮ mongoliatugrik ₯ greecedrachma ₱ philippinepeso ﷼ iranrial ﹩ $ ¢ ¢ £ £ ¥ ¥ ₩ ₩ postgresql-unit-7.10/do000077500000000000000000000011421472555243500151630ustar00rootroot00000000000000#!/bin/bash set -eux export PGDATABASE=postgres for PGVERSION in ${*:-15 14 13 12 11 10 9.6 9.5}; do echo echo "### $PGVERSION ###" PG_CONFIG=/usr/lib/postgresql/$PGVERSION/bin/pg_config export PGCLUSTER="$PGVERSION/main" export PGPORT="54${PGVERSION/./}" [ "$PGVERSION" = "15" ] && unset PGPORT # default version make clean make PG_CONFIG=$PG_CONFIG PROFILE="-Werror" sudo make install PG_CONFIG=$PG_CONFIG psql -c "DROP EXTENSION IF EXISTS unit CASCADE" if ! make installcheck REGRESS_OPTS="--use-existing --dbname=postgres" PG_CONFIG=$PG_CONFIG; then cat regression.diffs exit 1 fi done postgresql-unit-7.10/dump-units.sh000077500000000000000000000006241472555243500173030ustar00rootroot00000000000000#!/bin/sh # output intentionally not ordered so the initial load order from definitions.units is preserved psql <<-EOT SET extra_float_digits = 3; SET unit.output_base_units = on; \copy (SELECT prefix, factor, definition, dump FROM unit_prefixes ORDER BY ordering) to 'unit_prefixes.data' \copy (SELECT name, unit, shift, definition, dump FROM unit_units ORDER BY ordering) to 'unit_units.data' EOT postgresql-unit-7.10/elements.units000066400000000000000000004475251472555243500175560ustar00rootroot00000000000000# This file is the elements database for use with GNU units, a units # conversion program by Adrian Mariano adrianm@gnu.org # # January 2024 Version 1.0 # # Copyright (C) 2024 # Free Software Foundation, Inc # # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by # the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or # (at your option) any later version. # # This data is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the # GNU General Public License for more details. # # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software # Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, # Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA # From https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-weights-and-isotopic-compositions-relative-atomic-masses # For several elements, the standard atomic weight A_r is given as an # atomic-weight interval with the symbol [a,b] to denote the set of # atomic-weight values in normal materials; thus, [a <= A_r(E) <= b]. # The symbols a and b denote the lower and upper bounds of the # interval [a,b], respectively. The values in parentheses, following # the last significant digit to which they are attributed, are # uncertainties. # # Brackets [ ] enclosing a single value indicate the mass number of # the most stable isotope. For radioactive elements with atomic # numbers 95 or greater, the mass number of the most stable isotope is # not specified, as the list of studied isotopes is still # incomplete. # When composition mole fractions of isotopes are given, the atomic mass # of an element is given as the sum of the product(s) of mole # fraction(s) and the atomic masses of the relevant isotopes. When composition # mole fractions are not given, the atomic mass is given as # # * the mass of the most stable isotope, if available, or # * the standard atomic mass of the element, if available. # # If neither the most stable isotope nore a standard atomic mass is # available, no atomic mass for the element is given; the user must # select the isotope most suitable for their purposes. # # If the standard atomic mass is a range, the value given is the # midpoint of that range, which may differ from the value determined # from the sum of the products of composition mole fraction and isotope # atomic mass. # hydrogen: H (1) std atomic weight: [1.00784,1.00811] hydrogen_1 1.0078250322 # 0.99988500 hydrogen_2 2.0141017781 # 0.00011500 hydrogen_3 3.0160492779 hydrogen_4 4.0264300000 hydrogen_5 5.0353110000 hydrogen_6 6.0449600000 hydrogen_7 7.0527000000 hydrogen 0.99988500 hydrogen_1 \ + 0.00011500 hydrogen_2 # helium: He (2) std atomic weight: 4.002602(2) helium_3 3.0160293201 # 0.00000134 helium_4 4.0026032541 # 0.99999866 helium_5 5.0120570000 helium_6 6.0188858910 helium_7 7.0279907000 helium_8 8.0339343900 helium_9 9.0439460000 helium_10 10.0527900000 helium 0.00000134 helium_3 \ + 0.99999866 helium_4 # lithium: Li (3) std atomic weight: [6.938,6.997] lithium_3 3.0308000000 lithium_4 4.0271900000 lithium_5 5.0125380000 lithium_6 6.0151228874 # 0.07590000 lithium_7 7.0160034366 # 0.92410000 lithium_8 8.0224862460 lithium_9 9.0267901900 lithium_10 10.0354830000 lithium_11 11.0437235800 lithium_12 12.0525170000 lithium_13 13.0626300000 lithium 0.07590000 lithium_6 \ + 0.92410000 lithium_7 # beryllium: Be (4) std atomic weight: 9.0121831(5) beryllium_5 5.0399000000 beryllium_6 6.0197264000 beryllium_7 7.0169287170 beryllium_8 8.0053051020 beryllium_9 9.0121830650 # 1.00000000 beryllium_10 10.0135346950 beryllium_11 11.0216610800 beryllium_12 12.0269221000 beryllium_13 13.0361350000 beryllium_14 14.0428900000 beryllium_15 15.0534200000 beryllium_16 16.0616700000 beryllium beryllium_9 # boron: B (5) std atomic weight: [10.806,10.821] boron_6 6.0508000000 boron_7 7.0297120000 boron_8 8.0246073000 boron_9 9.0133296500 boron_10 10.0129369500 # 0.19900000 boron_11 11.0093053600 # 0.80100000 boron_12 12.0143527000 boron_13 13.0177802000 boron_14 14.0254040000 boron_15 15.0310880000 boron_16 16.0398420000 boron_17 17.0469900000 boron_18 18.0556600000 boron_19 19.0631000000 boron_20 20.0720700000 boron_21 21.0812900000 boron 0.19900000 boron_10 \ + 0.80100000 boron_11 # carbon: C (6) std atomic weight: [12.0096,12.0116] carbon_8 8.0376430000 carbon_9 9.0310372000 carbon_10 10.0168533100 carbon_11 11.0114336000 carbon_12 12.0000000000 # 0.98930000 carbon_13 13.0033548351 # 0.01070000 carbon_14 14.0032419884 carbon_15 15.0105992600 carbon_16 16.0147013000 carbon_17 17.0225770000 carbon_18 18.0267510000 carbon_19 19.0348000000 carbon_20 20.0403200000 carbon_21 21.0490000000 carbon_22 22.0575300000 carbon_23 23.0689000000 carbon 0.98930000 carbon_12 \ + 0.01070000 carbon_13 # nitrogen: N (7) std atomic weight: [14.00643,14.00728] nitrogen_10 10.0416500000 nitrogen_11 11.0260910000 nitrogen_12 12.0186132000 nitrogen_13 13.0057386100 nitrogen_14 14.0030740044 # 0.99636000 nitrogen_15 15.0001088989 # 0.00364000 nitrogen_16 16.0061019000 nitrogen_17 17.0084490000 nitrogen_18 18.0140780000 nitrogen_19 19.0170220000 nitrogen_20 20.0233660000 nitrogen_21 21.0271100000 nitrogen_22 22.0343900000 nitrogen_23 23.0411400000 nitrogen_24 24.0503900000 nitrogen_25 25.0601000000 nitrogen 0.99636000 nitrogen_14 \ + 0.00364000 nitrogen_15 # oxygen: O (8) std atomic weight: [15.99903,15.99977] oxygen_12 12.0342620000 oxygen_13 13.0248150000 oxygen_14 14.0085963600 oxygen_15 15.0030656200 oxygen_16 15.9949146196 # 0.99757000 oxygen_17 16.9991317565 # 0.00038000 oxygen_18 17.9991596129 # 0.00205000 oxygen_19 19.0035780000 oxygen_20 20.0040753500 oxygen_21 21.0086550000 oxygen_22 22.0099660000 oxygen_23 23.0156960000 oxygen_24 24.0198600000 oxygen_25 25.0293600000 oxygen_26 26.0372900000 oxygen_27 27.0477200000 oxygen_28 28.0559100000 oxygen 0.99757000 oxygen_16 \ + 0.00038000 oxygen_17 \ + 0.00205000 oxygen_18 # fluorine: F (9) std atomic weight: 18.998403163(6) fluorine_14 14.0343150000 fluorine_15 15.0180430000 fluorine_16 16.0114657000 fluorine_17 17.0020952400 fluorine_18 18.0009373300 fluorine_19 18.9984031627 # 1.00000000 fluorine_20 19.9999812520 fluorine_21 20.9999489000 fluorine_22 22.0029990000 fluorine_23 23.0035570000 fluorine_24 24.0081150000 fluorine_25 25.0121990000 fluorine_26 26.0200380000 fluorine_27 27.0264400000 fluorine_28 28.0353400000 fluorine_29 29.0425400000 fluorine_30 30.0516500000 fluorine_31 31.0597100000 fluorine fluorine_19 # neon: Ne (10) std atomic weight: 20.1797(6) neon_16 16.0257500000 neon_17 17.0177139600 neon_18 18.0057087000 neon_19 19.0018809100 neon_20 19.9924401762 # 0.90480000 neon_21 20.9938466850 # 0.00270000 neon_22 21.9913851140 # 0.09250000 neon_23 22.9944669100 neon_24 23.9936106500 neon_25 24.9977890000 neon_26 26.0005150000 neon_27 27.0075530000 neon_28 28.0121200000 neon_29 29.0197500000 neon_30 30.0247300000 neon_31 31.0331000000 neon_32 32.0397200000 neon_33 33.0493800000 neon_34 34.0567300000 neon 0.90480000 neon_20 \ + 0.00270000 neon_21 \ + 0.09250000 neon_22 # sodium: Na (11) std atomic weight: 22.98976928(2) sodium_18 18.0268800000 sodium_19 19.0138800000 sodium_20 20.0073544000 sodium_21 20.9976546900 sodium_22 21.9944374100 sodium_23 22.9897692820 # 1.00000000 sodium_24 23.9909629500 sodium_25 24.9899540000 sodium_26 25.9926346000 sodium_27 26.9940765000 sodium_28 27.9989390000 sodium_29 29.0028771000 sodium_30 30.0090979000 sodium_31 31.0131630000 sodium_32 32.0201900000 sodium_33 33.0257300000 sodium_34 34.0335900000 sodium_35 35.0406200000 sodium_36 36.0492900000 sodium_37 37.0570500000 sodium sodium_23 # magnesium: Mg (12) std atomic weight: [24.304,24.307] magnesium_19 19.0341690000 magnesium_20 20.0188500000 magnesium_21 21.0117160000 magnesium_22 21.9995706500 magnesium_23 22.9941242100 magnesium_24 23.9850416970 # 0.78990000 magnesium_25 24.9858369760 # 0.10000000 magnesium_26 25.9825929680 # 0.11010000 magnesium_27 26.9843406240 magnesium_28 27.9838767000 magnesium_29 28.9886170000 magnesium_30 29.9904629000 magnesium_31 30.9966480000 magnesium_32 31.9991102000 magnesium_33 33.0053271000 magnesium_34 34.0089350000 magnesium_35 35.0167900000 magnesium_36 36.0218800000 magnesium_37 37.0303700000 magnesium_38 38.0365800000 magnesium_39 39.0453800000 magnesium_40 40.0521800000 magnesium 0.78990000 magnesium_24 \ + 0.10000000 magnesium_25 \ + 0.11010000 magnesium_26 # aluminium: Al (13) std atomic weight: 26.9815385(7) # IUPAC spelling aluminium_21 21.0289700000 aluminium_22 22.0195400000 aluminium_23 23.0072443500 aluminium_24 23.9999489000 aluminium_25 24.9904281000 aluminium_26 25.9868919040 aluminium_27 26.9815385300 # 1.00000000 aluminium_28 27.9819102100 aluminium_29 28.9804565000 aluminium_30 29.9829600000 aluminium_31 30.9839450000 aluminium_32 31.9880850000 aluminium_33 32.9909090000 aluminium_34 33.9967050000 aluminium_35 34.9997640000 aluminium_36 36.0063900000 aluminium_37 37.0105300000 aluminium_38 38.0174000000 aluminium_39 39.0225400000 aluminium_40 40.0300300000 aluminium_41 41.0363800000 aluminium_42 42.0438400000 aluminium_43 43.0514700000 aluminium aluminium_27 # American spelling aluminum_21 21.0289700000 aluminum_22 22.0195400000 aluminum_23 23.0072443500 aluminum_24 23.9999489000 aluminum_25 24.9904281000 aluminum_26 25.9868919040 aluminum_27 26.9815385300 # 1.00000000 aluminum_28 27.9819102100 aluminum_29 28.9804565000 aluminum_30 29.9829600000 aluminum_31 30.9839450000 aluminum_32 31.9880850000 aluminum_33 32.9909090000 aluminum_34 33.9967050000 aluminum_35 34.9997640000 aluminum_36 36.0063900000 aluminum_37 37.0105300000 aluminum_38 38.0174000000 aluminum_39 39.0225400000 aluminum_40 40.0300300000 aluminum_41 41.0363800000 aluminum_42 42.0438400000 aluminum_43 43.0514700000 aluminum aluminum_27 # silicon: Si (14) std atomic weight: [28.084,28.086] silicon_22 22.0357900000 silicon_23 23.0254400000 silicon_24 24.0115350000 silicon_25 25.0041090000 silicon_26 25.9923338400 silicon_27 26.9867048100 silicon_28 27.9769265347 # 0.92223000 silicon_29 28.9764946649 # 0.04685000 silicon_30 29.9737701360 # 0.03092000 silicon_31 30.9753631940 silicon_32 31.9741515400 silicon_33 32.9779769600 silicon_34 33.9785760000 silicon_35 34.9845830000 silicon_36 35.9866950000 silicon_37 36.9929210000 silicon_38 37.9955230000 silicon_39 39.0024910000 silicon_40 40.0058300000 silicon_41 41.0130100000 silicon_42 42.0177800000 silicon_43 43.0248000000 silicon_44 44.0306100000 silicon_45 45.0399500000 silicon 0.92223000 silicon_28 \ + 0.04685000 silicon_29 \ + 0.03092000 silicon_30 # phosphorus: P (15) std atomic weight: 30.973761998(5) phosphorus_24 24.0357700000 phosphorus_25 25.0211900000 phosphorus_26 26.0117800000 phosphorus_27 26.9992240000 phosphorus_28 27.9923266000 phosphorus_29 28.9818007900 phosphorus_30 29.9783137500 phosphorus_31 30.9737619984 # 1.00000000 phosphorus_32 31.9739076430 phosphorus_33 32.9717257000 phosphorus_34 33.9736458900 phosphorus_35 34.9733141000 phosphorus_36 35.9782600000 phosphorus_37 36.9796070000 phosphorus_38 37.9842520000 phosphorus_39 38.9862270000 phosphorus_40 39.9913300000 phosphorus_41 40.9946540000 phosphorus_42 42.0010800000 phosphorus_43 43.0050200000 phosphorus_44 44.0112100000 phosphorus_45 45.0164500000 phosphorus_46 46.0244600000 phosphorus_47 47.0313900000 phosphorus phosphorus_31 # sulfur: S (16) std atomic weight: [32.059,32.076] sulfur_26 26.0290700000 sulfur_27 27.0182800000 sulfur_28 28.0043700000 sulfur_29 28.9966110000 sulfur_30 29.9849070300 sulfur_31 30.9795570100 sulfur_32 31.9720711744 # 0.94990000 sulfur_33 32.9714589098 # 0.00750000 sulfur_34 33.9678670040 # 0.04250000 sulfur_35 34.9690323100 sulfur_36 35.9670807100 # 0.00010000 sulfur_37 36.9711255100 sulfur_38 37.9711633000 sulfur_39 38.9751340000 sulfur_40 39.9754826000 sulfur_41 40.9795935000 sulfur_42 41.9810651000 sulfur_43 42.9869076000 sulfur_44 43.9901188000 sulfur_45 44.9957200000 sulfur_46 46.0000400000 sulfur_47 47.0079500000 sulfur_48 48.0137000000 sulfur_49 49.0227600000 sulfur 0.94990000 sulfur_32 \ + 0.00750000 sulfur_33 \ + 0.04250000 sulfur_34 \ + 0.00010000 sulfur_36 # chlorine: Cl (17) std atomic weight: [35.446,35.457] chlorine_28 28.0295400000 chlorine_29 29.0147800000 chlorine_30 30.0047700000 chlorine_31 30.9924140000 chlorine_32 31.9856846400 chlorine_33 32.9774519900 chlorine_34 33.9737624850 chlorine_35 34.9688526820 # 0.75760000 chlorine_36 35.9683068090 chlorine_37 36.9659026020 # 0.24240000 chlorine_38 37.9680104400 chlorine_39 38.9680082000 chlorine_40 39.9704150000 chlorine_41 40.9706850000 chlorine_42 41.9732500000 chlorine_43 42.9738900000 chlorine_44 43.9778700000 chlorine_45 44.9802900000 chlorine_46 45.9851700000 chlorine_47 46.9891600000 chlorine_48 47.9956400000 chlorine_49 49.0012300000 chlorine_50 50.0090500000 chlorine_51 51.0155400000 chlorine 0.75760000 chlorine_35 \ + 0.24240000 chlorine_37 # argon: Ar (18) std atomic weight: 39.948(1) argon_30 30.0230700000 argon_31 31.0121200000 argon_32 31.9976378000 argon_33 32.9899255500 argon_34 33.9802700900 argon_35 34.9752575900 argon_36 35.9675451050 # 0.00333600 argon_37 36.9667763300 argon_38 37.9627321100 # 0.00062900 argon_39 38.9643130000 argon_40 39.9623831237 # 0.99603500 argon_41 40.9645005700 argon_42 41.9630457000 argon_43 42.9656361000 argon_44 43.9649238000 argon_45 44.9680397300 argon_46 45.9680830000 argon_47 46.9729350000 argon_48 47.9759100000 argon_49 48.9819000000 argon_50 49.9861300000 argon_51 50.9937000000 argon_52 51.9989600000 argon_53 53.0072900000 argon 0.00333600 argon_36 \ + 0.00062900 argon_38 \ + 0.99603500 argon_40 # potassium: K (19) std atomic weight: 39.0983(1) potassium_32 32.0226500000 potassium_33 33.0075600000 potassium_34 33.9986900000 potassium_35 34.9880054100 potassium_36 35.9813020100 potassium_37 36.9733758900 potassium_38 37.9690811200 potassium_39 38.9637064864 # 0.93258100 potassium_40 39.9639981660 # 0.00011700 potassium_41 40.9618252579 # 0.06730200 potassium_42 41.9624023100 potassium_43 42.9607347000 potassium_44 43.9615869900 potassium_45 44.9606914900 potassium_46 45.9619815900 potassium_47 46.9616616000 potassium_48 47.9653411900 potassium_49 48.9682107500 potassium_50 49.9723800000 potassium_51 50.9758280000 potassium_52 51.9822400000 potassium_53 52.9874600000 potassium_54 53.9946300000 potassium_55 55.0007600000 potassium_56 56.0085100000 potassium 0.93258100 potassium_39 \ + 0.00011700 potassium_40 \ + 0.06730200 potassium_41 # calcium: Ca (20) std atomic weight: 40.078(4) calcium_34 34.0148700000 calcium_35 35.0051400000 calcium_36 35.9930740000 calcium_37 36.9858978500 calcium_38 37.9763192200 calcium_39 38.9707108100 calcium_40 39.9625908630 # 0.96941000 calcium_41 40.9622779200 calcium_42 41.9586178300 # 0.00647000 calcium_43 42.9587664400 # 0.00135000 calcium_44 43.9554815600 # 0.02086000 calcium_45 44.9561863500 calcium_46 45.9536890000 # 0.00004000 calcium_47 46.9545424000 calcium_48 47.9525227600 # 0.00187000 calcium_49 48.9556627400 calcium_50 49.9574992000 calcium_51 50.9609890000 calcium_52 51.9632170000 calcium_53 52.9694500000 calcium_54 53.9734000000 calcium_55 54.9803000000 calcium_56 55.9850800000 calcium_57 56.9926200000 calcium_58 57.9979400000 calcium 0.96941000 calcium_40 \ + 0.00647000 calcium_42 \ + 0.00135000 calcium_43 \ + 0.02086000 calcium_44 \ + 0.00004000 calcium_46 \ + 0.00187000 calcium_48 # scandium: Sc (21) std atomic weight: 44.955908(5) scandium_36 36.0164800000 scandium_37 37.0037400000 scandium_38 37.9951200000 scandium_39 38.9847850000 scandium_40 39.9779673000 scandium_41 40.9692511050 scandium_42 41.9655165300 scandium_43 42.9611505000 scandium_44 43.9594029000 scandium_45 44.9559082800 # 1.00000000 scandium_46 45.9551682600 scandium_47 46.9524037000 scandium_48 47.9522236000 scandium_49 48.9500146000 scandium_50 49.9521760000 scandium_51 50.9535920000 scandium_52 51.9568800000 scandium_53 52.9590900000 scandium_54 53.9639300000 scandium_55 54.9678200000 scandium_56 55.9734500000 scandium_57 56.9777700000 scandium_58 57.9840300000 scandium_59 58.9889400000 scandium_60 59.9956500000 scandium_61 61.0010000000 scandium scandium_45 # titanium: Ti (22) std atomic weight: 47.867(1) titanium_38 38.0114500000 titanium_39 39.0023600000 titanium_40 39.9905000000 titanium_41 40.9831480000 titanium_42 41.9730490300 titanium_43 42.9685225000 titanium_44 43.9596899500 titanium_45 44.9581219800 titanium_46 45.9526277200 # 0.08250000 titanium_47 46.9517587900 # 0.07440000 titanium_48 47.9479419800 # 0.73720000 titanium_49 48.9478656800 # 0.05410000 titanium_50 49.9447868900 # 0.05180000 titanium_51 50.9466106500 titanium_52 51.9468930000 titanium_53 52.9497300000 titanium_54 53.9510500000 titanium_55 54.9552700000 titanium_56 55.9579100000 titanium_57 56.9636400000 titanium_58 57.9666000000 titanium_59 58.9724700000 titanium_60 59.9760300000 titanium_61 60.9824500000 titanium_62 61.9865100000 titanium_63 62.9937500000 titanium 0.08250000 titanium_46 \ + 0.07440000 titanium_47 \ + 0.73720000 titanium_48 \ + 0.05410000 titanium_49 \ + 0.05180000 titanium_50 # vanadium: V (23) std atomic weight: 50.9415(1) vanadium_40 40.0127600000 vanadium_41 41.0002100000 vanadium_42 41.9918200000 vanadium_43 42.9807660000 vanadium_44 43.9741100000 vanadium_45 44.9657748000 vanadium_46 45.9601987800 vanadium_47 46.9549049100 vanadium_48 47.9522522000 vanadium_49 48.9485118000 vanadium_50 49.9471560100 # 0.00250000 vanadium_51 50.9439570400 # 0.99750000 vanadium_52 51.9447730100 vanadium_53 52.9443367000 vanadium_54 53.9464390000 vanadium_55 54.9472400000 vanadium_56 55.9504800000 vanadium_57 56.9525200000 vanadium_58 57.9567200000 vanadium_59 58.9593900000 vanadium_60 59.9643100000 vanadium_61 60.9672500000 vanadium_62 61.9726500000 vanadium_63 62.9763900000 vanadium_64 63.9826400000 vanadium_65 64.9875000000 vanadium_66 65.9939800000 vanadium 0.00250000 vanadium_50 \ + 0.99750000 vanadium_51 # chromium: Cr (24) std atomic weight: 51.9961(6) chromium_42 42.0067000000 chromium_43 42.9975300000 chromium_44 43.9853600000 chromium_45 44.9790500000 chromium_46 45.9683590000 chromium_47 46.9628974000 chromium_48 47.9540291000 chromium_49 48.9513333000 chromium_50 49.9460418300 # 0.04345000 chromium_51 50.9447650200 chromium_52 51.9405062300 # 0.83789000 chromium_53 52.9406481500 # 0.09501000 chromium_54 53.9388791600 # 0.02365000 chromium_55 54.9408384300 chromium_56 55.9406531000 chromium_57 56.9436130000 chromium_58 57.9443500000 chromium_59 58.9485900000 chromium_60 59.9500800000 chromium_61 60.9544200000 chromium_62 61.9561000000 chromium_63 62.9616500000 chromium_64 63.9640800000 chromium_65 64.9699600000 chromium_66 65.9736600000 chromium_67 66.9801600000 chromium_68 67.9840300000 chromium 0.04345000 chromium_50 \ + 0.83789000 chromium_52 \ + 0.09501000 chromium_53 \ + 0.02365000 chromium_54 # manganese: Mn (25) std atomic weight: 54.938044(3) manganese_44 44.0071500000 manganese_45 44.9944900000 manganese_46 45.9860900000 manganese_47 46.9757750000 manganese_48 47.9685200000 manganese_49 48.9595950000 manganese_50 49.9542377800 manganese_51 50.9482084700 manganese_52 51.9455639000 manganese_53 52.9412888900 manganese_54 53.9403576000 manganese_55 54.9380439100 # 1.00000000 manganese_56 55.9389036900 manganese_57 56.9382861000 manganese_58 57.9400666000 manganese_59 58.9403911000 manganese_60 59.9431366000 manganese_61 60.9444525000 manganese_62 61.9479500000 manganese_63 62.9496647000 manganese_64 63.9538494000 manganese_65 64.9560198000 manganese_66 65.9605470000 manganese_67 66.9642400000 manganese_68 67.9696200000 manganese_69 68.9736600000 manganese_70 69.9793700000 manganese_71 70.9836800000 manganese manganese_55 # iron: Fe (26) std atomic weight: 55.845(2) iron_45 45.0144200000 iron_46 46.0006300000 iron_47 46.9918500000 iron_48 47.9802300000 iron_49 48.9734290000 iron_50 49.9629750000 iron_51 50.9568410000 iron_52 51.9481131000 iron_53 52.9453064000 iron_54 53.9396089900 # 0.05845000 iron_55 54.9382919900 iron_56 55.9349363300 # 0.91754000 iron_57 56.9353928400 # 0.02119000 iron_58 57.9332744300 # 0.00282000 iron_59 58.9348743400 iron_60 59.9340711000 iron_61 60.9367462000 iron_62 61.9367918000 iron_63 62.9402727000 iron_64 63.9409878000 iron_65 64.9450115000 iron_66 65.9462500000 iron_67 66.9505400000 iron_68 67.9529500000 iron_69 68.9580700000 iron_70 69.9610200000 iron_71 70.9667200000 iron_72 71.9698300000 iron_73 72.9757200000 iron_74 73.9793500000 iron 0.05845000 iron_54 \ + 0.91754000 iron_56 \ + 0.02119000 iron_57 \ + 0.00282000 iron_58 # cobalt: Co (27) std atomic weight: 58.933194(4) cobalt_47 47.0105700000 cobalt_48 48.0009300000 cobalt_49 48.9889100000 cobalt_50 49.9809100000 cobalt_51 50.9706470000 cobalt_52 51.9635100000 cobalt_53 52.9542041000 cobalt_54 53.9484598700 cobalt_55 54.9419972000 cobalt_56 55.9398388000 cobalt_57 56.9362905700 cobalt_58 57.9357521000 cobalt_59 58.9331942900 # 1.00000000 cobalt_60 59.9338163000 cobalt_61 60.9324766200 cobalt_62 61.9340590000 cobalt_63 62.9336000000 cobalt_64 63.9358110000 cobalt_65 64.9364621000 cobalt_66 65.9394430000 cobalt_67 66.9406096000 cobalt_68 67.9442600000 cobalt_69 68.9461400000 cobalt_70 69.9496300000 cobalt_71 70.9523700000 cobalt_72 71.9572900000 cobalt_73 72.9603900000 cobalt_74 73.9651500000 cobalt_75 74.9687600000 cobalt_76 75.9741300000 cobalt cobalt_59 # nickel: Ni (28) std atomic weight: 58.6934(4) nickel_48 48.0176900000 nickel_49 49.0077000000 nickel_50 49.9947400000 nickel_51 50.9861100000 nickel_52 51.9748000000 nickel_53 52.9681900000 nickel_54 53.9578920000 nickel_55 54.9513306300 nickel_56 55.9421285500 nickel_57 56.9397921800 nickel_58 57.9353424100 # 0.68077000 nickel_59 58.9343462000 nickel_60 59.9307858800 # 0.26223000 nickel_61 60.9310555700 # 0.01139900 nickel_62 61.9283453700 # 0.03634600 nickel_63 62.9296696300 nickel_64 63.9279668200 # 0.00925500 nickel_65 64.9300851700 nickel_66 65.9291393000 nickel_67 66.9315694000 nickel_68 67.9318688000 nickel_69 68.9356103000 nickel_70 69.9364313000 nickel_71 70.9405190000 nickel_72 71.9417859000 nickel_73 72.9462067000 nickel_74 73.9479800000 nickel_75 74.9525000000 nickel_76 75.9553300000 nickel_77 76.9605500000 nickel_78 77.9633600000 nickel_79 78.9702500000 nickel 0.68077000 nickel_58 \ + 0.26223000 nickel_60 \ + 0.01139900 nickel_61 \ + 0.03634600 nickel_62 \ + 0.00925500 nickel_64 # copper: Cu (29) std atomic weight: 63.546(3) copper_52 51.9967100000 copper_53 52.9845900000 copper_54 53.9766600000 copper_55 54.9660400000 copper_56 55.9589500000 copper_57 56.9492125000 copper_58 57.9445330500 copper_59 58.9394974800 copper_60 59.9373645000 copper_61 60.9334576000 copper_62 61.9325954100 copper_63 62.9295977200 # 0.69150000 copper_64 63.9297643400 copper_65 64.9277897000 # 0.30850000 copper_66 65.9288690300 copper_67 66.9277303000 copper_68 67.9296109000 copper_69 68.9294293000 copper_70 69.9323921000 copper_71 70.9326768000 copper_72 71.9358203000 copper_73 72.9366744000 copper_74 73.9398749000 copper_75 74.9415226000 copper_76 75.9452750000 copper_77 76.9479200000 copper_78 77.9522300000 copper_79 78.9550200000 copper_80 79.9608900000 copper_81 80.9658700000 copper_82 81.9724400000 copper 0.69150000 copper_63 \ + 0.30850000 copper_65 # zinc: Zn (30) std atomic weight: 65.38(2) zinc_54 53.9920400000 zinc_55 54.9839800000 zinc_56 55.9725400000 zinc_57 56.9650600000 zinc_58 57.9545910000 zinc_59 58.9493126600 zinc_60 59.9418421000 zinc_61 60.9395070000 zinc_62 61.9343339700 zinc_63 62.9332115000 zinc_64 63.9291420100 # 0.49170000 zinc_65 64.9292407700 zinc_66 65.9260338100 # 0.27730000 zinc_67 66.9271277500 # 0.04040000 zinc_68 67.9248445500 # 0.18450000 zinc_69 68.9265507000 zinc_70 69.9253192000 # 0.00610000 zinc_71 70.9277196000 zinc_72 71.9268428000 zinc_73 72.9295826000 zinc_74 73.9294073000 zinc_75 74.9328402000 zinc_76 75.9331150000 zinc_77 76.9368872000 zinc_78 77.9382892000 zinc_79 78.9426381000 zinc_80 79.9445529000 zinc_81 80.9504026000 zinc_82 81.9542600000 zinc_83 82.9605600000 zinc_84 83.9652100000 zinc_85 84.9722600000 zinc 0.49170000 zinc_64 \ + 0.27730000 zinc_66 \ + 0.04040000 zinc_67 \ + 0.18450000 zinc_68 \ + 0.00610000 zinc_70 # gallium: Ga (31) std atomic weight: 69.723(1) gallium_56 55.9953600000 gallium_57 56.9832000000 gallium_58 57.9747800000 gallium_59 58.9635300000 gallium_60 59.9572900000 gallium_61 60.9493990000 gallium_62 61.9441902500 gallium_63 62.9392942000 gallium_64 63.9368404000 gallium_65 64.9327345900 gallium_66 65.9315894000 gallium_67 66.9282025000 gallium_68 67.9279805000 gallium_69 68.9255735000 # 0.60108000 gallium_70 69.9260219000 gallium_71 70.9247025800 # 0.39892000 gallium_72 71.9263674700 gallium_73 72.9251747000 gallium_74 73.9269457000 gallium_75 74.9265002000 gallium_76 75.9288276000 gallium_77 76.9291543000 gallium_78 77.9316088000 gallium_79 78.9328523000 gallium_80 79.9364208000 gallium_81 80.9381338000 gallium_82 81.9431765000 gallium_83 82.9471203000 gallium_84 83.9524600000 gallium_85 84.9569900000 gallium_86 85.9630100000 gallium_87 86.9682400000 gallium 0.60108000 gallium_69 \ + 0.39892000 gallium_71 # germanium: Ge (32) std atomic weight: 72.630(8) germanium_58 57.9917200000 germanium_59 58.9824900000 germanium_60 59.9703600000 germanium_61 60.9637900000 germanium_62 61.9550200000 germanium_63 62.9496280000 germanium_64 63.9416899000 germanium_65 64.9393681000 germanium_66 65.9338621000 germanium_67 66.9327339000 germanium_68 67.9280953000 germanium_69 68.9279645000 germanium_70 69.9242487500 # 0.20570000 germanium_71 70.9249523300 germanium_72 71.9220758260 # 0.27450000 germanium_73 72.9234589560 # 0.07750000 germanium_74 73.9211777610 # 0.36500000 germanium_75 74.9228583700 germanium_76 75.9214027260 # 0.07730000 germanium_77 76.9235498430 germanium_78 77.9228529000 germanium_79 78.9253600000 germanium_80 79.9253508000 germanium_81 80.9288329000 germanium_82 81.9297740000 germanium_83 82.9345391000 germanium_84 83.9375751000 germanium_85 84.9429697000 germanium_86 85.9465800000 germanium_87 86.9526800000 germanium_88 87.9569100000 germanium_89 88.9637900000 germanium_90 89.9686300000 germanium 0.20570000 germanium_70 \ + 0.27450000 germanium_72 \ + 0.07750000 germanium_73 \ + 0.36500000 germanium_74 \ + 0.07730000 germanium_76 # arsenic: As (33) std atomic weight: 74.921595(6) arsenic_60 59.9938800000 arsenic_61 60.9811200000 arsenic_62 61.9736100000 arsenic_63 62.9639000000 arsenic_64 63.9574300000 arsenic_65 64.9496110000 arsenic_66 65.9441488000 arsenic_67 66.9392511100 arsenic_68 67.9367741000 arsenic_69 68.9322460000 arsenic_70 69.9309260000 arsenic_71 70.9271138000 arsenic_72 71.9267523000 arsenic_73 72.9238291000 arsenic_74 73.9239286000 arsenic_75 74.9215945700 # 1.00000000 arsenic_76 75.9223920200 arsenic_77 76.9206476000 arsenic_78 77.9218280000 arsenic_79 78.9209484000 arsenic_80 79.9224746000 arsenic_81 80.9221323000 arsenic_82 81.9247412000 arsenic_83 82.9252069000 arsenic_84 83.9293033000 arsenic_85 84.9321637000 arsenic_86 85.9367015000 arsenic_87 86.9402917000 arsenic_88 87.9455500000 arsenic_89 88.9497600000 arsenic_90 89.9556300000 arsenic_91 90.9603900000 arsenic_92 91.9667400000 arsenic arsenic_75 # selenium: Se (34) std atomic weight: 78.971(8) selenium_64 63.9710900000 selenium_65 64.9644000000 selenium_66 65.9555900000 selenium_67 66.9499940000 selenium_68 67.9418252400 selenium_69 68.9394148000 selenium_70 69.9335155000 selenium_71 70.9322094000 selenium_72 71.9271405000 selenium_73 72.9267549000 selenium_74 73.9224759340 # 0.00890000 selenium_75 74.9225228700 selenium_76 75.9192137040 # 0.09370000 selenium_77 76.9199141540 # 0.07630000 selenium_78 77.9173092800 # 0.23770000 selenium_79 78.9184992900 selenium_80 79.9165218000 # 0.49610000 selenium_81 80.9179930000 selenium_82 81.9166995000 # 0.08730000 selenium_83 82.9191186000 selenium_84 83.9184668000 selenium_85 84.9222608000 selenium_86 85.9243117000 selenium_87 86.9286886000 selenium_88 87.9314175000 selenium_89 88.9366691000 selenium_90 89.9401000000 selenium_91 90.9459600000 selenium_92 91.9498400000 selenium_93 92.9562900000 selenium_94 93.9604900000 selenium_95 94.9673000000 selenium 0.00890000 selenium_74 \ + 0.09370000 selenium_76 \ + 0.07630000 selenium_77 \ + 0.23770000 selenium_78 \ + 0.49610000 selenium_80 \ + 0.08730000 selenium_82 # bromine: Br (35) std atomic weight: [79.901,79.907] bromine_67 66.9646500000 bromine_68 67.9587300000 bromine_69 68.9504970000 bromine_70 69.9447920000 bromine_71 70.9393422000 bromine_72 71.9365886000 bromine_73 72.9316715000 bromine_74 73.9299102000 bromine_75 74.9258105000 bromine_76 75.9245420000 bromine_77 76.9213792000 bromine_78 77.9211459000 bromine_79 78.9183376000 # 0.50690000 bromine_80 79.9185298000 bromine_81 80.9162897000 # 0.49310000 bromine_82 81.9168032000 bromine_83 82.9151756000 bromine_84 83.9164960000 bromine_85 84.9156458000 bromine_86 85.9188054000 bromine_87 86.9206740000 bromine_88 87.9240833000 bromine_89 88.9267046000 bromine_90 89.9312928000 bromine_91 90.9343986000 bromine_92 91.9396316000 bromine_93 92.9431300000 bromine_94 93.9489000000 bromine_95 94.9530100000 bromine_96 95.9590300000 bromine_97 96.9634400000 bromine_98 97.9694600000 bromine 0.50690000 bromine_79 \ + 0.49310000 bromine_81 # krypton: Kr (36) std atomic weight: 83.798(2) krypton_69 68.9651800000 krypton_70 69.9560400000 krypton_71 70.9502700000 krypton_72 71.9420924000 krypton_73 72.9392892000 krypton_74 73.9330840000 krypton_75 74.9309457000 krypton_76 75.9259103000 krypton_77 76.9246700000 krypton_78 77.9203649400 # 0.00355000 krypton_79 78.9200829000 krypton_80 79.9163780800 # 0.02286000 krypton_81 80.9165912000 krypton_82 81.9134827300 # 0.11593000 krypton_83 82.9141271600 # 0.11500000 krypton_84 83.9114977282 # 0.56987000 krypton_85 84.9125273000 krypton_86 85.9106106269 # 0.17279000 krypton_87 86.9133547600 krypton_88 87.9144479000 krypton_89 88.9178355000 krypton_90 89.9195279000 krypton_91 90.9238063000 krypton_92 91.9261731000 krypton_93 92.9311472000 krypton_94 93.9341400000 krypton_95 94.9397110000 krypton_96 95.9430170000 krypton_97 96.9490900000 krypton_98 97.9524300000 krypton_99 98.9583900000 krypton_100 99.9623700000 krypton_101 100.9687300000 krypton 0.00355000 krypton_78 \ + 0.02286000 krypton_80 \ + 0.11593000 krypton_82 \ + 0.11500000 krypton_83 \ + 0.56987000 krypton_84 \ + 0.17279000 krypton_86 # rubidium: Rb (37) std atomic weight: 85.4678(3) rubidium_71 70.9653200000 rubidium_72 71.9590800000 rubidium_73 72.9505300000 rubidium_74 73.9442659000 rubidium_75 74.9385732000 rubidium_76 75.9350730000 rubidium_77 76.9304016000 rubidium_78 77.9281419000 rubidium_79 78.9239899000 rubidium_80 79.9225164000 rubidium_81 80.9189939000 rubidium_82 81.9182090000 rubidium_83 82.9151142000 rubidium_84 83.9143752000 rubidium_85 84.9117897379 # 0.72170000 rubidium_86 85.9111674300 rubidium_87 86.9091805310 # 0.27830000 rubidium_88 87.9113155900 rubidium_89 88.9122783000 rubidium_90 89.9147985000 rubidium_91 90.9165372000 rubidium_92 91.9197284000 rubidium_93 92.9220393000 rubidium_94 93.9263948000 rubidium_95 94.9292600000 rubidium_96 95.9341334000 rubidium_97 96.9371771000 rubidium_98 97.9416869000 rubidium_99 98.9450300000 rubidium_100 99.9500300000 rubidium_101 100.9540400000 rubidium_102 101.9595200000 rubidium_103 102.9639200000 rubidium 0.72170000 rubidium_85 \ + 0.27830000 rubidium_87 # strontium: Sr (38) std atomic weight: 87.62(1) strontium_73 72.9657000000 strontium_74 73.9561700000 strontium_75 74.9499500000 strontium_76 75.9417630000 strontium_77 76.9379455000 strontium_78 77.9321800000 strontium_79 78.9297077000 strontium_80 79.9245175000 strontium_81 80.9232114000 strontium_82 81.9183999000 strontium_83 82.9175544000 strontium_84 83.9134191000 # 0.00560000 strontium_85 84.9129320000 strontium_86 85.9092606000 # 0.09860000 strontium_87 86.9088775000 # 0.07000000 strontium_88 87.9056125000 # 0.82580000 strontium_89 88.9074511000 strontium_90 89.9077300000 strontium_91 90.9101954000 strontium_92 91.9110382000 strontium_93 92.9140242000 strontium_94 93.9153556000 strontium_95 94.9193529000 strontium_96 95.9217066000 strontium_97 96.9263740000 strontium_98 97.9286888000 strontium_99 98.9328907000 strontium_100 99.9357700000 strontium_101 100.9403520000 strontium_102 101.9437910000 strontium_103 102.9490900000 strontium_104 103.9526500000 strontium_105 104.9585500000 strontium_106 105.9626500000 strontium_107 106.9689700000 strontium 0.00560000 strontium_84 \ + 0.09860000 strontium_86 \ + 0.07000000 strontium_87 \ + 0.82580000 strontium_88 # yttrium: Y (39) std atomic weight: 88.90584(2) yttrium_76 75.9585600000 yttrium_77 76.9497810000 yttrium_78 77.9436100000 yttrium_79 78.9373500000 yttrium_80 79.9343561000 yttrium_81 80.9294556000 yttrium_82 81.9269314000 yttrium_83 82.9224850000 yttrium_84 83.9206721000 yttrium_85 84.9164330000 yttrium_86 85.9148860000 yttrium_87 86.9108761000 yttrium_88 87.9095016000 yttrium_89 88.9058403000 # 1.00000000 yttrium_90 89.9071439000 yttrium_91 90.9072974000 yttrium_92 91.9089451000 yttrium_93 92.9095780000 yttrium_94 93.9115906000 yttrium_95 94.9128161000 yttrium_96 95.9158968000 yttrium_97 96.9182741000 yttrium_98 97.9223821000 yttrium_99 98.9241480000 yttrium_100 99.9277150000 yttrium_101 100.9301477000 yttrium_102 101.9343277000 yttrium_103 102.9372430000 yttrium_104 103.9419600000 yttrium_105 104.9454400000 yttrium_106 105.9505600000 yttrium_107 106.9545200000 yttrium_108 107.9599600000 yttrium_109 108.9643600000 yttrium yttrium_89 # zirconium: Zr (40) std atomic weight: 91.224(2) zirconium_78 77.9556600000 zirconium_79 78.9494800000 zirconium_80 79.9404000000 zirconium_81 80.9373100000 zirconium_82 81.9313500000 zirconium_83 82.9292421000 zirconium_84 83.9233269000 zirconium_85 84.9214444000 zirconium_86 85.9162972000 zirconium_87 86.9148180000 zirconium_88 87.9102213000 zirconium_89 88.9088814000 zirconium_90 89.9046977000 # 0.51450000 zirconium_91 90.9056396000 # 0.11220000 zirconium_92 91.9050347000 # 0.17150000 zirconium_93 92.9064699000 zirconium_94 93.9063108000 # 0.17380000 zirconium_95 94.9080385000 zirconium_96 95.9082714000 # 0.02800000 zirconium_97 96.9109512000 zirconium_98 97.9127289000 zirconium_99 98.9166670000 zirconium_100 99.9180006000 zirconium_101 100.9214480000 zirconium_102 101.9231409000 zirconium_103 102.9271910000 zirconium_104 103.9294360000 zirconium_105 104.9340080000 zirconium_106 105.9367600000 zirconium_107 106.9417400000 zirconium_108 107.9448700000 zirconium_109 108.9504100000 zirconium_110 109.9539600000 zirconium_111 110.9596800000 zirconium_112 111.9637000000 zirconium 0.51450000 zirconium_90 \ + 0.11220000 zirconium_91 \ + 0.17150000 zirconium_92 \ + 0.17380000 zirconium_94 \ + 0.02800000 zirconium_96 # niobium: Nb (41) std atomic weight: 92.90637(2) niobium_81 80.9496000000 niobium_82 81.9439600000 niobium_83 82.9372900000 niobium_84 83.9344900000 niobium_85 84.9288458000 niobium_86 85.9257828000 niobium_87 86.9206937000 niobium_88 87.9182220000 niobium_89 88.9134450000 niobium_90 89.9112584000 niobium_91 90.9069897000 niobium_92 91.9071881000 niobium_93 92.9063730000 # 1.00000000 niobium_94 93.9072788000 niobium_95 94.9068324000 niobium_96 95.9080973000 niobium_97 96.9080959000 niobium_98 97.9103265000 niobium_99 98.9116130000 niobium_100 99.9143276000 niobium_101 100.9153103000 niobium_102 101.9180772000 niobium_103 102.9194572000 niobium_104 103.9228925000 niobium_105 104.9249465000 niobium_106 105.9289317000 niobium_107 106.9315937000 niobium_108 107.9360748000 niobium_109 108.9392200000 niobium_110 109.9440300000 niobium_111 110.9475300000 niobium_112 111.9524700000 niobium_113 112.9565100000 niobium_114 113.9620100000 niobium_115 114.9663400000 niobium niobium_93 # molybdenum: Mo (42) std atomic weight: 95.95(1) molybdenum_83 82.9498800000 molybdenum_84 83.9414900000 molybdenum_85 84.9382610000 molybdenum_86 85.9311748000 molybdenum_87 86.9281962000 molybdenum_88 87.9219678000 molybdenum_89 88.9194682000 molybdenum_90 89.9139309000 molybdenum_91 90.9117453000 molybdenum_92 91.9068079600 # 0.14530000 molybdenum_93 92.9068095800 molybdenum_94 93.9050849000 # 0.09150000 molybdenum_95 94.9058387700 # 0.15840000 molybdenum_96 95.9046761200 # 0.16670000 molybdenum_97 96.9060181200 # 0.09600000 molybdenum_98 97.9054048200 # 0.24390000 molybdenum_99 98.9077085100 molybdenum_100 99.9074718000 # 0.09820000 molybdenum_101 100.9103414000 molybdenum_102 101.9102834000 molybdenum_103 102.9130790000 molybdenum_104 103.9137344000 molybdenum_105 104.9169690000 molybdenum_106 105.9182590000 molybdenum_107 106.9221060000 molybdenum_108 107.9240330000 molybdenum_109 108.9284240000 molybdenum_110 109.9307040000 molybdenum_111 110.9356540000 molybdenum_112 111.9383100000 molybdenum_113 112.9433500000 molybdenum_114 113.9465300000 molybdenum_115 114.9519600000 molybdenum_116 115.9554500000 molybdenum_117 116.9611700000 molybdenum 0.14530000 molybdenum_92 \ + 0.09150000 molybdenum_94 \ + 0.15840000 molybdenum_95 \ + 0.16670000 molybdenum_96 \ + 0.09600000 molybdenum_97 \ + 0.24390000 molybdenum_98 \ + 0.09820000 molybdenum_100 # technetium: Tc (43) std atomic weight: [98] technetium_85 84.9505800000 technetium_86 85.9449300000 technetium_87 86.9380672000 technetium_88 87.9337800000 technetium_89 88.9276487000 technetium_90 89.9240739000 technetium_91 90.9184254000 technetium_92 91.9152698000 technetium_93 92.9102460000 technetium_94 93.9096536000 technetium_95 94.9076536000 technetium_96 95.9078680000 technetium_97 96.9063667000 technetium_98 97.9072124000 technetium_99 98.9062508000 technetium_100 99.9076539000 technetium_101 100.9073090000 technetium_102 101.9092097000 technetium_103 102.9091760000 technetium_104 103.9114250000 technetium_105 104.9116550000 technetium_106 105.9143580000 technetium_107 106.9154606000 technetium_108 107.9184957000 technetium_109 108.9202560000 technetium_110 109.9237440000 technetium_111 110.9259010000 technetium_112 111.9299458000 technetium_113 112.9325690000 technetium_114 113.9369100000 technetium_115 114.9399800000 technetium_116 115.9447600000 technetium_117 116.9480600000 technetium_118 117.9529900000 technetium_119 118.9566600000 technetium_120 119.9618700000 technetium technetium_98 # most stable # ruthenium: Ru (44) std atomic weight: 101.07(2) ruthenium_87 86.9506900000 ruthenium_88 87.9416000000 ruthenium_89 88.9376200000 ruthenium_90 89.9303444000 ruthenium_91 90.9267419000 ruthenium_92 91.9202344000 ruthenium_93 92.9171044000 ruthenium_94 93.9113429000 ruthenium_95 94.9104060000 ruthenium_96 95.9075902500 # 0.05540000 ruthenium_97 96.9075471000 ruthenium_98 97.9052868000 # 0.01870000 ruthenium_99 98.9059341000 # 0.12760000 ruthenium_100 99.9042143000 # 0.12600000 ruthenium_101 100.9055769000 # 0.17060000 ruthenium_102 101.9043441000 # 0.31550000 ruthenium_103 102.9063186000 ruthenium_104 103.9054275000 # 0.18620000 ruthenium_105 104.9077476000 ruthenium_106 105.9073291000 ruthenium_107 106.9099720000 ruthenium_108 107.9101880000 ruthenium_109 108.9133260000 ruthenium_110 109.9140407000 ruthenium_111 110.9175700000 ruthenium_112 111.9188090000 ruthenium_113 112.9228440000 ruthenium_114 113.9246136000 ruthenium_115 114.9288200000 ruthenium_116 115.9312192000 ruthenium_117 116.9361000000 ruthenium_118 117.9385300000 ruthenium_119 118.9435700000 ruthenium_120 119.9463100000 ruthenium_121 120.9516400000 ruthenium_122 121.9544700000 ruthenium_123 122.9598900000 ruthenium_124 123.9630500000 ruthenium 0.05540000 ruthenium_96 \ + 0.01870000 ruthenium_98 \ + 0.12760000 ruthenium_99 \ + 0.12600000 ruthenium_100 \ + 0.17060000 ruthenium_101 \ + 0.31550000 ruthenium_102 \ + 0.18620000 ruthenium_104 # rhodium: Rh (45) std atomic weight: 102.90550(2) rhodium_89 88.9505800000 rhodium_90 89.9442200000 rhodium_91 90.9368800000 rhodium_92 91.9323677000 rhodium_93 92.9259128000 rhodium_94 93.9217305000 rhodium_95 94.9158979000 rhodium_96 95.9144530000 rhodium_97 96.9113290000 rhodium_98 97.9107080000 rhodium_99 98.9081282000 rhodium_100 99.9081170000 rhodium_101 100.9061606000 rhodium_102 101.9068374000 rhodium_103 102.9054980000 # 1.00000000 rhodium_104 103.9066492000 rhodium_105 104.9056885000 rhodium_106 105.9072868000 rhodium_107 106.9067480000 rhodium_108 107.9087140000 rhodium_109 108.9087488000 rhodium_110 109.9110790000 rhodium_111 110.9116423000 rhodium_112 111.9144030000 rhodium_113 112.9154393000 rhodium_114 113.9187180000 rhodium_115 114.9203116000 rhodium_116 115.9240590000 rhodium_117 116.9260354000 rhodium_118 117.9303400000 rhodium_119 118.9325570000 rhodium_120 119.9368600000 rhodium_121 120.9394200000 rhodium_122 121.9439900000 rhodium_123 122.9468500000 rhodium_124 123.9515100000 rhodium_125 124.9546900000 rhodium_126 125.9594600000 rhodium rhodium_103 # palladium: Pd (46) std atomic weight: 106.42(1) palladium_91 90.9503200000 palladium_92 91.9408800000 palladium_93 92.9365100000 palladium_94 93.9290376000 palladium_95 94.9248898000 palladium_96 95.9182151000 palladium_97 96.9164720000 palladium_98 97.9126983000 palladium_99 98.9117748000 palladium_100 99.9085050000 palladium_101 100.9082864000 palladium_102 101.9056022000 # 0.01020000 palladium_103 102.9060809000 palladium_104 103.9040305000 # 0.11140000 palladium_105 104.9050796000 # 0.22330000 palladium_106 105.9034804000 # 0.27330000 palladium_107 106.9051282000 palladium_108 107.9038916000 # 0.26460000 palladium_109 108.9059504000 palladium_110 109.9051722000 # 0.11720000 palladium_111 110.9076896800 palladium_112 111.9073297000 palladium_113 112.9102610000 palladium_114 113.9103686000 palladium_115 114.9136590000 palladium_116 115.9142970000 palladium_117 116.9179547000 palladium_118 117.9190667000 palladium_119 118.9233402000 palladium_120 119.9245511000 palladium_121 120.9289503000 palladium_122 121.9306320000 palladium_123 122.9351400000 palladium_124 123.9371400000 palladium_125 124.9417900000 palladium_126 125.9441600000 palladium_127 126.9490700000 palladium_128 127.9518300000 palladium 0.01020000 palladium_102 \ + 0.11140000 palladium_104 \ + 0.22330000 palladium_105 \ + 0.27330000 palladium_106 \ + 0.26460000 palladium_108 \ + 0.11720000 palladium_110 # silver: Ag (47) std atomic weight: 107.8682(2) silver_93 92.9503300000 silver_94 93.9437300000 silver_95 94.9360200000 silver_96 95.9307440000 silver_97 96.9239700000 silver_98 97.9215600000 silver_99 98.9176458000 silver_100 99.9161154000 silver_101 100.9126840000 silver_102 101.9117047000 silver_103 102.9089631000 silver_104 103.9086239000 silver_105 104.9065256000 silver_106 105.9066636000 silver_107 106.9050916000 # 0.51839000 silver_108 107.9059503000 silver_109 108.9047553000 # 0.48161000 silver_110 109.9061102000 silver_111 110.9052959000 silver_112 111.9070486000 silver_113 112.9065730000 silver_114 113.9088230000 silver_115 114.9087670000 silver_116 115.9113868000 silver_117 116.9117740000 silver_118 117.9145955000 silver_119 118.9155700000 silver_120 119.9187848000 silver_121 120.9201250000 silver_122 121.9236640000 silver_123 122.9253370000 silver_124 123.9289300000 silver_125 124.9310500000 silver_126 125.9347500000 silver_127 126.9371100000 silver_128 127.9410600000 silver_129 128.9439500000 silver_130 129.9507000000 silver 0.51839000 silver_107 \ + 0.48161000 silver_109 # cadmium: Cd (48) std atomic weight: 112.414(4) cadmium_95 94.9499400000 cadmium_96 95.9403400000 cadmium_97 96.9351000000 cadmium_98 97.9273890000 cadmium_99 98.9249258000 cadmium_100 99.9203488000 cadmium_101 100.9185862000 cadmium_102 101.9144820000 cadmium_103 102.9134165000 cadmium_104 103.9098564000 cadmium_105 104.9094639000 cadmium_106 105.9064599000 # 0.01250000 cadmium_107 106.9066121000 cadmium_108 107.9041834000 # 0.00890000 cadmium_109 108.9049867000 cadmium_110 109.9030066100 # 0.12490000 cadmium_111 110.9041828700 # 0.12800000 cadmium_112 111.9027628700 # 0.24130000 cadmium_113 112.9044081300 # 0.12220000 cadmium_114 113.9033650900 # 0.28730000 cadmium_115 114.9054375100 cadmium_116 115.9047631500 # 0.07490000 cadmium_117 116.9072260000 cadmium_118 117.9069220000 cadmium_119 118.9098470000 cadmium_120 119.9098681000 cadmium_121 120.9129637000 cadmium_122 121.9134591000 cadmium_123 122.9168925000 cadmium_124 123.9176574000 cadmium_125 124.9212576000 cadmium_126 125.9224291000 cadmium_127 126.9264720000 cadmium_128 127.9278129000 cadmium_129 128.9318200000 cadmium_130 129.9339400000 cadmium_131 130.9406000000 cadmium_132 131.9460400000 cadmium_133 132.9528500000 cadmium 0.01250000 cadmium_106 \ + 0.00890000 cadmium_108 \ + 0.12490000 cadmium_110 \ + 0.12800000 cadmium_111 \ + 0.24130000 cadmium_112 \ + 0.12220000 cadmium_113 \ + 0.28730000 cadmium_114 \ + 0.07490000 cadmium_116 # indium: In (49) std atomic weight: 114.818(1) indium_97 96.9493400000 indium_98 97.9421400000 indium_99 98.9341100000 indium_100 99.9309600000 indium_101 100.9263400000 indium_102 101.9241071000 indium_103 102.9198819000 indium_104 103.9182145000 indium_105 104.9145020000 indium_106 105.9134640000 indium_107 106.9102900000 indium_108 107.9096935000 indium_109 108.9071514000 indium_110 109.9071700000 indium_111 110.9051085000 indium_112 111.9055377000 indium_113 112.9040618400 # 0.04290000 indium_114 113.9049179100 indium_115 114.9038787760 # 0.95710000 indium_116 115.9052599900 indium_117 116.9045157000 indium_118 117.9063566000 indium_119 118.9058507000 indium_120 119.9079670000 indium_121 120.9078510000 indium_122 121.9102810000 indium_123 122.9104340000 indium_124 123.9131820000 indium_125 124.9136050000 indium_126 125.9165070000 indium_127 126.9174460000 indium_128 127.9204000000 indium_129 128.9218053000 indium_130 129.9249770000 indium_131 130.9269715000 indium_132 131.9330010000 indium_133 132.9383100000 indium_134 133.9445400000 indium_135 134.9500500000 indium 0.04290000 indium_113 \ + 0.95710000 indium_115 # tin: Sn (50) std atomic weight: 118.710(7) tin_99 98.9485300000 tin_100 99.9385000000 tin_101 100.9352600000 tin_102 101.9302900000 tin_103 102.9281050000 tin_104 103.9231052000 tin_105 104.9212684000 tin_106 105.9169574000 tin_107 106.9157137000 tin_108 107.9118943000 tin_109 108.9112921000 tin_110 109.9078450000 tin_111 110.9077401000 tin_112 111.9048238700 # 0.00970000 tin_113 112.9051757000 tin_114 113.9027827000 # 0.00660000 tin_115 114.9033446990 # 0.00340000 tin_116 115.9017428000 # 0.14540000 tin_117 116.9029539800 # 0.07680000 tin_118 117.9016065700 # 0.24220000 tin_119 118.9033111700 # 0.08590000 tin_120 119.9022016300 # 0.32580000 tin_121 120.9042426000 tin_122 121.9034438000 # 0.04630000 tin_123 122.9057252000 tin_124 123.9052766000 # 0.05790000 tin_125 124.9077864000 tin_126 125.9076590000 tin_127 126.9103900000 tin_128 127.9105070000 tin_129 128.9134650000 tin_130 129.9139738000 tin_131 130.9170450000 tin_132 131.9178267000 tin_133 132.9239134000 tin_134 133.9286821000 tin_135 134.9349086000 tin_136 135.9399900000 tin_137 136.9465500000 tin_138 137.9518400000 tin 0.00970000 tin_112 \ + 0.00660000 tin_114 \ + 0.00340000 tin_115 \ + 0.14540000 tin_116 \ + 0.07680000 tin_117 \ + 0.24220000 tin_118 \ + 0.08590000 tin_119 \ + 0.32580000 tin_120 \ + 0.04630000 tin_122 \ + 0.05790000 tin_124 # antimony: Sb (51) std atomic weight: 121.760(1) antimony_103 102.9396900000 antimony_104 103.9364800000 antimony_105 104.9312760000 antimony_106 105.9286380000 antimony_107 106.9241506000 antimony_108 107.9222267000 antimony_109 108.9181411000 antimony_110 109.9168543000 antimony_111 110.9132182000 antimony_112 111.9124000000 antimony_113 112.9093750000 antimony_114 113.9092900000 antimony_115 114.9065980000 antimony_116 115.9067931000 antimony_117 116.9048415000 antimony_118 117.9055321000 antimony_119 118.9039455000 antimony_120 119.9050794000 antimony_121 120.9038120000 # 0.57210000 antimony_122 121.9051699000 antimony_123 122.9042132000 # 0.42790000 antimony_124 123.9059350000 antimony_125 124.9052530000 antimony_126 125.9072530000 antimony_127 126.9069243000 antimony_128 127.9091460000 antimony_129 128.9091470000 antimony_130 129.9116620000 antimony_131 130.9119888000 antimony_132 131.9145077000 antimony_133 132.9152732000 antimony_134 133.9205357000 antimony_135 134.9251851000 antimony_136 135.9307459000 antimony_137 136.9355500000 antimony_138 137.9414500000 antimony_139 138.9465500000 antimony_140 139.9528300000 antimony 0.57210000 antimony_121 \ + 0.42790000 antimony_123 # tellurium: Te (52) std atomic weight: 127.60(3) tellurium_105 104.9433000000 tellurium_106 105.9375000000 tellurium_107 106.9350120000 tellurium_108 107.9293805000 tellurium_109 108.9273045000 tellurium_110 109.9224581000 tellurium_111 110.9210006000 tellurium_112 111.9167279000 tellurium_113 112.9158910000 tellurium_114 113.9120890000 tellurium_115 114.9119020000 tellurium_116 115.9084600000 tellurium_117 116.9086460000 tellurium_118 117.9058540000 tellurium_119 118.9064071000 tellurium_120 119.9040593000 # 0.00090000 tellurium_121 120.9049440000 tellurium_122 121.9030435000 # 0.02550000 tellurium_123 122.9042698000 # 0.00890000 tellurium_124 123.9028171000 # 0.04740000 tellurium_125 124.9044299000 # 0.07070000 tellurium_126 125.9033109000 # 0.18840000 tellurium_127 126.9052257000 tellurium_128 127.9044612800 # 0.31740000 tellurium_129 128.9065964600 tellurium_130 129.9062227480 # 0.34080000 tellurium_131 130.9085222130 tellurium_132 131.9085467000 tellurium_133 132.9109688000 tellurium_134 133.9113940000 tellurium_135 134.9165557000 tellurium_136 135.9201006000 tellurium_137 136.9255989000 tellurium_138 137.9294722000 tellurium_139 138.9353672000 tellurium_140 139.9394990000 tellurium_141 140.9458000000 tellurium_142 141.9502200000 tellurium_143 142.9567600000 tellurium 0.00090000 tellurium_120 \ + 0.02550000 tellurium_122 \ + 0.00890000 tellurium_123 \ + 0.04740000 tellurium_124 \ + 0.07070000 tellurium_125 \ + 0.18840000 tellurium_126 \ + 0.31740000 tellurium_128 \ + 0.34080000 tellurium_130 # iodine: I (53) std atomic weight: 126.90447(3) iodine_107 106.9467800000 iodine_108 107.9434800000 iodine_109 108.9380853000 iodine_110 109.9350890000 iodine_111 110.9302692000 iodine_112 111.9280050000 iodine_113 112.9236501000 iodine_114 113.9218500000 iodine_115 114.9180480000 iodine_116 115.9168100000 iodine_117 116.9136480000 iodine_118 117.9130740000 iodine_119 118.9100740000 iodine_120 119.9100870000 iodine_121 120.9074051000 iodine_122 121.9075888000 iodine_123 122.9055885000 iodine_124 123.9062090000 iodine_125 124.9046294000 iodine_126 125.9056233000 iodine_127 126.9044719000 # 1.00000000 iodine_128 127.9058086000 iodine_129 128.9049837000 iodine_130 129.9066702000 iodine_131 130.9061263000 iodine_132 131.9079935000 iodine_133 132.9077970000 iodine_134 133.9097588000 iodine_135 134.9100488000 iodine_136 135.9146040000 iodine_137 136.9180282000 iodine_138 137.9227264000 iodine_139 138.9265060000 iodine_140 139.9317300000 iodine_141 140.9356900000 iodine_142 141.9412000000 iodine_143 142.9456500000 iodine_144 143.9513900000 iodine_145 144.9560500000 iodine iodine_127 # xenon: Xe (54) std atomic weight: 131.293(6) xenon_109 108.9504300000 xenon_110 109.9442600000 xenon_111 110.9416070000 xenon_112 111.9355590000 xenon_113 112.9332217000 xenon_114 113.9279800000 xenon_115 114.9262940000 xenon_116 115.9215810000 xenon_117 116.9203590000 xenon_118 117.9161790000 xenon_119 118.9154110000 xenon_120 119.9117840000 xenon_121 120.9114530000 xenon_122 121.9083680000 xenon_123 122.9084820000 xenon_124 123.9058920000 # 0.00095200 xenon_125 124.9063944000 xenon_126 125.9042983000 # 0.00089000 xenon_127 126.9051829000 xenon_128 127.9035310000 # 0.01910200 xenon_129 128.9047808611 # 0.26400600 xenon_130 129.9035093490 # 0.04071000 xenon_131 130.9050840600 # 0.21232400 xenon_132 131.9041550856 # 0.26908600 xenon_133 132.9059108000 xenon_134 133.9053946600 # 0.10435700 xenon_135 134.9072278000 xenon_136 135.9072144840 # 0.08857300 xenon_137 136.9115577800 xenon_138 137.9141463000 xenon_139 138.9187922000 xenon_140 139.9216458000 xenon_141 140.9267872000 xenon_142 141.9299731000 xenon_143 142.9353696000 xenon_144 143.9389451000 xenon_145 144.9447200000 xenon_146 145.9485180000 xenon_147 146.9542600000 xenon_148 147.9581300000 xenon 0.00095200 xenon_124 \ + 0.00089000 xenon_126 \ + 0.01910200 xenon_128 \ + 0.26400600 xenon_129 \ + 0.04071000 xenon_130 \ + 0.21232400 xenon_131 \ + 0.26908600 xenon_132 \ + 0.10435700 xenon_134 \ + 0.08857300 xenon_136 # caesium: Cs (55) std atomic weight: 132.90545196(6) # IUPAC spelling caesium_112 111.9503090000 caesium_113 112.9444291000 caesium_114 113.9412960000 caesium_115 114.9359100000 caesium_116 115.9333700000 caesium_117 116.9286170000 caesium_118 117.9265600000 caesium_119 118.9223770000 caesium_120 119.9206770000 caesium_121 120.9172270000 caesium_122 121.9161080000 caesium_123 122.9129960000 caesium_124 123.9122578000 caesium_125 124.9097280000 caesium_126 125.9094460000 caesium_127 126.9074174000 caesium_128 127.9077487000 caesium_129 128.9060657000 caesium_130 129.9067093000 caesium_131 130.9054649000 caesium_132 131.9064339000 caesium_133 132.9054519610 # 1.00000000 caesium_134 133.9067185030 caesium_135 134.9059770000 caesium_136 135.9073114000 caesium_137 136.9070892300 caesium_138 137.9110171000 caesium_139 138.9133638000 caesium_140 139.9172831000 caesium_141 140.9200455000 caesium_142 141.9242960000 caesium_143 142.9273490000 caesium_144 143.9320760000 caesium_145 144.9355270000 caesium_146 145.9403440000 caesium_147 146.9441560000 caesium_148 147.9492300000 caesium_149 148.9530200000 caesium_150 149.9583300000 caesium_151 150.9625800000 caesium caesium_133 # American spelling cesium_112 111.9503090000 cesium_113 112.9444291000 cesium_114 113.9412960000 cesium_115 114.9359100000 cesium_116 115.9333700000 cesium_117 116.9286170000 cesium_118 117.9265600000 cesium_119 118.9223770000 cesium_120 119.9206770000 cesium_121 120.9172270000 cesium_122 121.9161080000 cesium_123 122.9129960000 cesium_124 123.9122578000 cesium_125 124.9097280000 cesium_126 125.9094460000 cesium_127 126.9074174000 cesium_128 127.9077487000 cesium_129 128.9060657000 cesium_130 129.9067093000 cesium_131 130.9054649000 cesium_132 131.9064339000 cesium_133 132.9054519610 # 1.00000000 cesium_134 133.9067185030 cesium_135 134.9059770000 cesium_136 135.9073114000 cesium_137 136.9070892300 cesium_138 137.9110171000 cesium_139 138.9133638000 cesium_140 139.9172831000 cesium_141 140.9200455000 cesium_142 141.9242960000 cesium_143 142.9273490000 cesium_144 143.9320760000 cesium_145 144.9355270000 cesium_146 145.9403440000 cesium_147 146.9441560000 cesium_148 147.9492300000 cesium_149 148.9530200000 cesium_150 149.9583300000 cesium_151 150.9625800000 cesium cesium_133 # barium: Ba (56) std atomic weight: 137.327(7) barium_114 113.9506600000 barium_115 114.9473700000 barium_116 115.9412800000 barium_117 116.9381400000 barium_118 117.9330600000 barium_119 118.9306600000 barium_120 119.9260500000 barium_121 120.9240500000 barium_122 121.9199040000 barium_123 122.9187810000 barium_124 123.9150940000 barium_125 124.9144720000 barium_126 125.9112500000 barium_127 126.9110910000 barium_128 127.9083420000 barium_129 128.9086810000 barium_130 129.9063207000 # 0.00106000 barium_131 130.9069410000 barium_132 131.9050611000 # 0.00101000 barium_133 132.9060074000 barium_134 133.9045081800 # 0.02417000 barium_135 134.9056883800 # 0.06592000 barium_136 135.9045757300 # 0.07854000 barium_137 136.9058271400 # 0.11232000 barium_138 137.9052470000 # 0.71698000 barium_139 138.9088411000 barium_140 139.9106057000 barium_141 140.9144033000 barium_142 141.9164324000 barium_143 142.9206253000 barium_144 143.9229549000 barium_145 144.9275184000 barium_146 145.9302840000 barium_147 146.9353040000 barium_148 147.9381710000 barium_149 148.9430800000 barium_150 149.9460500000 barium_151 150.9512700000 barium_152 151.9548100000 barium_153 152.9603600000 barium 0.00106000 barium_130 \ + 0.00101000 barium_132 \ + 0.02417000 barium_134 \ + 0.06592000 barium_135 \ + 0.07854000 barium_136 \ + 0.11232000 barium_137 \ + 0.71698000 barium_138 # lanthanum: La (57) std atomic weight: 138.90547(7) lanthanum_116 115.9563000000 lanthanum_117 116.9499900000 lanthanum_118 117.9467300000 lanthanum_119 118.9409900000 lanthanum_120 119.9380700000 lanthanum_121 120.9331500000 lanthanum_122 121.9307100000 lanthanum_123 122.9263000000 lanthanum_124 123.9245740000 lanthanum_125 124.9208160000 lanthanum_126 125.9195130000 lanthanum_127 126.9163750000 lanthanum_128 127.9155920000 lanthanum_129 128.9126940000 lanthanum_130 129.9123690000 lanthanum_131 130.9100700000 lanthanum_132 131.9101190000 lanthanum_133 132.9082180000 lanthanum_134 133.9085140000 lanthanum_135 134.9069840000 lanthanum_136 135.9076350000 lanthanum_137 136.9064504000 lanthanum_138 137.9071149000 # 0.00088810 lanthanum_139 138.9063563000 # 0.99911190 lanthanum_140 139.9094806000 lanthanum_141 140.9109660000 lanthanum_142 141.9140909000 lanthanum_143 142.9160795000 lanthanum_144 143.9196460000 lanthanum_145 144.9218080000 lanthanum_146 145.9258750000 lanthanum_147 146.9284180000 lanthanum_148 147.9326790000 lanthanum_149 148.9353500000 lanthanum_150 149.9394700000 lanthanum_151 150.9423200000 lanthanum_152 151.9468200000 lanthanum_153 152.9503600000 lanthanum_154 153.9551700000 lanthanum_155 154.9590100000 lanthanum 0.00088810 lanthanum_138 \ + 0.99911190 lanthanum_139 # cerium: Ce (58) std atomic weight: 140.116(1) cerium_119 118.9527100000 cerium_120 119.9465400000 cerium_121 120.9433500000 cerium_122 121.9378700000 cerium_123 122.9352800000 cerium_124 123.9303100000 cerium_125 124.9284400000 cerium_126 125.9239710000 cerium_127 126.9227270000 cerium_128 127.9189110000 cerium_129 128.9181020000 cerium_130 129.9147360000 cerium_131 130.9144290000 cerium_132 131.9114640000 cerium_133 132.9115200000 cerium_134 133.9089280000 cerium_135 134.9091610000 cerium_136 135.9071292100 # 0.00185000 cerium_137 136.9077623600 cerium_138 137.9059910000 # 0.00251000 cerium_139 138.9066551000 cerium_140 139.9054431000 # 0.88450000 cerium_141 140.9082807000 cerium_142 141.9092504000 # 0.11114000 cerium_143 142.9123921000 cerium_144 143.9136529000 cerium_145 144.9172650000 cerium_146 145.9188020000 cerium_147 146.9226899000 cerium_148 147.9244240000 cerium_149 148.9284270000 cerium_150 149.9303840000 cerium_151 150.9342720000 cerium_152 151.9366000000 cerium_153 152.9409300000 cerium_154 153.9438000000 cerium_155 154.9485500000 cerium_156 155.9518300000 cerium_157 156.9570500000 cerium 0.00185000 cerium_136 \ + 0.00251000 cerium_138 \ + 0.88450000 cerium_140 \ + 0.11114000 cerium_142 # praseodymium: Pr (59) std atomic weight: 140.90766(2) praseodymium_121 120.9553200000 praseodymium_122 121.9517500000 praseodymium_123 122.9459600000 praseodymium_124 123.9429400000 praseodymium_125 124.9377000000 praseodymium_126 125.9352400000 praseodymium_127 126.9307100000 praseodymium_128 127.9287910000 praseodymium_129 128.9250950000 praseodymium_130 129.9235900000 praseodymium_131 130.9202350000 praseodymium_132 131.9192550000 praseodymium_133 132.9163310000 praseodymium_134 133.9156970000 praseodymium_135 134.9131120000 praseodymium_136 135.9126770000 praseodymium_137 136.9106792000 praseodymium_138 137.9107540000 praseodymium_139 138.9089408000 praseodymium_140 139.9090803000 praseodymium_141 140.9076576000 # 1.00000000 praseodymium_142 141.9100496000 praseodymium_143 142.9108228000 praseodymium_144 143.9133109000 praseodymium_145 144.9145182000 praseodymium_146 145.9176800000 praseodymium_147 146.9190080000 praseodymium_148 147.9221300000 praseodymium_149 148.9237360000 praseodymium_150 149.9266765000 praseodymium_151 150.9283090000 praseodymium_152 151.9315530000 praseodymium_153 152.9339040000 praseodymium_154 153.9375300000 praseodymium_155 154.9405090000 praseodymium_156 155.9446400000 praseodymium_157 156.9478900000 praseodymium_158 157.9524100000 praseodymium_159 158.9558900000 praseodymium praseodymium_141 # neodymium: Nd (60) std atomic weight: 144.242(3) neodymium_124 123.9522000000 neodymium_125 124.9489000000 neodymium_126 125.9431100000 neodymium_127 126.9403800000 neodymium_128 127.9352500000 neodymium_129 128.9331000000 neodymium_130 129.9285060000 neodymium_131 130.9272480000 neodymium_132 131.9233210000 neodymium_133 132.9223480000 neodymium_134 133.9187900000 neodymium_135 134.9181810000 neodymium_136 135.9149760000 neodymium_137 136.9145620000 neodymium_138 137.9119500000 neodymium_139 138.9119540000 neodymium_140 139.9095500000 neodymium_141 140.9096147000 neodymium_142 141.9077290000 # 0.27152000 neodymium_143 142.9098200000 # 0.12174000 neodymium_144 143.9100930000 # 0.23798000 neodymium_145 144.9125793000 # 0.08293000 neodymium_146 145.9131226000 # 0.17189000 neodymium_147 146.9161061000 neodymium_148 147.9168993000 # 0.05756000 neodymium_149 148.9201548000 neodymium_150 149.9209022000 # 0.05638000 neodymium_151 150.9238403000 neodymium_152 151.9246920000 neodymium_153 152.9277180000 neodymium_154 153.9294800000 neodymium_155 154.9331357000 neodymium_156 155.9350800000 neodymium_157 156.9393860000 neodymium_158 157.9419700000 neodymium_159 158.9465300000 neodymium_160 159.9494000000 neodymium_161 160.9542800000 neodymium 0.27152000 neodymium_142 \ + 0.12174000 neodymium_143 \ + 0.23798000 neodymium_144 \ + 0.08293000 neodymium_145 \ + 0.17189000 neodymium_146 \ + 0.05756000 neodymium_148 \ + 0.05638000 neodymium_150 # promethium: Pm (61) std atomic weight: [145] promethium_126 125.9579200000 promethium_127 126.9519200000 promethium_128 127.9487000000 promethium_129 128.9432300000 promethium_130 129.9405300000 promethium_131 130.9356700000 promethium_132 131.9338400000 promethium_133 132.9297820000 promethium_134 133.9283530000 promethium_135 134.9248230000 promethium_136 135.9235850000 promethium_137 136.9204800000 promethium_138 137.9195480000 promethium_139 138.9168000000 promethium_140 139.9160400000 promethium_141 140.9135550000 promethium_142 141.9128900000 promethium_143 142.9109383000 promethium_144 143.9125964000 promethium_145 144.9127559000 promethium_146 145.9147024000 promethium_147 146.9151450000 promethium_148 147.9174819000 promethium_149 148.9183423000 promethium_150 149.9209910000 promethium_151 150.9212175000 promethium_152 151.9235060000 promethium_153 152.9241567000 promethium_154 153.9264720000 promethium_155 154.9281370000 promethium_156 155.9311175000 promethium_157 156.9331214000 promethium_158 157.9365650000 promethium_159 158.9392870000 promethium_160 159.9431000000 promethium_161 160.9460700000 promethium_162 161.9502200000 promethium_163 162.9535700000 promethium promethium_145 # most stable # samarium: Sm (62) std atomic weight: 150.36(2) samarium_128 127.9584200000 samarium_129 128.9547600000 samarium_130 129.9490000000 samarium_131 130.9461800000 samarium_132 131.9408700000 samarium_133 132.9385600000 samarium_134 133.9341100000 samarium_135 134.9325200000 samarium_136 135.9282760000 samarium_137 136.9269710000 samarium_138 137.9232440000 samarium_139 138.9222970000 samarium_140 139.9189950000 samarium_141 140.9184816000 samarium_142 141.9152044000 samarium_143 142.9146353000 samarium_144 143.9120065000 # 0.03070000 samarium_145 144.9134173000 samarium_146 145.9130470000 samarium_147 146.9149044000 # 0.14990000 samarium_148 147.9148292000 # 0.11240000 samarium_149 148.9171921000 # 0.13820000 samarium_150 149.9172829000 # 0.07380000 samarium_151 150.9199398000 samarium_152 151.9197397000 # 0.26750000 samarium_153 152.9221047000 samarium_154 153.9222169000 # 0.22750000 samarium_155 154.9246477000 samarium_156 155.9255360000 samarium_157 156.9284187000 samarium_158 157.9299510000 samarium_159 158.9332172000 samarium_160 159.9353353000 samarium_161 160.9391602000 samarium_162 161.9414600000 samarium_163 162.9455500000 samarium_164 163.9483600000 samarium_165 164.9529700000 samarium 0.03070000 samarium_144 \ + 0.14990000 samarium_147 \ + 0.11240000 samarium_148 \ + 0.13820000 samarium_149 \ + 0.07380000 samarium_150 \ + 0.26750000 samarium_152 \ + 0.22750000 samarium_154 # europium: Eu (63) std atomic weight: 151.964(1) europium_130 129.9636900000 europium_131 130.9578400000 europium_132 131.9546700000 europium_133 132.9492900000 europium_134 133.9464000000 europium_135 134.9418700000 europium_136 135.9396200000 europium_137 136.9354600000 europium_138 137.9337090000 europium_139 138.9297920000 europium_140 139.9280880000 europium_141 140.9249320000 europium_142 141.9234420000 europium_143 142.9202990000 europium_144 143.9188200000 europium_145 144.9162726000 europium_146 145.9172110000 europium_147 146.9167527000 europium_148 147.9180890000 europium_149 148.9179378000 europium_150 149.9197077000 europium_151 150.9198578000 # 0.47810000 europium_152 151.9217522000 europium_153 152.9212380000 # 0.52190000 europium_154 153.9229870000 europium_155 154.9229011000 europium_156 155.9247605000 europium_157 156.9254334000 europium_158 157.9277990000 europium_159 158.9291001000 europium_160 159.9318510000 europium_161 160.9336640000 europium_162 161.9369890000 europium_163 162.9391960000 europium_164 163.9427400000 europium_165 164.9455900000 europium_166 165.9496200000 europium_167 166.9528900000 europium 0.47810000 europium_151 \ + 0.52190000 europium_153 # gadolinium: Gd (64) std atomic weight: 157.25(3) gadolinium_133 132.9613300000 gadolinium_134 133.9556600000 gadolinium_135 134.9524500000 gadolinium_136 135.9473000000 gadolinium_137 136.9450200000 gadolinium_138 137.9402500000 gadolinium_139 138.9381300000 gadolinium_140 139.9336740000 gadolinium_141 140.9321260000 gadolinium_142 141.9281160000 gadolinium_143 142.9267500000 gadolinium_144 143.9229630000 gadolinium_145 144.9217130000 gadolinium_146 145.9183188000 gadolinium_147 146.9191014000 gadolinium_148 147.9181215000 gadolinium_149 148.9193481000 gadolinium_150 149.9186644000 gadolinium_151 150.9203560000 gadolinium_152 151.9197995000 # 0.00200000 gadolinium_153 152.9217580000 gadolinium_154 153.9208741000 # 0.02180000 gadolinium_155 154.9226305000 # 0.14800000 gadolinium_156 155.9221312000 # 0.20470000 gadolinium_157 156.9239686000 # 0.15650000 gadolinium_158 157.9241123000 # 0.24840000 gadolinium_159 158.9263970000 gadolinium_160 159.9270624000 # 0.21860000 gadolinium_161 160.9296775000 gadolinium_162 161.9309930000 gadolinium_163 162.9341769000 gadolinium_164 163.9358300000 gadolinium_165 164.9393600000 gadolinium_166 165.9414600000 gadolinium_167 166.9454500000 gadolinium_168 167.9480800000 gadolinium_169 168.9526000000 gadolinium 0.00200000 gadolinium_152 \ + 0.02180000 gadolinium_154 \ + 0.14800000 gadolinium_155 \ + 0.20470000 gadolinium_156 \ + 0.15650000 gadolinium_157 \ + 0.24840000 gadolinium_158 \ + 0.21860000 gadolinium_160 # terbium: Tb (65) std atomic weight: 158.92535(2) terbium_135 134.9647600000 terbium_136 135.9612900000 terbium_137 136.9560200000 terbium_138 137.9531200000 terbium_139 138.9483300000 terbium_140 139.9458100000 terbium_141 140.9414500000 terbium_142 141.9392800000 terbium_143 142.9351370000 terbium_144 143.9330450000 terbium_145 144.9288200000 terbium_146 145.9272530000 terbium_147 146.9240548000 terbium_148 147.9242820000 terbium_149 148.9232535000 terbium_150 149.9236649000 terbium_151 150.9231096000 terbium_152 151.9240830000 terbium_153 152.9234424000 terbium_154 153.9246850000 terbium_155 154.9235110000 terbium_156 155.9247552000 terbium_157 156.9240330000 terbium_158 157.9254209000 terbium_159 158.9253547000 # 1.00000000 terbium_160 159.9271756000 terbium_161 160.9275778000 terbium_162 161.9294950000 terbium_163 162.9306547000 terbium_164 163.9333600000 terbium_165 164.9349800000 terbium_166 165.9378600000 terbium_167 166.9399600000 terbium_168 167.9434000000 terbium_169 168.9459700000 terbium_170 169.9498400000 terbium_171 170.9527300000 terbium terbium_159 # dysprosium: Dy (66) std atomic weight: 162.500(1) dysprosium_138 137.9625000000 dysprosium_139 138.9595900000 dysprosium_140 139.9540200000 dysprosium_141 140.9512800000 dysprosium_142 141.9461900000 dysprosium_143 142.9439940000 dysprosium_144 143.9392695000 dysprosium_145 144.9374740000 dysprosium_146 145.9328445000 dysprosium_147 146.9310827000 dysprosium_148 147.9271570000 dysprosium_149 148.9273220000 dysprosium_150 149.9255933000 dysprosium_151 150.9261916000 dysprosium_152 151.9247253000 dysprosium_153 152.9257724000 dysprosium_154 153.9244293000 dysprosium_155 154.9257590000 dysprosium_156 155.9242847000 # 0.00056000 dysprosium_157 156.9254707000 dysprosium_158 157.9244159000 # 0.00095000 dysprosium_159 158.9257470000 dysprosium_160 159.9252046000 # 0.02329000 dysprosium_161 160.9269405000 # 0.18889000 dysprosium_162 161.9268056000 # 0.25475000 dysprosium_163 162.9287383000 # 0.24896000 dysprosium_164 163.9291819000 # 0.28260000 dysprosium_165 164.9317105000 dysprosium_166 165.9328139000 dysprosium_167 166.9356610000 dysprosium_168 167.9371300000 dysprosium_169 168.9403100000 dysprosium_170 169.9423900000 dysprosium_171 170.9461200000 dysprosium_172 171.9484600000 dysprosium_173 172.9528300000 dysprosium 0.00056000 dysprosium_156 \ + 0.00095000 dysprosium_158 \ + 0.02329000 dysprosium_160 \ + 0.18889000 dysprosium_161 \ + 0.25475000 dysprosium_162 \ + 0.24896000 dysprosium_163 \ + 0.28260000 dysprosium_164 # holmium: Ho (67) std atomic weight: 164.93033(2) holmium_140 139.9685900000 holmium_141 140.9631100000 holmium_142 141.9600100000 holmium_143 142.9548600000 holmium_144 143.9521097000 holmium_145 144.9472674000 holmium_146 145.9449935000 holmium_147 146.9401423000 holmium_148 147.9377440000 holmium_149 148.9338030000 holmium_150 149.9334980000 holmium_151 150.9316983000 holmium_152 151.9317240000 holmium_153 152.9302064000 holmium_154 153.9306068000 holmium_155 154.9291040000 holmium_156 155.9297060000 holmium_157 156.9282540000 holmium_158 157.9289460000 holmium_159 158.9277197000 holmium_160 159.9287370000 holmium_161 160.9278615000 holmium_162 161.9291023000 holmium_163 162.9287410000 holmium_164 163.9302403000 holmium_165 164.9303288000 # 1.00000000 holmium_166 165.9322909000 holmium_167 166.9331385000 holmium_168 167.9355220000 holmium_169 168.9368780000 holmium_170 169.9396250000 holmium_171 170.9414700000 holmium_172 171.9447300000 holmium_173 172.9470200000 holmium_174 173.9509500000 holmium_175 174.9536200000 holmium holmium_165 # erbium: Er (68) std atomic weight: 167.259(3) erbium_142 141.9701000000 erbium_143 142.9666200000 erbium_144 143.9607000000 erbium_145 144.9580500000 erbium_146 145.9524184000 erbium_147 146.9499640000 erbium_148 147.9447350000 erbium_149 148.9423060000 erbium_150 149.9379160000 erbium_151 150.9374490000 erbium_152 151.9350570000 erbium_153 152.9350800000 erbium_154 153.9327908000 erbium_155 154.9332159000 erbium_156 155.9310670000 erbium_157 156.9319490000 erbium_158 157.9298930000 erbium_159 158.9306918000 erbium_160 159.9290770000 erbium_161 160.9300046000 erbium_162 161.9287884000 # 0.00139000 erbium_163 162.9300408000 erbium_164 163.9292088000 # 0.01601000 erbium_165 164.9307345000 erbium_166 165.9302995000 # 0.33503000 erbium_167 166.9320546000 # 0.22869000 erbium_168 167.9323767000 # 0.26978000 erbium_169 168.9345968000 erbium_170 169.9354702000 # 0.14910000 erbium_171 170.9380357000 erbium_172 171.9393619000 erbium_173 172.9424000000 erbium_174 173.9442300000 erbium_175 174.9477700000 erbium_176 175.9499400000 erbium_177 176.9539900000 erbium 0.00139000 erbium_162 \ + 0.01601000 erbium_164 \ + 0.33503000 erbium_166 \ + 0.22869000 erbium_167 \ + 0.26978000 erbium_168 \ + 0.14910000 erbium_170 # thulium: Tm (69) std atomic weight: 168.93422(2) thulium_144 143.9762800000 thulium_145 144.9703900000 thulium_146 145.9668400000 thulium_147 146.9613799000 thulium_148 147.9583840000 thulium_149 148.9528900000 thulium_150 149.9500900000 thulium_151 150.9454880000 thulium_152 151.9444220000 thulium_153 152.9420400000 thulium_154 153.9415700000 thulium_155 154.9392100000 thulium_156 155.9389920000 thulium_157 156.9369440000 thulium_158 157.9369800000 thulium_159 158.9349750000 thulium_160 159.9352630000 thulium_161 160.9335490000 thulium_162 161.9340020000 thulium_163 162.9326592000 thulium_164 163.9335440000 thulium_165 164.9324431000 thulium_166 165.9335610000 thulium_167 166.9328562000 thulium_168 167.9341774000 thulium_169 168.9342179000 # 1.00000000 thulium_170 169.9358060000 thulium_171 170.9364339000 thulium_172 171.9384055000 thulium_173 172.9396084000 thulium_174 173.9421730000 thulium_175 174.9438410000 thulium_176 175.9470000000 thulium_177 176.9490400000 thulium_178 177.9526400000 thulium_179 178.9553400000 thulium thulium_169 # ytterbium: Yb (70) std atomic weight: 173.054(5) ytterbium_148 147.9675800000 ytterbium_149 148.9643600000 ytterbium_150 149.9585200000 ytterbium_151 150.9554000000 ytterbium_152 151.9502700000 ytterbium_153 152.9493200000 ytterbium_154 153.9463960000 ytterbium_155 154.9457830000 ytterbium_156 155.9428250000 ytterbium_157 156.9426450000 ytterbium_158 157.9398705000 ytterbium_159 158.9400550000 ytterbium_160 159.9375570000 ytterbium_161 160.9379070000 ytterbium_162 161.9357740000 ytterbium_163 162.9363400000 ytterbium_164 163.9344950000 ytterbium_165 164.9352700000 ytterbium_166 165.9338747000 ytterbium_167 166.9349530000 ytterbium_168 167.9338896000 # 0.00123000 ytterbium_169 168.9351825000 ytterbium_170 169.9347664000 # 0.02982000 ytterbium_171 170.9363302000 # 0.14090000 ytterbium_172 171.9363859000 # 0.21680000 ytterbium_173 172.9382151000 # 0.16103000 ytterbium_174 173.9388664000 # 0.32026000 ytterbium_175 174.9412808000 ytterbium_176 175.9425764000 # 0.12996000 ytterbium_177 176.9452656000 ytterbium_178 177.9466510000 ytterbium_179 178.9500400000 ytterbium_180 179.9521200000 ytterbium_181 180.9558900000 ytterbium 0.00123000 ytterbium_168 \ + 0.02982000 ytterbium_170 \ + 0.14090000 ytterbium_171 \ + 0.21680000 ytterbium_172 \ + 0.16103000 ytterbium_173 \ + 0.32026000 ytterbium_174 \ + 0.12996000 ytterbium_176 # lutetium: Lu (71) std atomic weight: 174.9668(1) lutetium_150 149.9735500000 lutetium_151 150.9676800000 lutetium_152 151.9641200000 lutetium_153 152.9587500000 lutetium_154 153.9573600000 lutetium_155 154.9543210000 lutetium_156 155.9530330000 lutetium_157 156.9501270000 lutetium_158 157.9493160000 lutetium_159 158.9466360000 lutetium_160 159.9460330000 lutetium_161 160.9435720000 lutetium_162 161.9432830000 lutetium_163 162.9411790000 lutetium_164 163.9413390000 lutetium_165 164.9394070000 lutetium_166 165.9398590000 lutetium_167 166.9382700000 lutetium_168 167.9387360000 lutetium_169 168.9376441000 lutetium_170 169.9384780000 lutetium_171 170.9379170000 lutetium_172 171.9390891000 lutetium_173 172.9389340000 lutetium_174 173.9403409000 lutetium_175 174.9407752000 # 0.97401000 lutetium_176 175.9426897000 # 0.02599000 lutetium_177 176.9437615000 lutetium_178 177.9459580000 lutetium_179 178.9473309000 lutetium_180 179.9498880000 lutetium_181 180.9519100000 lutetium_182 181.9550400000 lutetium_183 182.9573630000 lutetium_184 183.9609100000 lutetium_185 184.9636200000 lutetium 0.97401000 lutetium_175 \ + 0.02599000 lutetium_176 # hafnium: Hf (72) std atomic weight: 178.49(2) hafnium_153 152.9706900000 hafnium_154 153.9648600000 hafnium_155 154.9631100000 hafnium_156 155.9593500000 hafnium_157 156.9582400000 hafnium_158 157.9548010000 hafnium_159 158.9539960000 hafnium_160 159.9506910000 hafnium_161 160.9502780000 hafnium_162 161.9472148000 hafnium_163 162.9471130000 hafnium_164 163.9443710000 hafnium_165 164.9445670000 hafnium_166 165.9421800000 hafnium_167 166.9426000000 hafnium_168 167.9405680000 hafnium_169 168.9412590000 hafnium_170 169.9396090000 hafnium_171 170.9404920000 hafnium_172 171.9394500000 hafnium_173 172.9405130000 hafnium_174 173.9400461000 # 0.00160000 hafnium_175 174.9415092000 hafnium_176 175.9414076000 # 0.05260000 hafnium_177 176.9432277000 # 0.18600000 hafnium_178 177.9437058000 # 0.27280000 hafnium_179 178.9458232000 # 0.13620000 hafnium_180 179.9465570000 # 0.35080000 hafnium_181 180.9491083000 hafnium_182 181.9505612000 hafnium_183 182.9535300000 hafnium_184 183.9554460000 hafnium_185 184.9588620000 hafnium_186 185.9608970000 hafnium_187 186.9647700000 hafnium_188 187.9668500000 hafnium_189 188.9708400000 hafnium 0.00160000 hafnium_174 \ + 0.05260000 hafnium_176 \ + 0.18600000 hafnium_177 \ + 0.27280000 hafnium_178 \ + 0.13620000 hafnium_179 \ + 0.35080000 hafnium_180 # tantalum: Ta (73) std atomic weight: 180.94788(2) tantalum_155 154.9742400000 tantalum_156 155.9720300000 tantalum_157 156.9681800000 tantalum_158 157.9665400000 tantalum_159 158.9630230000 tantalum_160 159.9614880000 tantalum_161 160.9584520000 tantalum_162 161.9572940000 tantalum_163 162.9543370000 tantalum_164 163.9535340000 tantalum_165 164.9507810000 tantalum_166 165.9505120000 tantalum_167 166.9480930000 tantalum_168 167.9480470000 tantalum_169 168.9460110000 tantalum_170 169.9461750000 tantalum_171 170.9444760000 tantalum_172 171.9448950000 tantalum_173 172.9437500000 tantalum_174 173.9444540000 tantalum_175 174.9437370000 tantalum_176 175.9448570000 tantalum_177 176.9444795000 tantalum_178 177.9456780000 tantalum_179 178.9459366000 tantalum_180 179.9474648000 # 0.00012010 tantalum_181 180.9479958000 # 0.99987990 tantalum_182 181.9501519000 tantalum_183 182.9513726000 tantalum_184 183.9540080000 tantalum_185 184.9555590000 tantalum_186 185.9585510000 tantalum_187 186.9603860000 tantalum_188 187.9639160000 tantalum_189 188.9658300000 tantalum_190 189.9693900000 tantalum_191 190.9715600000 tantalum_192 191.9751400000 tantalum 0.00012010 tantalum_180 \ + 0.99987990 tantalum_181 # tungsten: W (74) std atomic weight: 183.84(1) tungsten_157 156.9788400000 tungsten_158 157.9745600000 tungsten_159 158.9726400000 tungsten_160 159.9684600000 tungsten_161 160.9672000000 tungsten_162 161.9634990000 tungsten_163 162.9625240000 tungsten_164 163.9589610000 tungsten_165 164.9582810000 tungsten_166 165.9550310000 tungsten_167 166.9548050000 tungsten_168 167.9518060000 tungsten_169 168.9517790000 tungsten_170 169.9492320000 tungsten_171 170.9494510000 tungsten_172 171.9472920000 tungsten_173 172.9476890000 tungsten_174 173.9460790000 tungsten_175 174.9467170000 tungsten_176 175.9456340000 tungsten_177 176.9466430000 tungsten_178 177.9458830000 tungsten_179 178.9470770000 tungsten_180 179.9467108000 # 0.00120000 tungsten_181 180.9481978000 tungsten_182 181.9482039400 # 0.26500000 tungsten_183 182.9502227500 # 0.14310000 tungsten_184 183.9509309200 # 0.30640000 tungsten_185 184.9534189700 tungsten_186 185.9543628000 # 0.28430000 tungsten_187 186.9571588000 tungsten_188 187.9584862000 tungsten_189 188.9617630000 tungsten_190 189.9630910000 tungsten_191 190.9665310000 tungsten_192 191.9681700000 tungsten_193 192.9717800000 tungsten_194 193.9736700000 tungsten 0.00120000 tungsten_180 \ + 0.26500000 tungsten_182 \ + 0.14310000 tungsten_183 \ + 0.30640000 tungsten_184 \ + 0.28430000 tungsten_186 # rhenium: Re (75) std atomic weight: 186.207(1) rhenium_159 158.9841800000 rhenium_160 159.9818200000 rhenium_161 160.9775700000 rhenium_162 161.9758400000 rhenium_163 162.9720800000 rhenium_164 163.9704530000 rhenium_165 164.9671030000 rhenium_166 165.9657610000 rhenium_167 166.9625950000 rhenium_168 167.9615730000 rhenium_169 168.9587660000 rhenium_170 169.9582200000 rhenium_171 170.9557160000 rhenium_172 171.9554200000 rhenium_173 172.9532430000 rhenium_174 173.9531150000 rhenium_175 174.9513810000 rhenium_176 175.9516230000 rhenium_177 176.9503280000 rhenium_178 177.9509890000 rhenium_179 178.9499890000 rhenium_180 179.9507920000 rhenium_181 180.9500580000 rhenium_182 181.9512100000 rhenium_183 182.9508196000 rhenium_184 183.9525228000 rhenium_185 184.9529545000 # 0.37400000 rhenium_186 185.9549856000 rhenium_187 186.9557501000 # 0.62600000 rhenium_188 187.9581115000 rhenium_189 188.9592260000 rhenium_190 189.9617440000 rhenium_191 190.9631220000 rhenium_192 191.9660880000 rhenium_193 192.9675410000 rhenium_194 193.9707600000 rhenium_195 194.9725400000 rhenium_196 195.9758000000 rhenium_197 196.9779900000 rhenium_198 197.9816000000 rhenium 0.37400000 rhenium_185 \ + 0.62600000 rhenium_187 # osmium: Os (76) std atomic weight: 190.23(3) osmium_161 160.9890300000 osmium_162 161.9844300000 osmium_163 162.9824100000 osmium_164 163.9780200000 osmium_165 164.9766000000 osmium_166 165.9726920000 osmium_167 166.9715490000 osmium_168 167.9678080000 osmium_169 168.9670180000 osmium_170 169.9635780000 osmium_171 170.9631740000 osmium_172 171.9600170000 osmium_173 172.9598080000 osmium_174 173.9570640000 osmium_175 174.9569450000 osmium_176 175.9548060000 osmium_177 176.9549660000 osmium_178 177.9532540000 osmium_179 178.9538170000 osmium_180 179.9523750000 osmium_181 180.9532470000 osmium_182 181.9521100000 osmium_183 182.9531250000 osmium_184 183.9524885000 # 0.00020000 osmium_185 184.9540417000 osmium_186 185.9538350000 # 0.01590000 osmium_187 186.9557474000 # 0.01960000 osmium_188 187.9558352000 # 0.13240000 osmium_189 188.9581442000 # 0.16150000 osmium_190 189.9584437000 # 0.26260000 osmium_191 190.9609264000 osmium_192 191.9614770000 # 0.40780000 osmium_193 192.9641479000 osmium_194 193.9651772000 osmium_195 194.9683180000 osmium_196 195.9696410000 osmium_197 196.9728300000 osmium_198 197.9744100000 osmium_199 198.9780100000 osmium_200 199.9798400000 osmium_201 200.9836400000 osmium_202 201.9859500000 osmium 0.00020000 osmium_184 \ + 0.01590000 osmium_186 \ + 0.01960000 osmium_187 \ + 0.13240000 osmium_188 \ + 0.16150000 osmium_189 \ + 0.26260000 osmium_190 \ + 0.40780000 osmium_192 # iridium: Ir (77) std atomic weight: 192.217(3) iridium_164 163.9919100000 iridium_165 164.9875000000 iridium_166 165.9856600000 iridium_167 166.9816660000 iridium_168 167.9799070000 iridium_169 168.9762980000 iridium_170 169.9749220000 iridium_171 170.9716400000 iridium_172 171.9706070000 iridium_173 172.9675060000 iridium_174 173.9668610000 iridium_175 174.9641500000 iridium_176 175.9636500000 iridium_177 176.9613010000 iridium_178 177.9610820000 iridium_179 178.9591200000 iridium_180 179.9592290000 iridium_181 180.9576250000 iridium_182 181.9580760000 iridium_183 182.9568400000 iridium_184 183.9574760000 iridium_185 184.9566980000 iridium_186 185.9579440000 iridium_187 186.9575420000 iridium_188 187.9588280000 iridium_189 188.9587150000 iridium_190 189.9605412000 iridium_191 190.9605893000 # 0.37300000 iridium_192 191.9626002000 iridium_193 192.9629216000 # 0.62700000 iridium_194 193.9650735000 iridium_195 194.9659747000 iridium_196 195.9683970000 iridium_197 196.9696550000 iridium_198 197.9722800000 iridium_199 198.9738050000 iridium_200 199.9768000000 iridium_201 200.9786400000 iridium_202 201.9819900000 iridium_203 202.9842300000 iridium_204 203.9896000000 iridium 0.37300000 iridium_191 \ + 0.62700000 iridium_193 # platinum: Pt (78) std atomic weight: 195.084(9) platinum_166 165.9948600000 platinum_167 166.9926900000 platinum_168 167.9881300000 platinum_169 168.9865700000 platinum_170 169.9824960000 platinum_171 170.9812450000 platinum_172 171.9773510000 platinum_173 172.9764430000 platinum_174 173.9728200000 platinum_175 174.9724100000 platinum_176 175.9689380000 platinum_177 176.9684700000 platinum_178 177.9656500000 platinum_179 178.9653590000 platinum_180 179.9630320000 platinum_181 180.9630980000 platinum_182 181.9611720000 platinum_183 182.9615970000 platinum_184 183.9599150000 platinum_185 184.9606140000 platinum_186 185.9593510000 platinum_187 186.9606170000 platinum_188 187.9593889000 platinum_189 188.9608310000 platinum_190 189.9599297000 # 0.00012000 platinum_191 190.9616729000 platinum_192 191.9610387000 # 0.00782000 platinum_193 192.9629824000 platinum_194 193.9626809000 # 0.32860000 platinum_195 194.9647917000 # 0.33780000 platinum_196 195.9649520900 # 0.25210000 platinum_197 196.9673406900 platinum_198 197.9678949000 # 0.07356000 platinum_199 198.9705952000 platinum_200 199.9714430000 platinum_201 200.9745130000 platinum_202 201.9756390000 platinum_203 202.9789300000 platinum_204 203.9807600000 platinum_205 204.9860800000 platinum_206 205.9896600000 platinum 0.00012000 platinum_190 \ + 0.00782000 platinum_192 \ + 0.32860000 platinum_194 \ + 0.33780000 platinum_195 \ + 0.25210000 platinum_196 \ + 0.07356000 platinum_198 # gold: Au (79) std atomic weight: 196.966569(5) gold_169 168.9980800000 gold_170 169.9959700000 gold_171 170.9918760000 gold_172 171.9899420000 gold_173 172.9862410000 gold_174 173.9847170000 gold_175 174.9813040000 gold_176 175.9802500000 gold_177 176.9768700000 gold_178 177.9760320000 gold_179 178.9731740000 gold_180 179.9725230000 gold_181 180.9700790000 gold_182 181.9696180000 gold_183 182.9675910000 gold_184 183.9674520000 gold_185 184.9657900000 gold_186 185.9659530000 gold_187 186.9645430000 gold_188 187.9653490000 gold_189 188.9639480000 gold_190 189.9646980000 gold_191 190.9637020000 gold_192 191.9648140000 gold_193 192.9641373000 gold_194 193.9654178000 gold_195 194.9650352000 gold_196 195.9665699000 gold_197 196.9665687900 # 1.00000000 gold_198 197.9682424200 gold_199 198.9687652800 gold_200 199.9707560000 gold_201 200.9716575000 gold_202 201.9738560000 gold_203 202.9751544000 gold_204 203.9778300000 gold_205 204.9798500000 gold_206 205.9847400000 gold_207 206.9884000000 gold_208 207.9934500000 gold_209 208.9973500000 gold_210 210.0025000000 gold gold_197 # mercury: Hg (80) std atomic weight: 200.592(3) mercury_171 171.0035300000 mercury_172 171.9988100000 mercury_173 172.9970900000 mercury_174 173.9928650000 mercury_175 174.9914410000 mercury_176 175.9873610000 mercury_177 176.9862770000 mercury_178 177.9824840000 mercury_179 178.9818310000 mercury_180 179.9782600000 mercury_181 180.9778190000 mercury_182 181.9746890000 mercury_183 182.9744448000 mercury_184 183.9717140000 mercury_185 184.9718990000 mercury_186 185.9693620000 mercury_187 186.9698140000 mercury_188 187.9675670000 mercury_189 188.9681950000 mercury_190 189.9663230000 mercury_191 190.9671570000 mercury_192 191.9656350000 mercury_193 192.9666530000 mercury_194 193.9654491000 mercury_195 194.9667210000 mercury_196 195.9658326000 # 0.00150000 mercury_197 196.9672128000 mercury_198 197.9667686000 # 0.09970000 mercury_199 198.9682806400 # 0.16870000 mercury_200 199.9683265900 # 0.23100000 mercury_201 200.9703028400 # 0.13180000 mercury_202 201.9706434000 # 0.29860000 mercury_203 202.9728728000 mercury_204 203.9734939800 # 0.06870000 mercury_205 204.9760734000 mercury_206 205.9775140000 mercury_207 206.9823000000 mercury_208 207.9857590000 mercury_209 208.9907200000 mercury_210 209.9942400000 mercury_211 210.9993300000 mercury_212 212.0029600000 mercury_213 213.0082300000 mercury_214 214.0120000000 mercury_215 215.0174000000 mercury_216 216.0213200000 mercury 0.00150000 mercury_196 \ + 0.09970000 mercury_198 \ + 0.16870000 mercury_199 \ + 0.23100000 mercury_200 \ + 0.13180000 mercury_201 \ + 0.29860000 mercury_202 \ + 0.06870000 mercury_204 # thallium: Tl (81) std atomic weight: [204.382,204.385] thallium_176 176.0006240000 thallium_177 176.9964310000 thallium_178 177.9948500000 thallium_179 178.9911110000 thallium_180 179.9900570000 thallium_181 180.9862600000 thallium_182 181.9857130000 thallium_183 182.9821930000 thallium_184 183.9818860000 thallium_185 184.9787890000 thallium_186 185.9786510000 thallium_187 186.9759063000 thallium_188 187.9760210000 thallium_189 188.9735880000 thallium_190 189.9738280000 thallium_191 190.9717842000 thallium_192 191.9722250000 thallium_193 192.9705020000 thallium_194 193.9710810000 thallium_195 194.9697740000 thallium_196 195.9704810000 thallium_197 196.9695760000 thallium_198 197.9704830000 thallium_199 198.9698770000 thallium_200 199.9709633000 thallium_201 200.9708220000 thallium_202 201.9721020000 thallium_203 202.9723446000 # 0.29520000 thallium_204 203.9738639000 thallium_205 204.9744278000 # 0.70480000 thallium_206 205.9761106000 thallium_207 206.9774197000 thallium_208 207.9820190000 thallium_209 208.9853594000 thallium_210 209.9900740000 thallium_211 210.9934750000 thallium_212 211.9983400000 thallium_213 213.0019150000 thallium_214 214.0069400000 thallium_215 215.0106400000 thallium_216 216.0158000000 thallium_217 217.0196600000 thallium_218 218.0247900000 thallium 0.29520000 thallium_203 \ + 0.70480000 thallium_205 # lead: Pb (82) std atomic weight: 207.2(1) lead_178 178.0038310000 lead_179 179.0022010000 lead_180 179.9979280000 lead_181 180.9966530000 lead_182 181.9926720000 lead_183 182.9918720000 lead_184 183.9881360000 lead_185 184.9876100000 lead_186 185.9842380000 lead_187 186.9839109000 lead_188 187.9808750000 lead_189 188.9808070000 lead_190 189.9780820000 lead_191 190.9782760000 lead_192 191.9757750000 lead_193 192.9761730000 lead_194 193.9740120000 lead_195 194.9745430000 lead_196 195.9727740000 lead_197 196.9734312000 lead_198 197.9720340000 lead_199 198.9729130000 lead_200 199.9718190000 lead_201 200.9728830000 lead_202 201.9721520000 lead_203 202.9733911000 lead_204 203.9730440000 # 0.01400000 lead_205 204.9744822000 lead_206 205.9744657000 # 0.24100000 lead_207 206.9758973000 # 0.22100000 lead_208 207.9766525000 # 0.52400000 lead_209 208.9810905000 lead_210 209.9841889000 lead_211 210.9887371000 lead_212 211.9918977000 lead_213 212.9965629000 lead_214 213.9998059000 lead_215 215.0047400000 lead_216 216.0080300000 lead_217 217.0131400000 lead_218 218.0165900000 lead_219 219.0217700000 lead_220 220.0254100000 lead 0.01400000 lead_204 \ + 0.24100000 lead_206 \ + 0.22100000 lead_207 \ + 0.52400000 lead_208 # bismuth: Bi (83) std atomic weight: 208.98040(1) bismuth_184 184.0012750000 bismuth_185 184.9976000000 bismuth_186 185.9966440000 bismuth_187 186.9931470000 bismuth_188 187.9922870000 bismuth_189 188.9891950000 bismuth_190 189.9886220000 bismuth_191 190.9857866000 bismuth_192 191.9854690000 bismuth_193 192.9829600000 bismuth_194 193.9827850000 bismuth_195 194.9806488000 bismuth_196 195.9806670000 bismuth_197 196.9788651000 bismuth_198 197.9792060000 bismuth_199 198.9776730000 bismuth_200 199.9781310000 bismuth_201 200.9770100000 bismuth_202 201.9777340000 bismuth_203 202.9768930000 bismuth_204 203.9778361000 bismuth_205 204.9773867000 bismuth_206 205.9784993000 bismuth_207 206.9784710000 bismuth_208 207.9797425000 bismuth_209 208.9803991000 # 1.00000000 bismuth_210 209.9841207000 bismuth_211 210.9872697000 bismuth_212 211.9912860000 bismuth_213 212.9943851000 bismuth_214 213.9987120000 bismuth_215 215.0017700000 bismuth_216 216.0063060000 bismuth_217 217.0093720000 bismuth_218 218.0141880000 bismuth_219 219.0174800000 bismuth_220 220.0223500000 bismuth_221 221.0258700000 bismuth_222 222.0307800000 bismuth_223 223.0345000000 bismuth_224 224.0394700000 bismuth bismuth_209 # polonium: Po (84) std atomic weight: [209] polonium_186 186.0043930000 polonium_187 187.0030410000 polonium_188 187.9994160000 polonium_189 188.9984730000 polonium_190 189.9951010000 polonium_191 190.9945585000 polonium_192 191.9913360000 polonium_193 192.9910260000 polonium_194 193.9881860000 polonium_195 194.9881260000 polonium_196 195.9855260000 polonium_197 196.9856600000 polonium_198 197.9833890000 polonium_199 198.9836670000 polonium_200 199.9817990000 polonium_201 200.9822598000 polonium_202 201.9807580000 polonium_203 202.9814161000 polonium_204 203.9803100000 polonium_205 204.9812030000 polonium_206 205.9804740000 polonium_207 206.9815938000 polonium_208 207.9812461000 polonium_209 208.9824308000 polonium_210 209.9828741000 polonium_211 210.9866536000 polonium_212 211.9888684000 polonium_213 212.9928576000 polonium_214 213.9952017000 polonium_215 214.9994201000 polonium_216 216.0019152000 polonium_217 217.0063182000 polonium_218 218.0089735000 polonium_219 219.0136140000 polonium_220 220.0163860000 polonium_221 221.0212280000 polonium_222 222.0241400000 polonium_223 223.0290700000 polonium_224 224.0321100000 polonium_225 225.0370700000 polonium_226 226.0403100000 polonium_227 227.0453900000 polonium polonium_209 # most stable # astatine: At (85) std atomic weight: [210] astatine_191 191.0041480000 astatine_192 192.0031520000 astatine_193 192.9999270000 astatine_194 193.9992360000 astatine_195 194.9962685000 astatine_196 195.9958000000 astatine_197 196.9931890000 astatine_198 197.9927840000 astatine_199 198.9905277000 astatine_200 199.9903510000 astatine_201 200.9884171000 astatine_202 201.9886300000 astatine_203 202.9869430000 astatine_204 203.9872510000 astatine_205 204.9860760000 astatine_206 205.9866570000 astatine_207 206.9858000000 astatine_208 207.9866133000 astatine_209 208.9861702000 astatine_210 209.9871479000 astatine_211 210.9874966000 astatine_212 211.9907377000 astatine_213 212.9929370000 astatine_214 213.9963721000 astatine_215 214.9986528000 astatine_216 216.0024236000 astatine_217 217.0047192000 astatine_218 218.0086950000 astatine_219 219.0111618000 astatine_220 220.0154330000 astatine_221 221.0180170000 astatine_222 222.0224940000 astatine_223 223.0251510000 astatine_224 224.0297490000 astatine_225 225.0326300000 astatine_226 226.0371600000 astatine_227 227.0402400000 astatine_228 228.0447500000 astatine_229 229.0481200000 astatine astatine_210 # most stable # radon: Rn (86) std atomic weight: [222] radon_193 193.0097080000 radon_194 194.0061440000 radon_195 195.0054220000 radon_196 196.0021160000 radon_197 197.0015850000 radon_198 197.9986790000 radon_199 198.9983900000 radon_200 199.9956900000 radon_201 200.9956280000 radon_202 201.9932640000 radon_203 202.9933880000 radon_204 203.9914300000 radon_205 204.9917190000 radon_206 205.9902140000 radon_207 206.9907303000 radon_208 207.9896350000 radon_209 208.9904150000 radon_210 209.9896891000 radon_211 210.9906011000 radon_212 211.9907039000 radon_213 212.9938831000 radon_214 213.9953630000 radon_215 214.9987459000 radon_216 216.0002719000 radon_217 217.0039280000 radon_218 218.0056016000 radon_219 219.0094804000 radon_220 220.0113941000 radon_221 221.0155371000 radon_222 222.0175782000 radon_223 223.0218893000 radon_224 224.0240960000 radon_225 225.0284860000 radon_226 226.0308610000 radon_227 227.0353040000 radon_228 228.0378350000 radon_229 229.0422570000 radon_230 230.0451400000 radon_231 231.0498700000 radon radon_222 # most stable # francium: Fr (87) std atomic weight: [223] francium_199 199.0072590000 francium_200 200.0065860000 francium_201 201.0038670000 francium_202 202.0033200000 francium_203 203.0009407000 francium_204 204.0006520000 francium_205 204.9985939000 francium_206 205.9986660000 francium_207 206.9969460000 francium_208 207.9971380000 francium_209 208.9959550000 francium_210 209.9964220000 francium_211 210.9955560000 francium_212 211.9962257000 francium_213 212.9961860000 francium_214 213.9989713000 francium_215 215.0003418000 francium_216 216.0031899000 francium_217 217.0046323000 francium_218 218.0075787000 francium_219 219.0092524000 francium_220 220.0123277000 francium_221 221.0142552000 francium_222 222.0175520000 francium_223 223.0197360000 francium_224 224.0233980000 francium_225 225.0255730000 francium_226 226.0295660000 francium_227 227.0318690000 francium_228 228.0358230000 francium_229 229.0382980000 francium_230 230.0424160000 francium_231 231.0451580000 francium_232 232.0493700000 francium_233 233.0526400000 francium francium_223 # most stable # radium: Ra (88) std atomic weight: [226] radium_201 201.0127100000 radium_202 202.0097600000 radium_203 203.0093040000 radium_204 204.0064920000 radium_205 205.0062680000 radium_206 206.0038280000 radium_207 207.0037990000 radium_208 208.0018410000 radium_209 209.0019900000 radium_210 210.0004940000 radium_211 211.0008932000 radium_212 211.9997870000 radium_213 213.0003840000 radium_214 214.0000997000 radium_215 215.0027204000 radium_216 216.0035334000 radium_217 217.0063207000 radium_218 218.0071410000 radium_219 219.0100855000 radium_220 220.0110259000 radium_221 221.0139177000 radium_222 222.0153748000 radium_223 223.0185023000 radium_224 224.0202120000 radium_225 225.0236119000 radium_226 226.0254103000 radium_227 227.0291783000 radium_228 228.0310707000 radium_229 229.0349420000 radium_230 230.0370550000 radium_231 231.0410270000 radium_232 232.0434753000 radium_233 233.0475820000 radium_234 234.0503420000 radium_235 235.0549700000 radium radium_226 # most stable # actinium: Ac (89) std atomic weight: [227] actinium_206 206.0144520000 actinium_207 207.0119660000 actinium_208 208.0115500000 actinium_209 209.0094950000 actinium_210 210.0094360000 actinium_211 211.0077320000 actinium_212 212.0078130000 actinium_213 213.0066090000 actinium_214 214.0069180000 actinium_215 215.0064750000 actinium_216 216.0087430000 actinium_217 217.0093440000 actinium_218 218.0116420000 actinium_219 219.0124210000 actinium_220 220.0147549000 actinium_221 221.0155920000 actinium_222 222.0178442000 actinium_223 223.0191377000 actinium_224 224.0217232000 actinium_225 225.0232300000 actinium_226 226.0260984000 actinium_227 227.0277523000 actinium_228 228.0310215000 actinium_229 229.0329560000 actinium_230 230.0363270000 actinium_231 231.0383930000 actinium_232 232.0420340000 actinium_233 233.0443460000 actinium_234 234.0481390000 actinium_235 235.0508400000 actinium_236 236.0549880000 actinium_237 237.0582700000 actinium actinium_227 # most stable # thorium: Th (90) std atomic weight: 232.0377(4) thorium_208 208.0179000000 thorium_209 209.0177530000 thorium_210 210.0150940000 thorium_211 211.0149290000 thorium_212 212.0129880000 thorium_213 213.0130090000 thorium_214 214.0115000000 thorium_215 215.0117248000 thorium_216 216.0110560000 thorium_217 217.0131170000 thorium_218 218.0132760000 thorium_219 219.0155370000 thorium_220 220.0157480000 thorium_221 221.0181840000 thorium_222 222.0184690000 thorium_223 223.0208119000 thorium_224 224.0214640000 thorium_225 225.0239514000 thorium_226 226.0249034000 thorium_227 227.0277042000 thorium_228 228.0287413000 thorium_229 229.0317627000 thorium_230 230.0331341000 thorium_231 231.0363046000 thorium_232 232.0380558000 # 1.00000000 thorium_233 233.0415823000 thorium_234 234.0436014000 thorium_235 235.0472550000 thorium_236 236.0496570000 thorium_237 237.0536290000 thorium_238 238.0565000000 thorium_239 239.0607700000 thorium thorium_232 # protactinium: Pa (91) std atomic weight: 231.03588(2) protactinium_212 212.0232030000 protactinium_213 213.0211090000 protactinium_214 214.0209180000 protactinium_215 215.0191830000 protactinium_216 216.0191090000 protactinium_217 217.0183250000 protactinium_218 218.0200590000 protactinium_219 219.0199040000 protactinium_220 220.0217050000 protactinium_221 221.0218750000 protactinium_222 222.0237840000 protactinium_223 223.0239630000 protactinium_224 224.0256176000 protactinium_225 225.0261310000 protactinium_226 226.0279480000 protactinium_227 227.0288054000 protactinium_228 228.0310517000 protactinium_229 229.0320972000 protactinium_230 230.0345410000 protactinium_231 231.0358842000 # 1.00000000 protactinium_232 232.0385917000 protactinium_233 233.0402472000 protactinium_234 234.0433072000 protactinium_235 235.0453990000 protactinium_236 236.0486680000 protactinium_237 237.0510230000 protactinium_238 238.0546370000 protactinium_239 239.0572600000 protactinium_240 240.0609800000 protactinium_241 241.0640800000 protactinium protactinium_231 # uranium: U (92) std atomic weight: 238.02891(3) uranium_217 217.0246600000 uranium_218 218.0235230000 uranium_219 219.0249990000 uranium_220 220.0246200000 uranium_221 221.0262800000 uranium_222 222.0260000000 uranium_223 223.0277390000 uranium_224 224.0276050000 uranium_225 225.0293910000 uranium_226 226.0293390000 uranium_227 227.0311570000 uranium_228 228.0313710000 uranium_229 229.0335063000 uranium_230 230.0339401000 uranium_231 231.0362939000 uranium_232 232.0371563000 uranium_233 233.0396355000 uranium_234 234.0409523000 # 0.00005400 uranium_235 235.0439301000 # 0.00720400 uranium_236 236.0455682000 uranium_237 237.0487304000 uranium_238 238.0507884000 # 0.99274200 uranium_239 239.0542935000 uranium_240 240.0565934000 uranium_241 241.0603300000 uranium_242 242.0629300000 uranium_243 243.0669900000 uranium 0.00005400 uranium_234 \ + 0.00720400 uranium_235 \ + 0.99274200 uranium_238 # neptunium: Np (93) std atomic weight: [237] neptunium_219 219.0314300000 neptunium_220 220.0325400000 neptunium_221 221.0320400000 neptunium_222 222.0333000000 neptunium_223 223.0328500000 neptunium_224 224.0342200000 neptunium_225 225.0339110000 neptunium_226 226.0351880000 neptunium_227 227.0349570000 neptunium_228 228.0360670000 neptunium_229 229.0362640000 neptunium_230 230.0378280000 neptunium_231 231.0382450000 neptunium_232 232.0401100000 neptunium_233 233.0407410000 neptunium_234 234.0428953000 neptunium_235 235.0440635000 neptunium_236 236.0465700000 neptunium_237 237.0481736000 neptunium_238 238.0509466000 neptunium_239 239.0529392000 neptunium_240 240.0561650000 neptunium_241 241.0582530000 neptunium_242 242.0616400000 neptunium_243 243.0642800000 neptunium_244 244.0678500000 neptunium_245 245.0708000000 neptunium neptunium_237 # most stable # plutonium: Pu (94) std atomic weight: [244] plutonium_228 228.0387320000 plutonium_229 229.0401440000 plutonium_230 230.0396500000 plutonium_231 231.0411020000 plutonium_232 232.0411850000 plutonium_233 233.0429980000 plutonium_234 234.0433174000 plutonium_235 235.0452860000 plutonium_236 236.0460581000 plutonium_237 237.0484098000 plutonium_238 238.0495601000 plutonium_239 239.0521636000 plutonium_240 240.0538138000 plutonium_241 241.0568517000 plutonium_242 242.0587428000 plutonium_243 243.0620036000 plutonium_244 244.0642053000 plutonium_245 245.0678260000 plutonium_246 246.0702050000 plutonium_247 247.0741900000 plutonium plutonium_244 # most stable # americium: Am (95) americium_230 230.0460900000 americium_231 231.0455600000 americium_232 232.0464500000 americium_233 233.0464400000 americium_234 234.0477300000 americium_235 235.0479080000 americium_236 236.0494300000 americium_237 237.0499960000 americium_238 238.0519850000 americium_239 239.0530247000 americium_240 240.0553000000 americium_241 241.0568293000 americium_242 242.0595494000 americium_243 243.0613813000 americium_244 244.0642851000 americium_245 245.0664548000 americium_246 246.0697750000 americium_247 247.0720900000 americium_248 248.0757500000 americium_249 249.0784800000 # curium: Cm (96) curium_232 232.0498200000 curium_233 233.0507700000 curium_234 234.0501600000 curium_235 235.0515400000 curium_236 236.0513740000 curium_237 237.0528690000 curium_238 238.0530810000 curium_239 239.0549100000 curium_240 240.0555297000 curium_241 241.0576532000 curium_242 242.0588360000 curium_243 243.0613893000 curium_244 244.0627528000 curium_245 245.0654915000 curium_246 246.0672238000 curium_247 247.0703541000 curium_248 248.0723499000 curium_249 249.0759548000 curium_250 250.0783580000 curium_251 251.0822860000 curium_252 252.0848700000 # berkelium: Bk (97) berkelium_234 234.0572700000 berkelium_235 235.0565800000 berkelium_236 236.0574800000 berkelium_237 237.0571000000 berkelium_238 238.0582000000 berkelium_239 239.0582400000 berkelium_240 240.0597600000 berkelium_241 241.0601600000 berkelium_242 242.0619800000 berkelium_243 243.0630078000 berkelium_244 244.0651810000 berkelium_245 245.0663618000 berkelium_246 246.0686730000 berkelium_247 247.0703073000 berkelium_248 248.0730880000 berkelium_249 249.0749877000 berkelium_250 250.0783167000 berkelium_251 251.0807620000 berkelium_252 252.0843100000 berkelium_253 253.0868800000 berkelium_254 254.0906000000 # californium: Cf (98) californium_237 237.0621980000 californium_238 238.0614900000 californium_239 239.0625300000 californium_240 240.0622560000 californium_241 241.0636900000 californium_242 242.0637540000 californium_243 243.0654800000 californium_244 244.0660008000 californium_245 245.0680487000 californium_246 246.0688055000 californium_247 247.0709650000 californium_248 248.0721851000 californium_249 249.0748539000 californium_250 250.0764062000 californium_251 251.0795886000 californium_252 252.0816272000 californium_253 253.0851345000 californium_254 254.0873240000 californium_255 255.0910500000 californium_256 256.0934400000 # einsteinium: Es (99) einsteinium_239 239.0682300000 einsteinium_240 240.0689200000 einsteinium_241 241.0685600000 einsteinium_242 242.0695700000 einsteinium_243 243.0695100000 einsteinium_244 244.0708800000 einsteinium_245 245.0712500000 einsteinium_246 246.0729000000 einsteinium_247 247.0736220000 einsteinium_248 248.0754710000 einsteinium_249 249.0764110000 einsteinium_250 250.0786100000 einsteinium_251 251.0799936000 einsteinium_252 252.0829800000 einsteinium_253 253.0848257000 einsteinium_254 254.0880222000 einsteinium_255 255.0902750000 einsteinium_256 256.0936000000 einsteinium_257 257.0959800000 einsteinium_258 258.0995200000 # fermium: Fm (100) fermium_241 241.0742100000 fermium_242 242.0734300000 fermium_243 243.0744600000 fermium_244 244.0740400000 fermium_245 245.0753500000 fermium_246 246.0753500000 fermium_247 247.0769400000 fermium_248 248.0771865000 fermium_249 249.0789275000 fermium_250 250.0795210000 fermium_251 251.0815400000 fermium_252 252.0824671000 fermium_253 253.0851846000 fermium_254 254.0868544000 fermium_255 255.0899640000 fermium_256 256.0917745000 fermium_257 257.0951061000 fermium_258 258.0970800000 fermium_259 259.1006000000 fermium_260 260.1028100000 # mendelevium: Md (101) mendelevium_245 245.0808100000 mendelevium_246 246.0817100000 mendelevium_247 247.0815200000 mendelevium_248 248.0828200000 mendelevium_249 249.0829100000 mendelevium_250 250.0844100000 mendelevium_251 251.0847740000 mendelevium_252 252.0864300000 mendelevium_253 253.0871440000 mendelevium_254 254.0895900000 mendelevium_255 255.0910841000 mendelevium_256 256.0938900000 mendelevium_257 257.0955424000 mendelevium_258 258.0984315000 mendelevium_259 259.1005100000 mendelevium_260 260.1036500000 mendelevium_261 261.1058300000 mendelevium_262 262.1091000000 # nobelium: No (102) nobelium_248 248.0865500000 nobelium_249 249.0878000000 nobelium_250 250.0875600000 nobelium_251 251.0889400000 nobelium_252 252.0889670000 nobelium_253 253.0905641000 nobelium_254 254.0909560000 nobelium_255 255.0931910000 nobelium_256 256.0942829000 nobelium_257 257.0968878000 nobelium_258 258.0982100000 nobelium_259 259.1010300000 nobelium_260 260.1026400000 nobelium_261 261.1057000000 nobelium_262 262.1074600000 nobelium_263 263.1107100000 nobelium_264 264.1127300000 # lawrencium: Lr (103) lawrencium_251 251.0941800000 lawrencium_252 252.0952600000 lawrencium_253 253.0950900000 lawrencium_254 254.0964800000 lawrencium_255 255.0965620000 lawrencium_256 256.0984940000 lawrencium_257 257.0994180000 lawrencium_258 258.1017600000 lawrencium_259 259.1029020000 lawrencium_260 260.1055000000 lawrencium_261 261.1068800000 lawrencium_262 262.1096100000 lawrencium_263 263.1113600000 lawrencium_264 264.1142000000 lawrencium_265 265.1161900000 lawrencium_266 266.1198300000 # rutherfordium: Rf (104) rutherfordium_253 253.1004400000 rutherfordium_254 254.1000500000 rutherfordium_255 255.1012700000 rutherfordium_256 256.1011520000 rutherfordium_257 257.1029180000 rutherfordium_258 258.1034280000 rutherfordium_259 259.1055960000 rutherfordium_260 260.1064400000 rutherfordium_261 261.1087730000 rutherfordium_262 262.1099200000 rutherfordium_263 263.1124900000 rutherfordium_264 264.1138800000 rutherfordium_265 265.1166800000 rutherfordium_266 266.1181700000 rutherfordium_267 267.1217900000 rutherfordium_268 268.1239700000 # dubnium: Db (105) dubnium_255 255.1070700000 dubnium_256 256.1078900000 dubnium_257 257.1075800000 dubnium_258 258.1092800000 dubnium_259 259.1094920000 dubnium_260 260.1113000000 dubnium_261 261.1119200000 dubnium_262 262.1140700000 dubnium_263 263.1149900000 dubnium_264 264.1174100000 dubnium_265 265.1186100000 dubnium_266 266.1210300000 dubnium_267 267.1224700000 dubnium_268 268.1256700000 dubnium_269 269.1279100000 dubnium_270 270.1313600000 # seaborgium: Sg (106) seaborgium_258 258.1129800000 seaborgium_259 259.1144000000 seaborgium_260 260.1143840000 seaborgium_261 261.1159490000 seaborgium_262 262.1163370000 seaborgium_263 263.1182900000 seaborgium_264 264.1189300000 seaborgium_265 265.1210900000 seaborgium_266 266.1219800000 seaborgium_267 267.1243600000 seaborgium_268 268.1253900000 seaborgium_269 269.1286300000 seaborgium_270 270.1304300000 seaborgium_271 271.1339300000 seaborgium_272 272.1358900000 seaborgium_273 273.1395800000 # bohrium: Bh (107) bohrium_260 260.1216600000 bohrium_261 261.1214500000 bohrium_262 262.1229700000 bohrium_263 263.1229200000 bohrium_264 264.1245900000 bohrium_265 265.1249100000 bohrium_266 266.1267900000 bohrium_267 267.1275000000 bohrium_268 268.1296900000 bohrium_269 269.1304200000 bohrium_270 270.1333600000 bohrium_271 271.1352600000 bohrium_272 272.1382600000 bohrium_273 273.1402400000 bohrium_274 274.1435500000 bohrium_275 275.1456700000 # hassium: Hs (108) hassium_263 263.1285200000 hassium_264 264.1283570000 hassium_265 265.1297930000 hassium_266 266.1300460000 hassium_267 267.1316700000 hassium_268 268.1318600000 hassium_269 269.1337500000 hassium_270 270.1342900000 hassium_271 271.1371700000 hassium_272 272.1385000000 hassium_273 273.1416800000 hassium_274 274.1433000000 hassium_275 275.1466700000 hassium_276 276.1484600000 hassium_277 277.1519000000 # meitnerium: Mt (109) meitnerium_265 265.1360000000 meitnerium_266 266.1373700000 meitnerium_267 267.1371900000 meitnerium_268 268.1386500000 meitnerium_269 269.1388200000 meitnerium_270 270.1403300000 meitnerium_271 271.1407400000 meitnerium_272 272.1434100000 meitnerium_273 273.1444000000 meitnerium_274 274.1472400000 meitnerium_275 275.1488200000 meitnerium_276 276.1515900000 meitnerium_277 277.1532700000 meitnerium_278 278.1563100000 meitnerium_279 279.1580800000 # darmstadtium: Ds (110) darmstadtium_267 267.1437700000 darmstadtium_268 268.1434800000 darmstadtium_269 269.1447520000 darmstadtium_270 270.1445840000 darmstadtium_271 271.1459500000 darmstadtium_272 272.1460200000 darmstadtium_273 273.1485600000 darmstadtium_274 274.1494100000 darmstadtium_275 275.1520300000 darmstadtium_276 276.1530300000 darmstadtium_277 277.1559100000 darmstadtium_278 278.1570400000 darmstadtium_279 279.1601000000 darmstadtium_280 280.1613100000 darmstadtium_281 281.1645100000 # roentgenium: Rg (111) roentgenium_272 272.1532700000 roentgenium_273 273.1531300000 roentgenium_274 274.1552500000 roentgenium_275 275.1559400000 roentgenium_276 276.1583300000 roentgenium_277 277.1590700000 roentgenium_278 278.1614900000 roentgenium_279 279.1627200000 roentgenium_280 280.1651400000 roentgenium_281 281.1663600000 roentgenium_282 282.1691200000 roentgenium_283 283.1705400000 # copernicium: Cn (112) copernicium_276 276.1614100000 copernicium_277 277.1636400000 copernicium_278 278.1641600000 copernicium_279 279.1665400000 copernicium_280 280.1671500000 copernicium_281 281.1697500000 copernicium_282 282.1705000000 copernicium_283 283.1732700000 copernicium_284 284.1741600000 copernicium_285 285.1771200000 # nihonium: Nh (113) nihonium_278 278.1705800000 nihonium_279 279.1709500000 nihonium_280 280.1729300000 nihonium_281 281.1734800000 nihonium_282 282.1756700000 nihonium_283 283.1765700000 nihonium_284 284.1787300000 nihonium_285 285.1797300000 nihonium_286 286.1822100000 nihonium_287 287.1833900000 # flerovium: Fl (114) flerovium_285 285.1836400000 flerovium_286 286.1842300000 flerovium_287 287.1867800000 flerovium_288 288.1875700000 flerovium_289 289.1904200000 # moscovium: Uup (115) moscovium_287 287.1907000000 moscovium_288 288.1927400000 moscovium_289 289.1936300000 moscovium_290 290.1959800000 moscovium_291 291.1970700000 # livermorium: Lv (116) livermorium_289 289.1981600000 livermorium_290 290.1986400000 livermorium_291 291.2010800000 livermorium_292 292.2017400000 livermorium_293 293.2044900000 # tennessine: Uus (117) tennessine_291 291.2055300000 tennessine_292 292.2074600000 tennessine_293 293.2082400000 tennessine_294 294.2104600000 # oganesson: Og (118) oganesson_293 293.2135600000 oganesson_294 294.2139200000 oganesson_295 295.2162400000 postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/000077500000000000000000000000001472555243500164365ustar00rootroot00000000000000postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/aggregate.out000066400000000000000000000162541472555243500211250ustar00rootroot00000000000000-- test aggregates /* revert to pre-12 default for stddev(value()) tests */ SET extra_float_digits = 0; CREATE TEMP TABLE u ( u unit ); -- empty SELECT sum(u) AS null_sum FROM u; null_sum ---------- (1 row) SELECT min(u) AS null_min FROM u; null_min ---------- (1 row) SELECT max(u) AS null_max FROM u; null_max ---------- (1 row) SELECT avg(u) AS null_avg FROM u; null_avg ---------- (1 row) SELECT var_pop(u) AS null_var_pop FROM u; null_var_pop -------------- (1 row) SELECT var_samp(u) AS null_var_samp FROM u; null_var_samp --------------- (1 row) SELECT variance(u) AS null_variance FROM u; null_variance --------------- (1 row) SELECT stddev_pop(u) AS null_stddev_pop FROM u; null_stddev_pop ----------------- (1 row) SELECT stddev_samp(u) AS null_stddev_samp FROM u; null_stddev_samp ------------------ (1 row) SELECT stddev(u) AS null_stddev FROM u; null_stddev ------------- (1 row) -- one NULL row INSERT INTO u VALUES (NULL); SELECT sum(u) AS null_sum FROM u; null_sum ---------- (1 row) SELECT min(u) AS null_min FROM u; null_min ---------- (1 row) SELECT max(u) AS null_max FROM u; null_max ---------- (1 row) SELECT avg(u) AS null_avg FROM u; null_avg ---------- (1 row) SELECT var_pop(u) AS null_var_pop FROM u; null_var_pop -------------- (1 row) SELECT var_samp(u) AS null_var_samp FROM u; null_var_samp --------------- (1 row) SELECT variance(u) AS null_variance FROM u; null_variance --------------- (1 row) SELECT stddev_pop(u) AS null_stddev_pop FROM u; null_stddev_pop ----------------- (1 row) SELECT stddev_samp(u) AS null_stddev_samp FROM u; null_stddev_samp ------------------ (1 row) SELECT stddev(u) AS null_stddev FROM u; null_stddev ------------- (1 row) -- one non-NULL row DELETE FROM u; INSERT INTO u VALUES (meter(5)); SELECT sum(u) AS five_meters FROM u; five_meters ------------- 5 m (1 row) SELECT min(u) AS five_meters FROM u; five_meters ------------- 5 m (1 row) SELECT max(u) AS five_meters FROM u; five_meters ------------- 5 m (1 row) SELECT avg(u) AS five_meters FROM u; five_meters ------------- 5 m (1 row) SELECT var_pop(u) AS zero_var_pop FROM u; zero_var_pop -------------- 0 (1 row) SELECT var_samp(u) AS zero_var_samp FROM u; zero_var_samp --------------- 0 (1 row) SELECT variance(u) AS zero_variance FROM u; zero_variance --------------- 0 (1 row) SELECT stddev_pop(u) AS zero_stddev_pop FROM u; zero_stddev_pop ----------------- 0 m (1 row) SELECT stddev_samp(u) AS zero_stddev_samp FROM u; zero_stddev_samp ------------------ 0 m (1 row) SELECT stddev(u) AS zero_stddev FROM u; zero_stddev ------------- 0 m (1 row) -- two rows, matching dimensions DELETE FROM u; INSERT INTO u VALUES (meter()), (meter(2)); SELECT sum(u) AS three_meters FROM u; three_meters -------------- 3 m (1 row) SELECT min(u) AS one_meter FROM u; one_meter ----------- 1 m (1 row) SELECT max(u) AS two_meters FROM u; two_meters ------------ 2 m (1 row) SELECT avg(u) AS oneandhalf_meters FROM u; oneandhalf_meters ------------------- 1.5 m (1 row) SELECT var_pop(u) FROM u; var_pop --------- 0.25 (1 row) SELECT var_samp(u) FROM u; var_samp ---------- 0.5 (1 row) SELECT variance(u) FROM u; variance ---------- 0.5 (1 row) SELECT stddev_pop(u) FROM u; stddev_pop ------------ 500 mm (1 row) SELECT stddev_samp(u) FROM u; stddev_samp --------------------- 707.106781186548 mm (1 row) SELECT stddev(u) FROM u; stddev --------------------- 707.106781186548 mm (1 row) DELETE FROM u; INSERT INTO u VALUES (kilogram(2)), (kilogram()); SELECT sum(u), sum(value(u)) FROM u; sum | sum ------+----- 3 kg | 3 (1 row) SELECT min(u), min(value(u)) FROM u; min | min ------+----- 1 kg | 1 (1 row) SELECT max(u), max(value(u)) FROM u; max | max ------+----- 2 kg | 2 (1 row) SELECT avg(u), avg(value(u)) FROM u; avg | avg --------+----- 1.5 kg | 1.5 (1 row) SELECT var_pop(u), var_pop(value(u)) FROM u; var_pop | var_pop ---------+--------- 0.25 | 0.25 (1 row) SELECT var_samp(u), var_samp(value(u)) FROM u; var_samp | var_samp ----------+---------- 0.5 | 0.5 (1 row) SELECT variance(u), variance(value(u)) FROM u; variance | variance ----------+---------- 0.5 | 0.5 (1 row) SELECT stddev_pop(u), stddev_pop(value(u)) FROM u; stddev_pop | stddev_pop ------------+------------ 500 g | 0.5 (1 row) SELECT stddev_samp(u), stddev_samp(value(u)) FROM u; stddev_samp | stddev_samp --------------------+------------------- 707.106781186548 g | 0.707106781186548 (1 row) SELECT stddev(u), stddev(value(u)) FROM u; stddev | stddev --------------------+------------------- 707.106781186548 g | 0.707106781186548 (1 row) -- three rows, one NULL INSERT INTO u VALUES (NULL); SELECT sum(u) AS three_kilogram FROM u; three_kilogram ---------------- 3 kg (1 row) SELECT min(u) AS one_kilogram FROM u; one_kilogram -------------- 1 kg (1 row) SELECT max(u) AS two_kilogram FROM u; two_kilogram -------------- 2 kg (1 row) SELECT avg(u) AS oneandhalf_kilogram FROM u; oneandhalf_kilogram --------------------- 1.5 kg (1 row) SELECT var_pop(u) FROM u; var_pop --------- 0.25 (1 row) SELECT var_samp(u) FROM u; var_samp ---------- 0.5 (1 row) SELECT variance(u) FROM u; variance ---------- 0.5 (1 row) SELECT stddev_pop(u) FROM u; stddev_pop ------------ 500 g (1 row) SELECT stddev_samp(u) FROM u; stddev_samp -------------------- 707.106781186548 g (1 row) SELECT stddev(u) FROM u; stddev -------------------- 707.106781186548 g (1 row) -- two rows, dimension mismatch DELETE FROM u; INSERT INTO u VALUES (ampere()), (kilogram(2)); SELECT sum(u) AS error FROM u; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "+" operation: "1 A", "2 kg" SELECT min(u) AS error FROM u; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "unit_least" operation: "1 A", "2 kg" SELECT max(u) AS error FROM u; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "unit_greatest" operation: "1 A", "2 kg" SELECT avg(u) AS error FROM u; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "+" operation: "1 A", "2 kg" CONTEXT: SQL function "unit_accum" statement 1 SELECT var_pop(u) AS error FROM u; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "+" operation: "1 A", "2 kg" CONTEXT: SQL function "unit_accum" statement 1 SELECT var_samp(u) AS error FROM u; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "+" operation: "1 A", "2 kg" CONTEXT: SQL function "unit_accum" statement 1 SELECT variance(u) AS error FROM u; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "+" operation: "1 A", "2 kg" CONTEXT: SQL function "unit_accum" statement 1 SELECT stddev_pop(u) AS error FROM u; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "+" operation: "1 A", "2 kg" CONTEXT: SQL function "unit_accum" statement 1 SELECT stddev_samp(u) AS error FROM u; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "+" operation: "1 A", "2 kg" CONTEXT: SQL function "unit_accum" statement 1 SELECT stddev(u) AS error FROM u; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "+" operation: "1 A", "2 kg" CONTEXT: SQL function "unit_accum" statement 1 postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/binary.out000066400000000000000000000027431472555243500204610ustar00rootroot00000000000000SELECT unit_send('0'); unit_send ------------------------------------ \x00000000000000000000000000000000 (1 row) SELECT unit_send(-'0'::unit); unit_send ------------------------------------ \x80000000000000000000000000000000 (1 row) SELECT unit_send('1 m'::unit); unit_send ------------------------------------ \x3ff00000000000000100000000000000 (1 row) SELECT unit_send('1 kg^-1'::unit); unit_send ------------------------------------ \x3ff000000000000000ff000000000000 (1 row) SELECT unit_send('1 s'::unit); unit_send ------------------------------------ \x3ff00000000000000000010000000000 (1 row) SELECT unit_send('1 A^-1'::unit); unit_send ------------------------------------ \x3ff0000000000000000000ff00000000 (1 row) SELECT unit_send('1 K'::unit); unit_send ------------------------------------ \x3ff00000000000000000000001000000 (1 row) SELECT unit_send('1 mol^-1'::unit); unit_send ------------------------------------ \x3ff00000000000000000000000ff0000 (1 row) SELECT unit_send('1 cd'::unit); unit_send ------------------------------------ \x3ff00000000000000000000000000100 (1 row) SELECT unit_send('1 B^-1'::unit); unit_send ------------------------------------ \x3ff000000000000000000000000000ff (1 row) postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/compare.out000066400000000000000000000212171472555243500206200ustar00rootroot00000000000000-- test comparisons WITH v(u) AS (VALUES (NULL), ('-2'::unit), ('-1'::unit), ('-0'::unit), ('0'::unit), ('1'::unit), ('2'::unit), (meter()), (meter() * '2'), (kilogram()), (kilogram() * '2') ), va(a) AS (SELECT * FROM v), vb(b) AS (SELECT * FROM v) SELECT a, b, CASE WHEN unit_cmp(a, b) < 0 THEN '<' WHEN unit_cmp(a, b) = 0 THEN '=' WHEN unit_cmp(a, b) > 0 THEN '>' END AS cmp, a < b AS lt, a <= b AS le, a = b AS eq, a <> b AS ne, a >= b AS ge, a > b AS gt FROM va CROSS JOIN vb; a | b | cmp | lt | le | eq | ne | ge | gt ------+------+-----+----+----+----+----+----+---- | | | | | | | | | -2 | | | | | | | | -1 | | | | | | | | -0 | | | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | | | | 2 | | | | | | | | 1 m | | | | | | | | 2 m | | | | | | | | 1 kg | | | | | | | | 2 kg | | | | | | | -2 | | | | | | | | -2 | -2 | = | f | t | t | f | t | f -2 | -1 | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -2 | -0 | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -2 | 0 | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -2 | 1 | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -2 | 2 | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -2 | 1 m | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -2 | 2 m | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -2 | 1 kg | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -2 | 2 kg | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -1 | | | | | | | | -1 | -2 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t -1 | -1 | = | f | t | t | f | t | f -1 | -0 | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -1 | 0 | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -1 | 1 | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -1 | 2 | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -1 | 1 m | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -1 | 2 m | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -1 | 1 kg | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -1 | 2 kg | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -0 | | | | | | | | -0 | -2 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t -0 | -1 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t -0 | -0 | = | f | t | t | f | t | f -0 | 0 | = | f | t | t | f | t | f -0 | 1 | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -0 | 2 | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -0 | 1 m | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -0 | 2 m | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -0 | 1 kg | < | t | t | f | t | f | f -0 | 2 kg | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 0 | | | | | | | | 0 | -2 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 0 | -1 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 0 | -0 | = | f | t | t | f | t | f 0 | 0 | = | f | t | t | f | t | f 0 | 1 | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 0 | 2 | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 0 | 1 m | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 0 | 2 m | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 0 | 1 kg | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 0 | 2 kg | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 1 | | | | | | | | 1 | -2 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 1 | -1 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 1 | -0 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 1 | 0 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 1 | 1 | = | f | t | t | f | t | f 1 | 2 | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 1 | 1 m | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 1 | 2 m | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 1 | 1 kg | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 1 | 2 kg | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 2 | | | | | | | | 2 | -2 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 | -1 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 | -0 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 | 0 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 | 1 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 | 2 | = | f | t | t | f | t | f 2 | 1 m | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 | 2 m | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 2 | 1 kg | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 | 2 kg | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 1 m | | | | | | | | 1 m | -2 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 1 m | -1 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 1 m | -0 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 1 m | 0 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 1 m | 1 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 1 m | 2 | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 1 m | 1 m | = | f | t | t | f | t | f 1 m | 2 m | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 1 m | 1 kg | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 1 m | 2 kg | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 2 m | | | | | | | | 2 m | -2 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 m | -1 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 m | -0 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 m | 0 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 m | 1 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 m | 2 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 m | 1 m | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 m | 2 m | = | f | t | t | f | t | f 2 m | 1 kg | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 m | 2 kg | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 1 kg | | | | | | | | 1 kg | -2 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 1 kg | -1 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 1 kg | -0 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 1 kg | 0 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 1 kg | 1 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 1 kg | 2 | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 1 kg | 1 m | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 1 kg | 2 m | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 1 kg | 1 kg | = | f | t | t | f | t | f 1 kg | 2 kg | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 2 kg | | | | | | | | 2 kg | -2 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 kg | -1 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 kg | -0 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 kg | 0 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 kg | 1 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 kg | 2 | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 kg | 1 m | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 kg | 2 m | < | t | t | f | t | f | f 2 kg | 1 kg | > | f | f | f | t | t | t 2 kg | 2 kg | = | f | t | t | f | t | f (121 rows) -- test btree index CREATE TEMP TABLE u (u unit); INSERT INTO u SELECT meter(generate_series(1,10000)::double precision); INSERT INTO u SELECT generate_series(1,10000)::text::unit * kilogram(); ANALYZE u; CREATE INDEX ON u(u); SELECT * FROM u WHERE u = meter(400); u ------- 400 m (1 row) SELECT * FROM u WHERE u = '300' * kilogram(); u -------- 300 kg (1 row) EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM u WHERE u = meter(400); QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------ Index Only Scan using u_u_idx on u Index Cond: (u = '400 m'::unit) (2 rows) EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM u WHERE u = '300' * kilogram(); QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------ Index Only Scan using u_u_idx on u Index Cond: (u = '300 kg'::unit) (2 rows) -- test strict operators SELECT '1 m'::unit << '1 m'::unit; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT '1 m'::unit << '1 A'::unit; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "strict comparison" operation: "1 m", "1 A" SELECT '1 m'::unit <<= '1 m'::unit; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '1 m'::unit <<= '1 A'::unit; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "strict comparison" operation: "1 m", "1 A" SELECT '1 m'::unit == '1 m'::unit; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '1 m'::unit == '1 A'::unit; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "strict comparison" operation: "1 m", "1 A" SELECT '1 m'::unit <<>> '1 m'::unit; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT '1 m'::unit <<>> '1 A'::unit; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "strict comparison" operation: "1 m", "1 A" SELECT '1 m'::unit >>= '1 m'::unit; ?column? ---------- t (1 row) SELECT '1 m'::unit >>= '1 A'::unit; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "strict comparison" operation: "1 m", "1 A" SELECT '1 m'::unit >> '1 m'::unit; ?column? ---------- f (1 row) SELECT '1 m'::unit >> '1 A'::unit; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "strict comparison" operation: "1 m", "1 A" -- test range type SELECT 'empty'::unitrange; unitrange ----------- empty (1 row) SELECT '(1 m, 2 m)'::unitrange; unitrange --------------- ("1 m","2 m") (1 row) SELECT '(1 m, 2 A)'::unitrange; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "strict comparison" operation: "1 m", "2 A" LINE 1: SELECT '(1 m, 2 A)'::unitrange; ^ SELECT unit_diff('1 A', '2 A'); unit_diff ----------- -1 (1 row) SELECT unit_diff('1 A', '2 K'); ERROR: dimension mismatch in "-" operation: "1 A", "2 K" postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/convert.out000066400000000000000000000175341472555243500206610ustar00rootroot00000000000000-- length WITH l(u) AS (VALUES ('mm'), ('m'), ('km'), ('in'), ('ft'), ('yd'), ('mi')) SELECT l1.u, l2.u, l1.u::unit @ l2.u FROM l l1 CROSS JOIN l l2 \crosstabview u | mm | m | km | in | ft | yd | mi ----+------------+------------+--------------+-----------------------+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------- mm | 1 mm | 0.001 m | 1e-06 km | 0.0393700787401575 in | 0.00328083989501312 ft | 0.00109361329833771 yd | 6.21371192237334e-07 mi m | 1000 mm | 1 m | 0.001 km | 39.3700787401575 in | 3.28083989501312 ft | 1.09361329833771 yd | 0.000621371192237334 mi km | 1000000 mm | 1000 m | 1 km | 39370.0787401575 in | 3280.83989501312 ft | 1093.61329833771 yd | 0.621371192237334 mi in | 25.4 mm | 0.0254 m | 2.54e-05 km | 1 in | 0.0833333333333333 ft | 0.0277777777777778 yd | 1.57828282828283e-05 mi ft | 304.8 mm | 0.3048 m | 0.0003048 km | 12 in | 1 ft | 0.333333333333333 yd | 0.000189393939393939 mi yd | 914.4 mm | 0.9144 m | 0.0009144 km | 36 in | 3 ft | 1 yd | 0.000568181818181818 mi mi | 1609344 mm | 1609.344 m | 1.609344 km | 63360 in | 5280 ft | 1760 yd | 1 mi (7 rows) /* revert to pre-12 default */ SET extra_float_digits = 0; WITH l(u) AS (VALUES ('mm'), ('m'), ('km'), ('in'), ('ft'), ('yd'), ('mi')) SELECT l1.u, l2.u, l1.u::unit @@ l2.u FROM l l1 CROSS JOIN l l2 \crosstabview u | mm | m | km | in | ft | yd | mi ----+---------+----------+-----------+--------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------- mm | 1 | 0.001 | 1e-06 | 0.0393700787401575 | 0.00328083989501312 | 0.00109361329833771 | 6.21371192237334e-07 m | 1000 | 1 | 0.001 | 39.3700787401575 | 3.28083989501312 | 1.09361329833771 | 0.000621371192237334 km | 1000000 | 1000 | 1 | 39370.0787401575 | 3280.83989501312 | 1093.61329833771 | 0.621371192237334 in | 25.4 | 0.0254 | 2.54e-05 | 1 | 0.0833333333333333 | 0.0277777777777778 | 1.57828282828283e-05 ft | 304.8 | 0.3048 | 0.0003048 | 12 | 1 | 0.333333333333333 | 0.000189393939393939 yd | 914.4 | 0.9144 | 0.0009144 | 36 | 3 | 1 | 0.000568181818181818 mi | 1609344 | 1609.344 | 1.609344 | 63360 | 5280 | 1760 | 1 (7 rows) RESET extra_float_digits; -- area WITH l(u) AS (VALUES ('mm^2'), ('m^2'), ('km^2'), ('in^2'), ('ft^2'), ('yd^2'), ('mi^2')) SELECT l1.u, l2.u, l1.u::unit @ l2.u FROM l l1 CROSS JOIN l l2 \crosstabview u | mm^2 | m^2 | km^2 | in^2 | ft^2 | yd^2 | mi^2 ------+--------------------+--------------------+---------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+--------------------------- mm^2 | 1 mm^2 | 1e-06 m^2 | 1e-12 km^2 | 0.0015500031000062 in^2 | 1.07639104167097e-05 ft^2 | 1.19599004630108e-06 yd^2 | 3.86102158542446e-13 mi^2 m^2 | 1000000 mm^2 | 1 m^2 | 1e-06 km^2 | 1550.0031000062 in^2 | 10.7639104167097 ft^2 | 1.19599004630108 yd^2 | 3.86102158542446e-07 mi^2 km^2 | 1000000000000 mm^2 | 1000000 m^2 | 1 km^2 | 1550003100.0062 in^2 | 10763910.4167097 ft^2 | 1195990.04630108 yd^2 | 0.386102158542446 mi^2 in^2 | 645.16 mm^2 | 0.00064516 m^2 | 6.4516e-10 km^2 | 1 in^2 | 0.00694444444444444 ft^2 | 0.000771604938271605 yd^2 | 2.49097668605244e-10 mi^2 ft^2 | 92903.04 mm^2 | 0.09290304 m^2 | 9.290304e-08 km^2 | 144 in^2 | 1 ft^2 | 0.111111111111111 yd^2 | 3.58700642791552e-08 mi^2 yd^2 | 836127.36 mm^2 | 0.83612736 m^2 | 8.3612736e-07 km^2 | 1296 in^2 | 9 ft^2 | 1 yd^2 | 3.22830578512397e-07 mi^2 mi^2 | 2589988110336 mm^2 | 2589988.110336 m^2 | 2.589988110336 km^2 | 4014489600 in^2 | 27878400 ft^2 | 3097600 yd^2 | 1 mi^2 (7 rows) -- volume WITH l(u) AS (VALUES ('mm^3'), ('l'), ('m^3'), ('in^3'), ('ft^3'), ('yd^3')) SELECT l1.u, l2.u, l1.u::unit @ l2.u FROM l l1 CROSS JOIN l l2 \crosstabview u | mm^3 | l | m^3 | in^3 | ft^3 | yd^3 ------+--------------------+-----------------+--------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+--------------------------- mm^3 | 1 mm^3 | 1e-06 l | 1e-09 m^3 | 6.10237440947323e-05 in^3 | 3.53146667214886e-08 ft^3 | 1.30795061931439e-09 yd^3 l | 1000000 mm^3 | 1 l | 0.001 m^3 | 61.0237440947323 in^3 | 0.0353146667214886 ft^3 | 0.00130795061931439 yd^3 m^3 | 1000000000 mm^3 | 1000 l | 1 m^3 | 61023.7440947323 in^3 | 35.3146667214886 ft^3 | 1.30795061931439 yd^3 in^3 | 16387.064 mm^3 | 0.016387064 l | 1.6387064e-05 m^3 | 1 in^3 | 0.000578703703703704 ft^3 | 2.14334705075446e-05 yd^3 ft^3 | 28316846.592 mm^3 | 28.316846592 l | 0.028316846592 m^3 | 1728 in^3 | 1 ft^3 | 0.037037037037037 yd^3 yd^3 | 764554857.984 mm^3 | 764.554857984 l | 0.764554857984 m^3 | 46656 in^3 | 27 ft^3 | 1 yd^3 (6 rows) -- weight WITH l(u) AS (VALUES ('g'), ('kg'), ('t'), ('oz'), ('lb')) SELECT l1.u, l2.u, l1.u::unit @ l2.u FROM l l1 CROSS JOIN l l2 \crosstabview u | g | kg | t | oz | lb ----+----------------+-------------------+--------------------+-----------------------+------------------------ g | 1 g | 0.001 kg | 1e-06 t | 0.0352739619495804 oz | 0.00220462262184878 lb kg | 1000 g | 1 kg | 0.001 t | 35.2739619495804 oz | 2.20462262184878 lb t | 1000000 g | 1000 kg | 1 t | 35273.9619495804 oz | 2204.62262184878 lb oz | 28.349523125 g | 0.028349523125 kg | 2.8349523125e-05 t | 1 oz | 0.0625 lb lb | 453.59237 g | 0.45359237 kg | 0.00045359237 t | 16 oz | 1 lb (5 rows) -- time WITH l(u) AS (VALUES ('s'), ('min'), ('hr'), ('d'), ('julianyear')) SELECT l1.u, l2.u, l1.u::unit @ l2.u FROM l l1 CROSS JOIN l l2 \crosstabview u | s | min | hr | d | julianyear ------------+------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+--------------------------------- s | 1 s | 0.0166666666666667 min | 0.000277777777777778 hr | 1.15740740740741e-05 d | 3.16880878140289e-08 julianyear min | 60 s | 1 min | 0.0166666666666667 hr | 0.000694444444444444 d | 1.90128526884174e-06 julianyear hr | 3600 s | 60 min | 1 hr | 0.0416666666666667 d | 0.000114077116130504 julianyear d | 86400 s | 1440 min | 24 hr | 1 d | 0.0027378507871321 julianyear julianyear | 31557600 s | 525960 min | 8766 hr | 365.25 d | 1 julianyear (5 rows) postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/crosstab.out000066400000000000000000002011171472555243500210110ustar00rootroot00000000000000SET unit.time_output_custom = false; -- test multiplication WITH i(i) AS (VALUES ('-2'::unit), ('-1'), ('0'), ('1'), ('2')) SELECT unit, i, unit * i FROM units CROSS JOIN i WHERE (base OR coherent) AND NOT duplicate \crosstabview unit | -2 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 2 -------+--------+--------+-------+-------+------- 1 | -2 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 2 1 m | -2 m | -1 m | 0 m | 1 m | 2 m 1 kg | -2 kg | -1 kg | 0 kg | 1 kg | 2 kg 1 s | -2 s | -1 s | 0 s | 1 s | 2 s 1 A | -2 A | -1 A | 0 A | 1 A | 2 A 1 K | -2 K | -1 K | 0 K | 1 K | 2 K 1 mol | -2 mol | -1 mol | 0 mol | 1 mol | 2 mol 1 cd | -2 cd | -1 cd | 0 cd | 1 cd | 2 cd 1 B | -2 B | -1 B | 0 B | 1 B | 2 B 1 Hz | -2 Hz | -1 Hz | 0 Hz | 1 Hz | 2 Hz 1 N | -2 N | -1 N | 0 N | 1 N | 2 N 1 Pa | -2 Pa | -1 Pa | 0 Pa | 1 Pa | 2 Pa 1 J | -2 J | -1 J | 0 J | 1 J | 2 J 1 W | -2 W | -1 W | 0 W | 1 W | 2 W 1 C | -2 C | -1 C | 0 C | 1 C | 2 C 1 V | -2 V | -1 V | 0 V | 1 V | 2 V 1 F | -2 F | -1 F | 0 F | 1 F | 2 F 1 Ω | -2 Ω | -1 Ω | 0 Ω | 1 Ω | 2 Ω 1 S | -2 S | -1 S | 0 S | 1 S | 2 S 1 Wb | -2 Wb | -1 Wb | 0 Wb | 1 Wb | 2 Wb 1 T | -2 T | -1 T | 0 T | 1 T | 2 T 1 H | -2 H | -1 H | 0 H | 1 H | 2 H 1 lx | -2 lx | -1 lx | 0 lx | 1 lx | 2 lx 1 Gy | -2 Gy | -1 Gy | 0 Gy | 1 Gy | 2 Gy 1 kat | -2 kat | -1 kat | 0 kat | 1 kat | 2 kat (25 rows) SELECT a.unit AS a, b.unit AS b, a.unit * b.unit AS mul FROM units AS a CROSS JOIN units AS b WHERE (a.base OR a.coherent) AND NOT a.duplicate AND (b.base OR b.coherent) AND NOT b.duplicate \crosstabview a | 1 | 1 m | 1 kg | 1 s | 1 A | 1 K | 1 mol | 1 cd | 1 B | 1 Hz | 1 N | 1 Pa | 1 J | 1 W | 1 C | 1 V | 1 F | 1 Ω | 1 S | 1 Wb | 1 T | 1 H | 1 lx | 1 Gy | 1 kat -------+-------+------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+----------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------+--------------------+--------------------+------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------------+---------------------+------------------+---------------------- 1 | 1 | 1 m | 1 kg | 1 s | 1 A | 1 K | 1 mol | 1 cd | 1 B | 1 Hz | 1 N | 1 Pa | 1 J | 1 W | 1 C | 1 V | 1 F | 1 Ω | 1 S | 1 Wb | 1 T | 1 H | 1 lx | 1 Gy | 1 kat 1 m | 1 m | 1 m^2 | 1 m*kg | 1 m*s | 1 m*A | 1 m*K | 1 m*mol | 1 m*cd | 1 m*B | 1 m/s | 1 J | 1 kg/s^2 | 1 m^3*kg/s^2 | 1 m^3*kg/s^3 | 1 m*s*A | 1 m^3*kg/s^3*A | 1 s^4*A^2/m*kg | 1 m^3*kg/s^3*A^2 | 1 s^3*A^2/m*kg | 1 m^3*kg/s^2*A | 1 m*kg/s^2*A | 1 m^3*kg/s^2*A^2 | 1 cd/m | 1 m^3/s^2 | 1 m*mol/s 1 kg | 1 kg | 1 m*kg | 1 kg^2 | 1 kg*s | 1 kg*A | 1 kg*K | 1 kg*mol | 1 kg*cd | 1 kg*B | 1 kg/s | 1 m*kg^2/s^2 | 1 kg^2/m*s^2 | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^2 | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^3 | 1 kg*s*A | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^3*A | 1 s^4*A^2/m^2 | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^3*A^2 | 1 s^3*A^2/m^2 | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^2*A | 1 kg^2/s^2*A | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^2*A^2 | 1 kg*cd/m^2 | 1 J | 1 kg*mol/s 1 s | 1 s | 1 m*s | 1 kg*s | 1 s^2 | 1 C | 1 s*K | 1 s*mol | 1 s*cd | 1 s*B | 1 | 1 m*kg/s | 1 kg/m*s | 1 m^2*kg/s | 1 J | 1 s^2*A | 1 Wb | 1 s^5*A^2/m^2*kg | 1 H | 1 F | 1 m^2*kg/s*A | 1 kg/s*A | 1 m^2*kg/s*A^2 | 1 s*cd/m^2 | 1 m^2/s | 1 mol 1 A | 1 A | 1 m*A | 1 kg*A | 1 C | 1 A^2 | 1 A*K | 1 A*mol | 1 A*cd | 1 A*B | 1 A/s | 1 m*kg*A/s^2 | 1 kg*A/m*s^2 | 1 m^2*kg*A/s^2 | 1 m^2*kg*A/s^3 | 1 s*A^2 | 1 W | 1 s^4*A^3/m^2*kg | 1 V | 1 s^3*A^3/m^2*kg | 1 J | 1 kg/s^2 | 1 Wb | 1 A*cd/m^2 | 1 m^2*A/s^2 | 1 A*mol/s 1 K | 1 K | 1 m*K | 1 kg*K | 1 s*K | 1 A*K | 1 K^2 | 1 K*mol | 1 K*cd | 1 K*B | 1 K/s | 1 m*kg*K/s^2 | 1 kg*K/m*s^2 | 1 m^2*kg*K/s^2 | 1 m^2*kg*K/s^3 | 1 s*A*K | 1 m^2*kg*K/s^3*A | 1 s^4*A^2*K/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg*K/s^3*A^2 | 1 s^3*A^2*K/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg*K/s^2*A | 1 kg*K/s^2*A | 1 m^2*kg*K/s^2*A^2 | 1 K*cd/m^2 | 1 m^2*K/s^2 | 1 K*mol/s 1 mol | 1 mol | 1 m*mol | 1 kg*mol | 1 s*mol | 1 A*mol | 1 K*mol | 1 mol^2 | 1 mol*cd | 1 mol*B | 1 kat | 1 m*kg*mol/s^2 | 1 kg*mol/m*s^2 | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^2 | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^3 | 1 s*A*mol | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^3*A | 1 s^4*A^2*mol/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^3*A^2 | 1 s^3*A^2*mol/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^2*A | 1 kg*mol/s^2*A | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^2*A^2 | 1 mol*cd/m^2 | 1 m^2*mol/s^2 | 1 mol^2/s 1 cd | 1 cd | 1 m*cd | 1 kg*cd | 1 s*cd | 1 A*cd | 1 K*cd | 1 mol*cd | 1 cd^2 | 1 cd*B | 1 cd/s | 1 m*kg*cd/s^2 | 1 kg*cd/m*s^2 | 1 m^2*kg*cd/s^2 | 1 m^2*kg*cd/s^3 | 1 s*A*cd | 1 m^2*kg*cd/s^3*A | 1 s^4*A^2*cd/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg*cd/s^3*A^2 | 1 s^3*A^2*cd/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg*cd/s^2*A | 1 kg*cd/s^2*A | 1 m^2*kg*cd/s^2*A^2 | 1 cd^2/m^2 | 1 m^2*cd/s^2 | 1 mol*cd/s 1 B | 1 B | 1 m*B | 1 kg*B | 1 s*B | 1 A*B | 1 K*B | 1 mol*B | 1 cd*B | 1 B^2 | 1 B/s | 1 m*kg*B/s^2 | 1 kg*B/m*s^2 | 1 m^2*kg*B/s^2 | 1 m^2*kg*B/s^3 | 1 s*A*B | 1 m^2*kg*B/s^3*A | 1 s^4*A^2*B/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg*B/s^3*A^2 | 1 s^3*A^2*B/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg*B/s^2*A | 1 kg*B/s^2*A | 1 m^2*kg*B/s^2*A^2 | 1 cd*B/m^2 | 1 m^2*B/s^2 | 1 mol*B/s 1 Hz | 1 Hz | 1 m/s | 1 kg/s | 1 | 1 A/s | 1 K/s | 1 kat | 1 cd/s | 1 B/s | 1 s^-2 | 1 m*kg/s^3 | 1 kg/m*s^3 | 1 W | 1 m^2*kg/s^4 | 1 A | 1 m^2*kg/s^4*A | 1 S | 1 m^2*kg/s^4*A^2 | 1 s^2*A^2/m^2*kg | 1 V | 1 kg/s^3*A | 1 Ω | 1 cd/m^2*s | 1 m^2/s^3 | 1 mol/s^2 1 N | 1 N | 1 J | 1 m*kg^2/s^2 | 1 m*kg/s | 1 m*kg*A/s^2 | 1 m*kg*K/s^2 | 1 m*kg*mol/s^2 | 1 m*kg*cd/s^2 | 1 m*kg*B/s^2 | 1 m*kg/s^3 | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^4 | 1 kg^2/s^4 | 1 m^3*kg^2/s^4 | 1 m^3*kg^2/s^5 | 1 m*kg*A/s | 1 m^3*kg^2/s^5*A | 1 s^2*A^2/m | 1 m^3*kg^2/s^5*A^2 | 1 s*A^2/m | 1 m^3*kg^2/s^4*A | 1 m*kg^2/s^4*A | 1 m^3*kg^2/s^4*A^2 | 1 kg*cd/m*s^2 | 1 m^3*kg/s^4 | 1 m*kg*mol/s^3 1 Pa | 1 Pa | 1 kg/s^2 | 1 kg^2/m*s^2 | 1 kg/m*s | 1 kg*A/m*s^2 | 1 kg*K/m*s^2 | 1 kg*mol/m*s^2 | 1 kg*cd/m*s^2 | 1 kg*B/m*s^2 | 1 kg/m*s^3 | 1 kg^2/s^4 | 1 kg^2/m^2*s^4 | 1 m*kg^2/s^4 | 1 m*kg^2/s^5 | 1 kg*A/m*s | 1 m*kg^2/s^5*A | 1 s^2*A^2/m^3 | 1 m*kg^2/s^5*A^2 | 1 s*A^2/m^3 | 1 m*kg^2/s^4*A | 1 kg^2/m*s^4*A | 1 m*kg^2/s^4*A^2 | 1 kg*cd/m^3*s^2 | 1 m*kg/s^4 | 1 kg*mol/m*s^3 1 J | 1 J | 1 m^3*kg/s^2 | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^2 | 1 m^2*kg/s | 1 m^2*kg*A/s^2 | 1 m^2*kg*K/s^2 | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^2 | 1 m^2*kg*cd/s^2 | 1 m^2*kg*B/s^2 | 1 W | 1 m^3*kg^2/s^4 | 1 m*kg^2/s^4 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^4 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5 | 1 m^2*kg*A/s | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5*A | 1 s^2*A^2 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5*A^2 | 1 s*A^2 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^4*A | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^4*A | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^4*A^2 | 1 kg*cd/s^2 | 1 m^4*kg/s^4 | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^3 1 W | 1 W | 1 m^3*kg/s^3 | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^3 | 1 J | 1 m^2*kg*A/s^3 | 1 m^2*kg*K/s^3 | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^3 | 1 m^2*kg*cd/s^3 | 1 m^2*kg*B/s^3 | 1 m^2*kg/s^4 | 1 m^3*kg^2/s^5 | 1 m*kg^2/s^5 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^6 | 1 m^2*kg*A/s^2 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^6*A | 1 s*A^2 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^6*A^2 | 1 A^2 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5*A | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^5*A | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5*A^2 | 1 kg*cd/s^3 | 1 m^4*kg/s^5 | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^4 1 C | 1 C | 1 m*s*A | 1 kg*s*A | 1 s^2*A | 1 s*A^2 | 1 s*A*K | 1 s*A*mol | 1 s*A*cd | 1 s*A*B | 1 A | 1 m*kg*A/s | 1 kg*A/m*s | 1 m^2*kg*A/s | 1 m^2*kg*A/s^2 | 1 s^2*A^2 | 1 J | 1 s^5*A^3/m^2*kg | 1 Wb | 1 s^4*A^3/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg/s | 1 kg/s | 1 m^2*kg/s*A | 1 s*A*cd/m^2 | 1 m^2*A/s | 1 A*mol 1 V | 1 V | 1 m^3*kg/s^3*A | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^3*A | 1 Wb | 1 W | 1 m^2*kg*K/s^3*A | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^3*A | 1 m^2*kg*cd/s^3*A | 1 m^2*kg*B/s^3*A | 1 m^2*kg/s^4*A | 1 m^3*kg^2/s^5*A | 1 m*kg^2/s^5*A | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5*A | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^6*A | 1 J | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^6*A^2 | 1 C | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^6*A^3 | 1 A | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5*A^2 | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^5*A^2 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5*A^3 | 1 kg*cd/s^3*A | 1 m^4*kg/s^5*A | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^4*A 1 F | 1 F | 1 s^4*A^2/m*kg | 1 s^4*A^2/m^2 | 1 s^5*A^2/m^2*kg | 1 s^4*A^3/m^2*kg | 1 s^4*A^2*K/m^2*kg | 1 s^4*A^2*mol/m^2*kg | 1 s^4*A^2*cd/m^2*kg | 1 s^4*A^2*B/m^2*kg | 1 S | 1 s^2*A^2/m | 1 s^2*A^2/m^3 | 1 s^2*A^2 | 1 s*A^2 | 1 s^5*A^3/m^2*kg | 1 C | 1 s^8*A^4/m^4*kg^2 | 1 s | 1 s^7*A^4/m^4*kg^2 | 1 s^2*A | 1 s^2*A/m^2 | 1 s^2 | 1 s^4*A^2*cd/m^4*kg | 1 s^2*A^2/kg | 1 s^3*A^2*mol/m^2*kg 1 Ω | 1 Ω | 1 m^3*kg/s^3*A^2 | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^3*A^2 | 1 H | 1 V | 1 m^2*kg*K/s^3*A^2 | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^3*A^2 | 1 m^2*kg*cd/s^3*A^2 | 1 m^2*kg*B/s^3*A^2 | 1 m^2*kg/s^4*A^2 | 1 m^3*kg^2/s^5*A^2 | 1 m*kg^2/s^5*A^2 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5*A^2 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^6*A^2 | 1 Wb | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^6*A^3 | 1 s | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^6*A^4 | 1 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5*A^3 | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^5*A^3 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5*A^4 | 1 kg*cd/s^3*A^2 | 1 m^4*kg/s^5*A^2 | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^4*A^2 1 S | 1 S | 1 s^3*A^2/m*kg | 1 s^3*A^2/m^2 | 1 F | 1 s^3*A^3/m^2*kg | 1 s^3*A^2*K/m^2*kg | 1 s^3*A^2*mol/m^2*kg | 1 s^3*A^2*cd/m^2*kg | 1 s^3*A^2*B/m^2*kg | 1 s^2*A^2/m^2*kg | 1 s*A^2/m | 1 s*A^2/m^3 | 1 s*A^2 | 1 A^2 | 1 s^4*A^3/m^2*kg | 1 A | 1 s^7*A^4/m^4*kg^2 | 1 | 1 s^6*A^4/m^4*kg^2 | 1 C | 1 s*A/m^2 | 1 s | 1 s^3*A^2*cd/m^4*kg | 1 s*A^2/kg | 1 s^2*A^2*mol/m^2*kg 1 Wb | 1 Wb | 1 m^3*kg/s^2*A | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^2*A | 1 m^2*kg/s*A | 1 J | 1 m^2*kg*K/s^2*A | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^2*A | 1 m^2*kg*cd/s^2*A | 1 m^2*kg*B/s^2*A | 1 V | 1 m^3*kg^2/s^4*A | 1 m*kg^2/s^4*A | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^4*A | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5*A | 1 m^2*kg/s | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5*A^2 | 1 s^2*A | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5*A^3 | 1 C | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^4*A^2 | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^4*A^2 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^4*A^3 | 1 kg*cd/s^2*A | 1 m^4*kg/s^4*A | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^3*A 1 T | 1 T | 1 m*kg/s^2*A | 1 kg^2/s^2*A | 1 kg/s*A | 1 kg/s^2 | 1 kg*K/s^2*A | 1 kg*mol/s^2*A | 1 kg*cd/s^2*A | 1 kg*B/s^2*A | 1 kg/s^3*A | 1 m*kg^2/s^4*A | 1 kg^2/m*s^4*A | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^4*A | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^5*A | 1 kg/s | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^5*A^2 | 1 s^2*A/m^2 | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^5*A^3 | 1 s*A/m^2 | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^4*A^2 | 1 kg^2/s^4*A^2 | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^4*A^3 | 1 kg*cd/m^2*s^2*A | 1 m^2*kg/s^4*A | 1 kg*mol/s^3*A 1 H | 1 H | 1 m^3*kg/s^2*A^2 | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^2*A^2 | 1 m^2*kg/s*A^2 | 1 Wb | 1 m^2*kg*K/s^2*A^2 | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^2*A^2 | 1 m^2*kg*cd/s^2*A^2 | 1 m^2*kg*B/s^2*A^2 | 1 Ω | 1 m^3*kg^2/s^4*A^2 | 1 m*kg^2/s^4*A^2 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^4*A^2 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5*A^2 | 1 m^2*kg/s*A | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5*A^3 | 1 s^2 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5*A^4 | 1 s | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^4*A^3 | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^4*A^3 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^4*A^4 | 1 kg*cd/s^2*A^2 | 1 m^4*kg/s^4*A^2 | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^3*A^2 1 lx | 1 lx | 1 cd/m | 1 kg*cd/m^2 | 1 s*cd/m^2 | 1 A*cd/m^2 | 1 K*cd/m^2 | 1 mol*cd/m^2 | 1 cd^2/m^2 | 1 cd*B/m^2 | 1 cd/m^2*s | 1 kg*cd/m*s^2 | 1 kg*cd/m^3*s^2 | 1 kg*cd/s^2 | 1 kg*cd/s^3 | 1 s*A*cd/m^2 | 1 kg*cd/s^3*A | 1 s^4*A^2*cd/m^4*kg | 1 kg*cd/s^3*A^2 | 1 s^3*A^2*cd/m^4*kg | 1 kg*cd/s^2*A | 1 kg*cd/m^2*s^2*A | 1 kg*cd/s^2*A^2 | 1 cd^2/m^4 | 1 cd/s^2 | 1 mol*cd/m^2*s 1 Gy | 1 Gy | 1 m^3/s^2 | 1 J | 1 m^2/s | 1 m^2*A/s^2 | 1 m^2*K/s^2 | 1 m^2*mol/s^2 | 1 m^2*cd/s^2 | 1 m^2*B/s^2 | 1 m^2/s^3 | 1 m^3*kg/s^4 | 1 m*kg/s^4 | 1 m^4*kg/s^4 | 1 m^4*kg/s^5 | 1 m^2*A/s | 1 m^4*kg/s^5*A | 1 s^2*A^2/kg | 1 m^4*kg/s^5*A^2 | 1 s*A^2/kg | 1 m^4*kg/s^4*A | 1 m^2*kg/s^4*A | 1 m^4*kg/s^4*A^2 | 1 cd/s^2 | 1 m^4/s^4 | 1 m^2*mol/s^3 1 kat | 1 kat | 1 m*mol/s | 1 kg*mol/s | 1 mol | 1 A*mol/s | 1 K*mol/s | 1 mol^2/s | 1 mol*cd/s | 1 mol*B/s | 1 mol/s^2 | 1 m*kg*mol/s^3 | 1 kg*mol/m*s^3 | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^3 | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^4 | 1 A*mol | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^4*A | 1 s^3*A^2*mol/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^4*A^2 | 1 s^2*A^2*mol/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^3*A | 1 kg*mol/s^3*A | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^3*A^2 | 1 mol*cd/m^2*s | 1 m^2*mol/s^3 | 1 mol^2/s^2 (25 rows) SELECT f, unit, f * unit FROM factors CROSS JOIN units WHERE (base OR coherent) AND NOT duplicate \crosstabview f | 1 | 1 m | 1 kg | 1 s | 1 A | 1 K | 1 mol | 1 cd | 1 B | 1 Hz | 1 N | 1 Pa | 1 J | 1 W | 1 C | 1 V | 1 F | 1 Ω | 1 S | 1 Wb | 1 T | 1 H | 1 lx | 1 Gy | 1 kat ---------------+---------------+---------+----------+---------+---------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+----------+---------+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------+---------+---------+----------+----------+----------- 1e+33 | 1e+33 | 1e+33 m | 1e+33 kg | 1e+33 s | 1e+33 A | 1e+33 K | 1e+33 mol | 1e+33 cd | 1e+33 B | 1e+33 Hz | 1e+33 N | 1e+33 Pa | 1e+33 J | 1e+33 W | 1e+33 C | 1e+33 V | 1e+33 F | 1e+33 Ω | 1e+33 S | 1e+33 Wb | 1e+33 T | 1e+33 H | 1e+33 lx | 1e+33 Gy | 1e+33 kat 1e+30 | 1e+30 | 1 Qm | 1e+30 kg | 1 Qs | 1 QA | 1 QK | 1 Qmol | 1 Qcd | 1 QB | 1 QHz | 1 QN | 1 QPa | 1 QJ | 1 QW | 1 QC | 1 QV | 1 QF | 1 QΩ | 1 QS | 1 QWb | 1 QT | 1 QH | 1 Qlx | 1 QGy | 1 Qkat 1e+27 | 1e+27 | 1 Rm | 1 Qg | 1 Rs | 1 RA | 1 RK | 1 Rmol | 1 Rcd | 1 RB | 1 RHz | 1 RN | 1 RPa | 1 RJ | 1 RW | 1 RC | 1 RV | 1 RF | 1 RΩ | 1 RS | 1 RWb | 1 RT | 1 RH | 1 Rlx | 1 RGy | 1 Rkat 1e+24 | 1e+24 | 1 Ym | 1 Rg | 1 Ys | 1 YA | 1 YK | 1 Ymol | 1 Ycd | 1 YB | 1 YHz | 1 YN | 1 YPa | 1 YJ | 1 YW | 1 YC | 1 YV | 1 YF | 1 YΩ | 1 YS | 1 YWb | 1 YT | 1 YH | 1 Ylx | 1 YGy | 1 Ykat 1e+21 | 1e+21 | 1 Zm | 1 Yg | 1 Zs | 1 ZA | 1 ZK | 1 Zmol | 1 Zcd | 1 ZB | 1 ZHz | 1 ZN | 1 ZPa | 1 ZJ | 1 ZW | 1 ZC | 1 ZV | 1 ZF | 1 ZΩ | 1 ZS | 1 ZWb | 1 ZT | 1 ZH | 1 Zlx | 1 ZGy | 1 Zkat 1e+18 | 1e+18 | 1 Em | 1 Zg | 1 Es | 1 EA | 1 EK | 1 Emol | 1 Ecd | 1 EB | 1 EHz | 1 EN | 1 EPa | 1 EJ | 1 EW | 1 EC | 1 EV | 1 EF | 1 EΩ | 1 ES | 1 EWb | 1 ET | 1 EH | 1 Elx | 1 EGy | 1 Ekat 1e+15 | 1e+15 | 1 Pm | 1 Eg | 1 Ps | 1 PA | 1 PK | 1 Pmol | 1 Pcd | 1 PB | 1 PHz | 1 PN | 1 PPa | 1 PJ | 1 PW | 1 PC | 1 PV | 1 PF | 1 PΩ | 1 PS | 1 PWb | 1 PT | 1 PH | 1 Plx | 1 PGy | 1 Pkat 1000000000000 | 1000000000000 | 1 Tm | 1 Pg | 1 Ts | 1 TA | 1 TK | 1 Tmol | 1 Tcd | 1 TB | 1 THz | 1 TN | 1 TPa | 1 TJ | 1 TW | 1 TC | 1 TV | 1 TF | 1 TΩ | 1 TS | 1 TWb | 1 TT | 1 TH | 1 Tlx | 1 TGy | 1 Tkat 1000000000 | 1000000000 | 1 Gm | 1 Tg | 1 Gsec | 1 GA | 1 GK | 1 Gmol | 1 Gcd | 1 GB | 1 GHz | 1 GN | 1 GPa | 1 GJ | 1 GW | 1 GC | 1 GV | 1 GF | 1 GΩ | 1 GS | 1 GWb | 1 GT | 1 GH | 1 Glx | 1 GGy | 1 Gkat 1000000 | 1000000 | 1 Mm | 1 Gg | 1 Ms | 1 MA | 1 MK | 1 Mmol | 1 Mcd | 1 MB | 1 MHz | 1 MN | 1 MPa | 1 MJ | 1 MW | 1 MC | 1 MV | 1 MF | 1 MΩ | 1 MS | 1 MWb | 1 MT | 1 MH | 1 Mlx | 1 MGy | 1 Mkat 1000 | 1000 | 1 km | 1 Mg | 1 ks | 1 kA | 1 kK | 1 kmol | 1 kcd | 1 kB | 1 kHz | 1 kN | 1 kPa | 1 kJ | 1 kW | 1 kC | 1 kV | 1 kF | 1 kΩ | 1 kS | 1 kWb | 1 kT | 1 kH | 1 klx | 1 kGy | 1 kkat 1 | 1 | 1 m | 1 kg | 1 s | 1 A | 1 K | 1 mol | 1 cd | 1 B | 1 Hz | 1 N | 1 Pa | 1 J | 1 W | 1 C | 1 V | 1 F | 1 Ω | 1 S | 1 Wb | 1 T | 1 H | 1 lx | 1 Gy | 1 kat 0.001 | 0.001 | 1 mm | 1 g | 1 ms | 1 mA | 1 mK | 1 mmol | 1 mcd | 1 mB | 1 mHz | 1 mN | 1 mPa | 1 mJ | 1 mW | 1 mC | 1 mV | 1 mF | 1 mΩ | 1 mS | 1 mWb | 1 mT | 1 mH | 1 mlx | 1 mGy | 1 mkat 1e-06 | 1e-06 | 1 µm | 1 mg | 1 µs | 1 µA | 1 µK | 1 µmol | 1 µcd | 1 µB | 1 µHz | 1 µN | 1 µPa | 1 µJ | 1 µW | 1 µC | 1 µV | 1 µF | 1 µΩ | 1 µS | 1 µWb | 1 µT | 1 µH | 1 µlx | 1 µGy | 1 µkat 1e-09 | 1e-09 | 1 nm | 1 µg | 1 ns | 1 nA | 1 nK | 1 nmol | 1 ncd | 1 nB | 1 nHz | 1 nN | 1 nPa | 1 nJ | 1 nW | 1 nC | 1 nV | 1 nF | 1 nΩ | 1 nS | 1 nWb | 1 nT | 1 nH | 1 nlx | 1 nGy | 1 nkat 1e-12 | 1e-12 | 1 pm | 1 ng | 1 ps | 1 pA | 1 pK | 1 pmol | 1 pcd | 1 pB | 1 pHz | 1 pN | 1 pPa | 1 pJ | 1 pW | 1 pC | 1 pV | 1 pF | 1 pΩ | 1 pS | 1 pWb | 1 pT | 1 pH | 1 plx | 1 pGy | 1 pkat 1e-15 | 1e-15 | 1 fm | 1 pg | 1 fs | 1 fA | 1 fK | 1 fmol | 1 fcd | 1 fB | 1 fHz | 1 fN | 1 fPa | 1 fJ | 1 fW | 1 fC | 1 fV | 1 fF | 1 fΩ | 1 fS | 1 fWb | 1 fT | 1 fH | 1 flx | 1 fGy | 1 fkat 1e-18 | 1e-18 | 1 am | 1 fg | 1 as | 1 aA | 1 aK | 1 amol | 1 acd | 1 aB | 1 aHz | 1 aN | 1 aPa | 1 aJ | 1 aW | 1 aC | 1 aV | 1 aF | 1 aΩ | 1 aS | 1 aWb | 1 aT | 1 aH | 1 alx | 1 aGy | 1 akat 1e-21 | 1e-21 | 1 zm | 1 ag | 1 zs | 1 zA | 1 zK | 1 zmol | 1 zcd | 1 zB | 1 zHz | 1 zN | 1 zPa | 1 zJ | 1 zW | 1 zC | 1 zV | 1 zF | 1 zΩ | 1 zS | 1 zWb | 1 zT | 1 zH | 1 zlx | 1 zGy | 1 zkat 1e-24 | 1e-24 | 1 ym | 1 zg | 1 ys | 1 yA | 1 yK | 1 ymol | 1 ycd | 1 yB | 1 yHz | 1 yN | 1 yPa | 1 yJ | 1 yW | 1 yC | 1 yV | 1 yF | 1 yΩ | 1 yS | 1 yWb | 1 yT | 1 yH | 1 ylx | 1 yGy | 1 ykat 1e-27 | 1e-27 | 1 rm | 1 yg | 1 rs | 1 rA | 1 rK | 1 rmol | 1 rcd | 1 rB | 1 rHz | 1 rN | 1 rPa | 1 rJ | 1 rW | 1 rC | 1 rV | 1 rF | 1 rΩ | 1 rS | 1 rWb | 1 rT | 1 rH | 1 rlx | 1 rGy | 1 rkat 1e-30 | 1e-30 | 1 qm | 1 rg | 1 qs | 1 qA | 1 qK | 1 qmol | 1 qcd | 1 qB | 1 qHz | 1 qN | 1 qPa | 1 qJ | 1 qW | 1 qC | 1 qV | 1 qF | 1 qΩ | 1 qS | 1 qWb | 1 qT | 1 qH | 1 qlx | 1 qGy | 1 qkat 1e-33 | 1e-33 | 1e-33 m | 1 qg | 1e-33 s | 1e-33 A | 1e-33 K | 1e-33 mol | 1e-33 cd | 1e-33 B | 1e-33 Hz | 1e-33 N | 1e-33 Pa | 1e-33 J | 1e-33 W | 1e-33 C | 1e-33 V | 1e-33 F | 1e-33 Ω | 1e-33 S | 1e-33 Wb | 1e-33 T | 1e-33 H | 1e-33 lx | 1e-33 Gy | 1e-33 kat 1e-36 | 1e-36 | 1e-36 m | 1e-36 kg | 1e-36 s | 1e-36 A | 1e-36 K | 1e-36 mol | 1e-36 cd | 1e-36 B | 1e-36 Hz | 1e-36 N | 1e-36 Pa | 1e-36 J | 1e-36 W | 1e-36 C | 1e-36 V | 1e-36 F | 1e-36 Ω | 1e-36 S | 1e-36 Wb | 1e-36 T | 1e-36 H | 1e-36 lx | 1e-36 Gy | 1e-36 kat 0 | 0 | 0 m | 0 kg | 0 s | 0 A | 0 K | 0 mol | 0 cd | 0 B | 0 Hz | 0 N | 0 Pa | 0 J | 0 W | 0 C | 0 V | 0 F | 0 Ω | 0 S | 0 Wb | 0 T | 0 H | 0 lx | 0 Gy | 0 kat (25 rows) -- test division WITH i(i) AS (VALUES ('-2'::unit), ('-1'), ('1'), ('2')) SELECT unit, i, unit / i FROM units CROSS JOIN i WHERE (base OR coherent) AND NOT duplicate \crosstabview unit | -2 | -1 | 1 | 2 -------+-----------+--------+-------+---------- 1 | -0.5 | -1 | 1 | 0.5 1 m | -500 mm | -1 m | 1 m | 500 mm 1 kg | -500 g | -1 kg | 1 kg | 500 g 1 s | -500 ms | -1 s | 1 s | 500 ms 1 A | -500 mA | -1 A | 1 A | 500 mA 1 K | -500 mK | -1 K | 1 K | 500 mK 1 mol | -500 mmol | -1 mol | 1 mol | 500 mmol 1 cd | -500 mcd | -1 cd | 1 cd | 500 mcd 1 B | -500 mB | -1 B | 1 B | 500 mB 1 Hz | -500 mHz | -1 Hz | 1 Hz | 500 mHz 1 N | -500 mN | -1 N | 1 N | 500 mN 1 Pa | -500 mPa | -1 Pa | 1 Pa | 500 mPa 1 J | -500 mJ | -1 J | 1 J | 500 mJ 1 W | -500 mW | -1 W | 1 W | 500 mW 1 C | -500 mC | -1 C | 1 C | 500 mC 1 V | -500 mV | -1 V | 1 V | 500 mV 1 F | -500 mF | -1 F | 1 F | 500 mF 1 Ω | -500 mΩ | -1 Ω | 1 Ω | 500 mΩ 1 S | -500 mS | -1 S | 1 S | 500 mS 1 Wb | -500 mWb | -1 Wb | 1 Wb | 500 mWb 1 T | -500 mT | -1 T | 1 T | 500 mT 1 H | -500 mH | -1 H | 1 H | 500 mH 1 lx | -500 mlx | -1 lx | 1 lx | 500 mlx 1 Gy | -500 mGy | -1 Gy | 1 Gy | 500 mGy 1 kat | -500 mkat | -1 kat | 1 kat | 500 mkat (25 rows) WITH i(i) AS (VALUES ('-2'::unit), ('-1'), ('0'), ('1'), ('2')) SELECT i, unit, i / unit FROM units CROSS JOIN i WHERE (base OR coherent) AND NOT duplicate \crosstabview i | 1 | 1 m | 1 kg | 1 s | 1 A | 1 K | 1 mol | 1 cd | 1 B | 1 Hz | 1 N | 1 Pa | 1 J | 1 W | 1 C | 1 V | 1 F | 1 Ω | 1 S | 1 Wb | 1 T | 1 H | 1 lx | 1 Gy | 1 kat ----+----+---------+----------+-------+---------+---------+-----------+----------+---------+------+-------------+-------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+-----------------+-------------------+------+------+-----------------+-------------+-------------------+-----------+------------+---------- -2 | -2 | -2 m^-1 | -2 kg^-1 | -2 Hz | -2 A^-1 | -2 K^-1 | -2 mol^-1 | -2 cd^-1 | -2 B^-1 | -2 s | -2 s^2/m*kg | -2 m*s^2/kg | -2 s^2/m^2*kg | -2 s^3/m^2*kg | -2 s^-1*A^-1 | -2 s^3*A/m^2*kg | -2 m^2*kg/s^4*A^2 | -2 S | -2 Ω | -2 s^2*A/m^2*kg | -2 s^2*A/kg | -2 s^2*A^2/m^2*kg | -2 m^2/cd | -2 s^2/m^2 | -2 s/mol -1 | -1 | -1 m^-1 | -1 kg^-1 | -1 Hz | -1 A^-1 | -1 K^-1 | -1 mol^-1 | -1 cd^-1 | -1 B^-1 | -1 s | -1 s^2/m*kg | -1 m*s^2/kg | -1 s^2/m^2*kg | -1 s^3/m^2*kg | -1 s^-1*A^-1 | -1 s^3*A/m^2*kg | -1 m^2*kg/s^4*A^2 | -1 S | -1 Ω | -1 s^2*A/m^2*kg | -1 s^2*A/kg | -1 s^2*A^2/m^2*kg | -1 m^2/cd | -1 s^2/m^2 | -1 s/mol 0 | 0 | 0 m^-1 | 0 kg^-1 | 0 Hz | 0 A^-1 | 0 K^-1 | 0 mol^-1 | 0 cd^-1 | 0 B^-1 | 0 s | 0 s^2/m*kg | 0 m*s^2/kg | 0 s^2/m^2*kg | 0 s^3/m^2*kg | 0 s^-1*A^-1 | 0 s^3*A/m^2*kg | 0 m^2*kg/s^4*A^2 | 0 S | 0 Ω | 0 s^2*A/m^2*kg | 0 s^2*A/kg | 0 s^2*A^2/m^2*kg | 0 m^2/cd | 0 s^2/m^2 | 0 s/mol 1 | 1 | 1 m^-1 | 1 kg^-1 | 1 Hz | 1 A^-1 | 1 K^-1 | 1 mol^-1 | 1 cd^-1 | 1 B^-1 | 1 s | 1 s^2/m*kg | 1 m*s^2/kg | 1 s^2/m^2*kg | 1 s^3/m^2*kg | 1 s^-1*A^-1 | 1 s^3*A/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg/s^4*A^2 | 1 S | 1 Ω | 1 s^2*A/m^2*kg | 1 s^2*A/kg | 1 s^2*A^2/m^2*kg | 1 m^2/cd | 1 s^2/m^2 | 1 s/mol 2 | 2 | 2 m^-1 | 2 kg^-1 | 2 Hz | 2 A^-1 | 2 K^-1 | 2 mol^-1 | 2 cd^-1 | 2 B^-1 | 2 s | 2 s^2/m*kg | 2 m*s^2/kg | 2 s^2/m^2*kg | 2 s^3/m^2*kg | 2 s^-1*A^-1 | 2 s^3*A/m^2*kg | 2 m^2*kg/s^4*A^2 | 2 S | 2 Ω | 2 s^2*A/m^2*kg | 2 s^2*A/kg | 2 s^2*A^2/m^2*kg | 2 m^2/cd | 2 s^2/m^2 | 2 s/mol (5 rows) SELECT a.unit AS a, b.unit AS b, a.unit / b.unit AS div FROM units AS a CROSS JOIN units AS b WHERE (a.base OR a.coherent) AND NOT a.duplicate AND (b.base OR b.coherent) AND NOT b.duplicate \crosstabview a | 1 | 1 m | 1 kg | 1 s | 1 A | 1 K | 1 mol | 1 cd | 1 B | 1 Hz | 1 N | 1 Pa | 1 J | 1 W | 1 C | 1 V | 1 F | 1 Ω | 1 S | 1 Wb | 1 T | 1 H | 1 lx | 1 Gy | 1 kat -------+-------+------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+----------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------+--------------------+--------------------+------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------------+---------------------+------------------+---------------------- 1 | 1 | 1 m^-1 | 1 kg^-1 | 1 Hz | 1 A^-1 | 1 K^-1 | 1 mol^-1 | 1 cd^-1 | 1 B^-1 | 1 s | 1 s^2/m*kg | 1 m*s^2/kg | 1 s^2/m^2*kg | 1 s^3/m^2*kg | 1 s^-1*A^-1 | 1 s^3*A/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg/s^4*A^2 | 1 S | 1 Ω | 1 s^2*A/m^2*kg | 1 s^2*A/kg | 1 s^2*A^2/m^2*kg | 1 m^2/cd | 1 s^2/m^2 | 1 s/mol 1 m | 1 m | 1 | 1 m/kg | 1 m/s | 1 m/A | 1 m/K | 1 m/mol | 1 m/cd | 1 m/B | 1 m*s | 1 s^2/kg | 1 m^2*s^2/kg | 1 s^2/m*kg | 1 s^3/m*kg | 1 m/s*A | 1 s^3*A/m*kg | 1 m^3*kg/s^4*A^2 | 1 s^3*A^2/m*kg | 1 m^3*kg/s^3*A^2 | 1 s^2*A/m*kg | 1 m*s^2*A/kg | 1 s^2*A^2/m*kg | 1 m^3/cd | 1 s^2/m | 1 m*s/mol 1 kg | 1 kg | 1 kg/m | 1 | 1 kg/s | 1 kg/A | 1 kg/K | 1 kg/mol | 1 kg/cd | 1 kg/B | 1 kg*s | 1 s^2/m | 1 m*s^2 | 1 s^2/m^2 | 1 s^3/m^2 | 1 kg/s*A | 1 s^3*A/m^2 | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^4*A^2 | 1 s^3*A^2/m^2 | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^3*A^2 | 1 s^2*A/m^2 | 1 s^2*A | 1 s^2*A^2/m^2 | 1 m^2*kg/cd | 1 kg*s^2/m^2 | 1 kg*s/mol 1 s | 1 s | 1 s/m | 1 s/kg | 1 | 1 s/A | 1 s/K | 1 s/mol | 1 s/cd | 1 s/B | 1 s^2 | 1 s^3/m*kg | 1 m*s^3/kg | 1 s^3/m^2*kg | 1 s^4/m^2*kg | 1 A^-1 | 1 s^4*A/m^2*kg | 1 Ω | 1 F | 1 H | 1 s^3*A/m^2*kg | 1 s^3*A/kg | 1 S | 1 m^2*s/cd | 1 s^3/m^2 | 1 s^2/mol 1 A | 1 A | 1 A/m | 1 A/kg | 1 A/s | 1 | 1 A/K | 1 A/mol | 1 A/cd | 1 A/B | 1 C | 1 s^2*A/m*kg | 1 m*s^2*A/kg | 1 s^2*A/m^2*kg | 1 s^3*A/m^2*kg | 1 Hz | 1 S | 1 m^2*kg/s^4*A | 1 s^3*A^3/m^2*kg | 1 V | 1 s^2*A^2/m^2*kg | 1 s^2*A^2/kg | 1 s^2*A^3/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*A/cd | 1 s^2*A/m^2 | 1 s*A/mol 1 K | 1 K | 1 K/m | 1 K/kg | 1 K/s | 1 K/A | 1 | 1 K/mol | 1 K/cd | 1 K/B | 1 s*K | 1 s^2*K/m*kg | 1 m*s^2*K/kg | 1 s^2*K/m^2*kg | 1 s^3*K/m^2*kg | 1 K/s*A | 1 s^3*A*K/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg*K/s^4*A^2 | 1 s^3*A^2*K/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg*K/s^3*A^2 | 1 s^2*A*K/m^2*kg | 1 s^2*A*K/kg | 1 s^2*A^2*K/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*K/cd | 1 s^2*K/m^2 | 1 s*K/mol 1 mol | 1 mol | 1 mol/m | 1 mol/kg | 1 kat | 1 mol/A | 1 mol/K | 1 | 1 mol/cd | 1 mol/B | 1 s*mol | 1 s^2*mol/m*kg | 1 m*s^2*mol/kg | 1 s^2*mol/m^2*kg | 1 s^3*mol/m^2*kg | 1 mol/s*A | 1 s^3*A*mol/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^4*A^2 | 1 s^3*A^2*mol/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^3*A^2 | 1 s^2*A*mol/m^2*kg | 1 s^2*A*mol/kg | 1 s^2*A^2*mol/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*mol/cd | 1 s^2*mol/m^2 | 1 s 1 cd | 1 cd | 1 cd/m | 1 cd/kg | 1 cd/s | 1 cd/A | 1 cd/K | 1 cd/mol | 1 | 1 cd/B | 1 s*cd | 1 s^2*cd/m*kg | 1 m*s^2*cd/kg | 1 s^2*cd/m^2*kg | 1 s^3*cd/m^2*kg | 1 cd/s*A | 1 s^3*A*cd/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg*cd/s^4*A^2 | 1 s^3*A^2*cd/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg*cd/s^3*A^2 | 1 s^2*A*cd/m^2*kg | 1 s^2*A*cd/kg | 1 s^2*A^2*cd/m^2*kg | 1 m^2 | 1 s^2*cd/m^2 | 1 s*cd/mol 1 B | 1 B | 1 B/m | 1 B/kg | 1 B/s | 1 B/A | 1 B/K | 1 B/mol | 1 B/cd | 1 | 1 s*B | 1 s^2*B/m*kg | 1 m*s^2*B/kg | 1 s^2*B/m^2*kg | 1 s^3*B/m^2*kg | 1 B/s*A | 1 s^3*A*B/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg*B/s^4*A^2 | 1 s^3*A^2*B/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg*B/s^3*A^2 | 1 s^2*A*B/m^2*kg | 1 s^2*A*B/kg | 1 s^2*A^2*B/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*B/cd | 1 s^2*B/m^2 | 1 s*B/mol 1 Hz | 1 Hz | 1 m^-1*s^-1 | 1 kg^-1*s^-1 | 1 s^-2 | 1 s^-1*A^-1 | 1 s^-1*K^-1 | 1 s^-1*mol^-1 | 1 s^-1*cd^-1 | 1 s^-1*B^-1 | 1 | 1 s/m*kg | 1 m*s/kg | 1 s/m^2*kg | 1 s^2/m^2*kg | 1 s^-2*A^-1 | 1 s^2*A/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg/s^5*A^2 | 1 s^2*A^2/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg/s^4*A^2 | 1 s*A/m^2*kg | 1 s*A/kg | 1 s*A^2/m^2*kg | 1 m^2/s*cd | 1 s/m^2 | 1 mol^-1 1 N | 1 N | 1 kg/s^2 | 1 m/s^2 | 1 m*kg/s^3 | 1 m*kg/s^2*A | 1 m*kg/s^2*K | 1 m*kg/s^2*mol | 1 m*kg/s^2*cd | 1 m*kg/s^2*B | 1 m*kg/s | 1 | 1 m^2 | 1 m^-1 | 1 s/m | 1 m*kg/s^3*A | 1 s*A/m | 1 m^3*kg^2/s^6*A^2 | 1 s*A^2/m | 1 m^3*kg^2/s^5*A^2 | 1 A/m | 1 m*A | 1 A^2/m | 1 m^3*kg/s^2*cd | 1 kg/m | 1 m*kg/s*mol 1 Pa | 1 Pa | 1 kg/m^2*s^2 | 1 m^-1*s^-2 | 1 kg/m*s^3 | 1 kg/m*s^2*A | 1 kg/m*s^2*K | 1 kg/m*s^2*mol | 1 kg/m*s^2*cd | 1 kg/m*s^2*B | 1 kg/m*s | 1 m^-2 | 1 | 1 m^-3 | 1 s/m^3 | 1 kg/m*s^3*A | 1 s*A/m^3 | 1 m*kg^2/s^6*A^2 | 1 s*A^2/m^3 | 1 m*kg^2/s^5*A^2 | 1 A/m^3 | 1 A/m | 1 A^2/m^3 | 1 m*kg/s^2*cd | 1 kg/m^3 | 1 kg/m*s*mol 1 J | 1 J | 1 N | 1 Gy | 1 W | 1 Wb | 1 m^2*kg/s^2*K | 1 m^2*kg/s^2*mol | 1 m^2*kg/s^2*cd | 1 m^2*kg/s^2*B | 1 m^2*kg/s | 1 m | 1 m^3 | 1 | 1 s | 1 V | 1 C | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^6*A^2 | 1 s*A^2 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5*A^2 | 1 A | 1 m^2*A | 1 A^2 | 1 m^4*kg/s^2*cd | 1 kg | 1 m^2*kg/s*mol 1 W | 1 W | 1 m*kg/s^3 | 1 m^2/s^3 | 1 m^2*kg/s^4 | 1 V | 1 m^2*kg/s^3*K | 1 m^2*kg/s^3*mol | 1 m^2*kg/s^3*cd | 1 m^2*kg/s^3*B | 1 J | 1 m/s | 1 m^3/s | 1 Hz | 1 | 1 m^2*kg/s^4*A | 1 A | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^7*A^2 | 1 A^2 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^6*A^2 | 1 A/s | 1 m^2*A/s | 1 A^2/s | 1 m^4*kg/s^3*cd | 1 kg/s | 1 m^2*kg/s^2*mol 1 C | 1 C | 1 s*A/m | 1 s*A/kg | 1 A | 1 s | 1 s*A/K | 1 s*A/mol | 1 s*A/cd | 1 s*A/B | 1 s^2*A | 1 s^3*A/m*kg | 1 m*s^3*A/kg | 1 s^3*A/m^2*kg | 1 s^4*A/m^2*kg | 1 | 1 F | 1 V | 1 s^4*A^3/m^2*kg | 1 Wb | 1 S | 1 s^3*A^2/kg | 1 s^3*A^3/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*s*A/cd | 1 s^3*A/m^2 | 1 s^2*A/mol 1 V | 1 V | 1 m*kg/s^3*A | 1 m^2/s^3*A | 1 m^2*kg/s^4*A | 1 Ω | 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A*K | 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A*mol | 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A*cd | 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A*B | 1 Wb | 1 m/s*A | 1 m^3/s*A | 1 s^-1*A^-1 | 1 A^-1 | 1 m^2*kg/s^4*A^2 | 1 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^7*A^3 | 1 A | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^6*A^3 | 1 Hz | 1 m^2/s | 1 A/s | 1 m^4*kg/s^3*A*cd | 1 kg/s*A | 1 m^2*kg/s^2*A*mol 1 F | 1 F | 1 s^4*A^2/m^3*kg | 1 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg^2 | 1 S | 1 s^4*A/m^2*kg | 1 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg*K | 1 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg*mol | 1 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg*cd | 1 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg*B | 1 s^5*A^2/m^2*kg | 1 s^6*A^2/m^3*kg^2 | 1 s^6*A^2/m*kg^2 | 1 s^6*A^2/m^4*kg^2 | 1 s^7*A^2/m^4*kg^2 | 1 s^3*A/m^2*kg | 1 s^7*A^3/m^4*kg^2 | 1 | 1 s^7*A^4/m^4*kg^2 | 1 s | 1 s^6*A^3/m^4*kg^2 | 1 s^6*A^3/m^2*kg^2 | 1 s^6*A^4/m^4*kg^2 | 1 s^4*A^2/kg*cd | 1 s^6*A^2/m^4*kg | 1 s^5*A^2/m^2*kg*mol 1 Ω | 1 Ω | 1 m*kg/s^3*A^2 | 1 m^2/s^3*A^2 | 1 m^2*kg/s^4*A^2 | 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A^3 | 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2*K | 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2*mol | 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2*cd | 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2*B | 1 H | 1 m/s*A^2 | 1 m^3/s*A^2 | 1 s^-1*A^-2 | 1 A^-2 | 1 m^2*kg/s^4*A^3 | 1 A^-1 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^7*A^4 | 1 | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^6*A^4 | 1 s^-1*A^-1 | 1 m^2/s*A | 1 Hz | 1 m^4*kg/s^3*A^2*cd | 1 kg/s*A^2 | 1 m^2*kg/s^2*A^2*mol 1 S | 1 S | 1 s^3*A^2/m^3*kg | 1 s^3*A^2/m^2*kg^2 | 1 s^2*A^2/m^2*kg | 1 s^3*A/m^2*kg | 1 s^3*A^2/m^2*kg*K | 1 s^3*A^2/m^2*kg*mol | 1 s^3*A^2/m^2*kg*cd | 1 s^3*A^2/m^2*kg*B | 1 F | 1 s^5*A^2/m^3*kg^2 | 1 s^5*A^2/m*kg^2 | 1 s^5*A^2/m^4*kg^2 | 1 s^6*A^2/m^4*kg^2 | 1 s^2*A/m^2*kg | 1 s^6*A^3/m^4*kg^2 | 1 Hz | 1 s^6*A^4/m^4*kg^2 | 1 | 1 s^5*A^3/m^4*kg^2 | 1 s^5*A^3/m^2*kg^2 | 1 s^5*A^4/m^4*kg^2 | 1 s^3*A^2/kg*cd | 1 s^5*A^2/m^4*kg | 1 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg*mol 1 Wb | 1 Wb | 1 m*kg/s^2*A | 1 m^2/s^2*A | 1 V | 1 H | 1 m^2*kg/s^2*A*K | 1 m^2*kg/s^2*A*mol | 1 m^2*kg/s^2*A*cd | 1 m^2*kg/s^2*A*B | 1 m^2*kg/s*A | 1 m/A | 1 m^3/A | 1 A^-1 | 1 s/A | 1 Ω | 1 s | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^6*A^3 | 1 C | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5*A^3 | 1 | 1 m^2 | 1 A | 1 m^4*kg/s^2*A*cd | 1 kg/A | 1 m^2*kg/s*A*mol 1 T | 1 T | 1 kg/m*s^2*A | 1 s^-2*A^-1 | 1 kg/s^3*A | 1 kg/s^2*A^2 | 1 kg/s^2*A*K | 1 kg/s^2*A*mol | 1 kg/s^2*A*cd | 1 kg/s^2*A*B | 1 kg/s*A | 1 m^-1*A^-1 | 1 m/A | 1 m^-2*A^-1 | 1 s/m^2*A | 1 kg/s^3*A^2 | 1 s/m^2 | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^6*A^3 | 1 s*A/m^2 | 1 m^2*kg^2/s^5*A^3 | 1 m^-2 | 1 | 1 A/m^2 | 1 m^2*kg/s^2*A*cd | 1 kg/m^2*A | 1 kg/s*A*mol 1 H | 1 H | 1 m*kg/s^2*A^2 | 1 m^2/s^2*A^2 | 1 Ω | 1 m^2*kg/s^2*A^3 | 1 m^2*kg/s^2*A^2*K | 1 m^2*kg/s^2*A^2*mol | 1 m^2*kg/s^2*A^2*cd | 1 m^2*kg/s^2*A^2*B | 1 m^2*kg/s*A^2 | 1 m/A^2 | 1 m^3/A^2 | 1 A^-2 | 1 s/A^2 | 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A^3 | 1 s/A | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^6*A^4 | 1 s | 1 m^4*kg^2/s^5*A^4 | 1 A^-1 | 1 m^2/A | 1 | 1 m^4*kg/s^2*A^2*cd | 1 kg/A^2 | 1 m^2*kg/s*A^2*mol 1 lx | 1 lx | 1 cd/m^3 | 1 cd/m^2*kg | 1 cd/m^2*s | 1 cd/m^2*A | 1 cd/m^2*K | 1 cd/m^2*mol | 1 m^-2 | 1 cd/m^2*B | 1 s*cd/m^2 | 1 s^2*cd/m^3*kg | 1 s^2*cd/m*kg | 1 s^2*cd/m^4*kg | 1 s^3*cd/m^4*kg | 1 cd/m^2*s*A | 1 s^3*A*cd/m^4*kg | 1 kg*cd/s^4*A^2 | 1 s^3*A^2*cd/m^4*kg | 1 kg*cd/s^3*A^2 | 1 s^2*A*cd/m^4*kg | 1 s^2*A*cd/m^2*kg | 1 s^2*A^2*cd/m^4*kg | 1 | 1 s^2*cd/m^4 | 1 s*cd/m^2*mol 1 Gy | 1 Gy | 1 m/s^2 | 1 m^2/kg*s^2 | 1 m^2/s^3 | 1 m^2/s^2*A | 1 m^2/s^2*K | 1 m^2/s^2*mol | 1 m^2/s^2*cd | 1 m^2/s^2*B | 1 m^2/s | 1 m/kg | 1 m^3/kg | 1 kg^-1 | 1 s/kg | 1 m^2/s^3*A | 1 s*A/kg | 1 m^4*kg/s^6*A^2 | 1 s*A^2/kg | 1 m^4*kg/s^5*A^2 | 1 A/kg | 1 m^2*A/kg | 1 A^2/kg | 1 m^4/s^2*cd | 1 | 1 m^2/s*mol 1 kat | 1 kat | 1 mol/m*s | 1 mol/kg*s | 1 mol/s^2 | 1 mol/s*A | 1 mol/s*K | 1 Hz | 1 mol/s*cd | 1 mol/s*B | 1 mol | 1 s*mol/m*kg | 1 m*s*mol/kg | 1 s*mol/m^2*kg | 1 s^2*mol/m^2*kg | 1 mol/s^2*A | 1 s^2*A*mol/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^5*A^2 | 1 s^2*A^2*mol/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*kg*mol/s^4*A^2 | 1 s*A*mol/m^2*kg | 1 s*A*mol/kg | 1 s*A^2*mol/m^2*kg | 1 m^2*mol/s*cd | 1 s*mol/m^2 | 1 (25 rows) -- test comparisons WITH v(u) AS (VALUES ('-2'::unit), ('-1'::unit), (-kilogram()), (-meter()), ('-0'::unit), ('0'::unit), ('1'::unit), (kilogram()), (meter()), ('2'::unit), (kilogram(2)), (meter(2)) ), va(a) AS (SELECT * FROM v), vb(b) AS (SELECT * FROM v) SELECT a, b, CASE WHEN unit_cmp(a, b) < 0 THEN '<' WHEN unit_cmp(a, b) = 0 THEN '=' WHEN unit_cmp(a, b) > 0 THEN '>' END AS cmp FROM va CROSS JOIN vb \crosstabview a | -2 | -1 | -1 kg | -1 m | -0 | 0 | 1 | 1 kg | 1 m | 2 | 2 kg | 2 m -------+----+----+-------+------+----+---+---+------+-----+---+------+----- -2 | = | < | < | < | < | < | < | < | < | < | < | < -1 | > | = | < | < | < | < | < | < | < | < | < | < -1 kg | > | > | = | < | < | < | < | < | < | < | < | < -1 m | > | > | > | = | < | < | < | < | < | < | < | < -0 | > | > | > | > | = | = | < | < | < | < | < | < 0 | > | > | > | > | = | = | < | < | < | < | < | < 1 | > | > | > | > | > | > | = | < | < | < | < | < 1 kg | > | > | > | > | > | > | > | = | < | < | < | < 1 m | > | > | > | > | > | > | > | > | = | < | < | < 2 | > | > | > | > | > | > | > | > | > | = | < | < 2 kg | > | > | > | > | > | > | > | > | > | > | = | < 2 m | > | > | > | > | > | > | > | > | > | > | > | = (12 rows) -- test all prefix/unit combinations SELECT u, p, (p||u)::unit FROM prefixes CROSS JOIN units WHERE u <> 'kg' AND (p||u) <> 'dat' -- ambiguous \crosstabview u | q | r | y | z | a | f | p | n | µ | mu | m | c | d | | da | h | k | M | G | T | P | E | Z | Y | R | Q -----+--------------------+---------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+-------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+------------------+---------------------+-------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+----------------- m/m | 1e-30 | 1e-27 | 1e-24 | 1e-21 | 1e-18 | 1e-15 | 1e-12 | 1e-09 | 1e-06 | 1e-06 | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1000 | 1000000 | 1000000000 | 1000000000000 | 1e+15 | 1e+18 | 1e+21 | 1e+24 | 1e+27 | 1e+30 m | 1 qm | 1 rm | 1 ym | 1 zm | 1 am | 1 fm | 1 pm | 1 nm | 1 µm | 1 µm | 1 mm | 10 mm | 100 mm | 1 m | 10 m | 100 m | 1 km | 1 Mm | 1 Gm | 1 Tm | 1 Pm | 1 Em | 1 Zm | 1 Ym | 1 Rm | 1 Qm s | 1 qs | 1 rs | 1 ys | 1 zs | 1 as | 1 fs | 1 ps | 1 ns | 1 µs | 1 µs | 1 ms | 10 ms | 100 ms | 1 s | 10 s | 100 s | 1 ks | 1 Ms | 100 µT | 1 Ts | 1 Ps | 1 Es | 1 Zs | 1 Ys | 1 Rs | 1 Qs A | 1 qA | 1 rA | 1 yA | 1 zA | 1 aA | 1 fA | 1 pA | 1 nA | 1 µA | 1 µA | 1 mA | 10 mA | 100 mA | 1 A | 10 A | 100 A | 1 kA | 1 MA | 1 GA | 1 TA | 1 PA | 1 EA | 1 ZA | 1 YA | 1 RA | 1 QA K | 1 qK | 1 rK | 1 yK | 1 zK | 1 aK | 1 fK | 1 pK | 1 nK | 1 µK | 1 µK | 1 mK | 10 mK | 100 mK | 1 K | 10 K | 100 K | 1 kK | 1 MK | 1 GK | 1 TK | 1 PK | 1 EK | 1 ZK | 1 YK | 1 RK | 1 QK mol | 1 qmol | 1 rmol | 1 ymol | 1 zmol | 1 amol | 1 fmol | 1 pmol | 1 nmol | 1 µmol | 1 µmol | 1 mmol | 10 mmol | 100 mmol | 1 mol | 10 mol | 100 mol | 1 kmol | 1 Mmol | 1 Gmol | 1 Tmol | 1 Pmol | 1 Emol | 1 Zmol | 1 Ymol | 1 Rmol | 1 Qmol cd | 1 qcd | 1 rcd | 1 ycd | 1 zcd | 1 acd | 1 fcd | 1 pcd | 1 ncd | 1 µcd | 1 µcd | 1 mcd | 10 mcd | 100 mcd | 1 cd | 10 cd | 100 cd | 1 kcd | 1 Mcd | 1 Gcd | 1 Tcd | 1 Pcd | 1 Ecd | 1 Zcd | 1 Ycd | 1 Rcd | 1 Qcd B | 1 qB | 1 rB | 1 yB | 1 zB | 1 aB | 1 fB | 1 pB | 1 nB | 1 µB | 1 µB | 1 mB | 10 mB | 100 mB | 1 B | 10 B | 100 B | 1 kB | 1 MB | 1 GB | 1 TB | 1 PB | 1 EB | 1 ZB | 1 YB | 1 RB | 1 QB sr | 1e-30 | 1e-27 | 1e-24 | 1e-21 | 1e-18 | 1e-15 | 1e-12 | 1e-09 | 1e-06 | 1e-06 | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1000 | 1000000 | 1000000000 | 1000000000000 | 1e+15 | 1e+18 | 1e+21 | 1e+24 | 1e+27 | 1e+30 Hz | 1 qHz | 1 rHz | 1 yHz | 1 zHz | 1 aHz | 1 fHz | 1 pHz | 1 nHz | 1 µHz | 1 µHz | 1 mHz | 10 mHz | 100 mHz | 1 Hz | 10 Hz | 100 Hz | 1 kHz | 1 MHz | 1 GHz | 1 THz | 1 PHz | 1 EHz | 1 ZHz | 1 YHz | 1 RHz | 1 QHz N | 1 qN | 1 rN | 1 yN | 1 zN | 1 aN | 1 fN | 1 pN | 1 nN | 1 µN | 1 µN | 1 mN | 10 mN | 100 mN | 1 N | 10 N | 100 N | 1 kN | 1 MN | 1 GN | 1 TN | 1 PN | 1 EN | 1 ZN | 1 YN | 1 RN | 1 QN Pa | 1 qPa | 1 rPa | 1 yPa | 1 zPa | 1 aPa | 1 fPa | 1 pPa | 1 nPa | 1 µPa | 1 µPa | 1 mPa | 10 mPa | 100 mPa | 1 Pa | 10 Pa | 100 Pa | 1 kPa | 1 MPa | 1 GPa | 1 TPa | 1 PPa | 1 EPa | 1 ZPa | 1 YPa | 1 RPa | 1 QPa J | 1 qJ | 1 rJ | 1 yJ | 1 zJ | 1 aJ | 1 fJ | 1 pJ | 1 nJ | 1 µJ | 1 µJ | 1 mJ | 10 mJ | 100 mJ | 1 J | 10 J | 100 J | 1 kJ | 1 MJ | 1 GJ | 1 TJ | 1 PJ | 1 EJ | 1 ZJ | 1 YJ | 1 RJ | 1 QJ W | 1 qW | 1 rW | 1 yW | 1 zW | 1 aW | 1 fW | 1 pW | 1 nW | 1 µW | 1 µW | 1 mW | 10 mW | 100 mW | 1 W | 10 W | 100 W | 1 kW | 1 MW | 1 GW | 1 TW | 1 PW | 1 EW | 1 ZW | 1 YW | 1 RW | 1 QW C | 1 qC | 1 rC | 1 yC | 1 zC | 1 aC | 1 fC | 1 pC | 1 nC | 1 µC | 1 µC | 1 mC | 10 mC | 100 mC | 1 C | 10 C | 100 C | 1 kC | 1 MC | 1 GC | 1 TC | 1 PC | 1 EC | 1 ZC | 1 YC | 1 RC | 1 QC V | 1 qV | 1 rV | 1 yV | 1 zV | 1 aV | 1 fV | 1 pV | 1 nV | 1 µV | 1 µV | 1 mV | 10 mV | 100 mV | 1 V | 10 V | 100 V | 1 kV | 1 MV | 1 GV | 1 TV | 1 PV | 1 EV | 1 ZV | 1 YV | 1 RV | 1 QV F | 1 qF | 1 rF | 1 yF | 1 zF | 1 aF | 1 fF | 1 pF | 1 nF | 1 µF | 1 µF | 1 mF | 10 mF | 100 mF | 1 F | 10 F | 100 F | 1 kF | 1 MF | 1 GF | 1 TF | 1 PF | 1 EF | 1 ZF | 1 YF | 1 RF | 1 QF Ω | 1 qΩ | 1 rΩ | 1 yΩ | 1 zΩ | 1 aΩ | 1 fΩ | 1 pΩ | 1 nΩ | 1 µΩ | 1 µΩ | 1 mΩ | 10 mΩ | 100 mΩ | 1 Ω | 10 Ω | 100 Ω | 1 kΩ | 1 MΩ | 1 GΩ | 1 TΩ | 1 PΩ | 1 EΩ | 1 ZΩ | 1 YΩ | 1 RΩ | 1 QΩ ohm | 1 qΩ | 1 rΩ | 1 yΩ | 1 zΩ | 1 aΩ | 1 fΩ | 1 pΩ | 1 nΩ | 1 µΩ | 1 µΩ | 1 mΩ | 10 mΩ | 100 mΩ | 1 Ω | 10 Ω | 100 Ω | 1 kΩ | 1 MΩ | 1 GΩ | 1 TΩ | 1 PΩ | 1 EΩ | 1 ZΩ | 1 YΩ | 1 RΩ | 1 QΩ S | 1 qS | 1 rS | 1 yS | 1 zS | 1 aS | 1 fS | 1 pS | 1 nS | 1 µS | 1 µS | 1 mS | 10 mS | 100 mS | 1 S | 10 S | 100 S | 1 kS | 1 MS | 1 GS | 1 TS | 1 PS | 1 ES | 1 ZS | 1 YS | 1 RS | 1 QS Wb | 1 qWb | 1 rWb | 1 yWb | 1 zWb | 1 aWb | 1 fWb | 1 pWb | 1 nWb | 1 µWb | 1 µWb | 1 mWb | 10 mWb | 100 mWb | 1 Wb | 10 Wb | 100 Wb | 1 kWb | 1 MWb | 1 GWb | 1 TWb | 1 PWb | 1 EWb | 1 ZWb | 1 YWb | 1 RWb | 1 QWb T | 1 qT | 1 rT | 1 yT | 1 zT | 1 aT | 1 fT | 1 pT | 1 nT | 1 µT | 1 µT | 1 mT | 10 mT | 100 mT | 1 T | 10 T | 100 T | 1 kT | 1 MT | 1 GT | 1 TT | 1 PT | 1 ET | 1 ZT | 1 YT | 1 RT | 1 QT H | 1 qH | 1 rH | 1 yH | 1 zH | 1 aH | 1 fH | 1 pH | 1 nH | 1 µH | 1 µH | 1 mH | 10 mH | 100 mH | 1 H | 10 H | 100 H | 1 kH | 1 MH | 1 GH | 1 TH | 1 PH | 1 EH | 1 ZH | 1 YH | 1 RH | 1 QH °C | 1 qK | 1 rK | 1 yK | 1 zK | 1 aK | 1 fK | 1 pK | 1 nK | 1 µK | 1 µK | 1 mK | 10 mK | 100 mK | 1 K | 10 K | 100 K | 1 kK | 1 MK | 1 GK | 1 TK | 1 PK | 1 EK | 1 ZK | 1 YK | 1 RK | 1 QK lm | 1 qcd | 1 rcd | 1 ycd | 1 zcd | 1 acd | 1 fcd | 1 pcd | 1 ncd | 1 µcd | 1 µcd | 1 mcd | 10 mcd | 100 mcd | 1 cd | 10 cd | 100 cd | 1 kcd | 1 Mcd | 1 Gcd | 1 Tcd | 1 Pcd | 1 Ecd | 1 Zcd | 1 Ycd | 1 Rcd | 1 Qcd lx | 1 qlx | 1 rlx | 1 ylx | 1 zlx | 1 alx | 1 flx | 1 plx | 1 nlx | 1 µlx | 1 µlx | 1 mlx | 10 mlx | 100 mlx | 1 lx | 10 lx | 100 lx | 1 klx | 1 Mlx | 1 Glx | 1 Tlx | 1 Plx | 1 Elx | 1 Zlx | 1 Ylx | 1 Rlx | 1 Qlx Bq | 1 qHz | 1 rHz | 1 yHz | 1 zHz | 1 aHz | 1 fHz | 1 pHz | 1 nHz | 1 µHz | 1 µHz | 1 mHz | 10 mHz | 100 mHz | 1 Hz | 10 Hz | 100 Hz | 1 kHz | 1 MHz | 1 GHz | 1 THz | 1 PHz | 1 EHz | 1 ZHz | 1 YHz | 1 RHz | 1 QHz Gy | 1 qGy | 1 rGy | 1 yGy | 1 zGy | 1 aGy | 1 fGy | 1 pGy | 1 nGy | 1 µGy | 1 µGy | 1 mGy | 10 mGy | 100 mGy | 1 Gy | 10 Gy | 100 Gy | 1 kGy | 1 MGy | 1 GGy | 1 TGy | 1 PGy | 1 EGy | 1 ZGy | 1 YGy | 1 RGy | 1 QGy rad | 1e-32 Gy | 10 qGy | 10 rGy | 10 yGy | 10 zGy | 10 aGy | 10 fGy | 10 pGy | 10 nGy | 10 nGy | 10 µGy | 100 µGy | 1 mGy | 10 mGy | 100 mGy | 1 Gy | 10 Gy | 10 kGy | 10 MGy | 10 GGy | 10 TGy | 10 PGy | 10 EGy | 10 ZGy | 10 YGy | 10 RGy Sv | 1 qGy | 1 rGy | 1 yGy | 1 zGy | 1 aGy | 1 fGy | 1 pGy | 1 nGy | 1 µGy | 1 µGy | 1 mGy | 10 mGy | 100 mGy | 1 Gy | 10 Gy | 100 Gy | 1 kGy | 1 MGy | 1 GGy | 1 TGy | 1 PGy | 1 EGy | 1 ZGy | 1 YGy | 1 RGy | 1 QGy kat | 1 qkat | 1 rkat | 1 ykat | 1 zkat | 1 akat | 1 fkat | 1 pkat | 1 nkat | 1 µkat | 1 µkat | 1 mkat | 10 mkat | 100 mkat | 1 kat | 10 kat | 100 kat | 1 kkat | 1 Mkat | 1 Gkat | 1 Tkat | 1 Pkat | 1 Ekat | 1 Zkat | 1 Ykat | 1 Rkat | 1 Qkat g | 1 qg | 1 rg | 1 yg | 1 zg | 1 ag | 1 fg | 1 pg | 1 ng | 1 µg | 1 µg | 1 mg | 10 mg | 100 mg | 1 g | 10 g | 100 g | 1 kg | 1 Mg | 1 Gg | 1 Tg | 1 Pg | 1 Eg | 1 Zg | 1 Yg | 1 Rg | 1 Qg a | 1e-28 m^2 | 1e-25 m^2 | 1e-22 m^2 | 1e-19 m^2 | 1e-16 m^2 | 1e-13 m^2 | 1 Pa | 1e-07 m^2 | 0.0001 m^2 | 0.0001 m^2 | 0.1 m^2 | 1 m^2 | 86.4 ks | 100 m^2 | 1000 m^2 | 10000 m^2 | 100000 m^2 | 100000000 m^2 | 100000000000 m^2 | 100000000000000 m^2 | 1 Pa | 1e+20 m^2 | 1e+23 m^2 | 1e+26 m^2 | 1e+29 m^2 | 1e+32 m^2 l | 1e-33 m^3 | 1e-30 m^3 | 1e-27 m^3 | 1e-24 m^3 | 1e-21 m^3 | 1e-18 m^3 | 1e-15 m^3 | 1e-12 m^3 | 1e-09 m^3 | 1e-09 m^3 | 1e-06 m^3 | 1e-05 m^3 | 0.0001 m^3 | 0.001 m^3 | 0.01 m^3 | 0.1 m^3 | 1 m^3 | 1000 m^3 | 1000000 m^3 | 1000000000 m^3 | 1000000000000 m^3 | 1e+15 m^3 | 1e+18 m^3 | 1e+21 m^3 | 1e+24 m^3 | 1e+27 m^3 t | 0.000946352946 m^3 | 1 zg | 1 ag | 1 fg | 98.0665 kPa | 304.8 mm | 0.000473176473 m^3 | 1 N | 1 g | 1 g | 1 kg | 200 mg | 100 kg | 1 Mg | | 100 Mg | 1 Gg | 1 Tg | 1 Pg | 1 Eg | 1 Zg | 1 Yg | 1 Rg | 1 Qg | 1e+30 kg | 1e+33 kg bar | 100 rPa | 100 yPa | 100 zPa | 100 aPa | 100 fPa | 100 pPa | 100 nPa | 100 µPa | 100 mPa | 100 mPa | 100 Pa | 1 kPa | 10 kPa | 100 kPa | 1 MPa | 1.05457181764616e-34 m^2*kg/s | 100 MPa | 100 GPa | 100 TPa | 100 PPa | 100 EPa | 100 ZPa | 100 YPa | 100 RPa | 100 QPa | 1e+35 Pa min | 60 qs | 60 rs | 60 ys | 60 zs | 60 as | 60 fs | 60 ps | 60 ns | 60 µs | 60 µs | 60 ms | 600 ms | 6 s | 60 s | 600 s | 6 ks | 60 ks | 60 Ms | 60 Gsec | 60 Ts | 60 Ps | 60 Es | 60 Zs | 60 Ys | 60 Rs | 60 Qs hr | 3.6 rs | 3.6 ys | 3.6 zs | 3.6 as | 3.6 fs | 3.6 ps | 3.6 ns | 3.6 µs | 3.6 ms | 3.6 ms | 3.6 s | 36 s | 360 s | 3.6 ks | 36 ks | 360 ks | 3.6 Ms | 3.6 Gsec | 3.6 Ts | 3.6 Ps | 3.6 Es | 3.6 Zs | 3.6 Ys | 3.6 Rs | 3.6 Qs | 3.6e+33 s d | 86.4 rs | 5.0292 m | 914.4 mm | 86.4 as | 86.4 fs | 86.4 ps | 86.4 ns | 86.4 µs | 86.4 ms | 86.4 ms | 86.4 s | 1 cd | 8.64 ks | 86.4 ks | 864 ks | 0.238480942392 m^3 | 86.4 Ms | 86.4 Gsec | 86.4 Ts | 86.4 Ps | 86.4 Es | 86.4 Zs | 86.4 Ys | 86.4 Rs | 86.4 Qs | 8.64e+34 s in | 2.54e-32 m | 303.030303030303 µm | 25.4 rm | 25.4 ym | 25.4 zm | 25.4 am | 0.020457405 m^3 | 25.4 pm | 25.4 nm | 25.4 nm | 60 s | 254 µm | 2.54 mm | 25.4 mm | 254 mm | 2.54 m | 600 g | 25.4 km | 25.4 Mm | 25.4 Gm | 25.4 Tm | 25.4 Pm | 25.4 Em | 25.4 Zm | 25.4 Ym | 25.4 Rm ft | 3.048e-31 m | 304.8 qm | 304.8 rm | 304.8 ym | 304.8 zm | 304.8 am | 304.8 fm | 304.8 pm | 304.8 nm | 304.8 nm | 304.8 µm | 3.048 mm | 30.48 mm | 304.8 mm | 3.048 m | 30.48 m | 304.8 m | 304.8 km | 304.8 Mm | 304.8 Gm | 304.8 Tm | 304.8 Pm | 304.8 Em | 304.8 Zm | 304.8 Ym | 304.8 Rm yd | 9.144e-31 m | 914.4 qm | 914.4 rm | 914.4 ym | 914.4 zm | 914.4 am | 914.4 fm | 914.4 pm | 914.4 nm | 914.4 nm | 914.4 µm | 9.144 mm | 91.44 mm | 914.4 mm | 9.144 m | 91.44 m | 914.4 m | 914.4 km | 914.4 Mm | 914.4 Gm | 914.4 Tm | 914.4 Pm | 914.4 Em | 914.4 Zm | 914.4 Ym | 914.4 Rm mi | 1.609344 rm | 1.609344 ym | 1.609344 zm | 1.609344 am | 1.609344 fm | 1.609344 pm | 1.609344 nm | 1.852 km | 1.609344 mm | 1.609344 mm | 1.609344 m | 16.09344 m | 160.9344 m | 1.609344 km | 16.09344 km | 160.9344 km | 1.609344 Mm | 1.609344 Gm | 1.609344 Tm | 1.609344 Pm | 1.609344 Em | 1.609344 Zm | 1.609344 Ym | 1.609344 Rm | 1.609344 Qm | 1.609344e+33 m oz | 28.349523125 qg | 28.349523125 rg | 28.349523125 yg | 28.349523125 zg | 28.349523125 ag | 28.349523125 fg | 28.349523125 pg | 28.349523125 ng | 28.349523125 µg | 28.349523125 µg | 28.349523125 mg | 283.49523125 mg | 2.8349523125 g | 28.349523125 g | 283.49523125 g | 2.8349523125 kg | 28.349523125 kg | 28.349523125 Mg | 28.349523125 Gg | 28.349523125 Tg | 28.349523125 Pg | 28.349523125 Eg | 28.349523125 Zg | 28.349523125 Yg | 28.349523125 Rg | 28.349523125 Qg lb | 453.59237 qg | 453.59237 rg | 453.59237 yg | 453.59237 zg | 453.59237 ag | 453.59237 fg | 453.59237 pg | 453.59237 ng | 453.59237 µg | 453.59237 µg | 453.59237 mg | 4.5359237 g | 45.359237 g | 453.59237 g | 4.5359237 kg | 45.359237 kg | 453.59237 kg | 453.59237 Mg | 453.59237 Gg | 453.59237 Tg | 453.59237 Pg | 453.59237 Eg | 453.59237 Zg | 453.59237 Yg | 453.59237 Rg | 453.59237 Qg (45 rows) postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/custom.out000066400000000000000000000027021472555243500205020ustar00rootroot00000000000000SELECT '1 foobar'::unit; ERROR: unit "foobar" is not known LINE 1: SELECT '1 foobar'::unit; ^ SELECT unit_is_hashed('foobar'); unit_is_hashed ---------------- f (1 row) INSERT INTO unit_prefixes VALUES ('foo', 42); SELECT '1 foobar'::unit; unit --------- 4.2 MPa (1 row) SELECT unit_is_hashed('foobar'); unit_is_hashed ---------------- t (1 row) SELECT * FROM unit_prefixes WHERE dump; prefix | factor | definition | dump --------+--------+------------+------ foo | 42 | | t (1 row) INSERT INTO unit_units VALUES ('legobrick', '9.6 mm'); SELECT unit_is_hashed('legobricks'); unit_is_hashed ---------------- f (1 row) SELECT '1 m'::unit @ 'legobricks' AS one_meter; one_meter ----------------------------- 104.166666666667 legobricks (1 row) SELECT unit_is_hashed('legobricks'); unit_is_hashed ---------------- t (1 row) SELECT * FROM unit_units WHERE dump; name | unit | shift | definition | dump -----------+--------+-------+------------+------ legobrick | 9.6 mm | | | t (1 row) UPDATE unit_units SET unit = '19.1 mm' WHERE name = 'legobrick'; -- Duplo size SELECT '2 legobricks'::unit AS old_size; old_size ---------- 19.2 mm (1 row) SELECT unit_reset(); unit_reset ------------ (1 row) SELECT unit_is_hashed('legobricks'); unit_is_hashed ---------------- f (1 row) SELECT '2 legobricks'::unit AS new_size; new_size ---------- 38.2 mm (1 row) postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/derived.out000066400000000000000000000232631472555243500206170ustar00rootroot00000000000000-- derived units SELECT radian(); radian -------- 1 (1 row) SELECT steradian(); steradian ----------- 1 (1 row) SELECT hertz(); hertz ------- 1 Hz (1 row) SELECT newton(); newton -------- 1 N (1 row) SELECT pascal(); pascal -------- 1 Pa (1 row) SELECT joule(); joule ------- 1 J (1 row) SELECT watt(); watt ------ 1 W (1 row) SELECT coulomb(); coulomb --------- 1 C (1 row) SELECT volt(); volt ------ 1 V (1 row) SELECT farad(); farad ------- 1 F (1 row) SELECT ohm(); ohm ----- 1 Ω (1 row) SELECT siemens(); siemens --------- 1 S (1 row) SELECT weber(); weber ------- 1 Wb (1 row) SELECT tesla(); tesla ------- 1 T (1 row) SELECT henry(); henry ------- 1 H (1 row) SELECT celsius(); celsius ---------- 273.15 K (1 row) SELECT lumen(); lumen ------- 1 cd (1 row) SELECT lux(); lux ------ 1 lx (1 row) SELECT becquerel(); becquerel ----------- 1 Hz (1 row) SELECT gray(); gray ------ 1 Gy (1 row) SELECT sievert(); sievert --------- 1 Gy (1 row) SELECT katal(); katal ------- 1 kat (1 row) SELECT radian(2); radian -------- 2 (1 row) SELECT steradian(2); steradian ----------- 2 (1 row) SELECT hertz(2); hertz ------- 2 Hz (1 row) SELECT newton(2); newton -------- 2 N (1 row) SELECT pascal(2); pascal -------- 2 Pa (1 row) SELECT joule(2); joule ------- 2 J (1 row) SELECT watt(2); watt ------ 2 W (1 row) SELECT coulomb(2); coulomb --------- 2 C (1 row) SELECT volt(2); volt ------ 2 V (1 row) SELECT farad(2); farad ------- 2 F (1 row) SELECT ohm(2); ohm ----- 2 Ω (1 row) SELECT siemens(2); siemens --------- 2 S (1 row) SELECT weber(2); weber ------- 2 Wb (1 row) SELECT tesla(2); tesla ------- 2 T (1 row) SELECT henry(2); henry ------- 2 H (1 row) SELECT celsius(100); celsius ---------- 373.15 K (1 row) SELECT lumen(2); lumen ------- 2 cd (1 row) SELECT lux(2); lux ------ 2 lx (1 row) SELECT becquerel(2); becquerel ----------- 2 Hz (1 row) SELECT gray(2); gray ------ 2 Gy (1 row) SELECT sievert(2); sievert --------- 2 Gy (1 row) SELECT katal(2); katal ------- 2 kat (1 row) /* revert to pre-12 default for decibel() tests */ SET extra_float_digits = 0; -- Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI SELECT minute(); minute ------------ 00:01:00 s (1 row) SELECT hour(); hour ------------ 01:00:00 s (1 row) SELECT day(); day ----- 1 d (1 row) SELECT degree_arc(); degree_arc -------------------- 0.0174532925199433 (1 row) SELECT minute_arc(); minute_arc ---------------------- 0.000290888208665722 (1 row) SELECT second_arc(); second_arc ---------------------- 4.84813681109536e-06 (1 row) SELECT hectare(); hectare ----------- 10000 m^2 (1 row) SELECT liter(); liter ----------- 0.001 m^3 (1 row) SELECT tonne(); tonne ------- 1 Mg (1 row) SELECT au(); au ---------------- 149.5978707 Gm (1 row) SELECT decibel(); decibel --------- 1 (1 row) SELECT minute(60); minute ------------ 01:00:00 s (1 row) SELECT hour(24); hour ------ 1 d (1 row) SELECT day(1/24.0); day ------------ 01:00:00 s (1 row) SELECT degree_arc(360); degree_arc ------------------ 6.28318530717959 (1 row) SELECT minute_arc(60); minute_arc -------------------- 0.0174532925199433 (1 row) SELECT second_arc(60); second_arc ---------------------- 0.000290888208665722 (1 row) SELECT hectare(1/100.0); hectare --------- 100 m^2 (1 row) SELECT liter(1000); liter ------- 1 m^3 (1 row) SELECT tonne(1/1000.0); tonne ------- 1 kg (1 row) SELECT au(10); au ---------------- 1.495978707 Tm (1 row) SELECT decibel(-3); decibel ------------------- 0.501187233627272 (1 row) SELECT decibel(3); decibel ------------------ 1.99526231496888 (1 row) SELECT decibel(10); decibel --------- 10 (1 row) SELECT decibel(20); decibel --------- 100 (1 row) SET client_min_messages = warning; DROP TABLE IF EXISTS u; RESET client_min_messages; CREATE TABLE u AS SELECT unit AS u, 2000 * unit AS "2k", unit/5000 AS "200µ", 0.002/unit AS "500th_inverse", (40*unit)^2 AS "1600_square" FROM units WHERE base OR coherent; SELECT * FROM u; u | 2k | 200µ | 500th_inverse | 1600_square -------+------------+----------+----------------------+----------------------- 1 | 2000 | 0.0002 | 0.002 | 1600 1 m | 2 km | 200 µm | 0.002 m^-1 | 1600 m^2 1 kg | 2 Mg | 200 mg | 0.002 kg^-1 | 1600 kg^2 1 s | 00:33:20 s | 200 µs | 2 mHz | 1600 s^2 1 A | 2 kA | 200 µA | 0.002 A^-1 | 1600 A^2 1 K | 2 kK | 200 µK | 0.002 K^-1 | 1600 K^2 1 mol | 2 kmol | 200 µmol | 0.002 mol^-1 | 1600 mol^2 1 cd | 2 kcd | 200 µcd | 0.002 cd^-1 | 1600 cd^2 1 B | 2 kB | 200 µB | 0.002 B^-1 | 1600 B^2 1 | 2000 | 0.0002 | 0.002 | 1600 1 Hz | 2 kHz | 200 µHz | 2 ms | 1600 s^-2 1 N | 2 kN | 200 µN | 0.002 s^2/m*kg | 1600 m^2*kg^2/s^4 1 Pa | 2 kPa | 200 µPa | 0.002 m*s^2/kg | 1600 kg^2/m^2*s^4 1 J | 2 kJ | 200 µJ | 0.002 s^2/m^2*kg | 1600 m^4*kg^2/s^4 1 W | 2 kW | 200 µW | 0.002 s^3/m^2*kg | 1600 m^4*kg^2/s^6 1 C | 2 kC | 200 µC | 0.002 s^-1*A^-1 | 1600 s^2*A^2 1 V | 2 kV | 200 µV | 0.002 s^3*A/m^2*kg | 1600 m^4*kg^2/s^6*A^2 1 F | 2 kF | 200 µF | 0.002 m^2*kg/s^4*A^2 | 1600 s^8*A^4/m^4*kg^2 1 Ω | 2 kΩ | 200 µΩ | 2 mS | 1600 m^4*kg^2/s^6*A^4 1 Ω | 2 kΩ | 200 µΩ | 2 mS | 1600 m^4*kg^2/s^6*A^4 1 S | 2 kS | 200 µS | 2 mΩ | 1600 s^6*A^4/m^4*kg^2 1 Wb | 2 kWb | 200 µWb | 0.002 s^2*A/m^2*kg | 1600 m^4*kg^2/s^4*A^2 1 T | 2 kT | 200 µT | 0.002 s^2*A/kg | 1600 kg^2/s^4*A^2 1 H | 2 kH | 200 µH | 0.002 s^2*A^2/m^2*kg | 1600 m^4*kg^2/s^4*A^4 1 K | 2 kK | 200 µK | 0.002 K^-1 | 1600 K^2 1 cd | 2 kcd | 200 µcd | 0.002 cd^-1 | 1600 cd^2 1 lx | 2 klx | 200 µlx | 0.002 m^2/cd | 1600 cd^2/m^4 1 Hz | 2 kHz | 200 µHz | 2 ms | 1600 s^-2 1 Gy | 2 kGy | 200 µGy | 0.002 s^2/m^2 | 1600 m^4/s^4 1 Gy | 2 kGy | 200 µGy | 0.002 s^2/m^2 | 1600 m^4/s^4 1 kat | 2 kkat | 200 µkat | 2 ms/mol | 1600 mol^2/s^2 (31 rows) SELECT u, u::text::unit AS "text::unit", "2k"::text::unit, "200µ"::text::unit, "500th_inverse"::text::unit, "1600_square"::text::unit FROM u; u | text::unit | 2k | 200µ | 500th_inverse | 1600_square -------+------------+------------+----------+----------------------+----------------------- 1 | 1 | 2000 | 0.0002 | 0.002 | 1600 1 m | 1 m | 2 km | 200 µm | 0.002 m^-1 | 1600 m^2 1 kg | 1 kg | 2 Mg | 200 mg | 0.002 kg^-1 | 1600 kg^2 1 s | 1 s | 00:33:20 s | 200 µs | 2 mHz | 1600 s^2 1 A | 1 A | 2 kA | 200 µA | 0.002 A^-1 | 1600 A^2 1 K | 1 K | 2 kK | 200 µK | 0.002 K^-1 | 1600 K^2 1 mol | 1 mol | 2 kmol | 200 µmol | 0.002 mol^-1 | 1600 mol^2 1 cd | 1 cd | 2 kcd | 200 µcd | 0.002 cd^-1 | 1600 cd^2 1 B | 1 B | 2 kB | 200 µB | 0.002 B^-1 | 1600 B^2 1 | 1 | 2000 | 0.0002 | 0.002 | 1600 1 Hz | 1 Hz | 2 kHz | 200 µHz | 2 ms | 1600 s^-2 1 N | 1 N | 2 kN | 200 µN | 0.002 s^2/m*kg | 1600 m^2*kg^2/s^4 1 Pa | 1 Pa | 2 kPa | 200 µPa | 0.002 m*s^2/kg | 1600 kg^2/m^2*s^4 1 J | 1 J | 2 kJ | 200 µJ | 0.002 s^2/m^2*kg | 1600 m^4*kg^2/s^4 1 W | 1 W | 2 kW | 200 µW | 0.002 s^3/m^2*kg | 1600 m^4*kg^2/s^6 1 C | 1 C | 2 kC | 200 µC | 0.002 s^-1*A^-1 | 1600 s^2*A^2 1 V | 1 V | 2 kV | 200 µV | 0.002 s^3*A/m^2*kg | 1600 m^4*kg^2/s^6*A^2 1 F | 1 F | 2 kF | 200 µF | 0.002 m^2*kg/s^4*A^2 | 1600 s^8*A^4/m^4*kg^2 1 Ω | 1 Ω | 2 kΩ | 200 µΩ | 2 mS | 1600 m^4*kg^2/s^6*A^4 1 Ω | 1 Ω | 2 kΩ | 200 µΩ | 2 mS | 1600 m^4*kg^2/s^6*A^4 1 S | 1 S | 2 kS | 200 µS | 2 mΩ | 1600 s^6*A^4/m^4*kg^2 1 Wb | 1 Wb | 2 kWb | 200 µWb | 0.002 s^2*A/m^2*kg | 1600 m^4*kg^2/s^4*A^2 1 T | 1 T | 2 kT | 200 µT | 0.002 s^2*A/kg | 1600 kg^2/s^4*A^2 1 H | 1 H | 2 kH | 200 µH | 0.002 s^2*A^2/m^2*kg | 1600 m^4*kg^2/s^4*A^4 1 K | 1 K | 2 kK | 200 µK | 0.002 K^-1 | 1600 K^2 1 cd | 1 cd | 2 kcd | 200 µcd | 0.002 cd^-1 | 1600 cd^2 1 lx | 1 lx | 2 klx | 200 µlx | 0.002 m^2/cd | 1600 cd^2/m^4 1 Hz | 1 Hz | 2 kHz | 200 µHz | 2 ms | 1600 s^-2 1 Gy | 1 Gy | 2 kGy | 200 µGy | 0.002 s^2/m^2 | 1600 m^4/s^4 1 Gy | 1 Gy | 2 kGy | 200 µGy | 0.002 s^2/m^2 | 1600 m^4/s^4 1 kat | 1 kat | 2 kkat | 200 µkat | 2 ms/mol | 1600 mol^2/s^2 (31 rows) -- test i/o SELECT a.u, b.u, (a.u::unit*b.u::unit)::text, (a.u::unit*b.u::unit)::text::unit FROM units a CROSS JOIN units b WHERE (a.u::unit*b.u::unit)::text != (a.u::unit*b.u::unit)::text::unit::text; u | u | text | unit ---+---+------+------ (0 rows) postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/extension.out000066400000000000000000000001431472555243500212010ustar00rootroot00000000000000SET client_min_messages = warning; CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS unit; RESET client_min_messages; postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/functions.out000066400000000000000000000216171472555243500212060ustar00rootroot00000000000000-- test functions SELECT value('2'::unit); value ------- 2 (1 row) SELECT value(meter(2)); value ------- 2 (1 row) SELECT dimension('2'::unit); dimension ----------- 1 (1 row) SELECT dimension(kilogram(2)); dimension ----------- 1 kg (1 row) -- test unit addition/subtraction SELECT '1'::unit + '2' AS sum; sum ----- 3 (1 row) SELECT '1'::unit - '2' AS difference; difference ------------ -1 (1 row) SELECT '3 m'::unit - '1 µm' AS difference; difference ------------ 2.999999 m (1 row) SELECT '0' + meter() AS error; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "+" operation: "0", "1 m" SELECT meter() + '0' AS error; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "+" operation: "1 m", "0" SELECT meter() + kilogram() AS error; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "+" operation: "1 m", "1 kg" SELECT meter() - kilogram() AS error; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "-" operation: "1 m", "1 kg" -- test unit multiplication/division SELECT - '1'::unit AS negative; negative ---------- -1 (1 row) SELECT '2'::unit * '2' AS product; product --------- 4 (1 row) SELECT '5'::unit / '2' AS fraction; fraction ---------- 2.5 (1 row) SELECT '0'::unit / '2' AS zero; zero ------ 0 (1 row) SELECT '5'::unit / '0' AS division_by_zero; ERROR: division by zero-valued unit: "0" SELECT - second() AS minus_second; minus_second -------------- -1 s (1 row) SELECT meter() * '2' AS two_meters; two_meters ------------ 2 m (1 row) SELECT '3' * meter() AS three_meters; three_meters -------------- 3 m (1 row) SELECT meter() * meter() AS square_meter; square_meter -------------- 1 m^2 (1 row) SELECT meter() * kilogram() AS meter_kilogram; meter_kilogram ---------------- 1 m*kg (1 row) SELECT '1' / second(.02) AS hertz; hertz ------- 50 Hz (1 row) SELECT meter(9.81) / (second() * second()) AS acceleration; acceleration -------------- 9.81 m/s^2 (1 row) -- test unit/double operators SELECT 2 * meter() AS two_meters; two_meters ------------ 2 m (1 row) SELECT ampere() * 3 AS three_ampere; three_ampere -------------- 3 A (1 row) SELECT 4 / second() AS four_hertz; four_hertz ------------ 4 Hz (1 row) SELECT kelvin(10) / 5 AS two_kelvin; two_kelvin ------------ 2 K (1 row) SELECT 0 / candela() AS zero_by_candela; zero_by_candela ----------------- 0 cd^-1 (1 row) SELECT 1 / mole(0) AS error; ERROR: division by zero-valued unit: "0 mol" SELECT byte(0) / 2 AS zero_byte; zero_byte ----------- 0 B (1 row) SELECT kilogram(1) / 0 AS error; ERROR: division of unit by zero -- test exponentiation SELECT '6'::unit ^ 2 AS square; square -------- 36 (1 row) SELECT meter(100) ^ 2 AS square_meter; square_meter -------------- 10000 m^2 (1 row) SELECT kilogram(100) ^ 2 AS square_kilogram; square_kilogram ----------------- 10000 kg^2 (1 row) SELECT second(.02) ^ -1 AS hertz; hertz ------- 50 Hz (1 row) SELECT ampere(4) ^ 0 AS unity; unity ------- 1 (1 row) SELECT '0'::unit ^ 0 AS unity; unity ------- 1 (1 row) -- test roots SELECT sqrt('4'::unit); sqrt ------ 2 (1 row) SELECT sqrt('4 m^2'::unit); sqrt ------ 2 m (1 row) SELECT |/'16 s^-4'::unit; ?column? ---------- 4 s^-2 (1 row) SELECT sqrt('-4 m^2'::unit) AS error; ERROR: cannot take square root of a negative-valued unit SELECT sqrt('4 m'::unit) AS error; ERROR: cannot take square root of a unit with odd "m" exponent SELECT cbrt('8'::unit); cbrt ------ 2 (1 row) SELECT cbrt('8 m^3'::unit); cbrt ------ 2 m (1 row) SELECT ||/'-27 s^-6'::unit; ?column? ---------- -3 s^-2 (1 row) SELECT cbrt('-4 m'::unit) AS error; ERROR: cannot take cube root of a unit with "m" exponent not divisible by three WITH v(u) AS (VALUES (NULL), ('0'::unit), ('1'::unit), ('2'::unit), (meter(0)), (meter()), (meter() * '2'), (kilogram(0)), (kilogram()), (kilogram() * '2') ), va(a) AS (SELECT * FROM v), vb(b) AS (SELECT * FROM v) SELECT a, b, -a AS neg, a * b AS mul, CASE WHEN value(b) = 0 THEN NULL ELSE a / b END AS div FROM va CROSS JOIN vb; a | b | neg | mul | div ------+------+-------+--------+----------- | | | | | 0 | | | | 1 | | | | 2 | | | | 0 m | | | | 1 m | | | | 2 m | | | | 0 kg | | | | 1 kg | | | | 2 kg | | | 0 | | -0 | | 0 | 0 | -0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | -0 | 0 | 0 0 | 2 | -0 | 0 | 0 0 | 0 m | -0 | 0 m | 0 | 1 m | -0 | 0 m | 0 m^-1 0 | 2 m | -0 | 0 m | 0 m^-1 0 | 0 kg | -0 | 0 kg | 0 | 1 kg | -0 | 0 kg | 0 kg^-1 0 | 2 kg | -0 | 0 kg | 0 kg^-1 1 | | -1 | | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 1 1 | 2 | -1 | 2 | 0.5 1 | 0 m | -1 | 0 m | 1 | 1 m | -1 | 1 m | 1 m^-1 1 | 2 m | -1 | 2 m | 0.5 m^-1 1 | 0 kg | -1 | 0 kg | 1 | 1 kg | -1 | 1 kg | 1 kg^-1 1 | 2 kg | -1 | 2 kg | 0.5 kg^-1 2 | | -2 | | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | -2 | 2 | 2 2 | 2 | -2 | 4 | 1 2 | 0 m | -2 | 0 m | 2 | 1 m | -2 | 2 m | 2 m^-1 2 | 2 m | -2 | 4 m | 1 m^-1 2 | 0 kg | -2 | 0 kg | 2 | 1 kg | -2 | 2 kg | 2 kg^-1 2 | 2 kg | -2 | 4 kg | 1 kg^-1 0 m | | -0 m | | 0 m | 0 | -0 m | 0 m | 0 m | 1 | -0 m | 0 m | 0 m 0 m | 2 | -0 m | 0 m | 0 m 0 m | 0 m | -0 m | 0 m^2 | 0 m | 1 m | -0 m | 0 m^2 | 0 0 m | 2 m | -0 m | 0 m^2 | 0 0 m | 0 kg | -0 m | 0 m*kg | 0 m | 1 kg | -0 m | 0 m*kg | 0 m/kg 0 m | 2 kg | -0 m | 0 m*kg | 0 m/kg 1 m | | -1 m | | 1 m | 0 | -1 m | 0 m | 1 m | 1 | -1 m | 1 m | 1 m 1 m | 2 | -1 m | 2 m | 500 mm 1 m | 0 m | -1 m | 0 m^2 | 1 m | 1 m | -1 m | 1 m^2 | 1 1 m | 2 m | -1 m | 2 m^2 | 0.5 1 m | 0 kg | -1 m | 0 m*kg | 1 m | 1 kg | -1 m | 1 m*kg | 1 m/kg 1 m | 2 kg | -1 m | 2 m*kg | 500 mm/kg 2 m | | -2 m | | 2 m | 0 | -2 m | 0 m | 2 m | 1 | -2 m | 2 m | 2 m 2 m | 2 | -2 m | 4 m | 1 m 2 m | 0 m | -2 m | 0 m^2 | 2 m | 1 m | -2 m | 2 m^2 | 2 2 m | 2 m | -2 m | 4 m^2 | 1 2 m | 0 kg | -2 m | 0 m*kg | 2 m | 1 kg | -2 m | 2 m*kg | 2 m/kg 2 m | 2 kg | -2 m | 4 m*kg | 1 m/kg 0 kg | | -0 kg | | 0 kg | 0 | -0 kg | 0 kg | 0 kg | 1 | -0 kg | 0 kg | 0 kg 0 kg | 2 | -0 kg | 0 kg | 0 kg 0 kg | 0 m | -0 kg | 0 m*kg | 0 kg | 1 m | -0 kg | 0 m*kg | 0 kg/m 0 kg | 2 m | -0 kg | 0 m*kg | 0 kg/m 0 kg | 0 kg | -0 kg | 0 kg^2 | 0 kg | 1 kg | -0 kg | 0 kg^2 | 0 0 kg | 2 kg | -0 kg | 0 kg^2 | 0 1 kg | | -1 kg | | 1 kg | 0 | -1 kg | 0 kg | 1 kg | 1 | -1 kg | 1 kg | 1 kg 1 kg | 2 | -1 kg | 2 kg | 500 g 1 kg | 0 m | -1 kg | 0 m*kg | 1 kg | 1 m | -1 kg | 1 m*kg | 1 kg/m 1 kg | 2 m | -1 kg | 2 m*kg | 500 g/m 1 kg | 0 kg | -1 kg | 0 kg^2 | 1 kg | 1 kg | -1 kg | 1 kg^2 | 1 1 kg | 2 kg | -1 kg | 2 kg^2 | 0.5 2 kg | | -2 kg | | 2 kg | 0 | -2 kg | 0 kg | 2 kg | 1 | -2 kg | 2 kg | 2 kg 2 kg | 2 | -2 kg | 4 kg | 1 kg 2 kg | 0 m | -2 kg | 0 m*kg | 2 kg | 1 m | -2 kg | 2 m*kg | 2 kg/m 2 kg | 2 m | -2 kg | 4 m*kg | 1 kg/m 2 kg | 0 kg | -2 kg | 0 kg^2 | 2 kg | 1 kg | -2 kg | 2 kg^2 | 2 2 kg | 2 kg | -2 kg | 4 kg^2 | 1 (100 rows) WITH v(a) AS (VALUES (NULL), ('1'::unit), ('2'::unit), (meter()), (meter() * '2'), (kilogram()), (kilogram() * '2') ) SELECT a, a ^ -2 AS pow_2, a ^ -1 AS pow_1, a ^ 0 AS pow0, a ^ 1 AS pow1, a ^ 2 AS pow2 FROM v; a | pow_2 | pow_1 | pow0 | pow1 | pow2 ------+------------+-----------+------+------+-------- | | | | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 2 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 4 1 m | 1 m^-2 | 1 m^-1 | 1 | 1 m | 1 m^2 2 m | 0.25 m^-2 | 0.5 m^-1 | 1 | 2 m | 4 m^2 1 kg | 1 kg^-2 | 1 kg^-1 | 1 | 1 kg | 1 kg^2 2 kg | 0.25 kg^-2 | 0.5 kg^-1 | 1 | 2 kg | 4 kg^2 (7 rows) -- test conversion SELECT '1m'::unit @ 'mm'; ?column? ---------- 1000 mm (1 row) SELECT '10g'::unit @ 'mg'; ?column? ---------- 10000 mg (1 row) SELECT '5dm^3'::unit @ 'l'; ?column? ---------- 5 l (1 row) SELECT '9.81 m/s^2'::unit @ 'N/kg', '9.81 m/s^2'::unit @@ 'N/kg'; ?column? | ?column? -----------+---------- 9.81 N/kg | 9.81 (1 row) SELECT '16384 B'::unit @ '8192 B', '16384 B'::unit @@ '8192 B'; ?column? | ?column? ------------+---------- 2 * 8192 B | 2 (1 row) SELECT '1 hl'::unit @ '0.5 l'; ?column? ------------- 200 * 0.5 l (1 row) SELECT '5MB/min'::unit @ 'GB/d'; ?column? ---------- 7.2 GB/d (1 row) SELECT '5m'::unit @ 's' AS error; ERROR: dimension mismatch in "@" operation: "5 m", "1 s" postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/iec.out000066400000000000000000000056561472555243500177430ustar00rootroot00000000000000VALUES ('1 mB'::unit), ('1 B'::unit), ('1 KiB'::unit), ('1 MiB'::unit), ('1 GiB'::unit), ('1 TiB'::unit), ('1 PiB'::unit), ('1 EiB'::unit), ('1 ZiB'::unit), ('1 YiB'::unit), ('1 RiB'::unit), ('1 QiB'::unit); column1 --------------------- 1 mB 1 B 1.024 kB 1.048576 MB 1.073741824 GB 1.099511627776 TB 1.12589990684262 PB 1.15292150460685 EB 1.18059162071741 ZB 1.20892581961463 YB 1.23794003928538 RB 1.26765060022823 QB (12 rows) VALUES ('1 B'::unit @ 'B'), ('1 KiB'::unit @ 'KiB'), ('1 MiB'::unit @ 'MiB'), ('1 GiB'::unit @ 'GiB'), ('1 TiB'::unit @ 'TiB'), ('1 PiB'::unit @ 'PiB'), ('1 EiB'::unit @ 'EiB'), ('1 ZiB'::unit @ 'ZiB'), ('1 YiB'::unit @ 'YiB'), ('1 RiB'::unit @ 'RiB'), ('1 QiB'::unit @ 'QiB'); column1 --------- 1 B 1 KiB 1 MiB 1 GiB 1 TiB 1 PiB 1 EiB 1 ZiB 1 YiB 1 RiB 1 QiB (11 rows) VALUES ('1 B'::unit @ 'B'), ('1 kB'::unit @ 'KiB'), ('1 MB'::unit @ 'MiB'), ('1 GB'::unit @ 'GiB'), ('1 TB'::unit @ 'TiB'), ('1 PB'::unit @ 'PiB'), ('1 EB'::unit @ 'EiB'), ('1 ZB'::unit @ 'ZiB'), ('1 YB'::unit @ 'YiB'), ('1 RB'::unit @ 'RiB'), ('1 QB'::unit @ 'QiB'); column1 ----------------------- 1 B 0.9765625 KiB 0.95367431640625 MiB 0.931322574615479 GiB 0.909494701772928 TiB 0.888178419700125 PiB 0.867361737988404 EiB 0.8470329472543 ZiB 0.827180612553028 YiB 0.807793566946316 RiB 0.788860905221012 QiB (11 rows) -- errors SELECT '1 kiB'::unit; ERROR: unit "kiB" is not known LINE 1: SELECT '1 kiB'::unit; ^ SELECT '1 Ki'::unit; ERROR: unit "Ki" is not known LINE 1: SELECT '1 Ki'::unit; ^ -- used to be an error in v2 SELECT '1 Kim'::unit AS "1024 m"; 1024 m ---------- 1.024 km (1 row) -- binary prefix output SET unit.byte_output_iec = 'foobar'; ERROR: parameter "unit.byte_output_iec" requires a Boolean value SET unit.byte_output_iec = on; VALUES ('.001 B'::unit, '.001 B'::unit), ('1 B'::unit, '1 B'::unit), ('1 KiB'::unit, '1 kB'::unit), ('1 MiB'::unit, '1 MB'::unit), ('1 GiB'::unit, '1 GB'::unit), ('1 TiB'::unit, '1 TB'::unit), ('1 PiB'::unit, '1 PB'::unit), ('1 EiB'::unit, '1 EB'::unit), ('1 ZiB'::unit, '1 ZB'::unit), ('1 YiB'::unit, '1 YB'::unit), ('1 RiB'::unit, '1 RB'::unit), ('1 QiB'::unit, '1 QB'::unit), ('1024 QiB'::unit, '1000 QB'::unit); column1 | column2 ------------------------+---------------------- 0.001 B | 0.001 B 1 B | 1 B 1 KiB | 1000 B 1 MiB | 976.5625 KiB 1 GiB | 953.67431640625 MiB 1 TiB | 931.322574615479 GiB 1 PiB | 909.494701772928 TiB 1 EiB | 888.178419700125 PiB 1 ZiB | 867.361737988404 EiB 1 YiB | 847.0329472543 ZiB 1 RiB | 827.180612553028 YiB 1 QiB | 807.793566946316 RiB 1.29807421463371e+33 B | 788.860905221012 QiB (13 rows) postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/language_functions.out000066400000000000000000000027441472555243500230510ustar00rootroot00000000000000select 'sqrt(4 m^2)'::unit; unit ------ 2 m (1 row) select 'sqrt(-4 m^2)'::unit; ERROR: cannot take square root of a negative-valued unit LINE 1: select 'sqrt(-4 m^2)'::unit; ^ select 'sqrt(4 m^3)'::unit; ERROR: cannot take square root of a unit with odd "m" exponent LINE 1: select 'sqrt(4 m^3)'::unit; ^ select 'exp(1)'::unit; unit ------------------ 2.71828182845905 (1 row) select 'exp(1 A)'::unit; ERROR: cannot take base-e exponent of value that is not dimension-less LINE 1: select 'exp(1 A)'::unit; ^ select 'ln(2.7)'::unit; unit ------------------- 0.993251773010283 (1 row) select 'ln(-2.7)'::unit; ERROR: cannot take ln of a negative-valued unit LINE 1: select 'ln(-2.7)'::unit; ^ select 'ln(2.7 s)'::unit; ERROR: cannot take ln of value that is not dimension-less LINE 1: select 'ln(2.7 s)'::unit; ^ select 'asin(1)'::unit; unit ----------------- 1.5707963267949 (1 row) select 'asin(2)'::unit; ERROR: cannot asin of values outside the range -1 to 1 LINE 1: select 'asin(2)'::unit; ^ select 'asin(1 kg)'::unit; ERROR: cannot take asin of value that is not dimension-less LINE 1: select 'asin(1 kg)'::unit; ^ select 'tan(1)'::unit; unit ----------------- 1.5574077246549 (1 row) select 'tan(1 mol)'::unit; ERROR: cannot take tan of value that is not dimension-less LINE 1: select 'tan(1 mol)'::unit; ^ postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/prefix.out000066400000000000000000000064761472555243500205010ustar00rootroot00000000000000SELECT f, meter(f), kilogram(f) FROM factors; f | meter | kilogram ---------------+---------+---------- 1e+33 | 1e+33 m | 1e+33 kg 1e+30 | 1 Qm | 1e+30 kg 1e+27 | 1 Rm | 1 Qg 1e+24 | 1 Ym | 1 Rg 1e+21 | 1 Zm | 1 Yg 1e+18 | 1 Em | 1 Zg 1e+15 | 1 Pm | 1 Eg 1000000000000 | 1 Tm | 1 Pg 1000000000 | 1 Gm | 1 Tg 1000000 | 1 Mm | 1 Gg 1000 | 1 km | 1 Mg 1 | 1 m | 1 kg 0.001 | 1 mm | 1 g 1e-06 | 1 µm | 1 mg 1e-09 | 1 nm | 1 µg 1e-12 | 1 pm | 1 ng 1e-15 | 1 fm | 1 pg 1e-18 | 1 am | 1 fg 1e-21 | 1 zm | 1 ag 1e-24 | 1 ym | 1 zg 1e-27 | 1 rm | 1 yg 1e-30 | 1 qm | 1 rg 1e-33 | 1e-33 m | 1 qg 1e-36 | 1e-36 m | 1e-36 kg 0 | 0 m | 0 kg (25 rows) SELECT p, (p||'m/m')::unit AS factor, ('0.001 '||p||'m')::unit AS "0.001 m", (p||'m')::unit AS "meter", ('1000 '||p||'m')::unit AS "1000 m", ('0.001 '||p||'g')::unit AS "0.001 g", (p||'g')::unit AS "gram", ('1000 '||p||'g')::unit AS "1000 g" FROM prefixes; p | factor | 0.001 m | meter | 1000 m | 0.001 g | gram | 1000 g ----+---------------+---------+--------+---------+----------+--------+---------- q | 1e-30 | 1e-33 m | 1 qm | 1 rm | 1e-36 kg | 1 qg | 1 rg r | 1e-27 | 1 qm | 1 rm | 1 ym | 1 qg | 1 rg | 1 yg y | 1e-24 | 1 rm | 1 ym | 1 zm | 1 rg | 1 yg | 1 zg z | 1e-21 | 1 ym | 1 zm | 1 am | 1 yg | 1 zg | 1 ag a | 1e-18 | 1 zm | 1 am | 1 fm | 1 zg | 1 ag | 1 fg f | 1e-15 | 1 am | 1 fm | 1 pm | 1 ag | 1 fg | 1 pg p | 1e-12 | 1 fm | 1 pm | 1 nm | 1 fg | 1 pg | 1 ng n | 1e-09 | 1 pm | 1 nm | 1 µm | 1 pg | 1 ng | 1 µg µ | 1e-06 | 1 nm | 1 µm | 1 mm | 1 ng | 1 µg | 1 mg mu | 1e-06 | 1 nm | 1 µm | 1 mm | 1 ng | 1 µg | 1 mg m | 0.001 | 1 µm | 1 mm | 1 m | 1 µg | 1 mg | 1 g c | 0.01 | 10 µm | 10 mm | 10 m | 10 µg | 10 mg | 10 g d | 0.1 | 100 µm | 100 mm | 100 m | 100 µg | 100 mg | 100 g | 1 | 1 mm | 1 m | 1 km | 1 mg | 1 g | 1 kg da | 10 | 10 mm | 10 m | 10 km | 10 mg | 10 g | 10 kg h | 100 | 100 mm | 100 m | 100 km | 100 mg | 100 g | 100 kg k | 1000 | 1 m | 1 km | 1 Mm | 1 g | 1 kg | 1 Mg M | 1000000 | 1 km | 1 Mm | 1 Gm | 1 kg | 1 Mg | 1 Gg G | 1000000000 | 1 Mm | 1 Gm | 1 Tm | 1 Mg | 1 Gg | 1 Tg T | 1000000000000 | 1 Gm | 1 Tm | 1 Pm | 1 Gg | 1 Tg | 1 Pg P | 1e+15 | 1 Tm | 1 Pm | 1 Em | 1 Tg | 1 Pg | 1 Eg E | 1e+18 | 1 Pm | 1 Em | 1 Zm | 1 Pg | 1 Eg | 1 Zg Z | 1e+21 | 1 Em | 1 Zm | 1 Ym | 1 Eg | 1 Zg | 1 Yg Y | 1e+24 | 1 Zm | 1 Ym | 1 Rm | 1 Zg | 1 Yg | 1 Rg R | 1e+27 | 1 Ym | 1 Rm | 1 Qm | 1 Yg | 1 Rg | 1 Qg Q | 1e+30 | 1 Rm | 1 Qm | 1e+33 m | 1 Rg | 1 Qg | 1e+30 kg (26 rows) postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/round.out000066400000000000000000000026421472555243500203220ustar00rootroot00000000000000SELECT round(ampere(1.5)); round ------- 2 A (1 row) SELECT round(candela(-0.5)); round ------- -1 cd (1 row) SELECT round(meter(1500.5)); round ---------- 1.501 km (1 row) SET extra_float_digits = 0; SELECT '1|3m'::unit, '25m'::unit @ 'ft', '25m'::unit @@ 'ft'; unit | ?column? | ?column? ---------------------+---------------------+------------------ 333.333333333333 mm | 82.0209973753281 ft | 82.0209973753281 (1 row) SET extra_float_digits = 3; SELECT '1|3m'::unit, '25m'::unit @ 'ft', '25m'::unit @@ 'ft'; unit | ?column? | ?column? ------------------------+------------------------+--------------------- 333.333333333333314 mm | 82.0209973753280792 ft | 82.0209973753280792 (1 row) SET extra_float_digits = -3; SELECT '1|3m'::unit, '25m'::unit @ 'ft', '25m'::unit @@ 'ft'; unit | ?column? | ?column? ------------------+------------------+--------------- 333.333333333 mm | 82.0209973753 ft | 82.0209973753 (1 row) SET extra_float_digits = -12; SELECT '1|3m'::unit, '25m'::unit @ 'ft', '25m'::unit @@ 'ft'; unit | ?column? | ?column? --------+----------+---------- 333 mm | 82 ft | 82 (1 row) SET extra_float_digits = -15; SELECT '1|3m'::unit, '25m'::unit @ 'ft', '25m'::unit @@ 'ft'; unit | ?column? | ?column? ----------+----------+---------- 3e+02 mm | 8e+01 ft | 8e+01 (1 row) postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/round_1.out000066400000000000000000000026341472555243500205430ustar00rootroot00000000000000SELECT round(ampere(1.5)); round ------- 2 A (1 row) SELECT round(candela(-0.5)); round ------- -1 cd (1 row) SELECT round(meter(1500.5)); round ---------- 1.501 km (1 row) SET extra_float_digits = 0; SELECT '1|3m'::unit, '25m'::unit @ 'ft', '25m'::unit @@ 'ft'; unit | ?column? | ?column? ---------------------+---------------------+------------------ 333.333333333333 mm | 82.0209973753281 ft | 82.0209973753281 (1 row) SET extra_float_digits = 3; SELECT '1|3m'::unit, '25m'::unit @ 'ft', '25m'::unit @@ 'ft'; unit | ?column? | ?column? ------------------------+------------------------+------------------- 333.333333333333314 mm | 82.0209973753280792 ft | 82.02099737532808 (1 row) SET extra_float_digits = -3; SELECT '1|3m'::unit, '25m'::unit @ 'ft', '25m'::unit @@ 'ft'; unit | ?column? | ?column? ------------------+------------------+--------------- 333.333333333 mm | 82.0209973753 ft | 82.0209973753 (1 row) SET extra_float_digits = -12; SELECT '1|3m'::unit, '25m'::unit @ 'ft', '25m'::unit @@ 'ft'; unit | ?column? | ?column? --------+----------+---------- 333 mm | 82 ft | 82 (1 row) SET extra_float_digits = -15; SELECT '1|3m'::unit, '25m'::unit @ 'ft', '25m'::unit @@ 'ft'; unit | ?column? | ?column? ----------+----------+---------- 3e+02 mm | 8e+01 ft | 8e+01 (1 row) postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/tables.out000066400000000000000000000061261472555243500204460ustar00rootroot00000000000000SET client_min_messages = warning; DROP TABLE IF EXISTS prefixes; CREATE TABLE prefixes (p text); DELETE FROM prefixes; INSERT INTO prefixes VALUES ('q'),('r'),('y'),('z'),('a'),('f'),('p'),('n'),('µ'),('mu'),('m'),('c'),('d'), (''), ('da'),('h'),('k'),('M'),('G'),('T'),('P'),('E'),('Z'),('Y'),('R'),('Q'); DROP TABLE IF EXISTS factors; CREATE TABLE factors (f double precision); DELETE FROM factors; INSERT INTO factors VALUES (1e33), (1e30), (1e27), (1e24), (1e21), (1e18), (1e15), (1e12), (1e9), (1e6), (1e3), (1), (1e-3), (1e-6), (1e-9), (1e-12), (1e-15), (1e-18), (1e-21), (1e-24), (1e-27), (1e-30), (1e-33), (1e-36), (0); DROP TABLE IF EXISTS units; CREATE TABLE units (u text, unit unit, base boolean, coherent boolean, duplicate boolean); COMMENT ON COLUMN units.duplicate IS 'For coherent units, this unit has the same dimension as some other base or coherent unit'; DELETE FROM units; COPY units (u, base, coherent, duplicate) FROM STDIN; UPDATE units SET unit = u::unit; SELECT * FROM units; u | unit | base | coherent | duplicate -----+----------------+------+----------+----------- m/m | 1 | t | f | f m | 1 m | t | f | f kg | 1 kg | t | f | f s | 1 s | t | f | f A | 1 A | t | f | f K | 1 K | t | f | f mol | 1 mol | t | f | f cd | 1 cd | t | f | f B | 1 B | t | f | f sr | 1 | f | t | t Hz | 1 Hz | f | t | f N | 1 N | f | t | f Pa | 1 Pa | f | t | f J | 1 J | f | t | f W | 1 W | f | t | f C | 1 C | f | t | f V | 1 V | f | t | f F | 1 F | f | t | f Ω | 1 Ω | f | t | f ohm | 1 Ω | f | t | t S | 1 S | f | t | f Wb | 1 Wb | f | t | f T | 1 T | f | t | f H | 1 H | f | t | f °C | 1 K | f | t | t lm | 1 cd | f | t | t lx | 1 lx | f | t | f Bq | 1 Hz | f | t | t Gy | 1 Gy | f | t | f rad | 10 mGy | f | f | t Sv | 1 Gy | f | t | t kat | 1 kat | f | t | f g | 1 g | f | f | t a | 100 m^2 | f | f | f l | 0.001 m^3 | f | f | f t | 1 Mg | f | f | f bar | 100 kPa | f | f | f min | 00:01:00 s | f | f | f hr | 01:00:00 s | f | f | f d | 1 d | f | f | f in | 25.4 mm | f | f | f ft | 304.8 mm | f | f | f yd | 914.4 mm | f | f | f mi | 1.609344 km | f | f | f oz | 28.349523125 g | f | f | f lb | 453.59237 g | f | f | f (46 rows) postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/temperature.out000066400000000000000000000123621472555243500215300ustar00rootroot00000000000000/* revert to pre-12 default */ SET extra_float_digits = 0; SELECT * FROM unit_units WHERE name IN ( 'K', 'kelvin', '℃', '°C', 'degC', 'degcelsius', '℉', '°F', 'degF', 'degfahrenheit', '°R', 'degR', 'degrankine', 'degreerankine', 'degreesrankine', 'tempR', 'temprankine', 'degreaumur') ORDER BY name COLLATE "C"; name | unit | shift | definition | dump ----------------+---------------------+------------------+----------------+------ K | 1 K | | K | degC | 1 K | 273.15 | K | degF | 555.555555555556 mK | 255.372222222222 | 5|9 * degC | degR | 555.555555555556 mK | | degrankine | degcelsius | 1 K | 273.15 | K | degfahrenheit | 555.555555555556 mK | 255.372222222222 | 5|9 * degC | degrankine | 555.555555555556 mK | | degreesrankine | degreaumur | 1.25 K | 273.15 | 10|8 * degC | degreerankine | 555.555555555556 mK | | degF | degreesrankine | 555.555555555556 mK | | degF | kelvin | 1 K | | K | tempR | 555.555555555556 mK | | degrankine | temprankine | 555.555555555556 mK | | degrankine | °C | 1 K | 273.15 | degC | °F | 555.555555555556 mK | 255.372222222222 | degF | °R | 555.555555555556 mK | | degR | ℃ | 1 K | 273.15 | degC | ℉ | 555.555555555556 mK | 255.372222222222 | degF | (18 rows) RESET extra_float_digits; -- Kelvin SELECT '0 K'::unit, 'K'::unit, '1 K'::unit, '273.15 K'::unit; unit | unit | unit | unit ------+------+------+---------- 0 K | 1 K | 1 K | 273.15 K (1 row) -- Celsius SELECT '-273.15 ℃'::unit, '0 ℃'::unit, '1 ℃'::unit, '℃'::unit; unit | unit | unit | unit ------+----------+----------+------ 0 K | 273.15 K | 274.15 K | 1 K (1 row) SELECT '-273.15 °C'::unit, '0 °C'::unit, '1 °C'::unit, '°C'::unit; unit | unit | unit | unit ------+----------+----------+------ 0 K | 273.15 K | 274.15 K | 1 K (1 row) SELECT '-273.15 degC'::unit, '0 degC'::unit, '1 degC'::unit, 'degC'::unit; unit | unit | unit | unit ------+----------+----------+------ 0 K | 273.15 K | 274.15 K | 1 K (1 row) SELECT '-273.15 degcelsius'::unit, '0 degcelsius'::unit, '1 degcelsius'::unit, 'degcelsius'::unit; unit | unit | unit | unit ------+----------+----------+------ 0 K | 273.15 K | 274.15 K | 1 K (1 row) -- Fahrenheit SELECT '-459.67 ℉'::unit, '0 ℉'::unit, '1 ℉'::unit, '℉'::unit; unit | unit | unit | unit ------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------- 0 K | 255.372222222222 K | 255.927777777778 K | 555.555555555556 mK (1 row) SELECT '-459.67 °F'::unit, '0 °F'::unit, '1 °F'::unit, '°F'::unit; unit | unit | unit | unit ------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------- 0 K | 255.372222222222 K | 255.927777777778 K | 555.555555555556 mK (1 row) SELECT '-459.67 degF'::unit, '0 degF'::unit, '1 degF'::unit, 'degF'::unit; unit | unit | unit | unit ------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------- 0 K | 255.372222222222 K | 255.927777777778 K | 555.555555555556 mK (1 row) SELECT '-459.67 degfahrenheit'::unit, '0 degfahrenheit'::unit, '1 degfahrenheit'::unit, 'degfahrenheit'::unit; unit | unit | unit | unit ------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------- 0 K | 255.372222222222 K | 255.927777777778 K | 555.555555555556 mK (1 row) -- Rankine SELECT '491.67 degR'::unit, '0 degR'::unit, '1 degR'::unit, 'degR'::unit; unit | unit | unit | unit ----------+------+---------------------+--------------------- 273.15 K | 0 K | 555.555555555556 mK | 555.555555555556 mK (1 row) -- Réaumur SELECT '-218.52 degreaumur'::unit, '0 degreaumur'::unit, '1 degreaumur'::unit, 'degreaumur'::unit; unit | unit | unit | unit ---------------------+----------+---------+-------- -56.843418860808 fK | 273.15 K | 274.4 K | 1.25 K (1 row) SELECT '0 K'::unit @ 'K', '0 K'::unit @ '°C', '0 K'::unit @ '°F', '0 K'::unit @ '°R', '0 K'::unit @ 'degreaumur'; ?column? | ?column? | ?column? | ?column? | ?column? ----------+------------+------------+----------+-------------------- 0 K | -273.15 °C | -459.67 °F | 0 °R | -218.52 degreaumur (1 row) SELECT '273.15 K'::unit @ 'K', '273.15 K'::unit @ '°C', '273.15 K'::unit @ '°F', '273.15 K'::unit @ '°R', '273.15 K'::unit @ 'degreaumur'; ?column? | ?column? | ?column? | ?column? | ?column? ----------+----------+---------------------+-----------+-------------- 273.15 K | 0 °C | 31.9999999999999 °F | 491.67 °R | 0 degreaumur (1 row) postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/time.out000066400000000000000000000313331472555243500201300ustar00rootroot00000000000000SELECT '1.1 s'::unit; unit ------- 1.1 s (1 row) SELECT '61.1 s'::unit; unit -------------- 00:01:01.1 s (1 row) SELECT '71.1 s'::unit; unit -------------- 00:01:11.1 s (1 row) SELECT '601 s'::unit; unit ------------ 00:10:01 s (1 row) SELECT '3601 s'::unit; unit ------------ 01:00:01 s (1 row) SELECT '86400 s'::unit; unit ------ 1 d (1 row) SELECT '-86400 s'::unit; unit ------ -1 d (1 row) SELECT '86401 s'::unit; unit ------------------ 1 d + 00:00:01 s (1 row) SELECT '-86401 s'::unit; unit ------------------- -1 d - 00:00:01 s (1 row) SELECT '365 d'::unit; unit -------------- 1 commonyear (1 row) SELECT '-365 d'::unit; unit --------------- -1 commonyear (1 row) SELECT '3650 d'::unit; unit --------------- 10 commonyear (1 row) SELECT '3651 d'::unit; unit --------------------- 10 commonyear + 1 d (1 row) SELECT '3651.5 d'::unit; unit ---------------------------------- 10 commonyear + 1 d + 12:00:00 s (1 row) SELECT '00:00:00.1'::unit; unit ------ 0.1 (1 row) SELECT '00:00:01'::unit; unit ------ 1 (1 row) SELECT '00:01:00'::unit; unit ------ 60 (1 row) SELECT '01:00:00'::unit; unit ------ 3600 (1 row) SELECT '0:0:0'::unit; unit ------ 0 (1 row) SELECT '00:00:01 s'::unit; unit ------ 1 s (1 row) SELECT '00:00:01s'::unit; unit ------ 1 s (1 row) SELECT '00:00:01 m'::unit; unit ------ 1 m (1 row) SELECT '00:01:00 s'::unit; unit ------------ 00:01:00 s (1 row) SELECT '00:01:00.5 s'::unit; unit -------------- 00:01:00.5 s (1 row) SELECT '01:00:00 s'::unit; unit ------------ 01:00:00 s (1 row) SELECT '1 d + 02:03:04.5 s'::unit; unit -------------------- 1 d + 02:03:04.5 s (1 row) SELECT '1.1 d'::unit; -- needs ULP clamping unit ------------------ 1 d + 02:24:00 s (1 row) SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units WHERE dimension(unit) = 'TIME' ORDER BY unit, name COLLATE "C"; name | unit | definition ---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------- plancktime | 5.3912464483136e-44 s | hbar / planckenergy t_P | 5.3912464483136e-44 s | plancktime plancktime_red | 2.70277015656937e-43 s | hbar / planckenergy_red atomictime | 24.1888432658633 as | atomicaction / atomicenergy natural_time | 658.211956950907 as | natural_action / natural_energy svedberg | 100 fs | 1e-13 s ㎰ | 1 ps | ps ㎱ | 1 ns | ns shake | 10 ns | 1e-8 sec ㎲ | 1 µs | µs ㎳ | 1 ms | ms jiffies | 10 ms | jiffy jiffy | 10 ms | 0.01 sec timeatom | 159.574468085106 ms | 1|47 timeounce Tim | 173.611111111111 ms | 12^-4 hour blink | 864 ms | 1e-5 day decimalsecond | 864 ms | 1|100 decimalminute siderealsecond | 997.269566435185 ms | 1|60 siderealminute TIME | 1 s | second s | 1 s | s sec | 1 s | s second | 1 s | s timeounce | 7.5 s | 1|8 timeostent siderealminute | 59.8361739861111 s | 1|60 siderealhour min | 00:01:00 s | minute minute | 00:01:00 s | 60 s timeostent | 00:01:00 s | 1|60 hour beat | 00:01:26.4 s | decimalminute decimalminute | 00:01:26.4 s | 1|100 decimalhour timeminute | 00:06:00 s | 1|10 hour timepoint | 00:12:00 s | 1|5 hour ce | 00:14:24 s | 1e-2 day bell | 00:30:00 s | 1|8 watch lunour | 00:59:03.67055555555 s | 1|24 lune siderealhour | 00:59:50.17043916667 s | 1|24 siderealday hour | 01:00:00 s | 60 min hr | 01:00:00 s | hour decimalhour | 02:24:00 s | 1|10 day watch | 04:00:00 s | 4 hours jupiterday | 09:55:30 s | jupiterday_sidereal jupiterday_sidereal | 09:55:30 s | 9.9250 hr jupiterday_solar | 09:55:33.24 s | 9.9259 hr saturnday | 10:39:21.6 s | saturnday_sidereal saturnday_sidereal | 10:39:21.6 s | 10.656 hr saturnday_solar | 10:39:21.6 s | 10.656 hr neptuneday | 16:06:36 s | neptuneday_sidereal neptuneday_sidereal | 16:06:36 s | 16.11 hr neptuneday_solar | 16:06:36 s | 16.11 hr uranusday | 17:14:24 s | uranusday_sidereal uranusday_sidereal | 17:14:24 s | 17.24 hr uranusday_solar | 17:14:24 s | 17.24 hr lune | 23:37:28.0933333333 s | 1|30 lunation earthday | 23:56:04.09054 s | earthday_sidereal earthday_sidereal | 23:56:04.09054 s | siderealday siderealday | 23:56:04.09054 s | 86164.09054 s d | 1 d | day da | 1 d | day day | 1 d | 24 hr earthday_solar | 1 d | 24 hr solarday | 1 d | day ㍲ | 1 d | da marsday | 1 d + 00:37:22.44 s | marsday_sidereal marsday_sidereal | 1 d + 00:37:22.44 s | 24.6229 hr marsday_solar | 1 d + 00:39:34.92 s | 24.6597 hr plutoday_solar | 6 d + 09:16:55.2 s | 153.2820 hr plutoday | 6 d + 09:17:34.08 s | plutoday_sidereal plutoday_sidereal | 6 d + 09:17:34.08 s | 153.2928 hr sennight | 7 d | 7 day week | 7 d | 7 day wk | 7 d | week fortnight | 14 d | 14 day draconicmonth | 27 d + 05:05:35.79936 s | nodicalmonth draconiticmonth | 27 d + 05:05:35.79936 s | nodicalmonth nodicalmonth | 27 d + 05:05:35.79936 s | 27.2122199 day siderealmonth | 27 d + 07:43:11.5104 s | 27.321661 day anomalisticmonth | 27 d + 13:18:33.100128 s | 27.55454977 day islamicmonth | 29 d + 12:00:00 s | 1|12 islamicyear lunarmonth | 29 d + 12:44:02.8 s | 29 days + 12 hours + 44 minutes + 2.8 seconds lunation | 29 d + 12:44:02.8 s | synodicmonth synodicmonth | 29 d + 12:44:02.8 s | lunarmonth mo | 30 d + 10:29:03.8312232 s | month month | 30 d + 10:29:03.8312232 s | 1|12 year mercuryday | 58 d + 15:36:00 s | mercuryday_sidereal mercuryday_sidereal | 58 d + 15:36:00 s | 1407.6 hr mercuryyear | 87 d + 23:15:21.6 s | 87.969 day venusday_solar | 116 d + 18:00:00 s | 2802.0 hr mercuryday_solar | 175 d + 22:36:00 s | 4222.6 hr venusyear | 224 d + 16:49:26.4 s | 224.701 day venusday | 243 d + 00:36:00 s | venusday_sidereal venusday_sidereal | 243 d + 00:36:00 s | 5832.6 hr eclipseyear | 346 d + 14:52:48 s | 346.62 days islamicyear | 354 d | 354 day lunaryear | 354 d + 08:48:33.6 s | 12 lunarmonth islamicleapyear | 355 d | 355 day calendaryear | 1 commonyear | 365 day commonyear | 1 commonyear | 365 day solaryear | 1 commonyear + 05:48:45.9746784 s | year tropicalyear | 1 commonyear + 05:48:45.9746784 s | 365.242198781 day year | 1 commonyear + 05:48:45.9746784 s | tropicalyear yr | 1 commonyear + 05:48:45.9746784 s | year gregorianyear | 1 commonyear + 05:49:12 s | 365.2425 days julianyear | 1 commonyear + 06:00:00 s | 365.25 days earthyear | 1 commonyear + 06:09:09.5400288 s | siderealyear siderealyear | 1 commonyear + 06:09:09.5400288 s | 365.256360417 day gaussianyear | 1 commonyear + 06:09:56.0153947 s | (2 pi / gauss_k) days anomalisticyear | 1 commonyear + 06:13:49.44 s | 365.2596 days leapyear | 1 commonyear + 1 d | 366 day marsyear | 1 commonyear + 321 d + 23:31:12 s | 686.980 day lustrum | 5 commonyear + 1 d + 05:03:49.873392 s | 5 years decade | 10 commonyear + 2 d + 10:07:39.746784 s | 10 years jupiteryear | 11 commonyear + 317 d + 14:08:09.6 s | 4332.589 day saros | 18 commonyear + 15 d + 07:42:24.4 s | 223 synodicmonth saturnyear | 29 commonyear + 174 d + 05:16:48 s | 10759.22 day uranusyear | 84 commonyear + 25 d + 09:36:00 s | 30685.4 day century | 100 commonyear + 24 d + 05:16:37.46784 s | 100 years neptuneyear | 164 commonyear + 329 d | 60189 day plutoyear | 248 commonyear + 40 d | 90560 day millennia | 1000 commonyear + 242 d + 04:46:14.6784 s | millennium millennium | 1000 commonyear + 242 d + 04:46:14.6784 s | 1000 years cron | 1.00066e+06 commonyear + 203 d + 18:44:38.4 s | 1e6 years (120 rows) -- units that differ when pushed through output-input functions -- (same test as in units.sql, but with time_output_custom = true) SELECT name, unit, unit::text::unit, definition FROM unit_units WHERE unit::text::unit::text <> unit::text; name | unit | unit | definition ------+------+------+------------ (0 rows) /* custom time format is only used if dimension is time */ SELECT '1000 s'::unit, '1000 s/m'::unit; unit | unit ------------+-------- 00:16:40 s | 1 ks/m (1 row) SET unit.time_output_custom = false; SELECT '1000 s'::unit, '1000 s/m'::unit; unit | unit ------+-------- 1 ks | 1 ks/m (1 row) -- test if 'Gs' is avoided on output SELECT '1 Gsec'::unit, '1 Gsec/m'::unit; unit | unit --------+---------- 1 Gsec | 1 Gsec/m (1 row) postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/unicode.out000066400000000000000000000014241472555243500206160ustar00rootroot00000000000000SET unit.output_superscript = on; SELECT 'm⁰'::unit; unit ------ 1 (1 row) SELECT 'm¹'::unit; unit ------ 1 m (1 row) SELECT 'm²'::unit; unit ------ 1 m² (1 row) SELECT 'm⁻²'::unit; unit ------- 1 m⁻² (1 row) SELECT 'm³'::unit; unit ------ 1 m³ (1 row) SELECT 'm⁴'::unit; unit ------ 1 m⁴ (1 row) SELECT 'm⁵'::unit; unit ------ 1 m⁵ (1 row) SELECT 'm⁶'::unit; unit ------ 1 m⁶ (1 row) SELECT 'm⁷'::unit; unit ------ 1 m⁷ (1 row) SELECT 'm⁸'::unit; unit ------ 1 m⁸ (1 row) SELECT 'm⁹'::unit; unit ------ 1 m⁹ (1 row) SELECT 'm³⁴'::unit; unit ------- 1 m³⁴ (1 row) SELECT 'm⁻⁵⁶'::unit; unit -------- 1 m⁻⁵⁶ (1 row) SELECT 'm⁺⁷⁸'::unit; unit ------- 1 m⁷⁸ (1 row) postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/unit.out000066400000000000000000000144611472555243500201540ustar00rootroot00000000000000-- test input and output SELECT '1'::unit; -- unit_in unit ------ 1 (1 row) SELECT unit(1); -- dbl2unit unit ------ 1 (1 row) CREATE TEMP TABLE u (u unit); INSERT INTO u VALUES ('1'); SELECT * FROM u; u --- 1 (1 row) -- test constructors SELECT meter(); meter ------- 1 m (1 row) SELECT meter(2.0) AS two_meters; two_meters ------------ 2 m (1 row) SELECT kilogram(); kilogram ---------- 1 kg (1 row) SELECT kilogram(3.0) AS three_kilogram; three_kilogram ---------------- 3 kg (1 row) SELECT second(); second -------- 1 s (1 row) SELECT second(4.0) AS four_seconds; four_seconds -------------- 4 s (1 row) SELECT ampere(); ampere -------- 1 A (1 row) SELECT ampere(5.0) AS five_ampere; five_ampere ------------- 5 A (1 row) SELECT kelvin(); kelvin -------- 1 K (1 row) SELECT kelvin(6.0) AS six_kelvin; six_kelvin ------------ 6 K (1 row) SELECT mole(); mole ------- 1 mol (1 row) SELECT mole(7.0) AS seven_mole; seven_mole ------------ 7 mol (1 row) SELECT candela(); candela --------- 1 cd (1 row) SELECT candela(8.0) AS eight_candela; eight_candela --------------- 8 cd (1 row) SELECT byte(); byte ------ 1 B (1 row) SELECT byte(9.0) AS nine_byte; nine_byte ----------- 9 B (1 row) -- test dimensionless scales SELECT unit(0) AS zero, unit(1e-6) AS "1e-6", unit(0.001) AS "0.001", unit(1.0) AS "1", unit(1000.0) AS "1000"; zero | 1e-6 | 0.001 | 1 | 1000 ------+-------+-------+---+------ 0 | 1e-06 | 0.001 | 1 | 1000 (1 row) -- test SI prefixes SELECT meter(0) AS zero, meter(1e-6) AS "µm", meter(0.001) AS mm, meter(1.0) AS m, meter(1000.0) AS km; zero | µm | mm | m | km ------+------+------+-----+------ 0 m | 1 µm | 1 mm | 1 m | 1 km (1 row) SELECT kilogram(0) AS zero, kilogram(1e-6) AS mg, kilogram(0.001) AS g, kilogram(1.0) AS kg, kilogram(1000.0) AS "Mg"; zero | mg | g | kg | Mg ------+------+-----+------+------ 0 kg | 1 mg | 1 g | 1 kg | 1 Mg (1 row) -- test combined units (exactly one unit with exponent 1 in numerator) SELECT meter(0)/second() AS zero, meter(1e-6)/second() AS "µm", meter(0.001)/second() AS mm, meter(1.0)/second() AS m, meter(1000.0)/second() AS km; zero | µm | mm | m | km -------+--------+--------+-------+-------- 0 m/s | 1 µm/s | 1 mm/s | 1 m/s | 1 km/s (1 row) SELECT kilogram(0)/second() AS zero, kilogram(1e-6)/second() AS mg, kilogram(0.001)/second() AS g, kilogram(1.0)/second() AS kg, kilogram(1000.0)/second() AS "Mg"; zero | mg | g | kg | Mg --------+--------+-------+--------+-------- 0 kg/s | 1 mg/s | 1 g/s | 1 kg/s | 1 Mg/s (1 row) -- test parser SELECT '1 m'::unit; unit ------ 1 m (1 row) SELECT '-1 m/s'::unit; unit -------- -1 m/s (1 row) SELECT '10 dm^3'::unit, '10l'::unit; unit | unit ----------+---------- 0.01 m^3 | 0.01 m^3 (1 row) SELECT '9.81 kg*m/s^2'::unit, '9.81 kg*m/s*s'::unit, '9.81 kg*m/s/s'::unit; unit | unit | unit --------+--------+-------- 9.81 N | 9.81 N | 9.81 N (1 row) SELECT '1 foobar'::unit AS error; ERROR: unit "foobar" is not known LINE 1: SELECT '1 foobar'::unit AS error; ^ -- special values SELECT '-0'::unit, -'0'::unit, '-0 m'::unit, -'0 m'::unit; unit | ?column? | unit | ?column? ------+----------+------+---------- -0 | -0 | -0 m | -0 m (1 row) SELECT 'infinity'::unit, 'Infinity m'::unit, 'inf A'::unit; unit | unit | unit ----------+------------+------------ Infinity | Infinity m | Infinity A (1 row) SELECT '-infinity'::unit, '-Infinity m'::unit, 'Inf A'::unit; unit | unit | unit -----------+-------------+------------ -Infinity | -Infinity m | Infinity A (1 row) SELECT 'nan'::unit, 'NaN'::unit; unit | unit ------+------ NaN | NaN (1 row) -- test parser arithmetic SELECT '1|10'::unit, '1|10 m'::unit; unit | unit ------+-------- 0.1 | 100 mm (1 row) SELECT '2 m + 3 m - 4 m'::unit, '6 m - 3 m - 2 m'::unit, '6 m - 3 m + 1 m'::unit; unit | unit | unit ------+------+------ 1 m | 1 m | 4 m (1 row) SELECT '2 m * 3 m'::unit, '2 m / 3 m'::unit, '10 m / 5 m / 2 m'::unit; unit | unit | unit -------+-------------------+-------- 6 m^2 | 0.666666666666667 | 1 m^-1 (1 row) SELECT '2 m^2 + 3 m * 4 m'::unit, '2 m * 3 m / 4 m * 5 m'::unit; unit | unit --------+------ 14 m^2 | 0.3 (1 row) SELECT '2 m * (1 m + 3 m)'::unit; unit ------- 8 m^2 (1 row) SELECT '- m'::unit, '/ m'::unit; unit | unit ------+-------- -1 m | 1 m^-1 (1 row) SELECT '4+5'::unit, '4-5'::unit, '4(-5)'::unit, '4*5'::unit, '4/5'::unit; unit | unit | unit | unit | unit ------+------+------+------+------ 9 | -1 | -20 | 20 | 0.8 (1 row) -- problematic cases SELECT '1 cd'::unit AS candela; -- candela vs centiday candela --------- 1 cd (1 row) SELECT '1 Pa'::unit AS pascal; -- pascal vs petayear pascal -------- 1 Pa (1 row) SELECT '1 yg'::unit AS yoctogram, '1.00001 yg'::unit AS actual_yoctogram; -- "yg" had rounding problems in the past yoctogram | actual_yoctogram -----------+------------------ 1 yg | 1.00001 yg (1 row) SELECT '1 min'::unit AS minute; -- minute vs milliinch minute ------------ 00:01:00 s (1 row) SELECT '1 ft'::unit AS foot; -- foot vs femtotonne foot ---------- 304.8 mm (1 row) SELECT '1 yd'::unit AS yard; -- yard vs yoctoday yard ---------- 914.4 mm (1 row) -- units whose definition changed between v2 and 3 SELECT 'a'::unit AS are; are --------- 100 m^2 (1 row) SELECT 'da'::unit AS day; day ----- 1 d (1 row) SELECT 'rad'::unit AS radiation; radiation ----------- 10 mGy (1 row) -- check which prefix/unit combinations produce other dimensions (parser conflicts) SELECT p, u, (p||u)::unit FROM prefixes CROSS JOIN units WHERE u <> 'kg' AND dimension(u::unit) != dimension((p||u)::unit) AND p||u NOT IN ('dat') -- skip ambiguous unit ORDER BY lower(p) COLLATE "C", lower(u) COLLATE "C"; p | u | unit ---+-----+------------------------------- a | t | 98.0665 kPa c | d | 1 cd d | a | 1 d f | t | 304.8 mm G | s | 100 µT h | bar | 1.05457181764616e-34 m^2*kg/s h | d | 0.238480942392 m^3 k | in | 600 g m | in | 00:01:00 s n | t | 1 N P | a | 1 Pa p | a | 1 Pa p | in | 0.020457405 m^3 p | t | 0.000473176473 m^3 q | t | 0.000946352946 m^3 r | d | 5.0292 m y | d | 914.4 mm (17 rows) postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/units.out000066400000000000000000022006531472555243500203410ustar00rootroot00000000000000SET unit.time_output_custom = false; /* revert to pre-12 default */ SET extra_float_digits = 0; SELECT prefix, factor, definition FROM unit_prefixes ORDER BY factor, prefix COLLATE "C"; prefix | factor | definition ----------+----------------------+------------ q | 1e-30 | quecto quecto | 1e-30 | 1e-30 r | 1e-27 | ronto ronto | 1e-27 | 1e-27 y | 1e-24 | yocto yocto | 1e-24 | 1e-24 z | 1e-21 | zepto zepto | 1e-21 | 1e-21 a | 1e-18 | atto atto | 1e-18 | 1e-18 f | 1e-15 | femto femto | 1e-15 | 1e-15 Zennili | 1.12156654784615e-13 | 12^-12 p | 1e-12 | pico pico | 1e-12 | 1e-12 Lefi | 1.34587985741538e-12 | 12^-11 Dexi | 1.61505582889846e-11 | 12^-10 Neeni | 1.93806699467815e-10 | 12^-9 n | 1e-09 | nano nano | 1e-09 | 1e-9 Aki | 2.32568039361378e-09 | 12^-8 Sevi | 2.79081647233653e-08 | 12^-7 Hesi | 3.34897976680384e-07 | 12^-6 micro | 1e-06 | 1e-6 mu | 1e-06 | micro u | 1e-06 | micro µ | 1e-06 | micro μ | 1e-06 | micro Queni | 4.01877572016461e-06 | 12^-5 Quedri | 4.82253086419753e-05 | 12^-4 Trini | 0.000578703703703704 | 12^-3 m | 0.001 | milli milli | 0.001 | 1e-3 Duni | 0.00694444444444444 | 12^-2 c | 0.01 | centi centi | 0.01 | 1e-2 Zeni | 0.0833333333333333 | 12^-1 d | 0.1 | deci deci | 0.1 | 1e-1 ⅛ | 0.125 | 1|8 ⅙ | 0.166666666666667 | 1|6 ⅕ | 0.2 | 1|5 quarter | 0.25 | 1|4 ¼ | 0.25 | 1|4 ⅓ | 0.333333333333333 | 1|3 ⅜ | 0.375 | 3|8 ⅖ | 0.4 | 2|5 demi | 0.5 | 0.5 half | 0.5 | 0.5 hemi | 0.5 | 0.5 semi | 0.5 | 0.5 ½ | 0.5 | 1|2 ⅗ | 0.6 | 3|5 ⅝ | 0.625 | 5|8 ⅔ | 0.666666666666667 | 2|3 ¾ | 0.75 | 3|4 ⅘ | 0.8 | 4|5 ⅚ | 0.833333333333333 | 5|6 ⅞ | 0.875 | 7|8 int | 0.999998 | int UK | 0.999998261154856 | UK british | 0.999998261154856 | UK US | 1.000002000004 | US geodetic | 1.000002000004 | US survey | 1.000002000004 | US double | 2 | 2 treble | 3 | 3 triple | 3 | 3 da | 10 | deka deca | 10 | 1e1 deka | 10 | deca Zena | 12 | 12 h | 100 | hecto hecto | 100 | 1e2 Duna | 144 | 12^2 k | 1000 | kilo kilo | 1000 | 1e3 Ki | 1024 | kibi kibi | 1024 | 2^10 Trina | 1728 | 12^3 myria | 10000 | 1e4 Quedra | 20736 | 12^4 Quena | 248832 | 12^5 M | 1000000 | mega mega | 1000000 | 1e6 Mi | 1048576 | mebi mebi | 1048576 | 2^20 Hesa | 2985984 | 12^6 Seva | 35831808 | 12^7 Aka | 429981696 | 12^8 G | 1000000000 | giga giga | 1000000000 | 1e9 Gi | 1073741824 | gibi gibi | 1073741824 | 2^30 Neena | 5159780352 | 12^9 Dexa | 61917364224 | 12^10 Lefa | 743008370688 | 12^11 T | 1000000000000 | tera tera | 1000000000000 | 1e12 Ti | 1099511627776 | tebi tebi | 1099511627776 | 2^40 Zennila | 8916100448256 | 12^12 P | 1e+15 | peta peta | 1e+15 | 1e15 Pi | 1.12589990684262e+15 | pebi pebi | 1.12589990684262e+15 | 2^50 E | 1e+18 | exa exa | 1e+18 | 1e18 Ei | 1.15292150460685e+18 | exbi exbi | 1.15292150460685e+18 | 2^60 Z | 1e+21 | zetta zetta | 1e+21 | 1e21 Zi | 1.18059162071741e+21 | zebi zebi | 1.18059162071741e+21 | 2^70 Y | 1e+24 | yotta yotta | 1e+24 | 1e24 Yi | 1.20892581961463e+24 | yobi yobi | 1.20892581961463e+24 | 2^80 R | 1e+27 | ronna ronna | 1e+27 | 1e27 Ri | 1.23794003928538e+27 | robi robi | 1.23794003928538e+27 | 2^90 Q | 1e+30 | quetta quetta | 1e+30 | 1e30 Qi | 1.26765060022823e+30 | quebi quebi | 1.26765060022823e+30 | 2^100 (126 rows) RESET extra_float_digits; SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, name COLLATE "C"; name | unit | definition -------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ sunvmag | -26.74 | -26.74 moonvmag | -12.74 | -12.74 g0000000 | -6 | (-6) g7_0 | -6 | (-6) g000000 | -5 | (-5) g6_0 | -5 | (-5) g_h | -4.2552506995 | -4.2552506995 g00000 | -4 | (-4) g5_0 | -4 | (-4) g_n | -3.82608552 | -3.82608552 g0000 | -3 | (-3) g4_0 | -3 | (-3) g_mu | -2.00233184123 | -2.00233184123 g_e | -2.00231930436092 | -2.00231930436092 g000 | -2 | (-2) g3_0 | -2 | (-2) g00 | -1 | (-1) g1_0 | -1 | (-1) g2_0 | -1 | (-1) g0 | 0 | (0) hbar_SI | 1.05457181764616e-34 | h_SI / 2 pi h_SI | 6.62607015e-34 | 6.62607015e-34 electronmass_SI | 9.10938371392308e-31 | electronmass_u atomicmassunit_SI atomicmassunit_SI | 1.66053906892e-27 | 1.66053906892e-27 k_SI | 1.380649e-23 | 1.380649e-23 e_SI | 1.602176634e-19 | 1.602176634e-19 partspertrillion | 1e-12 | ppt ppt | 1e-12 | 1e-12 epsilon0_SI | 8.85418781884006e-12 | 1 / 4 pi k_C_SI squarearcsec | 2.35044305390979e-11 | squaresecond squaresecond | 2.35044305390979e-11 | 1|60^2 squareminute G_SI | 6.6743e-11 | 6.67430e-11 partsperbillion | 1e-09 | ppb ppb | 1e-09 | 1e-9 mas | 4.84813681109536e-09 | milliarcsec squarearcmin | 8.46159499407524e-08 | squareminute squareminute | 8.46159499407524e-08 | 1|60^2 squaredegree partspermillion | 1e-06 | ppm ppm | 1e-06 | 1e-6 ㏙ | 1e-06 | ppm mu0_SI | 1.25663706126282e-06 | 1 / epsilon0_SI c_SI^2 centesimalsecond | 1.5707963267949e-06 | 1|100 centesimalminute " | 4.84813681109536e-06 | arcsec '' | 4.84813681109536e-06 | " arcsec | 4.84813681109536e-06 | 1|60 arcmin arcsecond | 4.84813681109536e-06 | arcsec ″ | 4.84813681109536e-06 | " seclongitude | 7.27220521664304e-05 | circle (seconds/day) basispoint | 0.0001 | 0.01 % mou_proportion | 0.0001 | 1|10000 ‱ | 0.0001 | 1|10000 centesimalminute | 0.00015707963267949 | 1|100 grade ' | 0.000290888208665722 | arcmin arcmin | 0.000290888208665722 | 1|60 degree arcminute | 0.000290888208665722 | arcmin ′ | 0.000290888208665722 | ' squaredegree | 0.000304617419786709 | 1|180^2 pi^2 sr electronmass_u | 0.0005485799090441 | 5.485799090441e-4 milangle | 0.00098174770424681 | 1|6400 circle fine | 0.001 | 1|1000 mill | 0.001 | 0.001 rin_proportion | 0.001 | 1|1000 ‰ | 0.001 | 1|1000 WGS84_earthflattening | 0.00335281066474748 | 1|298.257223563 IERS_earthflattening | 0.00335281969789619 | 1|298.25642 earthflattening | 0.00335281969789619 | IERS_earthflattening moonsd | 0.00452134735054284 | asin(moonradius / moondist) sunsd | 0.00465248468611326 | asin(sunradius / sundist) proof | 0.005 | 1|200 alpha | 0.0072973525643 | 7.2973525643e-3 α | 0.0072973525643 | alpha % | 0.01 | percent bu_proportion | 0.01 | 1|100 centrad | 0.01 | 0.01 radian percent | 0.01 | 0.01 moonearthmassratio | 0.012300037032734 | moonmass/earthmass gon | 0.015707963267949 | 1|100 rightangle grade | 0.015707963267949 | gon lunarparallax | 0.0165932083670967 | asin(earthradius_equatorial / moondist) moonhp | 0.0165932083670967 | lunarparallax gauss_k | 0.01720209895 | 0.01720209895 arcdeg | 0.0174532925199433 | degree deg | 0.0174532925199433 | degree degree | 0.0174532925199433 | 1|360 circle ° | 0.0174532925199433 | degree caratgold | 0.0416666666666667 | karat karat | 0.0416666666666667 | 1|24 tithe | 0.1 | 1|10 wari | 0.1 | wari_proportion wari_proportion | 0.1 | 1|10 pointangle | 0.196349540849362 | 1|32 circle extinction_coeff | 0.21 | 0.21 weakmixingangle | 0.22305 | 0.22305 sign | 0.523598775598299 | 1|12 circle g_d | 0.8574382335 | 0.8574382335 w_to_z_mass_ratio | 0.88145 | 0.88145 UKlength_K | 0.999981934326374 | meter / 39.37079 inch UKlength_C | 0.999991028296492 | meter / 1.09362311 yard int | 0.999998 | 3937|1200 ft/m UK | 0.999998261154856 | UKlength_SJJ UKlength_SJJ | 0.999998261154856 | 0.91439841 meter / yard UKlength_B | 0.999999125109361 | 0.9143992 meter / yard ANGLE | 1 | radian SOLID_ANGLE | 1 | steradian STRAIN | 1 | ELONGATION / LENGTH capita | 1 | people death | 1 | people event | 1 | 1 one | 1 | 1 people | 1 | 1 person | 1 | people radian | 1 | 1 sr | 1 | 1 steradian | 1 | sr ㏛ | 1 | sr US | 1.000002000004 | 1200|3937 m/ft hydrogen_1 | 1.0078250322 | 1.0078250322 hydrogen | 1.00794075402578 | 0.99988500 hydrogen_1 + 0.00011500 hydrogen_2 syntoniccomma | 1.0125 | pythagoreanthird / majorthird pythagoreancomma | 1.01364326477051 | musicalfifth^12 / octave^7 sextant | 1.0471975511966 | 1|6 circle majorsecond | 1.125 | musicalfifth^2 / octave dry | 1.16364718614719 | drygallon/gallon minorthird | 1.2 | 6|5 polyexpnt | 1.23496895372348 | (polyndx + 1) / polyndx majorthird | 1.25 | 5|4 quintant | 1.25663706143592 | 1|5 circle pythagoreanthird | 1.265625 | majorsecond musicalfifth^2 / octave musicalfourth | 1.33333333333333 | 4|3 dotted | 1.5 | 3|2 musicalfifth | 1.5 | 3|2 octant | 1.5707963267949 | 1|8 sphere quadrant | 1.5707963267949 | 1|4 circle rightangle | 1.5707963267949 | 90 degrees sphericalrightangle | 1.5707963267949 | 1|8 sphere minorsixth | 1.6 | musicalfourth minorthird phi | 1.61803398874989 | (sqrt(5)+1)/2 majorsixth | 1.66666666666667 | musicalfourth majorthird doubledotted | 1.75 | 7|4 minorseventh | 1.8 | musicalfifth minorthird majorseventh | 1.875 | musicalfifth majorthird brace | 2 | 2 couple | 2 | 2 double | 2 | 2 octave | 2 | 2 pair | 2 | 2 two | 2 | 2 hydrogen_2 | 2.0141017781 | 2.0141017781 ℯ | 2.71828182845905 | exp(1) hattrick | 3 | 3 nest | 3 | 3 three | 3 | 3 triple | 3 | 3 helium_3 | 3.0160293201 | 3.0160293201 hydrogen_3 | 3.0160492779 | 3.0160492779 lithium_3 | 3.0308 | 3.0308000000 pi | 3.14159265358979 | 3.14159265358979323846 π | 3.14159265358979 | pi 𝜋 | 3.14159265358979 | pi four | 4 | 4 quadruple | 4 | 4 helium | 4.00260193209093 | 0.00000134 helium_3 + 0.99999866 helium_4 helium_4 | 4.0026032541 | 4.0026032541 hydrogen_4 | 4.02643 | 4.0264300000 lithium_4 | 4.02719 | 4.0271900000 polyndx | 4.25588140115236 | polyndx_1976 polyndx_1976 | 4.25588140115236 | air_1976 (kg/kmol) gravity/(R_1976 lapserate) - 1 five | 5 | 5 quintuple | 5 | 5 helium_5 | 5.012057 | 5.0120570000 lithium_5 | 5.012538 | 5.0125380000 hydrogen_5 | 5.035311 | 5.0353110000 beryllium_5 | 5.0399 | 5.0399000000 g_p | 5.5856946893 | 5.5856946893 g_t | 5.95792493 | 5.957924930 six | 6 | 6 lithium_6 | 6.0151228874 | 6.0151228874 helium_6 | 6.018885891 | 6.0188858910 beryllium_6 | 6.0197264 | 6.0197264000 hydrogen_6 | 6.04496 | 6.0449600000 boron_6 | 6.0508 | 6.0508000000 circle | 6.28318530717959 | 2 pi radian rev | 6.28318530717959 | turn revolution | 6.28318530717959 | turn tau | 6.28318530717959 | 2 pi turn | 6.28318530717959 | circle τ | 6.28318530717959 | tau lithium | 6.94003660291572 | 0.07590000 lithium_6 + 0.92410000 lithium_7 seven | 7 | 7 lithium_7 | 7.0160034366 | 7.0160034366 beryllium_7 | 7.016928717 | 7.0169287170 helium_7 | 7.0279907 | 7.0279907000 boron_7 | 7.029712 | 7.0297120000 hydrogen_7 | 7.0527 | 7.0527000000 eight | 8 | 8 beryllium_8 | 8.005305102 | 8.0053051020 lithium_8 | 8.022486246 | 8.0224862460 boron_8 | 8.0246073 | 8.0246073000 helium_8 | 8.03393439 | 8.0339343900 carbon_8 | 8.037643 | 8.0376430000 nine | 9 | 9 beryllium | 9.012183065 | beryllium_9 beryllium_9 | 9.012183065 | 9.0121830650 boron_9 | 9.01332965 | 9.0133296500 lithium_9 | 9.02679019 | 9.0267901900 carbon_9 | 9.0310372 | 9.0310372000 helium_9 | 9.043946 | 9.0439460000 dicker | 10 | 10 ten | 10 | 10 boron_10 | 10.01293695 | 10.0129369500 beryllium_10 | 10.013534695 | 10.0135346950 carbon_10 | 10.01685331 | 10.0168533100 lithium_10 | 10.035483 | 10.0354830000 nitrogen_10 | 10.04165 | 10.0416500000 helium_10 | 10.05279 | 10.0527900000 boron | 10.81102804641 | 0.19900000 boron_10 + 0.80100000 boron_11 eleven | 11 | 11 boron_11 | 11.00930536 | 11.0093053600 carbon_11 | 11.0114336 | 11.0114336000 beryllium_11 | 11.02166108 | 11.0216610800 nitrogen_11 | 11.026091 | 11.0260910000 lithium_11 | 11.04372358 | 11.0437235800 carbon_12 | 12 | 12.0000000000 dozen | 12 | 12 twelve | 12 | 12 carbon | 12.0107358967356 | 0.98930000 carbon_12 + 0.01070000 carbon_13 boron_12 | 12.0143527 | 12.0143527000 nitrogen_12 | 12.0186132 | 12.0186132000 beryllium_12 | 12.0269221 | 12.0269221000 oxygen_12 | 12.034262 | 12.0342620000 lithium_12 | 12.052517 | 12.0525170000 sphere | 12.5663706143592 | 4 pi sr bakersdozen | 13 | 13 thirteen | 13 | 13 carbon_13 | 13.0033548351 | 13.0033548351 nitrogen_13 | 13.00573861 | 13.0057386100 boron_13 | 13.0177802 | 13.0177802000 oxygen_13 | 13.024815 | 13.0248150000 beryllium_13 | 13.036135 | 13.0361350000 lithium_13 | 13.06263 | 13.0626300000 fourteen | 14 | 14 nitrogen_14 | 14.0030740044 | 14.0030740044 carbon_14 | 14.0032419884 | 14.0032419884 nitrogen | 14.006703211416 | 0.99636000 nitrogen_14 + 0.00364000 nitrogen_15 oxygen_14 | 14.00859636 | 14.0085963600 boron_14 | 14.025404 | 14.0254040000 fluorine_14 | 14.034315 | 14.0343150000 beryllium_14 | 14.04289 | 14.0428900000 fifteen | 15 | 15 nitrogen_15 | 15.0001088989 | 15.0001088989 oxygen_15 | 15.00306562 | 15.0030656200 carbon_15 | 15.01059926 | 15.0105992600 fluorine_15 | 15.018043 | 15.0180430000 boron_15 | 15.031088 | 15.0310880000 beryllium_15 | 15.05342 | 15.0534200000 oxygen_16 | 15.9949146196 | 15.9949146196 oxygen | 15.9994049243483 | 0.99757000 oxygen_16 + 0.00038000 oxygen_17 + 0.00205000 oxygen_18 sixteen | 16 | 16 nitrogen_16 | 16.0061019 | 16.0061019000 fluorine_16 | 16.0114657 | 16.0114657000 carbon_16 | 16.0147013 | 16.0147013000 neon_16 | 16.02575 | 16.0257500000 boron_16 | 16.039842 | 16.0398420000 beryllium_16 | 16.06167 | 16.0616700000 oxygen_17 | 16.9991317565 | 16.9991317565 seventeen | 17 | 17 fluorine_17 | 17.00209524 | 17.0020952400 nitrogen_17 | 17.008449 | 17.0084490000 neon_17 | 17.01771396 | 17.0177139600 carbon_17 | 17.022577 | 17.0225770000 boron_17 | 17.04699 | 17.0469900000 oxygen_18 | 17.9991596129 | 17.9991596129 eighteen | 18 | 18 fluorine_18 | 18.00093733 | 18.0009373300 neon_18 | 18.0057087 | 18.0057087000 nitrogen_18 | 18.014078 | 18.0140780000 carbon_18 | 18.026751 | 18.0267510000 sodium_18 | 18.02688 | 18.0268800000 boron_18 | 18.05566 | 18.0556600000 fluorine | 18.9984031627 | fluorine_19 fluorine_19 | 18.9984031627 | 18.9984031627 nineteen | 19 | 19 neon_19 | 19.00188091 | 19.0018809100 oxygen_19 | 19.003578 | 19.0035780000 sodium_19 | 19.01388 | 19.0138800000 nitrogen_19 | 19.017022 | 19.0170220000 magnesium_19 | 19.034169 | 19.0341690000 carbon_19 | 19.0348 | 19.0348000000 boron_19 | 19.0631 | 19.0631000000 neon_20 | 19.9924401762 | 19.9924401762 fluorine_20 | 19.999981252 | 19.9999812520 score | 20 | 20 twenty | 20 | 20 oxygen_20 | 20.00407535 | 20.0040753500 sodium_20 | 20.0073544 | 20.0073544000 magnesium_20 | 20.01885 | 20.0188500000 nitrogen_20 | 20.023366 | 20.0233660000 carbon_20 | 20.04032 | 20.0403200000 boron_20 | 20.07207 | 20.0720700000 neon | 20.1800463805203 | 0.90480000 neon_20 + 0.00270000 neon_21 + 0.09250000 neon_22 neon_21 | 20.993846685 | 20.9938466850 sodium_21 | 20.99765469 | 20.9976546900 fluorine_21 | 20.9999489 | 20.9999489000 oxygen_21 | 21.008655 | 21.0086550000 magnesium_21 | 21.011716 | 21.0117160000 nitrogen_21 | 21.02711 | 21.0271100000 aluminium_21 | 21.02897 | 21.0289700000 aluminum_21 | 21.02897 | 21.0289700000 carbon_21 | 21.049 | 21.0490000000 boron_21 | 21.08129 | 21.0812900000 neon_22 | 21.991385114 | 21.9913851140 sodium_22 | 21.99443741 | 21.9944374100 magnesium_22 | 21.99957065 | 21.9995706500 fluorine_22 | 22.002999 | 22.0029990000 oxygen_22 | 22.009966 | 22.0099660000 aluminium_22 | 22.01954 | 22.0195400000 aluminum_22 | 22.01954 | 22.0195400000 nitrogen_22 | 22.03439 | 22.0343900000 silicon_22 | 22.03579 | 22.0357900000 carbon_22 | 22.05753 | 22.0575300000 sodium | 22.989769282 | sodium_23 sodium_23 | 22.989769282 | 22.9897692820 magnesium_23 | 22.99412421 | 22.9941242100 neon_23 | 22.99446691 | 22.9944669100 fluorine_23 | 23.003557 | 23.0035570000 aluminium_23 | 23.00724435 | 23.0072443500 aluminum_23 | 23.00724435 | 23.0072443500 oxygen_23 | 23.015696 | 23.0156960000 silicon_23 | 23.02544 | 23.0254400000 nitrogen_23 | 23.04114 | 23.0411400000 carbon_23 | 23.0689 | 23.0689000000 magnesium_24 | 23.985041697 | 23.9850416970 sodium_24 | 23.99096295 | 23.9909629500 neon_24 | 23.99361065 | 23.9936106500 aluminium_24 | 23.9999489 | 23.9999489000 aluminum_24 | 23.9999489 | 23.9999489000 shortquire | 24 | 24 fluorine_24 | 24.008115 | 24.0081150000 silicon_24 | 24.011535 | 24.0115350000 oxygen_24 | 24.01986 | 24.0198600000 phosphorus_24 | 24.03577 | 24.0357700000 nitrogen_24 | 24.05039 | 24.0503900000 magnesium | 24.3050516198371 | 0.78990000 magnesium_24 + 0.10000000 magnesium_25 + 0.11010000 magnesium_26 magnesium_25 | 24.985836976 | 24.9858369760 sodium_25 | 24.989954 | 24.9899540000 aluminium_25 | 24.9904281 | 24.9904281000 aluminum_25 | 24.9904281 | 24.9904281000 neon_25 | 24.997789 | 24.9977890000 quire | 25 | 25 silicon_25 | 25.004109 | 25.0041090000 fluorine_25 | 25.012199 | 25.0121990000 phosphorus_25 | 25.02119 | 25.0211900000 oxygen_25 | 25.02936 | 25.0293600000 nitrogen_25 | 25.0601 | 25.0601000000 magnesium_26 | 25.982592968 | 25.9825929680 aluminium_26 | 25.986891904 | 25.9868919040 aluminum_26 | 25.986891904 | 25.9868919040 silicon_26 | 25.99233384 | 25.9923338400 sodium_26 | 25.9926346 | 25.9926346000 neon_26 | 26.000515 | 26.0005150000 phosphorus_26 | 26.01178 | 26.0117800000 fluorine_26 | 26.020038 | 26.0200380000 sulfur_26 | 26.02907 | 26.0290700000 oxygen_26 | 26.03729 | 26.0372900000 aluminium | 26.98153853 | aluminium_27 aluminium_27 | 26.98153853 | 26.9815385300 aluminum | 26.98153853 | aluminum_27 aluminum_27 | 26.98153853 | 26.9815385300 magnesium_27 | 26.984340624 | 26.9843406240 silicon_27 | 26.98670481 | 26.9867048100 sodium_27 | 26.9940765 | 26.9940765000 phosphorus_27 | 26.999224 | 26.9992240000 neon_27 | 27.007553 | 27.0075530000 sulfur_27 | 27.01828 | 27.0182800000 fluorine_27 | 27.02644 | 27.0264400000 oxygen_27 | 27.04772 | 27.0477200000 silicon_28 | 27.9769265347 | 27.9769265347 aluminium_28 | 27.98191021 | 27.9819102100 aluminum_28 | 27.98191021 | 27.9819102100 magnesium_28 | 27.9838767 | 27.9838767000 phosphorus_28 | 27.9923266 | 27.9923266000 sodium_28 | 27.998939 | 27.9989390000 sulfur_28 | 28.00437 | 28.0043700000 neon_28 | 28.01212 | 28.0121200000 chlorine_28 | 28.02954 | 28.0295400000 fluorine_28 | 28.03534 | 28.0353400000 oxygen_28 | 28.05591 | 28.0559100000 silicon | 28.0854987057521 | 0.92223000 silicon_28 + 0.04685000 silicon_29 + 0.03092000 silicon_30 air_1976 | 28.964429140735 | 78.084 % 28.0134 + 20.9476 % 31.9988 + 9340 ppm 39.948 + 314 ppm 44.00995 + 18.18 ppm 20.183 + 5.24 ppm 4.0026 + 1.5 ppm 16.04303 + 1.14 ppm 83.80 + 0.5 ppm 2.01594 + 0.27 ppm 44.0128 + 0.087 ppm 131.30 air_1962 | 28.964447285194 | 78.084 % 28.0134 + 20.9476 % 31.9988 + 9340 ppm 39.948 + 314 ppm 44.00995 + 18.18 ppm 20.183 + 5.24 ppm 4.0026 + 2 ppm 16.04303 + 1.14 ppm 83.80 + 0.5 ppm 2.01594 + 0.5 ppm 44.0128 + 0.087 ppm 131.30 air_2015 | 28.9678464127115 | 78.08% nitrogen 2 + 20.95% oxygen 2 + 9340 ppm argon + 400 ppm (carbon + oxygen 2) + 18.18 ppm neon + 5.24 ppm helium + 1.7 ppm (carbon + 4 hydrogen) + 1.14 ppm krypton + 0.55 ppm hydrogen 2 air | 28.9687010877862 | air_2023 air_2023 | 28.9687010877862 | 78.08% nitrogen 2 + 20.95% oxygen 2 + 9340 ppm argon + 419 ppm (carbon + oxygen 2) + 18.18 ppm neon + 5.24 ppm helium + 1.92 ppm (carbon + 4 hydrogen) + 1.14 ppm krypton + 0.55 ppm hydrogen 2 + 0.34 ppm (nitrogen 2 + oxygen) silicon_29 | 28.9764946649 | 28.9764946649 aluminium_29 | 28.9804565 | 28.9804565000 aluminum_29 | 28.9804565 | 28.9804565000 phosphorus_29 | 28.98180079 | 28.9818007900 magnesium_29 | 28.988617 | 28.9886170000 sulfur_29 | 28.996611 | 28.9966110000 sodium_29 | 29.0028771 | 29.0028771000 chlorine_29 | 29.01478 | 29.0147800000 neon_29 | 29.01975 | 29.0197500000 fluorine_29 | 29.04254 | 29.0425400000 silicon_30 | 29.973770136 | 29.9737701360 phosphorus_30 | 29.97831375 | 29.9783137500 aluminium_30 | 29.98296 | 29.9829600000 aluminum_30 | 29.98296 | 29.9829600000 sulfur_30 | 29.98490703 | 29.9849070300 magnesium_30 | 29.9904629 | 29.9904629000 thirty | 30 | 30 chlorine_30 | 30.00477 | 30.0047700000 sodium_30 | 30.0090979 | 30.0090979000 argon_30 | 30.02307 | 30.0230700000 neon_30 | 30.02473 | 30.0247300000 fluorine_30 | 30.05165 | 30.0516500000 phosphorus | 30.9737619984 | phosphorus_31 phosphorus_31 | 30.9737619984 | 30.9737619984 silicon_31 | 30.975363194 | 30.9753631940 sulfur_31 | 30.97955701 | 30.9795570100 aluminium_31 | 30.983945 | 30.9839450000 aluminum_31 | 30.983945 | 30.9839450000 chlorine_31 | 30.992414 | 30.9924140000 magnesium_31 | 30.996648 | 30.9966480000 argon_31 | 31.01212 | 31.0121200000 sodium_31 | 31.013163 | 31.0131630000 neon_31 | 31.0331 | 31.0331000000 fluorine_31 | 31.05971 | 31.0597100000 sulfur_32 | 31.9720711744 | 31.9720711744 phosphorus_32 | 31.973907643 | 31.9739076430 silicon_32 | 31.97415154 | 31.9741515400 chlorine_32 | 31.98568464 | 31.9856846400 aluminium_32 | 31.988085 | 31.9880850000 aluminum_32 | 31.988085 | 31.9880850000 argon_32 | 31.9976378 | 31.9976378000 magnesium_32 | 31.9991102 | 31.9991102000 sodium_32 | 32.02019 | 32.0201900000 potassium_32 | 32.02265 | 32.0226500000 neon_32 | 32.03972 | 32.0397200000 sulfur | 32.0647874061271 | 0.94990000 sulfur_32 + 0.00750000 sulfur_33 + 0.04250000 sulfur_34 + 0.00010000 sulfur_36 sulphur | 32.0647874061271 | sulfur sulfur_33 | 32.9714589098 | 32.9714589098 phosphorus_33 | 32.9717257 | 32.9717257000 chlorine_33 | 32.97745199 | 32.9774519900 silicon_33 | 32.97797696 | 32.9779769600 argon_33 | 32.98992555 | 32.9899255500 aluminium_33 | 32.990909 | 32.9909090000 aluminum_33 | 32.990909 | 32.9909090000 magnesium_33 | 33.0053271 | 33.0053271000 potassium_33 | 33.00756 | 33.0075600000 sodium_33 | 33.02573 | 33.0257300000 neon_33 | 33.04938 | 33.0493800000 sulfur_34 | 33.967867004 | 33.9678670040 phosphorus_34 | 33.97364589 | 33.9736458900 chlorine_34 | 33.973762485 | 33.9737624850 silicon_34 | 33.978576 | 33.9785760000 argon_34 | 33.98027009 | 33.9802700900 aluminium_34 | 33.996705 | 33.9967050000 aluminum_34 | 33.996705 | 33.9967050000 potassium_34 | 33.99869 | 33.9986900000 magnesium_34 | 34.008935 | 34.0089350000 calcium_34 | 34.01487 | 34.0148700000 sodium_34 | 34.03359 | 34.0335900000 neon_34 | 34.05673 | 34.0567300000 chlorine_35 | 34.968852682 | 34.9688526820 sulfur_35 | 34.96903231 | 34.9690323100 phosphorus_35 | 34.9733141 | 34.9733141000 argon_35 | 34.97525759 | 34.9752575900 silicon_35 | 34.984583 | 34.9845830000 potassium_35 | 34.98800541 | 34.9880054100 aluminium_35 | 34.999764 | 34.9997640000 aluminum_35 | 34.999764 | 34.9997640000 calcium_35 | 35.00514 | 35.0051400000 magnesium_35 | 35.01679 | 35.0167900000 sodium_35 | 35.04062 | 35.0406200000 chlorine | 35.452937582608 | 0.75760000 chlorine_35 + 0.24240000 chlorine_37 sulfur_36 | 35.96708071 | 35.9670807100 argon_36 | 35.967545105 | 35.9675451050 chlorine_36 | 35.968306809 | 35.9683068090 phosphorus_36 | 35.97826 | 35.9782600000 potassium_36 | 35.98130201 | 35.9813020100 silicon_36 | 35.986695 | 35.9866950000 calcium_36 | 35.993074 | 35.9930740000 aluminium_36 | 36.00639 | 36.0063900000 aluminum_36 | 36.00639 | 36.0063900000 scandium_36 | 36.01648 | 36.0164800000 magnesium_36 | 36.02188 | 36.0218800000 sodium_36 | 36.04929 | 36.0492900000 chlorine_37 | 36.965902602 | 36.9659026020 argon_37 | 36.96677633 | 36.9667763300 sulfur_37 | 36.97112551 | 36.9711255100 potassium_37 | 36.97337589 | 36.9733758900 phosphorus_37 | 36.979607 | 36.9796070000 calcium_37 | 36.98589785 | 36.9858978500 silicon_37 | 36.992921 | 36.9929210000 scandium_37 | 37.00374 | 37.0037400000 aluminium_37 | 37.01053 | 37.0105300000 aluminum_37 | 37.01053 | 37.0105300000 magnesium_37 | 37.03037 | 37.0303700000 sodium_37 | 37.05705 | 37.0570500000 argon_38 | 37.96273211 | 37.9627321100 chlorine_38 | 37.96801044 | 37.9680104400 potassium_38 | 37.96908112 | 37.9690811200 sulfur_38 | 37.9711633 | 37.9711633000 calcium_38 | 37.97631922 | 37.9763192200 phosphorus_38 | 37.984252 | 37.9842520000 scandium_38 | 37.99512 | 37.9951200000 silicon_38 | 37.995523 | 37.9955230000 titanium_38 | 38.01145 | 38.0114500000 aluminium_38 | 38.0174 | 38.0174000000 aluminum_38 | 38.0174 | 38.0174000000 magnesium_38 | 38.03658 | 38.0365800000 potassium_39 | 38.9637064864 | 38.9637064864 argon_39 | 38.964313 | 38.9643130000 chlorine_39 | 38.9680082 | 38.9680082000 calcium_39 | 38.97071081 | 38.9707108100 sulfur_39 | 38.975134 | 38.9751340000 scandium_39 | 38.984785 | 38.9847850000 phosphorus_39 | 38.986227 | 38.9862270000 titanium_39 | 39.00236 | 39.0023600000 silicon_39 | 39.002491 | 39.0024910000 aluminium_39 | 39.02254 | 39.0225400000 aluminum_39 | 39.02254 | 39.0225400000 magnesium_39 | 39.04538 | 39.0453800000 potassium | 39.098300910086 | 0.93258100 potassium_39 + 0.00011700 potassium_40 + 0.06730200 potassium_41 argon | 39.947798563582 | 0.00333600 argon_36 + 0.00062900 argon_38 + 0.99603500 argon_40 argon_40 | 39.9623831237 | 39.9623831237 calcium_40 | 39.962590863 | 39.9625908630 potassium_40 | 39.963998166 | 39.9639981660 chlorine_40 | 39.970415 | 39.9704150000 sulfur_40 | 39.9754826 | 39.9754826000 scandium_40 | 39.9779673 | 39.9779673000 titanium_40 | 39.9905 | 39.9905000000 phosphorus_40 | 39.99133 | 39.9913300000 flock | 40 | 40 forty | 40 | 40 timer | 40 | 40 twoscore | 40 | two score silicon_40 | 40.00583 | 40.0058300000 vanadium_40 | 40.01276 | 40.0127600000 aluminium_40 | 40.03003 | 40.0300300000 aluminum_40 | 40.03003 | 40.0300300000 magnesium_40 | 40.05218 | 40.0521800000 calcium | 40.0780225110177 | 0.96941000 calcium_40 + 0.00647000 calcium_42 + 0.00135000 calcium_43 + 0.02086000 calcium_44 + 0.00004000 calcium_46 + 0.00187000 calcium_48 potassium_41 | 40.9618252579 | 40.9618252579 calcium_41 | 40.96227792 | 40.9622779200 argon_41 | 40.96450057 | 40.9645005700 scandium_41 | 40.969251105 | 40.9692511050 chlorine_41 | 40.970685 | 40.9706850000 sulfur_41 | 40.9795935 | 40.9795935000 titanium_41 | 40.983148 | 40.9831480000 phosphorus_41 | 40.994654 | 40.9946540000 vanadium_41 | 41.00021 | 41.0002100000 silicon_41 | 41.01301 | 41.0130100000 aluminium_41 | 41.03638 | 41.0363800000 aluminum_41 | 41.03638 | 41.0363800000 calcium_42 | 41.95861783 | 41.9586178300 potassium_42 | 41.96240231 | 41.9624023100 argon_42 | 41.9630457 | 41.9630457000 scandium_42 | 41.96551653 | 41.9655165300 titanium_42 | 41.97304903 | 41.9730490300 chlorine_42 | 41.97325 | 41.9732500000 sulfur_42 | 41.9810651 | 41.9810651000 vanadium_42 | 41.99182 | 41.9918200000 phosphorus_42 | 42.00108 | 42.0010800000 chromium_42 | 42.0067 | 42.0067000000 silicon_42 | 42.01778 | 42.0177800000 aluminium_42 | 42.04384 | 42.0438400000 aluminum_42 | 42.04384 | 42.0438400000 calcium_43 | 42.95876644 | 42.9587664400 potassium_43 | 42.9607347 | 42.9607347000 scandium_43 | 42.9611505 | 42.9611505000 argon_43 | 42.9656361 | 42.9656361000 titanium_43 | 42.9685225 | 42.9685225000 chlorine_43 | 42.97389 | 42.9738900000 vanadium_43 | 42.980766 | 42.9807660000 sulfur_43 | 42.9869076 | 42.9869076000 chromium_43 | 42.99753 | 42.9975300000 phosphorus_43 | 43.00502 | 43.0050200000 silicon_43 | 43.0248 | 43.0248000000 aluminium_43 | 43.05147 | 43.0514700000 aluminum_43 | 43.05147 | 43.0514700000 calcium_44 | 43.95548156 | 43.9554815600 scandium_44 | 43.9594029 | 43.9594029000 titanium_44 | 43.95968995 | 43.9596899500 potassium_44 | 43.96158699 | 43.9615869900 argon_44 | 43.9649238 | 43.9649238000 vanadium_44 | 43.97411 | 43.9741100000 chlorine_44 | 43.97787 | 43.9778700000 chromium_44 | 43.98536 | 43.9853600000 sulfur_44 | 43.9901188 | 43.9901188000 manganese_44 | 44.00715 | 44.0071500000 phosphorus_44 | 44.01121 | 44.0112100000 silicon_44 | 44.03061 | 44.0306100000 scandium | 44.95590828 | scandium_45 scandium_45 | 44.95590828 | 44.9559082800 calcium_45 | 44.95618635 | 44.9561863500 titanium_45 | 44.95812198 | 44.9581219800 potassium_45 | 44.96069149 | 44.9606914900 vanadium_45 | 44.9657748 | 44.9657748000 argon_45 | 44.96803973 | 44.9680397300 chromium_45 | 44.97905 | 44.9790500000 chlorine_45 | 44.98029 | 44.9802900000 manganese_45 | 44.99449 | 44.9944900000 sulfur_45 | 44.99572 | 44.9957200000 iron_45 | 45.01442 | 45.0144200000 phosphorus_45 | 45.01645 | 45.0164500000 silicon_45 | 45.03995 | 45.0399500000 titanium_46 | 45.95262772 | 45.9526277200 calcium_46 | 45.953689 | 45.9536890000 scandium_46 | 45.95516826 | 45.9551682600 vanadium_46 | 45.96019878 | 45.9601987800 potassium_46 | 45.96198159 | 45.9619815900 argon_46 | 45.968083 | 45.9680830000 chromium_46 | 45.968359 | 45.9683590000 chlorine_46 | 45.98517 | 45.9851700000 manganese_46 | 45.98609 | 45.9860900000 sulfur_46 | 46.00004 | 46.0000400000 iron_46 | 46.00063 | 46.0006300000 phosphorus_46 | 46.02446 | 46.0244600000 titanium_47 | 46.95175879 | 46.9517587900 scandium_47 | 46.9524037 | 46.9524037000 calcium_47 | 46.9545424 | 46.9545424000 vanadium_47 | 46.95490491 | 46.9549049100 potassium_47 | 46.9616616 | 46.9616616000 chromium_47 | 46.9628974 | 46.9628974000 argon_47 | 46.972935 | 46.9729350000 manganese_47 | 46.975775 | 46.9757750000 chlorine_47 | 46.98916 | 46.9891600000 iron_47 | 46.99185 | 46.9918500000 sulfur_47 | 47.00795 | 47.0079500000 cobalt_47 | 47.01057 | 47.0105700000 phosphorus_47 | 47.03139 | 47.0313900000 titanium | 47.866744962722 | 0.08250000 titanium_46 + 0.07440000 titanium_47 + 0.73720000 titanium_48 + 0.05410000 titanium_49 + 0.05180000 titanium_50 titanium_48 | 47.94794198 | 47.9479419800 scandium_48 | 47.9522236 | 47.9522236000 vanadium_48 | 47.9522522 | 47.9522522000 calcium_48 | 47.95252276 | 47.9525227600 chromium_48 | 47.9540291 | 47.9540291000 potassium_48 | 47.96534119 | 47.9653411900 manganese_48 | 47.96852 | 47.9685200000 argon_48 | 47.97591 | 47.9759100000 iron_48 | 47.98023 | 47.9802300000 chlorine_48 | 47.99564 | 47.9956400000 cobalt_48 | 48.00093 | 48.0009300000 sulfur_48 | 48.0137 | 48.0137000000 nickel_48 | 48.01769 | 48.0176900000 titanium_49 | 48.94786568 | 48.9478656800 vanadium_49 | 48.9485118 | 48.9485118000 scandium_49 | 48.9500146 | 48.9500146000 chromium_49 | 48.9513333 | 48.9513333000 calcium_49 | 48.95566274 | 48.9556627400 manganese_49 | 48.959595 | 48.9595950000 potassium_49 | 48.96821075 | 48.9682107500 iron_49 | 48.973429 | 48.9734290000 argon_49 | 48.9819 | 48.9819000000 cobalt_49 | 48.98891 | 48.9889100000 chlorine_49 | 49.00123 | 49.0012300000 nickel_49 | 49.0077 | 49.0077000000 sulfur_49 | 49.02276 | 49.0227600000 titanium_50 | 49.94478689 | 49.9447868900 chromium_50 | 49.94604183 | 49.9460418300 vanadium_50 | 49.94715601 | 49.9471560100 scandium_50 | 49.952176 | 49.9521760000 manganese_50 | 49.95423778 | 49.9542377800 calcium_50 | 49.9574992 | 49.9574992000 iron_50 | 49.962975 | 49.9629750000 potassium_50 | 49.97238 | 49.9723800000 cobalt_50 | 49.98091 | 49.9809100000 argon_50 | 49.98613 | 49.9861300000 nickel_50 | 49.99474 | 49.9947400000 fifty | 50 | 50 chlorine_50 | 50.00905 | 50.0090500000 vanadium | 50.941465037425 | 0.00250000 vanadium_50 + 0.99750000 vanadium_51 vanadium_51 | 50.94395704 | 50.9439570400 chromium_51 | 50.94476502 | 50.9447650200 titanium_51 | 50.94661065 | 50.9466106500 manganese_51 | 50.94820847 | 50.9482084700 scandium_51 | 50.953592 | 50.9535920000 iron_51 | 50.956841 | 50.9568410000 calcium_51 | 50.960989 | 50.9609890000 cobalt_51 | 50.970647 | 50.9706470000 potassium_51 | 50.975828 | 50.9758280000 nickel_51 | 50.98611 | 50.9861100000 argon_51 | 50.9937 | 50.9937000000 chlorine_51 | 51.01554 | 51.0155400000 chromium_52 | 51.94050623 | 51.9405062300 vanadium_52 | 51.94477301 | 51.9447730100 manganese_52 | 51.9455639 | 51.9455639000 titanium_52 | 51.946893 | 51.9468930000 iron_52 | 51.9481131 | 51.9481131000 scandium_52 | 51.95688 | 51.9568800000 calcium_52 | 51.963217 | 51.9632170000 cobalt_52 | 51.96351 | 51.9635100000 nickel_52 | 51.9748 | 51.9748000000 potassium_52 | 51.98224 | 51.9822400000 chromium | 51.9961317554337 | 0.04345000 chromium_50 + 0.83789000 chromium_52 + 0.09501000 chromium_53 + 0.02365000 chromium_54 copper_52 | 51.99671 | 51.9967100000 argon_52 | 51.99896 | 51.9989600000 chromium_53 | 52.94064815 | 52.9406481500 manganese_53 | 52.94128889 | 52.9412888900 vanadium_53 | 52.9443367 | 52.9443367000 iron_53 | 52.9453064 | 52.9453064000 titanium_53 | 52.94973 | 52.9497300000 cobalt_53 | 52.9542041 | 52.9542041000 scandium_53 | 52.95909 | 52.9590900000 nickel_53 | 52.96819 | 52.9681900000 calcium_53 | 52.96945 | 52.9694500000 copper_53 | 52.98459 | 52.9845900000 potassium_53 | 52.98746 | 52.9874600000 argon_53 | 53.00729 | 53.0072900000 chromium_54 | 53.93887916 | 53.9388791600 iron_54 | 53.93960899 | 53.9396089900 manganese_54 | 53.9403576 | 53.9403576000 vanadium_54 | 53.946439 | 53.9464390000 cobalt_54 | 53.94845987 | 53.9484598700 titanium_54 | 53.95105 | 53.9510500000 nickel_54 | 53.957892 | 53.9578920000 scandium_54 | 53.96393 | 53.9639300000 calcium_54 | 53.9734 | 53.9734000000 copper_54 | 53.97666 | 53.9766600000 zinc_54 | 53.99204 | 53.9920400000 potassium_54 | 53.99463 | 53.9946300000 manganese | 54.93804391 | manganese_55 manganese_55 | 54.93804391 | 54.9380439100 iron_55 | 54.93829199 | 54.9382919900 chromium_55 | 54.94083843 | 54.9408384300 cobalt_55 | 54.9419972 | 54.9419972000 vanadium_55 | 54.94724 | 54.9472400000 nickel_55 | 54.95133063 | 54.9513306300 titanium_55 | 54.95527 | 54.9552700000 copper_55 | 54.96604 | 54.9660400000 scandium_55 | 54.96782 | 54.9678200000 calcium_55 | 54.9803 | 54.9803000000 zinc_55 | 54.98398 | 54.9839800000 potassium_55 | 55.00076 | 55.0007600000 iron | 55.8451444338659 | 0.05845000 iron_54 + 0.91754000 iron_56 + 0.02119000 iron_57 + 0.00282000 iron_58 iron_56 | 55.93493633 | 55.9349363300 manganese_56 | 55.93890369 | 55.9389036900 cobalt_56 | 55.9398388 | 55.9398388000 chromium_56 | 55.9406531 | 55.9406531000 nickel_56 | 55.94212855 | 55.9421285500 vanadium_56 | 55.95048 | 55.9504800000 titanium_56 | 55.95791 | 55.9579100000 copper_56 | 55.95895 | 55.9589500000 zinc_56 | 55.97254 | 55.9725400000 scandium_56 | 55.97345 | 55.9734500000 calcium_56 | 55.98508 | 55.9850800000 gallium_56 | 55.99536 | 55.9953600000 potassium_56 | 56.00851 | 56.0085100000 iron_57 | 56.93539284 | 56.9353928400 cobalt_57 | 56.93629057 | 56.9362905700 manganese_57 | 56.9382861 | 56.9382861000 nickel_57 | 56.93979218 | 56.9397921800 chromium_57 | 56.943613 | 56.9436130000 copper_57 | 56.9492125 | 56.9492125000 vanadium_57 | 56.95252 | 56.9525200000 titanium_57 | 56.96364 | 56.9636400000 zinc_57 | 56.96506 | 56.9650600000 scandium_57 | 56.97777 | 56.9777700000 gallium_57 | 56.9832 | 56.9832000000 calcium_57 | 56.99262 | 56.9926200000 iron_58 | 57.93327443 | 57.9332744300 nickel_58 | 57.93534241 | 57.9353424100 cobalt_58 | 57.9357521 | 57.9357521000 manganese_58 | 57.9400666 | 57.9400666000 chromium_58 | 57.94435 | 57.9443500000 copper_58 | 57.94453305 | 57.9445330500 zinc_58 | 57.954591 | 57.9545910000 vanadium_58 | 57.95672 | 57.9567200000 titanium_58 | 57.9666 | 57.9666000000 gallium_58 | 57.97478 | 57.9747800000 scandium_58 | 57.98403 | 57.9840300000 germanium_58 | 57.99172 | 57.9917200000 calcium_58 | 57.99794 | 57.9979400000 nickel | 58.6933471099477 | 0.68077000 nickel_58 + 0.26223000 nickel_60 + 0.01139900 nickel_61 + 0.03634600 nickel_62 + 0.00925500 nickel_64 cobalt | 58.93319429 | cobalt_59 cobalt_59 | 58.93319429 | 58.9331942900 nickel_59 | 58.9343462 | 58.9343462000 iron_59 | 58.93487434 | 58.9348743400 copper_59 | 58.93949748 | 58.9394974800 manganese_59 | 58.9403911 | 58.9403911000 chromium_59 | 58.94859 | 58.9485900000 zinc_59 | 58.94931266 | 58.9493126600 vanadium_59 | 58.95939 | 58.9593900000 gallium_59 | 58.96353 | 58.9635300000 titanium_59 | 58.97247 | 58.9724700000 germanium_59 | 58.98249 | 58.9824900000 scandium_59 | 58.98894 | 58.9889400000 nickel_60 | 59.93078588 | 59.9307858800 cobalt_60 | 59.9338163 | 59.9338163000 iron_60 | 59.9340711 | 59.9340711000 copper_60 | 59.9373645 | 59.9373645000 zinc_60 | 59.9418421 | 59.9418421000 manganese_60 | 59.9431366 | 59.9431366000 chromium_60 | 59.95008 | 59.9500800000 gallium_60 | 59.95729 | 59.9572900000 vanadium_60 | 59.96431 | 59.9643100000 germanium_60 | 59.97036 | 59.9703600000 titanium_60 | 59.97603 | 59.9760300000 arsenic_60 | 59.99388 | 59.9938800000 scandium_60 | 59.99565 | 59.9956500000 shock | 60 | 60 sixty | 60 | 60 threescore | 60 | three score nickel_61 | 60.93105557 | 60.9310555700 cobalt_61 | 60.93247662 | 60.9324766200 copper_61 | 60.9334576 | 60.9334576000 iron_61 | 60.9367462 | 60.9367462000 zinc_61 | 60.939507 | 60.9395070000 manganese_61 | 60.9444525 | 60.9444525000 gallium_61 | 60.949399 | 60.9493990000 chromium_61 | 60.95442 | 60.9544200000 germanium_61 | 60.96379 | 60.9637900000 vanadium_61 | 60.96725 | 60.9672500000 arsenic_61 | 60.98112 | 60.9811200000 titanium_61 | 60.98245 | 60.9824500000 scandium_61 | 61.001 | 61.0010000000 nickel_62 | 61.92834537 | 61.9283453700 copper_62 | 61.93259541 | 61.9325954100 cobalt_62 | 61.934059 | 61.9340590000 zinc_62 | 61.93433397 | 61.9343339700 iron_62 | 61.9367918 | 61.9367918000 gallium_62 | 61.94419025 | 61.9441902500 manganese_62 | 61.94795 | 61.9479500000 germanium_62 | 61.95502 | 61.9550200000 chromium_62 | 61.9561 | 61.9561000000 vanadium_62 | 61.97265 | 61.9726500000 arsenic_62 | 61.97361 | 61.9736100000 titanium_62 | 61.98651 | 61.9865100000 copper_63 | 62.92959772 | 62.9295977200 nickel_63 | 62.92966963 | 62.9296696300 zinc_63 | 62.9332115 | 62.9332115000 cobalt_63 | 62.9336 | 62.9336000000 gallium_63 | 62.9392942 | 62.9392942000 iron_63 | 62.9402727 | 62.9402727000 germanium_63 | 62.949628 | 62.9496280000 manganese_63 | 62.9496647 | 62.9496647000 chromium_63 | 62.96165 | 62.9616500000 arsenic_63 | 62.9639 | 62.9639000000 vanadium_63 | 62.97639 | 62.9763900000 titanium_63 | 62.99375 | 62.9937500000 copper | 63.54603994583 | 0.69150000 copper_63 + 0.30850000 copper_65 nickel_64 | 63.92796682 | 63.9279668200 zinc_64 | 63.92914201 | 63.9291420100 copper_64 | 63.92976434 | 63.9297643400 cobalt_64 | 63.935811 | 63.9358110000 gallium_64 | 63.9368404 | 63.9368404000 iron_64 | 63.9409878 | 63.9409878000 germanium_64 | 63.9416899 | 63.9416899000 manganese_64 | 63.9538494 | 63.9538494000 arsenic_64 | 63.95743 | 63.9574300000 chromium_64 | 63.96408 | 63.9640800000 selenium_64 | 63.97109 | 63.9710900000 vanadium_64 | 63.98264 | 63.9826400000 copper_65 | 64.9277897 | 64.9277897000 zinc_65 | 64.92924077 | 64.9292407700 nickel_65 | 64.93008517 | 64.9300851700 gallium_65 | 64.93273459 | 64.9327345900 cobalt_65 | 64.9364621 | 64.9364621000 germanium_65 | 64.9393681 | 64.9393681000 iron_65 | 64.9450115 | 64.9450115000 arsenic_65 | 64.949611 | 64.9496110000 manganese_65 | 64.9560198 | 64.9560198000 selenium_65 | 64.9644 | 64.9644000000 chromium_65 | 64.96996 | 64.9699600000 vanadium_65 | 64.9875 | 64.9875000000 zinc | 65.377782529525 | 0.49170000 zinc_64 + 0.27730000 zinc_66 + 0.04040000 zinc_67 + 0.18450000 zinc_68 + 0.00610000 zinc_70 zinc_66 | 65.92603381 | 65.9260338100 copper_66 | 65.92886903 | 65.9288690300 nickel_66 | 65.9291393 | 65.9291393000 gallium_66 | 65.9315894 | 65.9315894000 germanium_66 | 65.9338621 | 65.9338621000 cobalt_66 | 65.939443 | 65.9394430000 arsenic_66 | 65.9441488 | 65.9441488000 iron_66 | 65.94625 | 65.9462500000 selenium_66 | 65.95559 | 65.9555900000 manganese_66 | 65.960547 | 65.9605470000 chromium_66 | 65.97366 | 65.9736600000 vanadium_66 | 65.99398 | 65.9939800000 zinc_67 | 66.92712775 | 66.9271277500 copper_67 | 66.9277303 | 66.9277303000 gallium_67 | 66.9282025 | 66.9282025000 nickel_67 | 66.9315694 | 66.9315694000 germanium_67 | 66.9327339 | 66.9327339000 arsenic_67 | 66.93925111 | 66.9392511100 cobalt_67 | 66.9406096 | 66.9406096000 selenium_67 | 66.949994 | 66.9499940000 iron_67 | 66.95054 | 66.9505400000 manganese_67 | 66.96424 | 66.9642400000 bromine_67 | 66.96465 | 66.9646500000 chromium_67 | 66.98016 | 66.9801600000 zinc_68 | 67.92484455 | 67.9248445500 gallium_68 | 67.9279805 | 67.9279805000 germanium_68 | 67.9280953 | 67.9280953000 copper_68 | 67.9296109 | 67.9296109000 nickel_68 | 67.9318688 | 67.9318688000 arsenic_68 | 67.9367741 | 67.9367741000 selenium_68 | 67.94182524 | 67.9418252400 cobalt_68 | 67.94426 | 67.9442600000 iron_68 | 67.95295 | 67.9529500000 bromine_68 | 67.95873 | 67.9587300000 manganese_68 | 67.96962 | 67.9696200000 chromium_68 | 67.98403 | 67.9840300000 gallium_69 | 68.9255735 | 68.9255735000 zinc_69 | 68.9265507 | 68.9265507000 germanium_69 | 68.9279645 | 68.9279645000 copper_69 | 68.9294293 | 68.9294293000 arsenic_69 | 68.932246 | 68.9322460000 nickel_69 | 68.9356103 | 68.9356103000 selenium_69 | 68.9394148 | 68.9394148000 cobalt_69 | 68.94614 | 68.9461400000 bromine_69 | 68.950497 | 68.9504970000 iron_69 | 68.95807 | 68.9580700000 krypton_69 | 68.96518 | 68.9651800000 manganese_69 | 68.97366 | 68.9736600000 gallium | 69.7230660725936 | 0.60108000 gallium_69 + 0.39892000 gallium_71 germanium_70 | 69.92424875 | 69.9242487500 zinc_70 | 69.9253192 | 69.9253192000 gallium_70 | 69.9260219 | 69.9260219000 arsenic_70 | 69.930926 | 69.9309260000 copper_70 | 69.9323921 | 69.9323921000 selenium_70 | 69.9335155 | 69.9335155000 nickel_70 | 69.9364313 | 69.9364313000 bromine_70 | 69.944792 | 69.9447920000 cobalt_70 | 69.94963 | 69.9496300000 krypton_70 | 69.95604 | 69.9560400000 iron_70 | 69.96102 | 69.9610200000 manganese_70 | 69.97937 | 69.9793700000 seventy | 70 | 70 gallium_71 | 70.92470258 | 70.9247025800 germanium_71 | 70.92495233 | 70.9249523300 arsenic_71 | 70.9271138 | 70.9271138000 zinc_71 | 70.9277196 | 70.9277196000 selenium_71 | 70.9322094 | 70.9322094000 copper_71 | 70.9326768 | 70.9326768000 bromine_71 | 70.9393422 | 70.9393422000 nickel_71 | 70.940519 | 70.9405190000 krypton_71 | 70.95027 | 70.9502700000 cobalt_71 | 70.95237 | 70.9523700000 rubidium_71 | 70.96532 | 70.9653200000 iron_71 | 70.96672 | 70.9667200000 manganese_71 | 70.98368 | 70.9836800000 germanium_72 | 71.922075826 | 71.9220758260 gallium_72 | 71.92636747 | 71.9263674700 arsenic_72 | 71.9267523 | 71.9267523000 zinc_72 | 71.9268428 | 71.9268428000 selenium_72 | 71.9271405 | 71.9271405000 copper_72 | 71.9358203 | 71.9358203000 bromine_72 | 71.9365886 | 71.9365886000 nickel_72 | 71.9417859 | 71.9417859000 krypton_72 | 71.9420924 | 71.9420924000 cobalt_72 | 71.95729 | 71.9572900000 rubidium_72 | 71.95908 | 71.9590800000 iron_72 | 71.96983 | 71.9698300000 germanium | 72.6275501646868 | 0.20570000 germanium_70 + 0.27450000 germanium_72 + 0.07750000 germanium_73 + 0.36500000 germanium_74 + 0.07730000 germanium_76 germanium_73 | 72.923458956 | 72.9234589560 arsenic_73 | 72.9238291 | 72.9238291000 gallium_73 | 72.9251747 | 72.9251747000 selenium_73 | 72.9267549 | 72.9267549000 zinc_73 | 72.9295826 | 72.9295826000 bromine_73 | 72.9316715 | 72.9316715000 copper_73 | 72.9366744 | 72.9366744000 krypton_73 | 72.9392892 | 72.9392892000 nickel_73 | 72.9462067 | 72.9462067000 rubidium_73 | 72.95053 | 72.9505300000 cobalt_73 | 72.96039 | 72.9603900000 strontium_73 | 72.9657 | 72.9657000000 iron_73 | 72.97572 | 72.9757200000 germanium_74 | 73.921177761 | 73.9211777610 selenium_74 | 73.922475934 | 73.9224759340 arsenic_74 | 73.9239286 | 73.9239286000 gallium_74 | 73.9269457 | 73.9269457000 zinc_74 | 73.9294073 | 73.9294073000 bromine_74 | 73.9299102 | 73.9299102000 krypton_74 | 73.933084 | 73.9330840000 copper_74 | 73.9398749 | 73.9398749000 rubidium_74 | 73.9442659 | 73.9442659000 nickel_74 | 73.94798 | 73.9479800000 strontium_74 | 73.95617 | 73.9561700000 cobalt_74 | 73.96515 | 73.9651500000 iron_74 | 73.97935 | 73.9793500000 arsenic | 74.92159457 | arsenic_75 arsenic_75 | 74.92159457 | 74.9215945700 selenium_75 | 74.92252287 | 74.9225228700 germanium_75 | 74.92285837 | 74.9228583700 bromine_75 | 74.9258105 | 74.9258105000 gallium_75 | 74.9265002 | 74.9265002000 krypton_75 | 74.9309457 | 74.9309457000 zinc_75 | 74.9328402 | 74.9328402000 rubidium_75 | 74.9385732 | 74.9385732000 copper_75 | 74.9415226 | 74.9415226000 strontium_75 | 74.94995 | 74.9499500000 nickel_75 | 74.9525 | 74.9525000000 cobalt_75 | 74.96876 | 74.9687600000 selenium_76 | 75.919213704 | 75.9192137040 germanium_76 | 75.921402726 | 75.9214027260 arsenic_76 | 75.92239202 | 75.9223920200 bromine_76 | 75.924542 | 75.9245420000 krypton_76 | 75.9259103 | 75.9259103000 gallium_76 | 75.9288276 | 75.9288276000 zinc_76 | 75.933115 | 75.9331150000 rubidium_76 | 75.935073 | 75.9350730000 strontium_76 | 75.941763 | 75.9417630000 copper_76 | 75.945275 | 75.9452750000 nickel_76 | 75.95533 | 75.9553300000 yttrium_76 | 75.95856 | 75.9585600000 cobalt_76 | 75.97413 | 75.9741300000 selenium_77 | 76.919914154 | 76.9199141540 arsenic_77 | 76.9206476 | 76.9206476000 bromine_77 | 76.9213792 | 76.9213792000 germanium_77 | 76.923549843 | 76.9235498430 krypton_77 | 76.92467 | 76.9246700000 gallium_77 | 76.9291543 | 76.9291543000 rubidium_77 | 76.9304016 | 76.9304016000 zinc_77 | 76.9368872 | 76.9368872000 strontium_77 | 76.9379455 | 76.9379455000 copper_77 | 76.94792 | 76.9479200000 yttrium_77 | 76.949781 | 76.9497810000 nickel_77 | 76.96055 | 76.9605500000 selenium_78 | 77.91730928 | 77.9173092800 krypton_78 | 77.92036494 | 77.9203649400 bromine_78 | 77.9211459 | 77.9211459000 arsenic_78 | 77.921828 | 77.9218280000 germanium_78 | 77.9228529 | 77.9228529000 rubidium_78 | 77.9281419 | 77.9281419000 gallium_78 | 77.9316088 | 77.9316088000 strontium_78 | 77.93218 | 77.9321800000 zinc_78 | 77.9382892 | 77.9382892000 yttrium_78 | 77.94361 | 77.9436100000 copper_78 | 77.95223 | 77.9522300000 zirconium_78 | 77.95566 | 77.9556600000 nickel_78 | 77.96336 | 77.9633600000 bromine_79 | 78.9183376 | 78.9183376000 selenium_79 | 78.91849929 | 78.9184992900 krypton_79 | 78.9200829 | 78.9200829000 arsenic_79 | 78.9209484 | 78.9209484000 rubidium_79 | 78.9239899 | 78.9239899000 germanium_79 | 78.92536 | 78.9253600000 strontium_79 | 78.9297077 | 78.9297077000 gallium_79 | 78.9328523 | 78.9328523000 yttrium_79 | 78.93735 | 78.9373500000 zinc_79 | 78.9426381 | 78.9426381000 zirconium_79 | 78.94948 | 78.9494800000 copper_79 | 78.95502 | 78.9550200000 selenium | 78.9593885570136 | 0.00890000 selenium_74 + 0.09370000 selenium_76 + 0.07630000 selenium_77 + 0.23770000 selenium_78 + 0.49610000 selenium_80 + 0.08730000 selenium_82 nickel_79 | 78.97025 | 78.9702500000 bromine | 79.90352778051 | 0.50690000 bromine_79 + 0.49310000 bromine_81 krypton_80 | 79.91637808 | 79.9163780800 selenium_80 | 79.9165218 | 79.9165218000 bromine_80 | 79.9185298 | 79.9185298000 arsenic_80 | 79.9224746 | 79.9224746000 rubidium_80 | 79.9225164 | 79.9225164000 strontium_80 | 79.9245175 | 79.9245175000 germanium_80 | 79.9253508 | 79.9253508000 yttrium_80 | 79.9343561 | 79.9343561000 gallium_80 | 79.9364208 | 79.9364208000 zirconium_80 | 79.9404 | 79.9404000000 zinc_80 | 79.9445529 | 79.9445529000 copper_80 | 79.96089 | 79.9608900000 eighty | 80 | 80 fourscore | 80 | four score bromine_81 | 80.9162897 | 80.9162897000 krypton_81 | 80.9165912 | 80.9165912000 selenium_81 | 80.917993 | 80.9179930000 rubidium_81 | 80.9189939 | 80.9189939000 arsenic_81 | 80.9221323 | 80.9221323000 strontium_81 | 80.9232114 | 80.9232114000 germanium_81 | 80.9288329 | 80.9288329000 yttrium_81 | 80.9294556 | 80.9294556000 zirconium_81 | 80.93731 | 80.9373100000 gallium_81 | 80.9381338 | 80.9381338000 niobium_81 | 80.9496 | 80.9496000000 zinc_81 | 80.9504026 | 80.9504026000 copper_81 | 80.96587 | 80.9658700000 krypton_82 | 81.91348273 | 81.9134827300 selenium_82 | 81.9166995 | 81.9166995000 bromine_82 | 81.9168032 | 81.9168032000 rubidium_82 | 81.918209 | 81.9182090000 strontium_82 | 81.9183999 | 81.9183999000 arsenic_82 | 81.9247412 | 81.9247412000 yttrium_82 | 81.9269314 | 81.9269314000 germanium_82 | 81.929774 | 81.9297740000 zirconium_82 | 81.93135 | 81.9313500000 gallium_82 | 81.9431765 | 81.9431765000 niobium_82 | 81.94396 | 81.9439600000 zinc_82 | 81.95426 | 81.9542600000 copper_82 | 81.97244 | 81.9724400000 krypton_83 | 82.91412716 | 82.9141271600 rubidium_83 | 82.9151142 | 82.9151142000 bromine_83 | 82.9151756 | 82.9151756000 strontium_83 | 82.9175544 | 82.9175544000 selenium_83 | 82.9191186 | 82.9191186000 yttrium_83 | 82.922485 | 82.9224850000 arsenic_83 | 82.9252069 | 82.9252069000 zirconium_83 | 82.9292421 | 82.9292421000 germanium_83 | 82.9345391 | 82.9345391000 niobium_83 | 82.93729 | 82.9372900000 gallium_83 | 82.9471203 | 82.9471203000 molybdenum_83 | 82.94988 | 82.9498800000 zinc_83 | 82.96056 | 82.9605600000 krypton | 83.7979999953261 | 0.00355000 krypton_78 + 0.02286000 krypton_80 + 0.11593000 krypton_82 + 0.11500000 krypton_83 + 0.56987000 krypton_84 + 0.17279000 krypton_86 krypton_84 | 83.9114977282 | 83.9114977282 strontium_84 | 83.9134191 | 83.9134191000 rubidium_84 | 83.9143752 | 83.9143752000 bromine_84 | 83.916496 | 83.9164960000 selenium_84 | 83.9184668 | 83.9184668000 yttrium_84 | 83.9206721 | 83.9206721000 zirconium_84 | 83.9233269 | 83.9233269000 arsenic_84 | 83.9293033 | 83.9293033000 niobium_84 | 83.93449 | 83.9344900000 germanium_84 | 83.9375751 | 83.9375751000 molybdenum_84 | 83.94149 | 83.9414900000 gallium_84 | 83.95246 | 83.9524600000 zinc_84 | 83.96521 | 83.9652100000 rubidium_85 | 84.9117897379 | 84.9117897379 krypton_85 | 84.9125273 | 84.9125273000 strontium_85 | 84.912932 | 84.9129320000 bromine_85 | 84.9156458 | 84.9156458000 yttrium_85 | 84.916433 | 84.9164330000 zirconium_85 | 84.9214444 | 84.9214444000 selenium_85 | 84.9222608 | 84.9222608000 niobium_85 | 84.9288458 | 84.9288458000 arsenic_85 | 84.9321637 | 84.9321637000 molybdenum_85 | 84.938261 | 84.9382610000 germanium_85 | 84.9429697 | 84.9429697000 technetium_85 | 84.95058 | 84.9505800000 gallium_85 | 84.95699 | 84.9569900000 zinc_85 | 84.97226 | 84.9722600000 rubidium | 85.4676635956197 | 0.72170000 rubidium_85 + 0.27830000 rubidium_87 strontium_86 | 85.9092606 | 85.9092606000 krypton_86 | 85.9106106269 | 85.9106106269 rubidium_86 | 85.91116743 | 85.9111674300 yttrium_86 | 85.914886 | 85.9148860000 zirconium_86 | 85.9162972 | 85.9162972000 bromine_86 | 85.9188054 | 85.9188054000 selenium_86 | 85.9243117 | 85.9243117000 niobium_86 | 85.9257828 | 85.9257828000 molybdenum_86 | 85.9311748 | 85.9311748000 arsenic_86 | 85.9367015 | 85.9367015000 technetium_86 | 85.94493 | 85.9449300000 germanium_86 | 85.94658 | 85.9465800000 gallium_86 | 85.96301 | 85.9630100000 strontium_87 | 86.9088775 | 86.9088775000 rubidium_87 | 86.909180531 | 86.9091805310 yttrium_87 | 86.9108761 | 86.9108761000 krypton_87 | 86.91335476 | 86.9133547600 zirconium_87 | 86.914818 | 86.9148180000 bromine_87 | 86.920674 | 86.9206740000 niobium_87 | 86.9206937 | 86.9206937000 molybdenum_87 | 86.9281962 | 86.9281962000 selenium_87 | 86.9286886 | 86.9286886000 technetium_87 | 86.9380672 | 86.9380672000 arsenic_87 | 86.9402917 | 86.9402917000 ruthenium_87 | 86.95069 | 86.9506900000 germanium_87 | 86.95268 | 86.9526800000 gallium_87 | 86.96824 | 86.9682400000 strontium | 87.61664446962 | 0.00560000 strontium_84 + 0.09860000 strontium_86 + 0.07000000 strontium_87 + 0.82580000 strontium_88 strontium_88 | 87.9056125 | 87.9056125000 yttrium_88 | 87.9095016 | 87.9095016000 zirconium_88 | 87.9102213 | 87.9102213000 rubidium_88 | 87.91131559 | 87.9113155900 krypton_88 | 87.9144479 | 87.9144479000 niobium_88 | 87.918222 | 87.9182220000 molybdenum_88 | 87.9219678 | 87.9219678000 bromine_88 | 87.9240833 | 87.9240833000 selenium_88 | 87.9314175 | 87.9314175000 technetium_88 | 87.93378 | 87.9337800000 ruthenium_88 | 87.9416 | 87.9416000000 arsenic_88 | 87.94555 | 87.9455500000 germanium_88 | 87.95691 | 87.9569100000 yttrium | 88.9058403 | yttrium_89 yttrium_89 | 88.9058403 | 88.9058403000 strontium_89 | 88.9074511 | 88.9074511000 zirconium_89 | 88.9088814 | 88.9088814000 rubidium_89 | 88.9122783 | 88.9122783000 niobium_89 | 88.913445 | 88.9134450000 krypton_89 | 88.9178355 | 88.9178355000 molybdenum_89 | 88.9194682 | 88.9194682000 bromine_89 | 88.9267046 | 88.9267046000 technetium_89 | 88.9276487 | 88.9276487000 selenium_89 | 88.9366691 | 88.9366691000 ruthenium_89 | 88.93762 | 88.9376200000 arsenic_89 | 88.94976 | 88.9497600000 rhodium_89 | 88.95058 | 88.9505800000 germanium_89 | 88.96379 | 88.9637900000 zirconium_90 | 89.9046977 | 89.9046977000 yttrium_90 | 89.9071439 | 89.9071439000 strontium_90 | 89.90773 | 89.9077300000 niobium_90 | 89.9112584 | 89.9112584000 molybdenum_90 | 89.9139309 | 89.9139309000 rubidium_90 | 89.9147985 | 89.9147985000 krypton_90 | 89.9195279 | 89.9195279000 technetium_90 | 89.9240739 | 89.9240739000 ruthenium_90 | 89.9303444 | 89.9303444000 bromine_90 | 89.9312928 | 89.9312928000 selenium_90 | 89.9401 | 89.9401000000 rhodium_90 | 89.94422 | 89.9442200000 arsenic_90 | 89.95563 | 89.9556300000 germanium_90 | 89.96863 | 89.9686300000 ninety | 90 | 90 zirconium_91 | 90.9056396 | 90.9056396000 niobium_91 | 90.9069897 | 90.9069897000 yttrium_91 | 90.9072974 | 90.9072974000 strontium_91 | 90.9101954 | 90.9101954000 molybdenum_91 | 90.9117453 | 90.9117453000 rubidium_91 | 90.9165372 | 90.9165372000 technetium_91 | 90.9184254 | 90.9184254000 krypton_91 | 90.9238063 | 90.9238063000 ruthenium_91 | 90.9267419 | 90.9267419000 bromine_91 | 90.9343986 | 90.9343986000 rhodium_91 | 90.93688 | 90.9368800000 selenium_91 | 90.94596 | 90.9459600000 palladium_91 | 90.95032 | 90.9503200000 arsenic_91 | 90.96039 | 90.9603900000 zirconium | 91.22364159706 | 0.51450000 zirconium_90 + 0.11220000 zirconium_91 + 0.17150000 zirconium_92 + 0.17380000 zirconium_94 + 0.02800000 zirconium_96 zirconium_92 | 91.9050347 | 91.9050347000 molybdenum_92 | 91.90680796 | 91.9068079600 niobium_92 | 91.9071881 | 91.9071881000 yttrium_92 | 91.9089451 | 91.9089451000 strontium_92 | 91.9110382 | 91.9110382000 technetium_92 | 91.9152698 | 91.9152698000 rubidium_92 | 91.9197284 | 91.9197284000 ruthenium_92 | 91.9202344 | 91.9202344000 krypton_92 | 91.9261731 | 91.9261731000 rhodium_92 | 91.9323677 | 91.9323677000 bromine_92 | 91.9396316 | 91.9396316000 palladium_92 | 91.94088 | 91.9408800000 selenium_92 | 91.94984 | 91.9498400000 arsenic_92 | 91.96674 | 91.9667400000 niobium | 92.906373 | niobium_93 niobium_93 | 92.906373 | 92.9063730000 zirconium_93 | 92.9064699 | 92.9064699000 molybdenum_93 | 92.90680958 | 92.9068095800 yttrium_93 | 92.909578 | 92.9095780000 technetium_93 | 92.910246 | 92.9102460000 strontium_93 | 92.9140242 | 92.9140242000 ruthenium_93 | 92.9171044 | 92.9171044000 rubidium_93 | 92.9220393 | 92.9220393000 rhodium_93 | 92.9259128 | 92.9259128000 krypton_93 | 92.9311472 | 92.9311472000 palladium_93 | 92.93651 | 92.9365100000 bromine_93 | 92.94313 | 92.9431300000 silver_93 | 92.95033 | 92.9503300000 selenium_93 | 92.95629 | 92.9562900000 molybdenum_94 | 93.9050849 | 93.9050849000 zirconium_94 | 93.9063108 | 93.9063108000 niobium_94 | 93.9072788 | 93.9072788000 technetium_94 | 93.9096536 | 93.9096536000 ruthenium_94 | 93.9113429 | 93.9113429000 yttrium_94 | 93.9115906 | 93.9115906000 strontium_94 | 93.9153556 | 93.9153556000 rhodium_94 | 93.9217305 | 93.9217305000 rubidium_94 | 93.9263948 | 93.9263948000 palladium_94 | 93.9290376 | 93.9290376000 krypton_94 | 93.93414 | 93.9341400000 silver_94 | 93.94373 | 93.9437300000 bromine_94 | 93.9489 | 93.9489000000 selenium_94 | 93.96049 | 93.9604900000 molybdenum_95 | 94.90583877 | 94.9058387700 niobium_95 | 94.9068324 | 94.9068324000 technetium_95 | 94.9076536 | 94.9076536000 zirconium_95 | 94.9080385 | 94.9080385000 ruthenium_95 | 94.910406 | 94.9104060000 yttrium_95 | 94.9128161 | 94.9128161000 rhodium_95 | 94.9158979 | 94.9158979000 strontium_95 | 94.9193529 | 94.9193529000 palladium_95 | 94.9248898 | 94.9248898000 rubidium_95 | 94.92926 | 94.9292600000 silver_95 | 94.93602 | 94.9360200000 krypton_95 | 94.939711 | 94.9397110000 cadmium_95 | 94.94994 | 94.9499400000 bromine_95 | 94.95301 | 94.9530100000 selenium_95 | 94.9673 | 94.9673000000 molybdenum_96 | 95.90467612 | 95.9046761200 ruthenium_96 | 95.90759025 | 95.9075902500 technetium_96 | 95.907868 | 95.9078680000 niobium_96 | 95.9080973 | 95.9080973000 zirconium_96 | 95.9082714 | 95.9082714000 rhodium_96 | 95.914453 | 95.9144530000 yttrium_96 | 95.9158968 | 95.9158968000 palladium_96 | 95.9182151 | 95.9182151000 strontium_96 | 95.9217066 | 95.9217066000 silver_96 | 95.930744 | 95.9307440000 rubidium_96 | 95.9341334 | 95.9341334000 cadmium_96 | 95.94034 | 95.9403400000 krypton_96 | 95.943017 | 95.9430170000 bromine_96 | 95.95903 | 95.9590300000 molybdenum | 95.959788541188 | 0.14530000 molybdenum_92 + 0.09150000 molybdenum_94 + 0.15840000 molybdenum_95 + 0.16670000 molybdenum_96 + 0.09600000 molybdenum_97 + 0.24390000 molybdenum_98 + 0.09820000 molybdenum_100 molybdenum_97 | 96.90601812 | 96.9060181200 technetium_97 | 96.9063667 | 96.9063667000 ruthenium_97 | 96.9075471 | 96.9075471000 niobium_97 | 96.9080959 | 96.9080959000 zirconium_97 | 96.9109512 | 96.9109512000 rhodium_97 | 96.911329 | 96.9113290000 palladium_97 | 96.916472 | 96.9164720000 yttrium_97 | 96.9182741 | 96.9182741000 silver_97 | 96.92397 | 96.9239700000 strontium_97 | 96.926374 | 96.9263740000 cadmium_97 | 96.9351 | 96.9351000000 rubidium_97 | 96.9371771 | 96.9371771000 krypton_97 | 96.94909 | 96.9490900000 indium_97 | 96.94934 | 96.9493400000 bromine_97 | 96.96344 | 96.9634400000 ruthenium_98 | 97.9052868 | 97.9052868000 molybdenum_98 | 97.90540482 | 97.9054048200 technetium | 97.9072124 | technetium_98 technetium_98 | 97.9072124 | 97.9072124000 niobium_98 | 97.9103265 | 97.9103265000 rhodium_98 | 97.910708 | 97.9107080000 palladium_98 | 97.9126983 | 97.9126983000 zirconium_98 | 97.9127289 | 97.9127289000 silver_98 | 97.92156 | 97.9215600000 yttrium_98 | 97.9223821 | 97.9223821000 cadmium_98 | 97.927389 | 97.9273890000 strontium_98 | 97.9286888 | 97.9286888000 rubidium_98 | 97.9416869 | 97.9416869000 indium_98 | 97.94214 | 97.9421400000 krypton_98 | 97.95243 | 97.9524300000 bromine_98 | 97.96946 | 97.9694600000 ruthenium_99 | 98.9059341 | 98.9059341000 technetium_99 | 98.9062508 | 98.9062508000 molybdenum_99 | 98.90770851 | 98.9077085100 rhodium_99 | 98.9081282 | 98.9081282000 niobium_99 | 98.911613 | 98.9116130000 palladium_99 | 98.9117748 | 98.9117748000 zirconium_99 | 98.916667 | 98.9166670000 silver_99 | 98.9176458 | 98.9176458000 yttrium_99 | 98.924148 | 98.9241480000 cadmium_99 | 98.9249258 | 98.9249258000 strontium_99 | 98.9328907 | 98.9328907000 indium_99 | 98.93411 | 98.9341100000 rubidium_99 | 98.94503 | 98.9450300000 tin_99 | 98.94853 | 98.9485300000 krypton_99 | 98.95839 | 98.9583900000 ruthenium_100 | 99.9042143 | 99.9042143000 molybdenum_100 | 99.9074718 | 99.9074718000 technetium_100 | 99.9076539 | 99.9076539000 rhodium_100 | 99.908117 | 99.9081170000 palladium_100 | 99.908505 | 99.9085050000 niobium_100 | 99.9143276 | 99.9143276000 silver_100 | 99.9161154 | 99.9161154000 zirconium_100 | 99.9180006 | 99.9180006000 cadmium_100 | 99.9203488 | 99.9203488000 yttrium_100 | 99.927715 | 99.9277150000 indium_100 | 99.93096 | 99.9309600000 strontium_100 | 99.93577 | 99.9357700000 tin_100 | 99.9385 | 99.9385000000 rubidium_100 | 99.95003 | 99.9500300000 krypton_100 | 99.96237 | 99.9623700000 fivescore | 100 | five score hundred | 100 | 100 toncount | 100 | 100 ruthenium_101 | 100.9055769 | 100.9055769000 rhodium_101 | 100.9061606 | 100.9061606000 technetium_101 | 100.907309 | 100.9073090000 palladium_101 | 100.9082864 | 100.9082864000 molybdenum_101 | 100.9103414 | 100.9103414000 silver_101 | 100.912684 | 100.9126840000 niobium_101 | 100.9153103 | 100.9153103000 cadmium_101 | 100.9185862 | 100.9185862000 zirconium_101 | 100.921448 | 100.9214480000 indium_101 | 100.92634 | 100.9263400000 yttrium_101 | 100.9301477 | 100.9301477000 tin_101 | 100.93526 | 100.9352600000 strontium_101 | 100.940352 | 100.9403520000 rubidium_101 | 100.95404 | 100.9540400000 krypton_101 | 100.96873 | 100.9687300000 ruthenium | 101.06494013916 | 0.05540000 ruthenium_96 + 0.01870000 ruthenium_98 + 0.12760000 ruthenium_99 + 0.12600000 ruthenium_100 + 0.17060000 ruthenium_101 + 0.31550000 ruthenium_102 + 0.18620000 ruthenium_104 ruthenium_102 | 101.9043441 | 101.9043441000 palladium_102 | 101.9056022 | 101.9056022000 rhodium_102 | 101.9068374 | 101.9068374000 technetium_102 | 101.9092097 | 101.9092097000 molybdenum_102 | 101.9102834 | 101.9102834000 silver_102 | 101.9117047 | 101.9117047000 cadmium_102 | 101.914482 | 101.9144820000 niobium_102 | 101.9180772 | 101.9180772000 zirconium_102 | 101.9231409 | 101.9231409000 indium_102 | 101.9241071 | 101.9241071000 tin_102 | 101.93029 | 101.9302900000 yttrium_102 | 101.9343277 | 101.9343277000 strontium_102 | 101.943791 | 101.9437910000 rubidium_102 | 101.95952 | 101.9595200000 rhodium | 102.905498 | rhodium_103 rhodium_103 | 102.905498 | 102.9054980000 palladium_103 | 102.9060809 | 102.9060809000 ruthenium_103 | 102.9063186 | 102.9063186000 silver_103 | 102.9089631 | 102.9089631000 technetium_103 | 102.909176 | 102.9091760000 molybdenum_103 | 102.913079 | 102.9130790000 cadmium_103 | 102.9134165 | 102.9134165000 niobium_103 | 102.9194572 | 102.9194572000 indium_103 | 102.9198819 | 102.9198819000 zirconium_103 | 102.927191 | 102.9271910000 tin_103 | 102.928105 | 102.9281050000 yttrium_103 | 102.937243 | 102.9372430000 antimony_103 | 102.93969 | 102.9396900000 strontium_103 | 102.94909 | 102.9490900000 rubidium_103 | 102.96392 | 102.9639200000 palladium_104 | 103.9040305 | 103.9040305000 ruthenium_104 | 103.9054275 | 103.9054275000 rhodium_104 | 103.9066492 | 103.9066492000 silver_104 | 103.9086239 | 103.9086239000 cadmium_104 | 103.9098564 | 103.9098564000 technetium_104 | 103.911425 | 103.9114250000 molybdenum_104 | 103.9137344 | 103.9137344000 indium_104 | 103.9182145 | 103.9182145000 niobium_104 | 103.9228925 | 103.9228925000 tin_104 | 103.9231052 | 103.9231052000 zirconium_104 | 103.929436 | 103.9294360000 antimony_104 | 103.93648 | 103.9364800000 yttrium_104 | 103.94196 | 103.9419600000 strontium_104 | 103.95265 | 103.9526500000 palladium_105 | 104.9050796 | 104.9050796000 rhodium_105 | 104.9056885 | 104.9056885000 silver_105 | 104.9065256 | 104.9065256000 ruthenium_105 | 104.9077476 | 104.9077476000 cadmium_105 | 104.9094639 | 104.9094639000 technetium_105 | 104.911655 | 104.9116550000 indium_105 | 104.914502 | 104.9145020000 molybdenum_105 | 104.916969 | 104.9169690000 tin_105 | 104.9212684 | 104.9212684000 niobium_105 | 104.9249465 | 104.9249465000 antimony_105 | 104.931276 | 104.9312760000 zirconium_105 | 104.934008 | 104.9340080000 tellurium_105 | 104.9433 | 104.9433000000 yttrium_105 | 104.94544 | 104.9454400000 strontium_105 | 104.95855 | 104.9585500000 palladium_106 | 105.9034804 | 105.9034804000 cadmium_106 | 105.9064599 | 105.9064599000 silver_106 | 105.9066636 | 105.9066636000 rhodium_106 | 105.9072868 | 105.9072868000 ruthenium_106 | 105.9073291 | 105.9073291000 indium_106 | 105.913464 | 105.9134640000 technetium_106 | 105.914358 | 105.9143580000 tin_106 | 105.9169574 | 105.9169574000 molybdenum_106 | 105.918259 | 105.9182590000 antimony_106 | 105.928638 | 105.9286380000 niobium_106 | 105.9289317 | 105.9289317000 zirconium_106 | 105.93676 | 105.9367600000 tellurium_106 | 105.9375 | 105.9375000000 yttrium_106 | 105.95056 | 105.9505600000 strontium_106 | 105.96265 | 105.9626500000 palladium | 106.41532750734 | 0.01020000 palladium_102 + 0.11140000 palladium_104 + 0.22330000 palladium_105 + 0.27330000 palladium_106 + 0.26460000 palladium_108 + 0.11720000 palladium_110 silver_107 | 106.9050916 | 106.9050916000 palladium_107 | 106.9051282 | 106.9051282000 cadmium_107 | 106.9066121 | 106.9066121000 rhodium_107 | 106.906748 | 106.9067480000 ruthenium_107 | 106.909972 | 106.9099720000 indium_107 | 106.91029 | 106.9102900000 technetium_107 | 106.9154606 | 106.9154606000 tin_107 | 106.9157137 | 106.9157137000 molybdenum_107 | 106.922106 | 106.9221060000 antimony_107 | 106.9241506 | 106.9241506000 niobium_107 | 106.9315937 | 106.9315937000 tellurium_107 | 106.935012 | 106.9350120000 zirconium_107 | 106.94174 | 106.9417400000 iodine_107 | 106.94678 | 106.9467800000 yttrium_107 | 106.95452 | 106.9545200000 strontium_107 | 106.96897 | 106.9689700000 silver | 107.868149634557 | 0.51839000 silver_107 + 0.48161000 silver_109 palladium_108 | 107.9038916 | 107.9038916000 cadmium_108 | 107.9041834 | 107.9041834000 silver_108 | 107.9059503 | 107.9059503000 rhodium_108 | 107.908714 | 107.9087140000 indium_108 | 107.9096935 | 107.9096935000 ruthenium_108 | 107.910188 | 107.9101880000 tin_108 | 107.9118943 | 107.9118943000 technetium_108 | 107.9184957 | 107.9184957000 antimony_108 | 107.9222267 | 107.9222267000 molybdenum_108 | 107.924033 | 107.9240330000 tellurium_108 | 107.9293805 | 107.9293805000 niobium_108 | 107.9360748 | 107.9360748000 iodine_108 | 107.94348 | 107.9434800000 zirconium_108 | 107.94487 | 107.9448700000 yttrium_108 | 107.95996 | 107.9599600000 silver_109 | 108.9047553 | 108.9047553000 cadmium_109 | 108.9049867 | 108.9049867000 palladium_109 | 108.9059504 | 108.9059504000 indium_109 | 108.9071514 | 108.9071514000 rhodium_109 | 108.9087488 | 108.9087488000 tin_109 | 108.9112921 | 108.9112921000 ruthenium_109 | 108.913326 | 108.9133260000 antimony_109 | 108.9181411 | 108.9181411000 technetium_109 | 108.920256 | 108.9202560000 tellurium_109 | 108.9273045 | 108.9273045000 molybdenum_109 | 108.928424 | 108.9284240000 iodine_109 | 108.9380853 | 108.9380853000 niobium_109 | 108.93922 | 108.9392200000 zirconium_109 | 108.95041 | 108.9504100000 xenon_109 | 108.95043 | 108.9504300000 yttrium_109 | 108.96436 | 108.9643600000 cadmium_110 | 109.90300661 | 109.9030066100 palladium_110 | 109.9051722 | 109.9051722000 silver_110 | 109.9061102 | 109.9061102000 indium_110 | 109.90717 | 109.9071700000 tin_110 | 109.907845 | 109.9078450000 rhodium_110 | 109.911079 | 109.9110790000 ruthenium_110 | 109.9140407 | 109.9140407000 antimony_110 | 109.9168543 | 109.9168543000 tellurium_110 | 109.9224581 | 109.9224581000 technetium_110 | 109.923744 | 109.9237440000 molybdenum_110 | 109.930704 | 109.9307040000 iodine_110 | 109.935089 | 109.9350890000 niobium_110 | 109.94403 | 109.9440300000 xenon_110 | 109.94426 | 109.9442600000 zirconium_110 | 109.95396 | 109.9539600000 cadmium_111 | 110.90418287 | 110.9041828700 indium_111 | 110.9051085 | 110.9051085000 silver_111 | 110.9052959 | 110.9052959000 palladium_111 | 110.90768968 | 110.9076896800 tin_111 | 110.9077401 | 110.9077401000 rhodium_111 | 110.9116423 | 110.9116423000 antimony_111 | 110.9132182 | 110.9132182000 ruthenium_111 | 110.91757 | 110.9175700000 tellurium_111 | 110.9210006 | 110.9210006000 technetium_111 | 110.925901 | 110.9259010000 iodine_111 | 110.9302692 | 110.9302692000 molybdenum_111 | 110.935654 | 110.9356540000 xenon_111 | 110.941607 | 110.9416070000 niobium_111 | 110.94753 | 110.9475300000 zirconium_111 | 110.95968 | 110.9596800000 cadmium_112 | 111.90276287 | 111.9027628700 tin_112 | 111.90482387 | 111.9048238700 indium_112 | 111.9055377 | 111.9055377000 silver_112 | 111.9070486 | 111.9070486000 palladium_112 | 111.9073297 | 111.9073297000 antimony_112 | 111.9124 | 111.9124000000 rhodium_112 | 111.914403 | 111.9144030000 tellurium_112 | 111.9167279 | 111.9167279000 ruthenium_112 | 111.918809 | 111.9188090000 iodine_112 | 111.928005 | 111.9280050000 technetium_112 | 111.9299458 | 111.9299458000 xenon_112 | 111.935559 | 111.9355590000 molybdenum_112 | 111.93831 | 111.9383100000 caesium_112 | 111.950309 | 111.9503090000 cesium_112 | 111.950309 | 111.9503090000 niobium_112 | 111.95247 | 111.9524700000 zirconium_112 | 111.9637 | 111.9637000000 cadmium | 112.411557818268 | 0.01250000 cadmium_106 + 0.00890000 cadmium_108 + 0.12490000 cadmium_110 + 0.12800000 cadmium_111 + 0.24130000 cadmium_112 + 0.12220000 cadmium_113 + 0.28730000 cadmium_114 + 0.07490000 cadmium_116 indium_113 | 112.90406184 | 112.9040618400 cadmium_113 | 112.90440813 | 112.9044081300 tin_113 | 112.9051757 | 112.9051757000 silver_113 | 112.906573 | 112.9065730000 antimony_113 | 112.909375 | 112.9093750000 palladium_113 | 112.910261 | 112.9102610000 rhodium_113 | 112.9154393 | 112.9154393000 tellurium_113 | 112.915891 | 112.9158910000 ruthenium_113 | 112.922844 | 112.9228440000 iodine_113 | 112.9236501 | 112.9236501000 technetium_113 | 112.932569 | 112.9325690000 xenon_113 | 112.9332217 | 112.9332217000 molybdenum_113 | 112.94335 | 112.9433500000 caesium_113 | 112.9444291 | 112.9444291000 cesium_113 | 112.9444291 | 112.9444291000 niobium_113 | 112.95651 | 112.9565100000 tin_114 | 113.9027827 | 113.9027827000 cadmium_114 | 113.90336509 | 113.9033650900 indium_114 | 113.90491791 | 113.9049179100 silver_114 | 113.908823 | 113.9088230000 antimony_114 | 113.90929 | 113.9092900000 palladium_114 | 113.9103686 | 113.9103686000 tellurium_114 | 113.912089 | 113.9120890000 rhodium_114 | 113.918718 | 113.9187180000 iodine_114 | 113.92185 | 113.9218500000 ruthenium_114 | 113.9246136 | 113.9246136000 xenon_114 | 113.92798 | 113.9279800000 technetium_114 | 113.93691 | 113.9369100000 caesium_114 | 113.941296 | 113.9412960000 cesium_114 | 113.941296 | 113.9412960000 molybdenum_114 | 113.94653 | 113.9465300000 barium_114 | 113.95066 | 113.9506600000 niobium_114 | 113.96201 | 113.9620100000 indium | 114.818086629446 | 0.04290000 indium_113 + 0.95710000 indium_115 tin_115 | 114.903344699 | 114.9033446990 indium_115 | 114.903878776 | 114.9038787760 cadmium_115 | 114.90543751 | 114.9054375100 antimony_115 | 114.906598 | 114.9065980000 silver_115 | 114.908767 | 114.9087670000 tellurium_115 | 114.911902 | 114.9119020000 palladium_115 | 114.913659 | 114.9136590000 iodine_115 | 114.918048 | 114.9180480000 rhodium_115 | 114.9203116 | 114.9203116000 xenon_115 | 114.926294 | 114.9262940000 ruthenium_115 | 114.92882 | 114.9288200000 caesium_115 | 114.93591 | 114.9359100000 cesium_115 | 114.93591 | 114.9359100000 technetium_115 | 114.93998 | 114.9399800000 barium_115 | 114.94737 | 114.9473700000 molybdenum_115 | 114.95196 | 114.9519600000 niobium_115 | 114.96634 | 114.9663400000 tin_116 | 115.9017428 | 115.9017428000 cadmium_116 | 115.90476315 | 115.9047631500 indium_116 | 115.90525999 | 115.9052599900 antimony_116 | 115.9067931 | 115.9067931000 tellurium_116 | 115.90846 | 115.9084600000 silver_116 | 115.9113868 | 115.9113868000 palladium_116 | 115.914297 | 115.9142970000 iodine_116 | 115.91681 | 115.9168100000 xenon_116 | 115.921581 | 115.9215810000 rhodium_116 | 115.924059 | 115.9240590000 ruthenium_116 | 115.9312192 | 115.9312192000 caesium_116 | 115.93337 | 115.9333700000 cesium_116 | 115.93337 | 115.9333700000 barium_116 | 115.94128 | 115.9412800000 technetium_116 | 115.94476 | 115.9447600000 molybdenum_116 | 115.95545 | 115.9554500000 lanthanum_116 | 115.9563 | 115.9563000000 tin_117 | 116.90295398 | 116.9029539800 indium_117 | 116.9045157 | 116.9045157000 antimony_117 | 116.9048415 | 116.9048415000 cadmium_117 | 116.907226 | 116.9072260000 tellurium_117 | 116.908646 | 116.9086460000 silver_117 | 116.911774 | 116.9117740000 iodine_117 | 116.913648 | 116.9136480000 palladium_117 | 116.9179547 | 116.9179547000 xenon_117 | 116.920359 | 116.9203590000 rhodium_117 | 116.9260354 | 116.9260354000 caesium_117 | 116.928617 | 116.9286170000 cesium_117 | 116.928617 | 116.9286170000 ruthenium_117 | 116.9361 | 116.9361000000 barium_117 | 116.93814 | 116.9381400000 technetium_117 | 116.94806 | 116.9480600000 lanthanum_117 | 116.94999 | 116.9499900000 molybdenum_117 | 116.96117 | 116.9611700000 tin_118 | 117.90160657 | 117.9016065700 antimony_118 | 117.9055321 | 117.9055321000 tellurium_118 | 117.905854 | 117.9058540000 indium_118 | 117.9063566 | 117.9063566000 cadmium_118 | 117.906922 | 117.9069220000 iodine_118 | 117.913074 | 117.9130740000 silver_118 | 117.9145955 | 117.9145955000 xenon_118 | 117.916179 | 117.9161790000 palladium_118 | 117.9190667 | 117.9190667000 caesium_118 | 117.92656 | 117.9265600000 cesium_118 | 117.92656 | 117.9265600000 rhodium_118 | 117.93034 | 117.9303400000 barium_118 | 117.93306 | 117.9330600000 ruthenium_118 | 117.93853 | 117.9385300000 lanthanum_118 | 117.94673 | 117.9467300000 technetium_118 | 117.95299 | 117.9529900000 tin | 118.710112593011 | 0.00970000 tin_112 + 0.00660000 tin_114 + 0.00340000 tin_115 + 0.14540000 tin_116 + 0.07680000 tin_117 + 0.24220000 tin_118 + 0.08590000 tin_119 + 0.32580000 tin_120 + 0.04630000 tin_122 + 0.05790000 tin_124 tin_119 | 118.90331117 | 118.9033111700 antimony_119 | 118.9039455 | 118.9039455000 indium_119 | 118.9058507 | 118.9058507000 tellurium_119 | 118.9064071 | 118.9064071000 cadmium_119 | 118.909847 | 118.9098470000 iodine_119 | 118.910074 | 118.9100740000 xenon_119 | 118.915411 | 118.9154110000 silver_119 | 118.91557 | 118.9155700000 caesium_119 | 118.922377 | 118.9223770000 cesium_119 | 118.922377 | 118.9223770000 palladium_119 | 118.9233402 | 118.9233402000 barium_119 | 118.93066 | 118.9306600000 rhodium_119 | 118.932557 | 118.9325570000 lanthanum_119 | 118.94099 | 118.9409900000 ruthenium_119 | 118.94357 | 118.9435700000 cerium_119 | 118.95271 | 118.9527100000 technetium_119 | 118.95666 | 118.9566600000 tin_120 | 119.90220163 | 119.9022016300 tellurium_120 | 119.9040593 | 119.9040593000 antimony_120 | 119.9050794 | 119.9050794000 indium_120 | 119.907967 | 119.9079670000 cadmium_120 | 119.9098681 | 119.9098681000 iodine_120 | 119.910087 | 119.9100870000 xenon_120 | 119.911784 | 119.9117840000 silver_120 | 119.9187848 | 119.9187848000 caesium_120 | 119.920677 | 119.9206770000 cesium_120 | 119.920677 | 119.9206770000 palladium_120 | 119.9245511 | 119.9245511000 barium_120 | 119.92605 | 119.9260500000 rhodium_120 | 119.93686 | 119.9368600000 lanthanum_120 | 119.93807 | 119.9380700000 ruthenium_120 | 119.94631 | 119.9463100000 cerium_120 | 119.94654 | 119.9465400000 technetium_120 | 119.96187 | 119.9618700000 longhundred | 120 | 120 sixscore | 120 | six score antimony_121 | 120.903812 | 120.9038120000 tin_121 | 120.9042426 | 120.9042426000 tellurium_121 | 120.904944 | 120.9049440000 iodine_121 | 120.9074051 | 120.9074051000 indium_121 | 120.907851 | 120.9078510000 xenon_121 | 120.911453 | 120.9114530000 cadmium_121 | 120.9129637 | 120.9129637000 caesium_121 | 120.917227 | 120.9172270000 cesium_121 | 120.917227 | 120.9172270000 silver_121 | 120.920125 | 120.9201250000 barium_121 | 120.92405 | 120.9240500000 palladium_121 | 120.9289503 | 120.9289503000 lanthanum_121 | 120.93315 | 120.9331500000 rhodium_121 | 120.93942 | 120.9394200000 cerium_121 | 120.94335 | 120.9433500000 ruthenium_121 | 120.95164 | 120.9516400000 praseodymium_121 | 120.95532 | 120.9553200000 antimony | 121.75978367348 | 0.57210000 antimony_121 + 0.42790000 antimony_123 tellurium_122 | 121.9030435 | 121.9030435000 tin_122 | 121.9034438 | 121.9034438000 antimony_122 | 121.9051699 | 121.9051699000 iodine_122 | 121.9075888 | 121.9075888000 xenon_122 | 121.908368 | 121.9083680000 indium_122 | 121.910281 | 121.9102810000 cadmium_122 | 121.9134591 | 121.9134591000 caesium_122 | 121.916108 | 121.9161080000 cesium_122 | 121.916108 | 121.9161080000 barium_122 | 121.919904 | 121.9199040000 silver_122 | 121.923664 | 121.9236640000 palladium_122 | 121.930632 | 121.9306320000 lanthanum_122 | 121.93071 | 121.9307100000 cerium_122 | 121.93787 | 121.9378700000 rhodium_122 | 121.94399 | 121.9439900000 praseodymium_122 | 121.95175 | 121.9517500000 ruthenium_122 | 121.95447 | 121.9544700000 antimony_123 | 122.9042132 | 122.9042132000 tellurium_123 | 122.9042698 | 122.9042698000 iodine_123 | 122.9055885 | 122.9055885000 tin_123 | 122.9057252 | 122.9057252000 xenon_123 | 122.908482 | 122.9084820000 indium_123 | 122.910434 | 122.9104340000 caesium_123 | 122.912996 | 122.9129960000 cesium_123 | 122.912996 | 122.9129960000 cadmium_123 | 122.9168925 | 122.9168925000 barium_123 | 122.918781 | 122.9187810000 silver_123 | 122.925337 | 122.9253370000 lanthanum_123 | 122.9263 | 122.9263000000 palladium_123 | 122.93514 | 122.9351400000 cerium_123 | 122.93528 | 122.9352800000 praseodymium_123 | 122.94596 | 122.9459600000 rhodium_123 | 122.94685 | 122.9468500000 ruthenium_123 | 122.95989 | 122.9598900000 tellurium_124 | 123.9028171 | 123.9028171000 tin_124 | 123.9052766 | 123.9052766000 xenon_124 | 123.905892 | 123.9058920000 antimony_124 | 123.905935 | 123.9059350000 iodine_124 | 123.906209 | 123.9062090000 caesium_124 | 123.9122578 | 123.9122578000 cesium_124 | 123.9122578 | 123.9122578000 indium_124 | 123.913182 | 123.9131820000 barium_124 | 123.915094 | 123.9150940000 cadmium_124 | 123.9176574 | 123.9176574000 lanthanum_124 | 123.924574 | 123.9245740000 silver_124 | 123.92893 | 123.9289300000 cerium_124 | 123.93031 | 123.9303100000 palladium_124 | 123.93714 | 123.9371400000 praseodymium_124 | 123.94294 | 123.9429400000 rhodium_124 | 123.95151 | 123.9515100000 neodymium_124 | 123.9522 | 123.9522000000 ruthenium_124 | 123.96305 | 123.9630500000 tellurium_125 | 124.9044299 | 124.9044299000 iodine_125 | 124.9046294 | 124.9046294000 antimony_125 | 124.905253 | 124.9052530000 xenon_125 | 124.9063944 | 124.9063944000 tin_125 | 124.9077864 | 124.9077864000 caesium_125 | 124.909728 | 124.9097280000 cesium_125 | 124.909728 | 124.9097280000 indium_125 | 124.913605 | 124.9136050000 barium_125 | 124.914472 | 124.9144720000 lanthanum_125 | 124.920816 | 124.9208160000 cadmium_125 | 124.9212576 | 124.9212576000 cerium_125 | 124.92844 | 124.9284400000 silver_125 | 124.93105 | 124.9310500000 praseodymium_125 | 124.9377 | 124.9377000000 palladium_125 | 124.94179 | 124.9417900000 neodymium_125 | 124.9489 | 124.9489000000 rhodium_125 | 124.95469 | 124.9546900000 tellurium_126 | 125.9033109 | 125.9033109000 xenon_126 | 125.9042983 | 125.9042983000 iodine_126 | 125.9056233 | 125.9056233000 antimony_126 | 125.907253 | 125.9072530000 tin_126 | 125.907659 | 125.9076590000 caesium_126 | 125.909446 | 125.9094460000 cesium_126 | 125.909446 | 125.9094460000 barium_126 | 125.91125 | 125.9112500000 indium_126 | 125.916507 | 125.9165070000 lanthanum_126 | 125.919513 | 125.9195130000 cadmium_126 | 125.9224291 | 125.9224291000 cerium_126 | 125.923971 | 125.9239710000 silver_126 | 125.93475 | 125.9347500000 praseodymium_126 | 125.93524 | 125.9352400000 neodymium_126 | 125.94311 | 125.9431100000 palladium_126 | 125.94416 | 125.9441600000 promethium_126 | 125.95792 | 125.9579200000 rhodium_126 | 125.95946 | 125.9594600000 iodine | 126.9044719 | iodine_127 iodine_127 | 126.9044719 | 126.9044719000 xenon_127 | 126.9051829 | 126.9051829000 tellurium_127 | 126.9052257 | 126.9052257000 antimony_127 | 126.9069243 | 126.9069243000 caesium_127 | 126.9074174 | 126.9074174000 cesium_127 | 126.9074174 | 126.9074174000 tin_127 | 126.91039 | 126.9103900000 barium_127 | 126.911091 | 126.9110910000 lanthanum_127 | 126.916375 | 126.9163750000 indium_127 | 126.917446 | 126.9174460000 cerium_127 | 126.922727 | 126.9227270000 cadmium_127 | 126.926472 | 126.9264720000 praseodymium_127 | 126.93071 | 126.9307100000 silver_127 | 126.93711 | 126.9371100000 neodymium_127 | 126.94038 | 126.9403800000 palladium_127 | 126.94907 | 126.9490700000 promethium_127 | 126.95192 | 126.9519200000 tellurium | 127.60312648466 | 0.00090000 tellurium_120 + 0.02550000 tellurium_122 + 0.00890000 tellurium_123 + 0.04740000 tellurium_124 + 0.07070000 tellurium_125 + 0.18840000 tellurium_126 + 0.31740000 tellurium_128 + 0.34080000 tellurium_130 xenon_128 | 127.903531 | 127.9035310000 tellurium_128 | 127.90446128 | 127.9044612800 iodine_128 | 127.9058086 | 127.9058086000 caesium_128 | 127.9077487 | 127.9077487000 cesium_128 | 127.9077487 | 127.9077487000 barium_128 | 127.908342 | 127.9083420000 antimony_128 | 127.909146 | 127.9091460000 tin_128 | 127.910507 | 127.9105070000 lanthanum_128 | 127.915592 | 127.9155920000 cerium_128 | 127.918911 | 127.9189110000 indium_128 | 127.9204 | 127.9204000000 cadmium_128 | 127.9278129 | 127.9278129000 praseodymium_128 | 127.928791 | 127.9287910000 neodymium_128 | 127.93525 | 127.9352500000 silver_128 | 127.94106 | 127.9410600000 promethium_128 | 127.9487 | 127.9487000000 palladium_128 | 127.95183 | 127.9518300000 samarium_128 | 127.95842 | 127.9584200000 xenon_129 | 128.9047808611 | 128.9047808611 iodine_129 | 128.9049837 | 128.9049837000 caesium_129 | 128.9060657 | 128.9060657000 cesium_129 | 128.9060657 | 128.9060657000 tellurium_129 | 128.90659646 | 128.9065964600 barium_129 | 128.908681 | 128.9086810000 antimony_129 | 128.909147 | 128.9091470000 lanthanum_129 | 128.912694 | 128.9126940000 tin_129 | 128.913465 | 128.9134650000 cerium_129 | 128.918102 | 128.9181020000 indium_129 | 128.9218053 | 128.9218053000 praseodymium_129 | 128.925095 | 128.9250950000 cadmium_129 | 128.93182 | 128.9318200000 neodymium_129 | 128.9331 | 128.9331000000 promethium_129 | 128.94323 | 128.9432300000 silver_129 | 128.94395 | 128.9439500000 samarium_129 | 128.95476 | 128.9547600000 xenon_130 | 129.903509349 | 129.9035093490 tellurium_130 | 129.906222748 | 129.9062227480 barium_130 | 129.9063207 | 129.9063207000 iodine_130 | 129.9066702 | 129.9066702000 caesium_130 | 129.9067093 | 129.9067093000 cesium_130 | 129.9067093 | 129.9067093000 antimony_130 | 129.911662 | 129.9116620000 lanthanum_130 | 129.912369 | 129.9123690000 tin_130 | 129.9139738 | 129.9139738000 cerium_130 | 129.914736 | 129.9147360000 praseodymium_130 | 129.92359 | 129.9235900000 indium_130 | 129.924977 | 129.9249770000 neodymium_130 | 129.928506 | 129.9285060000 cadmium_130 | 129.93394 | 129.9339400000 promethium_130 | 129.94053 | 129.9405300000 samarium_130 | 129.949 | 129.9490000000 silver_130 | 129.9507 | 129.9507000000 europium_130 | 129.96369 | 129.9636900000 xenon_131 | 130.90508406 | 130.9050840600 caesium_131 | 130.9054649 | 130.9054649000 cesium_131 | 130.9054649 | 130.9054649000 iodine_131 | 130.9061263 | 130.9061263000 barium_131 | 130.906941 | 130.9069410000 tellurium_131 | 130.908522213 | 130.9085222130 lanthanum_131 | 130.91007 | 130.9100700000 antimony_131 | 130.9119888 | 130.9119888000 cerium_131 | 130.914429 | 130.9144290000 tin_131 | 130.917045 | 130.9170450000 praseodymium_131 | 130.920235 | 130.9202350000 indium_131 | 130.9269715 | 130.9269715000 neodymium_131 | 130.927248 | 130.9272480000 promethium_131 | 130.93567 | 130.9356700000 cadmium_131 | 130.9406 | 130.9406000000 samarium_131 | 130.94618 | 130.9461800000 europium_131 | 130.95784 | 130.9578400000 xenon | 131.292761447791 | 0.00095200 xenon_124 + 0.00089000 xenon_126 + 0.01910200 xenon_128 + 0.26400600 xenon_129 + 0.04071000 xenon_130 + 0.21232400 xenon_131 + 0.26908600 xenon_132 + 0.10435700 xenon_134 + 0.08857300 xenon_136 xenon_132 | 131.9041550856 | 131.9041550856 barium_132 | 131.9050611 | 131.9050611000 caesium_132 | 131.9064339 | 131.9064339000 cesium_132 | 131.9064339 | 131.9064339000 iodine_132 | 131.9079935 | 131.9079935000 tellurium_132 | 131.9085467 | 131.9085467000 lanthanum_132 | 131.910119 | 131.9101190000 cerium_132 | 131.911464 | 131.9114640000 antimony_132 | 131.9145077 | 131.9145077000 tin_132 | 131.9178267 | 131.9178267000 praseodymium_132 | 131.919255 | 131.9192550000 neodymium_132 | 131.923321 | 131.9233210000 indium_132 | 131.933001 | 131.9330010000 promethium_132 | 131.93384 | 131.9338400000 samarium_132 | 131.94087 | 131.9408700000 cadmium_132 | 131.94604 | 131.9460400000 europium_132 | 131.95467 | 131.9546700000 caesium | 132.905451961 | caesium_133 caesium_133 | 132.905451961 | 132.9054519610 cesium | 132.905451961 | cesium_133 cesium_133 | 132.905451961 | 132.9054519610 xenon_133 | 132.9059108 | 132.9059108000 barium_133 | 132.9060074 | 132.9060074000 iodine_133 | 132.907797 | 132.9077970000 lanthanum_133 | 132.908218 | 132.9082180000 tellurium_133 | 132.9109688 | 132.9109688000 cerium_133 | 132.91152 | 132.9115200000 antimony_133 | 132.9152732 | 132.9152732000 praseodymium_133 | 132.916331 | 132.9163310000 neodymium_133 | 132.922348 | 132.9223480000 tin_133 | 132.9239134 | 132.9239134000 promethium_133 | 132.929782 | 132.9297820000 indium_133 | 132.93831 | 132.9383100000 samarium_133 | 132.93856 | 132.9385600000 europium_133 | 132.94929 | 132.9492900000 cadmium_133 | 132.95285 | 132.9528500000 gadolinium_133 | 132.96133 | 132.9613300000 barium_134 | 133.90450818 | 133.9045081800 xenon_134 | 133.90539466 | 133.9053946600 caesium_134 | 133.906718503 | 133.9067185030 cesium_134 | 133.906718503 | 133.9067185030 lanthanum_134 | 133.908514 | 133.9085140000 cerium_134 | 133.908928 | 133.9089280000 iodine_134 | 133.9097588 | 133.9097588000 tellurium_134 | 133.911394 | 133.9113940000 praseodymium_134 | 133.915697 | 133.9156970000 neodymium_134 | 133.91879 | 133.9187900000 antimony_134 | 133.9205357 | 133.9205357000 promethium_134 | 133.928353 | 133.9283530000 tin_134 | 133.9286821 | 133.9286821000 samarium_134 | 133.93411 | 133.9341100000 indium_134 | 133.94454 | 133.9445400000 europium_134 | 133.9464 | 133.9464000000 gadolinium_134 | 133.95566 | 133.9556600000 barium_135 | 134.90568838 | 134.9056883800 caesium_135 | 134.905977 | 134.9059770000 cesium_135 | 134.905977 | 134.9059770000 lanthanum_135 | 134.906984 | 134.9069840000 xenon_135 | 134.9072278 | 134.9072278000 cerium_135 | 134.909161 | 134.9091610000 iodine_135 | 134.9100488 | 134.9100488000 praseodymium_135 | 134.913112 | 134.9131120000 tellurium_135 | 134.9165557 | 134.9165557000 neodymium_135 | 134.918181 | 134.9181810000 promethium_135 | 134.924823 | 134.9248230000 antimony_135 | 134.9251851 | 134.9251851000 samarium_135 | 134.93252 | 134.9325200000 tin_135 | 134.9349086 | 134.9349086000 europium_135 | 134.94187 | 134.9418700000 indium_135 | 134.95005 | 134.9500500000 gadolinium_135 | 134.95245 | 134.9524500000 terbium_135 | 134.96476 | 134.9647600000 barium_136 | 135.90457573 | 135.9045757300 cerium_136 | 135.90712921 | 135.9071292100 xenon_136 | 135.907214484 | 135.9072144840 caesium_136 | 135.9073114 | 135.9073114000 cesium_136 | 135.9073114 | 135.9073114000 lanthanum_136 | 135.907635 | 135.9076350000 praseodymium_136 | 135.912677 | 135.9126770000 iodine_136 | 135.914604 | 135.9146040000 neodymium_136 | 135.914976 | 135.9149760000 tellurium_136 | 135.9201006 | 135.9201006000 promethium_136 | 135.923585 | 135.9235850000 samarium_136 | 135.928276 | 135.9282760000 antimony_136 | 135.9307459 | 135.9307459000 europium_136 | 135.93962 | 135.9396200000 tin_136 | 135.93999 | 135.9399900000 gadolinium_136 | 135.9473 | 135.9473000000 terbium_136 | 135.96129 | 135.9612900000 barium_137 | 136.90582714 | 136.9058271400 lanthanum_137 | 136.9064504 | 136.9064504000 caesium_137 | 136.90708923 | 136.9070892300 cesium_137 | 136.90708923 | 136.9070892300 cerium_137 | 136.90776236 | 136.9077623600 praseodymium_137 | 136.9106792 | 136.9106792000 xenon_137 | 136.91155778 | 136.9115577800 neodymium_137 | 136.914562 | 136.9145620000 iodine_137 | 136.9180282 | 136.9180282000 promethium_137 | 136.92048 | 136.9204800000 tellurium_137 | 136.9255989 | 136.9255989000 samarium_137 | 136.926971 | 136.9269710000 europium_137 | 136.93546 | 136.9354600000 antimony_137 | 136.93555 | 136.9355500000 gadolinium_137 | 136.94502 | 136.9450200000 tin_137 | 136.94655 | 136.9465500000 terbium_137 | 136.95602 | 136.9560200000 barium | 137.326891628632 | 0.00106000 barium_130 + 0.00101000 barium_132 + 0.02417000 barium_134 + 0.06592000 barium_135 + 0.07854000 barium_136 + 0.11232000 barium_137 + 0.71698000 barium_138 barium_138 | 137.905247 | 137.9052470000 cerium_138 | 137.905991 | 137.9059910000 lanthanum_138 | 137.9071149 | 137.9071149000 praseodymium_138 | 137.910754 | 137.9107540000 caesium_138 | 137.9110171 | 137.9110171000 cesium_138 | 137.9110171 | 137.9110171000 neodymium_138 | 137.91195 | 137.9119500000 xenon_138 | 137.9141463 | 137.9141463000 promethium_138 | 137.919548 | 137.9195480000 iodine_138 | 137.9227264 | 137.9227264000 samarium_138 | 137.923244 | 137.9232440000 tellurium_138 | 137.9294722 | 137.9294722000 europium_138 | 137.933709 | 137.9337090000 gadolinium_138 | 137.94025 | 137.9402500000 antimony_138 | 137.94145 | 137.9414500000 tin_138 | 137.95184 | 137.9518400000 terbium_138 | 137.95312 | 137.9531200000 dysprosium_138 | 137.9625 | 137.9625000000 lanthanum | 138.905468873713 | 0.00088810 lanthanum_138 + 0.99911190 lanthanum_139 lanthanum_139 | 138.9063563 | 138.9063563000 cerium_139 | 138.9066551 | 138.9066551000 barium_139 | 138.9088411 | 138.9088411000 praseodymium_139 | 138.9089408 | 138.9089408000 neodymium_139 | 138.911954 | 138.9119540000 caesium_139 | 138.9133638 | 138.9133638000 cesium_139 | 138.9133638 | 138.9133638000 promethium_139 | 138.9168 | 138.9168000000 xenon_139 | 138.9187922 | 138.9187922000 samarium_139 | 138.922297 | 138.9222970000 iodine_139 | 138.926506 | 138.9265060000 europium_139 | 138.929792 | 138.9297920000 tellurium_139 | 138.9353672 | 138.9353672000 gadolinium_139 | 138.93813 | 138.9381300000 antimony_139 | 138.94655 | 138.9465500000 terbium_139 | 138.94833 | 138.9483300000 dysprosium_139 | 138.95959 | 138.9595900000 cerium_140 | 139.9054431 | 139.9054431000 praseodymium_140 | 139.9090803 | 139.9090803000 lanthanum_140 | 139.9094806 | 139.9094806000 neodymium_140 | 139.90955 | 139.9095500000 barium_140 | 139.9106057 | 139.9106057000 promethium_140 | 139.91604 | 139.9160400000 caesium_140 | 139.9172831 | 139.9172831000 cesium_140 | 139.9172831 | 139.9172831000 samarium_140 | 139.918995 | 139.9189950000 xenon_140 | 139.9216458 | 139.9216458000 europium_140 | 139.928088 | 139.9280880000 iodine_140 | 139.93173 | 139.9317300000 gadolinium_140 | 139.933674 | 139.9336740000 tellurium_140 | 139.939499 | 139.9394990000 terbium_140 | 139.94581 | 139.9458100000 antimony_140 | 139.95283 | 139.9528300000 dysprosium_140 | 139.95402 | 139.9540200000 holmium_140 | 139.96859 | 139.9685900000 sevenscore | 140 | seven score cerium | 140.115730737855 | 0.00185000 cerium_136 + 0.00251000 cerium_138 + 0.88450000 cerium_140 + 0.11114000 cerium_142 praseodymium | 140.9076576 | praseodymium_141 praseodymium_141 | 140.9076576 | 140.9076576000 cerium_141 | 140.9082807 | 140.9082807000 neodymium_141 | 140.9096147 | 140.9096147000 lanthanum_141 | 140.910966 | 140.9109660000 promethium_141 | 140.913555 | 140.9135550000 barium_141 | 140.9144033 | 140.9144033000 samarium_141 | 140.9184816 | 140.9184816000 caesium_141 | 140.9200455 | 140.9200455000 cesium_141 | 140.9200455 | 140.9200455000 europium_141 | 140.924932 | 140.9249320000 xenon_141 | 140.9267872 | 140.9267872000 gadolinium_141 | 140.932126 | 140.9321260000 iodine_141 | 140.93569 | 140.9356900000 terbium_141 | 140.94145 | 140.9414500000 tellurium_141 | 140.9458 | 140.9458000000 dysprosium_141 | 140.95128 | 140.9512800000 holmium_141 | 140.96311 | 140.9631100000 neodymium_142 | 141.907729 | 141.9077290000 cerium_142 | 141.9092504 | 141.9092504000 praseodymium_142 | 141.9100496 | 141.9100496000 promethium_142 | 141.91289 | 141.9128900000 lanthanum_142 | 141.9140909 | 141.9140909000 samarium_142 | 141.9152044 | 141.9152044000 barium_142 | 141.9164324 | 141.9164324000 europium_142 | 141.923442 | 141.9234420000 caesium_142 | 141.924296 | 141.9242960000 cesium_142 | 141.924296 | 141.9242960000 gadolinium_142 | 141.928116 | 141.9281160000 xenon_142 | 141.9299731 | 141.9299731000 terbium_142 | 141.93928 | 141.9392800000 iodine_142 | 141.9412 | 141.9412000000 dysprosium_142 | 141.94619 | 141.9461900000 tellurium_142 | 141.95022 | 141.9502200000 holmium_142 | 141.96001 | 141.9600100000 erbium_142 | 141.9701 | 141.9701000000 neodymium_143 | 142.90982 | 142.9098200000 praseodymium_143 | 142.9108228 | 142.9108228000 promethium_143 | 142.9109383 | 142.9109383000 cerium_143 | 142.9123921 | 142.9123921000 samarium_143 | 142.9146353 | 142.9146353000 lanthanum_143 | 142.9160795 | 142.9160795000 europium_143 | 142.920299 | 142.9202990000 barium_143 | 142.9206253 | 142.9206253000 gadolinium_143 | 142.92675 | 142.9267500000 caesium_143 | 142.927349 | 142.9273490000 cesium_143 | 142.927349 | 142.9273490000 terbium_143 | 142.935137 | 142.9351370000 xenon_143 | 142.9353696 | 142.9353696000 dysprosium_143 | 142.943994 | 142.9439940000 iodine_143 | 142.94565 | 142.9456500000 holmium_143 | 142.95486 | 142.9548600000 tellurium_143 | 142.95676 | 142.9567600000 erbium_143 | 142.96662 | 142.9666200000 neodymium_144 | 143.910093 | 143.9100930000 samarium_144 | 143.9120065 | 143.9120065000 promethium_144 | 143.9125964 | 143.9125964000 praseodymium_144 | 143.9133109 | 143.9133109000 cerium_144 | 143.9136529 | 143.9136529000 europium_144 | 143.91882 | 143.9188200000 lanthanum_144 | 143.919646 | 143.9196460000 barium_144 | 143.9229549 | 143.9229549000 gadolinium_144 | 143.922963 | 143.9229630000 caesium_144 | 143.932076 | 143.9320760000 cesium_144 | 143.932076 | 143.9320760000 terbium_144 | 143.933045 | 143.9330450000 xenon_144 | 143.9389451 | 143.9389451000 dysprosium_144 | 143.9392695 | 143.9392695000 iodine_144 | 143.95139 | 143.9513900000 holmium_144 | 143.9521097 | 143.9521097000 erbium_144 | 143.9607 | 143.9607000000 thulium_144 | 143.97628 | 143.9762800000 gross | 144 | 144 neodymium | 144.241596031827 | 0.27152000 neodymium_142 + 0.12174000 neodymium_143 + 0.23798000 neodymium_144 + 0.08293000 neodymium_145 + 0.17189000 neodymium_146 + 0.05756000 neodymium_148 + 0.05638000 neodymium_150 neodymium_145 | 144.9125793 | 144.9125793000 promethium | 144.9127559 | promethium_145 promethium_145 | 144.9127559 | 144.9127559000 samarium_145 | 144.9134173 | 144.9134173000 praseodymium_145 | 144.9145182 | 144.9145182000 europium_145 | 144.9162726 | 144.9162726000 cerium_145 | 144.917265 | 144.9172650000 gadolinium_145 | 144.921713 | 144.9217130000 lanthanum_145 | 144.921808 | 144.9218080000 barium_145 | 144.9275184 | 144.9275184000 terbium_145 | 144.92882 | 144.9288200000 caesium_145 | 144.935527 | 144.9355270000 cesium_145 | 144.935527 | 144.9355270000 dysprosium_145 | 144.937474 | 144.9374740000 xenon_145 | 144.94472 | 144.9447200000 holmium_145 | 144.9472674 | 144.9472674000 iodine_145 | 144.95605 | 144.9560500000 erbium_145 | 144.95805 | 144.9580500000 thulium_145 | 144.97039 | 144.9703900000 baumeconst | 145 | 145 samarium_146 | 145.913047 | 145.9130470000 neodymium_146 | 145.9131226 | 145.9131226000 promethium_146 | 145.9147024 | 145.9147024000 europium_146 | 145.917211 | 145.9172110000 praseodymium_146 | 145.91768 | 145.9176800000 gadolinium_146 | 145.9183188 | 145.9183188000 cerium_146 | 145.918802 | 145.9188020000 lanthanum_146 | 145.925875 | 145.9258750000 terbium_146 | 145.927253 | 145.9272530000 barium_146 | 145.930284 | 145.9302840000 dysprosium_146 | 145.9328445 | 145.9328445000 caesium_146 | 145.940344 | 145.9403440000 cesium_146 | 145.940344 | 145.9403440000 holmium_146 | 145.9449935 | 145.9449935000 xenon_146 | 145.948518 | 145.9485180000 erbium_146 | 145.9524184 | 145.9524184000 thulium_146 | 145.96684 | 145.9668400000 samarium_147 | 146.9149044 | 146.9149044000 promethium_147 | 146.915145 | 146.9151450000 neodymium_147 | 146.9161061 | 146.9161061000 europium_147 | 146.9167527 | 146.9167527000 praseodymium_147 | 146.919008 | 146.9190080000 gadolinium_147 | 146.9191014 | 146.9191014000 cerium_147 | 146.9226899 | 146.9226899000 terbium_147 | 146.9240548 | 146.9240548000 lanthanum_147 | 146.928418 | 146.9284180000 dysprosium_147 | 146.9310827 | 146.9310827000 barium_147 | 146.935304 | 146.9353040000 holmium_147 | 146.9401423 | 146.9401423000 caesium_147 | 146.944156 | 146.9441560000 cesium_147 | 146.944156 | 146.9441560000 erbium_147 | 146.949964 | 146.9499640000 xenon_147 | 146.95426 | 146.9542600000 thulium_147 | 146.9613799 | 146.9613799000 samarium_148 | 147.9148292 | 147.9148292000 neodymium_148 | 147.9168993 | 147.9168993000 promethium_148 | 147.9174819 | 147.9174819000 europium_148 | 147.918089 | 147.9180890000 gadolinium_148 | 147.9181215 | 147.9181215000 praseodymium_148 | 147.92213 | 147.9221300000 terbium_148 | 147.924282 | 147.9242820000 cerium_148 | 147.924424 | 147.9244240000 dysprosium_148 | 147.927157 | 147.9271570000 lanthanum_148 | 147.932679 | 147.9326790000 holmium_148 | 147.937744 | 147.9377440000 barium_148 | 147.938171 | 147.9381710000 erbium_148 | 147.944735 | 147.9447350000 caesium_148 | 147.94923 | 147.9492300000 cesium_148 | 147.94923 | 147.9492300000 xenon_148 | 147.95813 | 147.9581300000 thulium_148 | 147.958384 | 147.9583840000 ytterbium_148 | 147.96758 | 147.9675800000 samarium_149 | 148.9171921 | 148.9171921000 europium_149 | 148.9179378 | 148.9179378000 promethium_149 | 148.9183423 | 148.9183423000 gadolinium_149 | 148.9193481 | 148.9193481000 neodymium_149 | 148.9201548 | 148.9201548000 terbium_149 | 148.9232535 | 148.9232535000 praseodymium_149 | 148.923736 | 148.9237360000 dysprosium_149 | 148.927322 | 148.9273220000 cerium_149 | 148.928427 | 148.9284270000 holmium_149 | 148.933803 | 148.9338030000 lanthanum_149 | 148.93535 | 148.9353500000 erbium_149 | 148.942306 | 148.9423060000 barium_149 | 148.94308 | 148.9430800000 thulium_149 | 148.95289 | 148.9528900000 caesium_149 | 148.95302 | 148.9530200000 cesium_149 | 148.95302 | 148.9530200000 ytterbium_149 | 148.96436 | 148.9643600000 samarium_150 | 149.9172829 | 149.9172829000 gadolinium_150 | 149.9186644 | 149.9186644000 europium_150 | 149.9197077 | 149.9197077000 neodymium_150 | 149.9209022 | 149.9209022000 promethium_150 | 149.920991 | 149.9209910000 terbium_150 | 149.9236649 | 149.9236649000 dysprosium_150 | 149.9255933 | 149.9255933000 praseodymium_150 | 149.9266765 | 149.9266765000 cerium_150 | 149.930384 | 149.9303840000 holmium_150 | 149.933498 | 149.9334980000 erbium_150 | 149.937916 | 149.9379160000 lanthanum_150 | 149.93947 | 149.9394700000 barium_150 | 149.94605 | 149.9460500000 thulium_150 | 149.95009 | 149.9500900000 caesium_150 | 149.95833 | 149.9583300000 cesium_150 | 149.95833 | 149.9583300000 ytterbium_150 | 149.95852 | 149.9585200000 lutetium_150 | 149.97355 | 149.9735500000 samarium | 150.36635571193 | 0.03070000 samarium_144 + 0.14990000 samarium_147 + 0.11240000 samarium_148 + 0.13820000 samarium_149 + 0.07380000 samarium_150 + 0.26750000 samarium_152 + 0.22750000 samarium_154 europium_151 | 150.9198578 | 150.9198578000 samarium_151 | 150.9199398 | 150.9199398000 gadolinium_151 | 150.920356 | 150.9203560000 promethium_151 | 150.9212175 | 150.9212175000 terbium_151 | 150.9231096 | 150.9231096000 neodymium_151 | 150.9238403 | 150.9238403000 dysprosium_151 | 150.9261916 | 150.9261916000 praseodymium_151 | 150.928309 | 150.9283090000 holmium_151 | 150.9316983 | 150.9316983000 cerium_151 | 150.934272 | 150.9342720000 erbium_151 | 150.937449 | 150.9374490000 lanthanum_151 | 150.94232 | 150.9423200000 thulium_151 | 150.945488 | 150.9454880000 barium_151 | 150.95127 | 150.9512700000 ytterbium_151 | 150.9554 | 150.9554000000 caesium_151 | 150.96258 | 150.9625800000 cesium_151 | 150.96258 | 150.9625800000 lutetium_151 | 150.96768 | 150.9676800000 samarium_152 | 151.9197397 | 151.9197397000 gadolinium_152 | 151.9197995 | 151.9197995000 europium_152 | 151.9217522 | 151.9217522000 promethium_152 | 151.923506 | 151.9235060000 terbium_152 | 151.924083 | 151.9240830000 neodymium_152 | 151.924692 | 151.9246920000 dysprosium_152 | 151.9247253 | 151.9247253000 praseodymium_152 | 151.931553 | 151.9315530000 holmium_152 | 151.931724 | 151.9317240000 erbium_152 | 151.935057 | 151.9350570000 cerium_152 | 151.9366 | 151.9366000000 thulium_152 | 151.944422 | 151.9444220000 lanthanum_152 | 151.94682 | 151.9468200000 ytterbium_152 | 151.95027 | 151.9502700000 barium_152 | 151.95481 | 151.9548100000 lutetium_152 | 151.96412 | 151.9641200000 europium | 151.96437812638 | 0.47810000 europium_151 + 0.52190000 europium_153 europium_153 | 152.921238 | 152.9212380000 gadolinium_153 | 152.921758 | 152.9217580000 samarium_153 | 152.9221047 | 152.9221047000 terbium_153 | 152.9234424 | 152.9234424000 promethium_153 | 152.9241567 | 152.9241567000 dysprosium_153 | 152.9257724 | 152.9257724000 neodymium_153 | 152.927718 | 152.9277180000 holmium_153 | 152.9302064 | 152.9302064000 praseodymium_153 | 152.933904 | 152.9339040000 erbium_153 | 152.93508 | 152.9350800000 cerium_153 | 152.94093 | 152.9409300000 thulium_153 | 152.94204 | 152.9420400000 ytterbium_153 | 152.94932 | 152.9493200000 lanthanum_153 | 152.95036 | 152.9503600000 lutetium_153 | 152.95875 | 152.9587500000 barium_153 | 152.96036 | 152.9603600000 hafnium_153 | 152.97069 | 152.9706900000 gadolinium_154 | 153.9208741 | 153.9208741000 samarium_154 | 153.9222169 | 153.9222169000 europium_154 | 153.922987 | 153.9229870000 dysprosium_154 | 153.9244293 | 153.9244293000 terbium_154 | 153.924685 | 153.9246850000 promethium_154 | 153.926472 | 153.9264720000 neodymium_154 | 153.92948 | 153.9294800000 holmium_154 | 153.9306068 | 153.9306068000 erbium_154 | 153.9327908 | 153.9327908000 praseodymium_154 | 153.93753 | 153.9375300000 thulium_154 | 153.94157 | 153.9415700000 cerium_154 | 153.9438 | 153.9438000000 ytterbium_154 | 153.946396 | 153.9463960000 lanthanum_154 | 153.95517 | 153.9551700000 lutetium_154 | 153.95736 | 153.9573600000 hafnium_154 | 153.96486 | 153.9648600000 gadolinium_155 | 154.9226305 | 154.9226305000 europium_155 | 154.9229011 | 154.9229011000 terbium_155 | 154.923511 | 154.9235110000 samarium_155 | 154.9246477 | 154.9246477000 dysprosium_155 | 154.925759 | 154.9257590000 promethium_155 | 154.928137 | 154.9281370000 holmium_155 | 154.929104 | 154.9291040000 neodymium_155 | 154.9331357 | 154.9331357000 erbium_155 | 154.9332159 | 154.9332159000 thulium_155 | 154.93921 | 154.9392100000 praseodymium_155 | 154.940509 | 154.9405090000 ytterbium_155 | 154.945783 | 154.9457830000 cerium_155 | 154.94855 | 154.9485500000 lutetium_155 | 154.954321 | 154.9543210000 lanthanum_155 | 154.95901 | 154.9590100000 hafnium_155 | 154.96311 | 154.9631100000 tantalum_155 | 154.97424 | 154.9742400000 gadolinium_156 | 155.9221312 | 155.9221312000 dysprosium_156 | 155.9242847 | 155.9242847000 terbium_156 | 155.9247552 | 155.9247552000 europium_156 | 155.9247605 | 155.9247605000 samarium_156 | 155.925536 | 155.9255360000 holmium_156 | 155.929706 | 155.9297060000 erbium_156 | 155.931067 | 155.9310670000 promethium_156 | 155.9311175 | 155.9311175000 neodymium_156 | 155.93508 | 155.9350800000 thulium_156 | 155.938992 | 155.9389920000 ytterbium_156 | 155.942825 | 155.9428250000 praseodymium_156 | 155.94464 | 155.9446400000 cerium_156 | 155.95183 | 155.9518300000 lutetium_156 | 155.953033 | 155.9530330000 hafnium_156 | 155.95935 | 155.9593500000 tantalum_156 | 155.97203 | 155.9720300000 gadolinium_157 | 156.9239686 | 156.9239686000 terbium_157 | 156.924033 | 156.9240330000 europium_157 | 156.9254334 | 156.9254334000 dysprosium_157 | 156.9254707 | 156.9254707000 holmium_157 | 156.928254 | 156.9282540000 samarium_157 | 156.9284187 | 156.9284187000 erbium_157 | 156.931949 | 156.9319490000 promethium_157 | 156.9331214 | 156.9331214000 thulium_157 | 156.936944 | 156.9369440000 neodymium_157 | 156.939386 | 156.9393860000 ytterbium_157 | 156.942645 | 156.9426450000 praseodymium_157 | 156.94789 | 156.9478900000 lutetium_157 | 156.950127 | 156.9501270000 cerium_157 | 156.95705 | 156.9570500000 hafnium_157 | 156.95824 | 156.9582400000 tantalum_157 | 156.96818 | 156.9681800000 tungsten_157 | 156.97884 | 156.9788400000 gadolinium | 157.25213064688 | 0.00200000 gadolinium_152 + 0.02180000 gadolinium_154 + 0.14800000 gadolinium_155 + 0.20470000 gadolinium_156 + 0.15650000 gadolinium_157 + 0.24840000 gadolinium_158 + 0.21860000 gadolinium_160 gadolinium_158 | 157.9241123 | 157.9241123000 dysprosium_158 | 157.9244159 | 157.9244159000 terbium_158 | 157.9254209 | 157.9254209000 europium_158 | 157.927799 | 157.9277990000 holmium_158 | 157.928946 | 157.9289460000 erbium_158 | 157.929893 | 157.9298930000 samarium_158 | 157.929951 | 157.9299510000 promethium_158 | 157.936565 | 157.9365650000 thulium_158 | 157.93698 | 157.9369800000 ytterbium_158 | 157.9398705 | 157.9398705000 neodymium_158 | 157.94197 | 157.9419700000 lutetium_158 | 157.949316 | 157.9493160000 praseodymium_158 | 157.95241 | 157.9524100000 hafnium_158 | 157.954801 | 157.9548010000 tantalum_158 | 157.96654 | 157.9665400000 tungsten_158 | 157.97456 | 157.9745600000 terbium | 158.9253547 | terbium_159 terbium_159 | 158.9253547 | 158.9253547000 dysprosium_159 | 158.925747 | 158.9257470000 gadolinium_159 | 158.926397 | 158.9263970000 holmium_159 | 158.9277197 | 158.9277197000 europium_159 | 158.9291001 | 158.9291001000 erbium_159 | 158.9306918 | 158.9306918000 samarium_159 | 158.9332172 | 158.9332172000 thulium_159 | 158.934975 | 158.9349750000 promethium_159 | 158.939287 | 158.9392870000 ytterbium_159 | 158.940055 | 158.9400550000 neodymium_159 | 158.94653 | 158.9465300000 lutetium_159 | 158.946636 | 158.9466360000 hafnium_159 | 158.953996 | 158.9539960000 praseodymium_159 | 158.95589 | 158.9558900000 tantalum_159 | 158.963023 | 158.9630230000 tungsten_159 | 158.97264 | 158.9726400000 rhenium_159 | 158.98418 | 158.9841800000 dysprosium_160 | 159.9252046 | 159.9252046000 gadolinium_160 | 159.9270624 | 159.9270624000 terbium_160 | 159.9271756 | 159.9271756000 holmium_160 | 159.928737 | 159.9287370000 erbium_160 | 159.929077 | 159.9290770000 europium_160 | 159.931851 | 159.9318510000 thulium_160 | 159.935263 | 159.9352630000 samarium_160 | 159.9353353 | 159.9353353000 ytterbium_160 | 159.937557 | 159.9375570000 promethium_160 | 159.9431 | 159.9431000000 lutetium_160 | 159.946033 | 159.9460330000 neodymium_160 | 159.9494 | 159.9494000000 hafnium_160 | 159.950691 | 159.9506910000 tantalum_160 | 159.961488 | 159.9614880000 tungsten_160 | 159.96846 | 159.9684600000 rhenium_160 | 159.98182 | 159.9818200000 eightscore | 160 | eight score dysprosium_161 | 160.9269405 | 160.9269405000 terbium_161 | 160.9275778 | 160.9275778000 holmium_161 | 160.9278615 | 160.9278615000 gadolinium_161 | 160.9296775 | 160.9296775000 erbium_161 | 160.9300046 | 160.9300046000 thulium_161 | 160.933549 | 160.9335490000 europium_161 | 160.933664 | 160.9336640000 ytterbium_161 | 160.937907 | 160.9379070000 samarium_161 | 160.9391602 | 160.9391602000 lutetium_161 | 160.943572 | 160.9435720000 promethium_161 | 160.94607 | 160.9460700000 hafnium_161 | 160.950278 | 160.9502780000 neodymium_161 | 160.95428 | 160.9542800000 tantalum_161 | 160.958452 | 160.9584520000 tungsten_161 | 160.9672 | 160.9672000000 rhenium_161 | 160.97757 | 160.9775700000 osmium_161 | 160.98903 | 160.9890300000 dysprosium_162 | 161.9268056 | 161.9268056000 erbium_162 | 161.9287884 | 161.9287884000 holmium_162 | 161.9291023 | 161.9291023000 terbium_162 | 161.929495 | 161.9294950000 gadolinium_162 | 161.930993 | 161.9309930000 thulium_162 | 161.934002 | 161.9340020000 ytterbium_162 | 161.935774 | 161.9357740000 europium_162 | 161.936989 | 161.9369890000 samarium_162 | 161.94146 | 161.9414600000 lutetium_162 | 161.943283 | 161.9432830000 hafnium_162 | 161.9472148 | 161.9472148000 promethium_162 | 161.95022 | 161.9502200000 tantalum_162 | 161.957294 | 161.9572940000 tungsten_162 | 161.963499 | 161.9634990000 rhenium_162 | 161.97584 | 161.9758400000 osmium_162 | 161.98443 | 161.9844300000 dysprosium | 162.499472819424 | 0.00056000 dysprosium_156 + 0.00095000 dysprosium_158 + 0.02329000 dysprosium_160 + 0.18889000 dysprosium_161 + 0.25475000 dysprosium_162 + 0.24896000 dysprosium_163 + 0.28260000 dysprosium_164 dysprosium_163 | 162.9287383 | 162.9287383000 holmium_163 | 162.928741 | 162.9287410000 erbium_163 | 162.9300408 | 162.9300408000 terbium_163 | 162.9306547 | 162.9306547000 thulium_163 | 162.9326592 | 162.9326592000 gadolinium_163 | 162.9341769 | 162.9341769000 ytterbium_163 | 162.93634 | 162.9363400000 europium_163 | 162.939196 | 162.9391960000 lutetium_163 | 162.941179 | 162.9411790000 samarium_163 | 162.94555 | 162.9455500000 hafnium_163 | 162.947113 | 162.9471130000 promethium_163 | 162.95357 | 162.9535700000 tantalum_163 | 162.954337 | 162.9543370000 tungsten_163 | 162.962524 | 162.9625240000 rhenium_163 | 162.97208 | 162.9720800000 osmium_163 | 162.98241 | 162.9824100000 dysprosium_164 | 163.9291819 | 163.9291819000 erbium_164 | 163.9292088 | 163.9292088000 holmium_164 | 163.9302403 | 163.9302403000 terbium_164 | 163.93336 | 163.9333600000 thulium_164 | 163.933544 | 163.9335440000 ytterbium_164 | 163.934495 | 163.9344950000 gadolinium_164 | 163.93583 | 163.9358300000 lutetium_164 | 163.941339 | 163.9413390000 europium_164 | 163.94274 | 163.9427400000 hafnium_164 | 163.944371 | 163.9443710000 samarium_164 | 163.94836 | 163.9483600000 tantalum_164 | 163.953534 | 163.9535340000 tungsten_164 | 163.958961 | 163.9589610000 rhenium_164 | 163.970453 | 163.9704530000 osmium_164 | 163.97802 | 163.9780200000 iridium_164 | 163.99191 | 163.9919100000 holmium | 164.9303288 | holmium_165 holmium_165 | 164.9303288 | 164.9303288000 erbium_165 | 164.9307345 | 164.9307345000 dysprosium_165 | 164.9317105 | 164.9317105000 thulium_165 | 164.9324431 | 164.9324431000 terbium_165 | 164.93498 | 164.9349800000 ytterbium_165 | 164.93527 | 164.9352700000 gadolinium_165 | 164.93936 | 164.9393600000 lutetium_165 | 164.939407 | 164.9394070000 hafnium_165 | 164.944567 | 164.9445670000 europium_165 | 164.94559 | 164.9455900000 tantalum_165 | 164.950781 | 164.9507810000 samarium_165 | 164.95297 | 164.9529700000 tungsten_165 | 164.958281 | 164.9582810000 rhenium_165 | 164.967103 | 164.9671030000 osmium_165 | 164.9766 | 164.9766000000 iridium_165 | 164.9875 | 164.9875000000 erbium_166 | 165.9302995 | 165.9302995000 holmium_166 | 165.9322909 | 165.9322909000 dysprosium_166 | 165.9328139 | 165.9328139000 thulium_166 | 165.933561 | 165.9335610000 ytterbium_166 | 165.9338747 | 165.9338747000 terbium_166 | 165.93786 | 165.9378600000 lutetium_166 | 165.939859 | 165.9398590000 gadolinium_166 | 165.94146 | 165.9414600000 hafnium_166 | 165.94218 | 165.9421800000 europium_166 | 165.94962 | 165.9496200000 tantalum_166 | 165.950512 | 165.9505120000 tungsten_166 | 165.955031 | 165.9550310000 rhenium_166 | 165.965761 | 165.9657610000 osmium_166 | 165.972692 | 165.9726920000 iridium_166 | 165.98566 | 165.9856600000 platinum_166 | 165.99486 | 165.9948600000 erbium_167 | 166.9320546 | 166.9320546000 thulium_167 | 166.9328562 | 166.9328562000 holmium_167 | 166.9331385 | 166.9331385000 ytterbium_167 | 166.934953 | 166.9349530000 dysprosium_167 | 166.935661 | 166.9356610000 lutetium_167 | 166.93827 | 166.9382700000 terbium_167 | 166.93996 | 166.9399600000 hafnium_167 | 166.9426 | 166.9426000000 gadolinium_167 | 166.94545 | 166.9454500000 tantalum_167 | 166.948093 | 166.9480930000 europium_167 | 166.95289 | 166.9528900000 tungsten_167 | 166.954805 | 166.9548050000 rhenium_167 | 166.962595 | 166.9625950000 osmium_167 | 166.971549 | 166.9715490000 iridium_167 | 166.981666 | 166.9816660000 platinum_167 | 166.99269 | 166.9926900000 erbium | 167.259082649669 | 0.00139000 erbium_162 + 0.01601000 erbium_164 + 0.33503000 erbium_166 + 0.22869000 erbium_167 + 0.26978000 erbium_168 + 0.14910000 erbium_170 erbium_168 | 167.9323767 | 167.9323767000 ytterbium_168 | 167.9338896 | 167.9338896000 thulium_168 | 167.9341774 | 167.9341774000 holmium_168 | 167.935522 | 167.9355220000 dysprosium_168 | 167.93713 | 167.9371300000 lutetium_168 | 167.938736 | 167.9387360000 hafnium_168 | 167.940568 | 167.9405680000 terbium_168 | 167.9434 | 167.9434000000 tantalum_168 | 167.948047 | 167.9480470000 gadolinium_168 | 167.94808 | 167.9480800000 tungsten_168 | 167.951806 | 167.9518060000 rhenium_168 | 167.961573 | 167.9615730000 osmium_168 | 167.967808 | 167.9678080000 iridium_168 | 167.979907 | 167.9799070000 platinum_168 | 167.98813 | 167.9881300000 thulium | 168.9342179 | thulium_169 thulium_169 | 168.9342179 | 168.9342179000 erbium_169 | 168.9345968 | 168.9345968000 ytterbium_169 | 168.9351825 | 168.9351825000 holmium_169 | 168.936878 | 168.9368780000 lutetium_169 | 168.9376441 | 168.9376441000 dysprosium_169 | 168.94031 | 168.9403100000 hafnium_169 | 168.941259 | 168.9412590000 terbium_169 | 168.94597 | 168.9459700000 tantalum_169 | 168.946011 | 168.9460110000 tungsten_169 | 168.951779 | 168.9517790000 gadolinium_169 | 168.9526 | 168.9526000000 rhenium_169 | 168.958766 | 168.9587660000 osmium_169 | 168.967018 | 168.9670180000 iridium_169 | 168.976298 | 168.9762980000 platinum_169 | 168.98657 | 168.9865700000 gold_169 | 168.99808 | 168.9980800000 ytterbium_170 | 169.9347664 | 169.9347664000 erbium_170 | 169.9354702 | 169.9354702000 thulium_170 | 169.935806 | 169.9358060000 lutetium_170 | 169.938478 | 169.9384780000 hafnium_170 | 169.939609 | 169.9396090000 holmium_170 | 169.939625 | 169.9396250000 dysprosium_170 | 169.94239 | 169.9423900000 tantalum_170 | 169.946175 | 169.9461750000 tungsten_170 | 169.949232 | 169.9492320000 terbium_170 | 169.94984 | 169.9498400000 rhenium_170 | 169.95822 | 169.9582200000 osmium_170 | 169.963578 | 169.9635780000 iridium_170 | 169.974922 | 169.9749220000 platinum_170 | 169.982496 | 169.9824960000 gold_170 | 169.99597 | 169.9959700000 ytterbium_171 | 170.9363302 | 170.9363302000 thulium_171 | 170.9364339 | 170.9364339000 lutetium_171 | 170.937917 | 170.9379170000 erbium_171 | 170.9380357 | 170.9380357000 hafnium_171 | 170.940492 | 170.9404920000 holmium_171 | 170.94147 | 170.9414700000 tantalum_171 | 170.944476 | 170.9444760000 dysprosium_171 | 170.94612 | 170.9461200000 tungsten_171 | 170.949451 | 170.9494510000 terbium_171 | 170.95273 | 170.9527300000 rhenium_171 | 170.955716 | 170.9557160000 osmium_171 | 170.963174 | 170.9631740000 iridium_171 | 170.97164 | 170.9716400000 platinum_171 | 170.981245 | 170.9812450000 gold_171 | 170.991876 | 170.9918760000 mercury_171 | 171.00353 | 171.0035300000 ytterbium_172 | 171.9363859 | 171.9363859000 thulium_172 | 171.9384055 | 171.9384055000 lutetium_172 | 171.9390891 | 171.9390891000 erbium_172 | 171.9393619 | 171.9393619000 hafnium_172 | 171.93945 | 171.9394500000 holmium_172 | 171.94473 | 171.9447300000 tantalum_172 | 171.944895 | 171.9448950000 tungsten_172 | 171.947292 | 171.9472920000 dysprosium_172 | 171.94846 | 171.9484600000 rhenium_172 | 171.95542 | 171.9554200000 osmium_172 | 171.960017 | 171.9600170000 iridium_172 | 171.970607 | 171.9706070000 platinum_172 | 171.977351 | 171.9773510000 gold_172 | 171.989942 | 171.9899420000 mercury_172 | 171.99881 | 171.9988100000 ytterbium_173 | 172.9382151 | 172.9382151000 lutetium_173 | 172.938934 | 172.9389340000 thulium_173 | 172.9396084 | 172.9396084000 hafnium_173 | 172.940513 | 172.9405130000 erbium_173 | 172.9424 | 172.9424000000 tantalum_173 | 172.94375 | 172.9437500000 holmium_173 | 172.94702 | 172.9470200000 tungsten_173 | 172.947689 | 172.9476890000 dysprosium_173 | 172.95283 | 172.9528300000 rhenium_173 | 172.953243 | 172.9532430000 osmium_173 | 172.959808 | 172.9598080000 iridium_173 | 172.967506 | 172.9675060000 platinum_173 | 172.976443 | 172.9764430000 gold_173 | 172.986241 | 172.9862410000 mercury_173 | 172.99709 | 172.9970900000 ytterbium | 173.054150166317 | 0.00123000 ytterbium_168 + 0.02982000 ytterbium_170 + 0.14090000 ytterbium_171 + 0.21680000 ytterbium_172 + 0.16103000 ytterbium_173 + 0.32026000 ytterbium_174 + 0.12996000 ytterbium_176 ytterbium_174 | 173.9388664 | 173.9388664000 hafnium_174 | 173.9400461 | 173.9400461000 lutetium_174 | 173.9403409 | 173.9403409000 thulium_174 | 173.942173 | 173.9421730000 erbium_174 | 173.94423 | 173.9442300000 tantalum_174 | 173.944454 | 173.9444540000 tungsten_174 | 173.946079 | 173.9460790000 holmium_174 | 173.95095 | 173.9509500000 rhenium_174 | 173.953115 | 173.9531150000 osmium_174 | 173.957064 | 173.9570640000 iridium_174 | 173.966861 | 173.9668610000 platinum_174 | 173.97282 | 173.9728200000 gold_174 | 173.984717 | 173.9847170000 mercury_174 | 173.992865 | 173.9928650000 lutetium_175 | 174.9407752 | 174.9407752000 ytterbium_175 | 174.9412808 | 174.9412808000 hafnium_175 | 174.9415092 | 174.9415092000 tantalum_175 | 174.943737 | 174.9437370000 thulium_175 | 174.943841 | 174.9438410000 tungsten_175 | 174.946717 | 174.9467170000 erbium_175 | 174.94777 | 174.9477700000 rhenium_175 | 174.951381 | 174.9513810000 holmium_175 | 174.95362 | 174.9536200000 osmium_175 | 174.956945 | 174.9569450000 iridium_175 | 174.96415 | 174.9641500000 lutetium | 174.966814957855 | 0.97401000 lutetium_175 + 0.02599000 lutetium_176 platinum_175 | 174.97241 | 174.9724100000 gold_175 | 174.981304 | 174.9813040000 mercury_175 | 174.991441 | 174.9914410000 hafnium_176 | 175.9414076 | 175.9414076000 ytterbium_176 | 175.9425764 | 175.9425764000 lutetium_176 | 175.9426897 | 175.9426897000 tantalum_176 | 175.944857 | 175.9448570000 tungsten_176 | 175.945634 | 175.9456340000 thulium_176 | 175.947 | 175.9470000000 erbium_176 | 175.94994 | 175.9499400000 rhenium_176 | 175.951623 | 175.9516230000 osmium_176 | 175.954806 | 175.9548060000 iridium_176 | 175.96365 | 175.9636500000 platinum_176 | 175.968938 | 175.9689380000 gold_176 | 175.98025 | 175.9802500000 mercury_176 | 175.987361 | 175.9873610000 thallium_176 | 176.000624 | 176.0006240000 hafnium_177 | 176.9432277 | 176.9432277000 lutetium_177 | 176.9437615 | 176.9437615000 tantalum_177 | 176.9444795 | 176.9444795000 ytterbium_177 | 176.9452656 | 176.9452656000 tungsten_177 | 176.946643 | 176.9466430000 thulium_177 | 176.94904 | 176.9490400000 rhenium_177 | 176.950328 | 176.9503280000 erbium_177 | 176.95399 | 176.9539900000 osmium_177 | 176.954966 | 176.9549660000 iridium_177 | 176.961301 | 176.9613010000 platinum_177 | 176.96847 | 176.9684700000 gold_177 | 176.97687 | 176.9768700000 mercury_177 | 176.986277 | 176.9862770000 thallium_177 | 176.996431 | 176.9964310000 hafnium_178 | 177.9437058 | 177.9437058000 tantalum_178 | 177.945678 | 177.9456780000 tungsten_178 | 177.945883 | 177.9458830000 lutetium_178 | 177.945958 | 177.9459580000 ytterbium_178 | 177.946651 | 177.9466510000 rhenium_178 | 177.950989 | 177.9509890000 thulium_178 | 177.95264 | 177.9526400000 osmium_178 | 177.953254 | 177.9532540000 iridium_178 | 177.961082 | 177.9610820000 platinum_178 | 177.96565 | 177.9656500000 gold_178 | 177.976032 | 177.9760320000 mercury_178 | 177.982484 | 177.9824840000 thallium_178 | 177.99485 | 177.9948500000 lead_178 | 178.003831 | 178.0038310000 hafnium | 178.4849787234 | 0.00160000 hafnium_174 + 0.05260000 hafnium_176 + 0.18600000 hafnium_177 + 0.27280000 hafnium_178 + 0.13620000 hafnium_179 + 0.35080000 hafnium_180 hafnium_179 | 178.9458232 | 178.9458232000 tantalum_179 | 178.9459366 | 178.9459366000 tungsten_179 | 178.947077 | 178.9470770000 lutetium_179 | 178.9473309 | 178.9473309000 rhenium_179 | 178.949989 | 178.9499890000 ytterbium_179 | 178.95004 | 178.9500400000 osmium_179 | 178.953817 | 178.9538170000 thulium_179 | 178.95534 | 178.9553400000 iridium_179 | 178.95912 | 178.9591200000 platinum_179 | 178.965359 | 178.9653590000 gold_179 | 178.973174 | 178.9731740000 mercury_179 | 178.981831 | 178.9818310000 thallium_179 | 178.991111 | 178.9911110000 lead_179 | 179.002201 | 179.0022010000 hafnium_180 | 179.946557 | 179.9465570000 tungsten_180 | 179.9467108 | 179.9467108000 tantalum_180 | 179.9474648 | 179.9474648000 lutetium_180 | 179.949888 | 179.9498880000 rhenium_180 | 179.950792 | 179.9507920000 ytterbium_180 | 179.95212 | 179.9521200000 osmium_180 | 179.952375 | 179.9523750000 iridium_180 | 179.959229 | 179.9592290000 platinum_180 | 179.963032 | 179.9630320000 gold_180 | 179.972523 | 179.9725230000 mercury_180 | 179.97826 | 179.9782600000 thallium_180 | 179.990057 | 179.9900570000 lead_180 | 179.997928 | 179.9979280000 ninescore | 180 | nine score tantalum | 180.947875636227 | 0.00012010 tantalum_180 + 0.99987990 tantalum_181 tantalum_181 | 180.9479958 | 180.9479958000 tungsten_181 | 180.9481978 | 180.9481978000 hafnium_181 | 180.9491083 | 180.9491083000 rhenium_181 | 180.950058 | 180.9500580000 lutetium_181 | 180.95191 | 180.9519100000 osmium_181 | 180.953247 | 180.9532470000 ytterbium_181 | 180.95589 | 180.9558900000 iridium_181 | 180.957625 | 180.9576250000 platinum_181 | 180.963098 | 180.9630980000 gold_181 | 180.970079 | 180.9700790000 mercury_181 | 180.977819 | 180.9778190000 thallium_181 | 180.98626 | 180.9862600000 lead_181 | 180.996653 | 180.9966530000 tungsten_182 | 181.94820394 | 181.9482039400 tantalum_182 | 181.9501519 | 181.9501519000 hafnium_182 | 181.9505612 | 181.9505612000 rhenium_182 | 181.95121 | 181.9512100000 osmium_182 | 181.95211 | 181.9521100000 lutetium_182 | 181.95504 | 181.9550400000 iridium_182 | 181.958076 | 181.9580760000 platinum_182 | 181.961172 | 181.9611720000 gold_182 | 181.969618 | 181.9696180000 mercury_182 | 181.974689 | 181.9746890000 thallium_182 | 181.985713 | 181.9857130000 lead_182 | 181.992672 | 181.9926720000 tungsten_183 | 182.95022275 | 182.9502227500 rhenium_183 | 182.9508196 | 182.9508196000 tantalum_183 | 182.9513726 | 182.9513726000 osmium_183 | 182.953125 | 182.9531250000 hafnium_183 | 182.95353 | 182.9535300000 iridium_183 | 182.95684 | 182.9568400000 lutetium_183 | 182.957363 | 182.9573630000 platinum_183 | 182.961597 | 182.9615970000 gold_183 | 182.967591 | 182.9675910000 mercury_183 | 182.9744448 | 182.9744448000 thallium_183 | 182.982193 | 182.9821930000 lead_183 | 182.991872 | 182.9918720000 tungsten | 183.841777550513 | 0.00120000 tungsten_180 + 0.26500000 tungsten_182 + 0.14310000 tungsten_183 + 0.30640000 tungsten_184 + 0.28430000 tungsten_186 tungsten_184 | 183.95093092 | 183.9509309200 osmium_184 | 183.9524885 | 183.9524885000 rhenium_184 | 183.9525228 | 183.9525228000 tantalum_184 | 183.954008 | 183.9540080000 hafnium_184 | 183.955446 | 183.9554460000 iridium_184 | 183.957476 | 183.9574760000 platinum_184 | 183.959915 | 183.9599150000 lutetium_184 | 183.96091 | 183.9609100000 gold_184 | 183.967452 | 183.9674520000 mercury_184 | 183.971714 | 183.9717140000 thallium_184 | 183.981886 | 183.9818860000 lead_184 | 183.988136 | 183.9881360000 bismuth_184 | 184.001275 | 184.0012750000 rhenium_185 | 184.9529545 | 184.9529545000 tungsten_185 | 184.95341897 | 184.9534189700 osmium_185 | 184.9540417 | 184.9540417000 tantalum_185 | 184.955559 | 184.9555590000 iridium_185 | 184.956698 | 184.9566980000 hafnium_185 | 184.958862 | 184.9588620000 platinum_185 | 184.960614 | 184.9606140000 lutetium_185 | 184.96362 | 184.9636200000 gold_185 | 184.96579 | 184.9657900000 mercury_185 | 184.971899 | 184.9718990000 thallium_185 | 184.978789 | 184.9787890000 lead_185 | 184.98761 | 184.9876100000 bismuth_185 | 184.9976 | 184.9976000000 osmium_186 | 185.953835 | 185.9538350000 tungsten_186 | 185.9543628 | 185.9543628000 rhenium_186 | 185.9549856 | 185.9549856000 iridium_186 | 185.957944 | 185.9579440000 tantalum_186 | 185.958551 | 185.9585510000 platinum_186 | 185.959351 | 185.9593510000 hafnium_186 | 185.960897 | 185.9608970000 gold_186 | 185.965953 | 185.9659530000 mercury_186 | 185.969362 | 185.9693620000 thallium_186 | 185.978651 | 185.9786510000 lead_186 | 185.984238 | 185.9842380000 bismuth_186 | 185.996644 | 185.9966440000 polonium_186 | 186.004393 | 186.0043930000 rhenium | 186.2067045456 | 0.37400000 rhenium_185 + 0.62600000 rhenium_187 osmium_187 | 186.9557474 | 186.9557474000 rhenium_187 | 186.9557501 | 186.9557501000 tungsten_187 | 186.9571588 | 186.9571588000 iridium_187 | 186.957542 | 186.9575420000 tantalum_187 | 186.960386 | 186.9603860000 platinum_187 | 186.960617 | 186.9606170000 gold_187 | 186.964543 | 186.9645430000 hafnium_187 | 186.96477 | 186.9647700000 mercury_187 | 186.969814 | 186.9698140000 thallium_187 | 186.9759063 | 186.9759063000 lead_187 | 186.9839109 | 186.9839109000 bismuth_187 | 186.993147 | 186.9931470000 polonium_187 | 187.003041 | 187.0030410000 osmium_188 | 187.9558352 | 187.9558352000 rhenium_188 | 187.9581115 | 187.9581115000 tungsten_188 | 187.9584862 | 187.9584862000 iridium_188 | 187.958828 | 187.9588280000 platinum_188 | 187.9593889 | 187.9593889000 tantalum_188 | 187.963916 | 187.9639160000 gold_188 | 187.965349 | 187.9653490000 hafnium_188 | 187.96685 | 187.9668500000 mercury_188 | 187.967567 | 187.9675670000 thallium_188 | 187.976021 | 187.9760210000 lead_188 | 187.980875 | 187.9808750000 bismuth_188 | 187.992287 | 187.9922870000 polonium_188 | 187.999416 | 187.9994160000 osmium_189 | 188.9581442 | 188.9581442000 iridium_189 | 188.958715 | 188.9587150000 rhenium_189 | 188.959226 | 188.9592260000 platinum_189 | 188.960831 | 188.9608310000 tungsten_189 | 188.961763 | 188.9617630000 gold_189 | 188.963948 | 188.9639480000 tantalum_189 | 188.96583 | 188.9658300000 mercury_189 | 188.968195 | 188.9681950000 hafnium_189 | 188.97084 | 188.9708400000 thallium_189 | 188.973588 | 188.9735880000 lead_189 | 188.980807 | 188.9808070000 bismuth_189 | 188.989195 | 188.9891950000 polonium_189 | 188.998473 | 188.9984730000 osmium_190 | 189.9584437 | 189.9584437000 platinum_190 | 189.9599297 | 189.9599297000 iridium_190 | 189.9605412 | 189.9605412000 rhenium_190 | 189.961744 | 189.9617440000 tungsten_190 | 189.963091 | 189.9630910000 gold_190 | 189.964698 | 189.9646980000 mercury_190 | 189.966323 | 189.9663230000 tantalum_190 | 189.96939 | 189.9693900000 thallium_190 | 189.973828 | 189.9738280000 lead_190 | 189.978082 | 189.9780820000 bismuth_190 | 189.988622 | 189.9886220000 polonium_190 | 189.995101 | 189.9951010000 osmium | 190.22485962824 | 0.00020000 osmium_184 + 0.01590000 osmium_186 + 0.01960000 osmium_187 + 0.13240000 osmium_188 + 0.16150000 osmium_189 + 0.26260000 osmium_190 + 0.40780000 osmium_192 iridium_191 | 190.9605893 | 190.9605893000 osmium_191 | 190.9609264 | 190.9609264000 platinum_191 | 190.9616729 | 190.9616729000 rhenium_191 | 190.963122 | 190.9631220000 gold_191 | 190.963702 | 190.9637020000 tungsten_191 | 190.966531 | 190.9665310000 mercury_191 | 190.967157 | 190.9671570000 tantalum_191 | 190.97156 | 190.9715600000 thallium_191 | 190.9717842 | 190.9717842000 lead_191 | 190.978276 | 190.9782760000 bismuth_191 | 190.9857866 | 190.9857866000 polonium_191 | 190.9945585 | 190.9945585000 astatine_191 | 191.004148 | 191.0041480000 platinum_192 | 191.9610387 | 191.9610387000 osmium_192 | 191.961477 | 191.9614770000 iridium_192 | 191.9626002 | 191.9626002000 gold_192 | 191.964814 | 191.9648140000 mercury_192 | 191.965635 | 191.9656350000 rhenium_192 | 191.966088 | 191.9660880000 tungsten_192 | 191.96817 | 191.9681700000 thallium_192 | 191.972225 | 191.9722250000 tantalum_192 | 191.97514 | 191.9751400000 lead_192 | 191.975775 | 191.9757750000 bismuth_192 | 191.985469 | 191.9854690000 polonium_192 | 191.991336 | 191.9913360000 astatine_192 | 192.003152 | 192.0031520000 iridium | 192.2160516521 | 0.37300000 iridium_191 + 0.62700000 iridium_193 iridium_193 | 192.9629216 | 192.9629216000 platinum_193 | 192.9629824 | 192.9629824000 gold_193 | 192.9641373 | 192.9641373000 osmium_193 | 192.9641479 | 192.9641479000 mercury_193 | 192.966653 | 192.9666530000 rhenium_193 | 192.967541 | 192.9675410000 thallium_193 | 192.970502 | 192.9705020000 tungsten_193 | 192.97178 | 192.9717800000 lead_193 | 192.976173 | 192.9761730000 bismuth_193 | 192.98296 | 192.9829600000 polonium_193 | 192.991026 | 192.9910260000 astatine_193 | 192.999927 | 192.9999270000 radon_193 | 193.009708 | 193.0097080000 platinum_194 | 193.9626809 | 193.9626809000 iridium_194 | 193.9650735 | 193.9650735000 osmium_194 | 193.9651772 | 193.9651772000 gold_194 | 193.9654178 | 193.9654178000 mercury_194 | 193.9654491 | 193.9654491000 rhenium_194 | 193.97076 | 193.9707600000 thallium_194 | 193.971081 | 193.9710810000 tungsten_194 | 193.97367 | 193.9736700000 lead_194 | 193.974012 | 193.9740120000 bismuth_194 | 193.982785 | 193.9827850000 polonium_194 | 193.988186 | 193.9881860000 astatine_194 | 193.999236 | 193.9992360000 radon_194 | 194.006144 | 194.0061440000 platinum_195 | 194.9647917 | 194.9647917000 gold_195 | 194.9650352 | 194.9650352000 iridium_195 | 194.9659747 | 194.9659747000 mercury_195 | 194.966721 | 194.9667210000 osmium_195 | 194.968318 | 194.9683180000 thallium_195 | 194.969774 | 194.9697740000 rhenium_195 | 194.97254 | 194.9725400000 lead_195 | 194.974543 | 194.9745430000 bismuth_195 | 194.9806488 | 194.9806488000 polonium_195 | 194.988126 | 194.9881260000 astatine_195 | 194.9962685 | 194.9962685000 radon_195 | 195.005422 | 195.0054220000 platinum | 195.084456864931 | 0.00012000 platinum_190 + 0.00782000 platinum_192 + 0.32860000 platinum_194 + 0.33780000 platinum_195 + 0.25210000 platinum_196 + 0.07356000 platinum_198 platinum_196 | 195.96495209 | 195.9649520900 mercury_196 | 195.9658326 | 195.9658326000 gold_196 | 195.9665699 | 195.9665699000 iridium_196 | 195.968397 | 195.9683970000 osmium_196 | 195.969641 | 195.9696410000 thallium_196 | 195.970481 | 195.9704810000 lead_196 | 195.972774 | 195.9727740000 rhenium_196 | 195.9758 | 195.9758000000 bismuth_196 | 195.980667 | 195.9806670000 polonium_196 | 195.985526 | 195.9855260000 astatine_196 | 195.9958 | 195.9958000000 radon_196 | 196.002116 | 196.0021160000 gold | 196.96656879 | gold_197 gold_197 | 196.96656879 | 196.9665687900 mercury_197 | 196.9672128 | 196.9672128000 platinum_197 | 196.96734069 | 196.9673406900 thallium_197 | 196.969576 | 196.9695760000 iridium_197 | 196.969655 | 196.9696550000 osmium_197 | 196.97283 | 196.9728300000 lead_197 | 196.9734312 | 196.9734312000 rhenium_197 | 196.97799 | 196.9779900000 bismuth_197 | 196.9788651 | 196.9788651000 polonium_197 | 196.98566 | 196.9856600000 astatine_197 | 196.993189 | 196.9931890000 radon_197 | 197.001585 | 197.0015850000 mercury_198 | 197.9667686 | 197.9667686000 platinum_198 | 197.9678949 | 197.9678949000 gold_198 | 197.96824242 | 197.9682424200 thallium_198 | 197.970483 | 197.9704830000 lead_198 | 197.972034 | 197.9720340000 iridium_198 | 197.97228 | 197.9722800000 osmium_198 | 197.97441 | 197.9744100000 bismuth_198 | 197.979206 | 197.9792060000 rhenium_198 | 197.9816 | 197.9816000000 polonium_198 | 197.983389 | 197.9833890000 astatine_198 | 197.992784 | 197.9927840000 radon_198 | 197.998679 | 197.9986790000 mercury_199 | 198.96828064 | 198.9682806400 gold_199 | 198.96876528 | 198.9687652800 thallium_199 | 198.969877 | 198.9698770000 platinum_199 | 198.9705952 | 198.9705952000 lead_199 | 198.972913 | 198.9729130000 iridium_199 | 198.973805 | 198.9738050000 bismuth_199 | 198.977673 | 198.9776730000 osmium_199 | 198.97801 | 198.9780100000 polonium_199 | 198.983667 | 198.9836670000 astatine_199 | 198.9905277 | 198.9905277000 radon_199 | 198.99839 | 198.9983900000 francium_199 | 199.007259 | 199.0072590000 mercury_200 | 199.96832659 | 199.9683265900 gold_200 | 199.970756 | 199.9707560000 thallium_200 | 199.9709633 | 199.9709633000 platinum_200 | 199.971443 | 199.9714430000 lead_200 | 199.971819 | 199.9718190000 iridium_200 | 199.9768 | 199.9768000000 bismuth_200 | 199.978131 | 199.9781310000 osmium_200 | 199.97984 | 199.9798400000 polonium_200 | 199.981799 | 199.9817990000 astatine_200 | 199.990351 | 199.9903510000 radon_200 | 199.99569 | 199.9956900000 tenscore | 200 | ten score francium_200 | 200.006586 | 200.0065860000 mercury | 200.599167034556 | 0.00150000 mercury_196 + 0.09970000 mercury_198 + 0.16870000 mercury_199 + 0.23100000 mercury_200 + 0.13180000 mercury_201 + 0.29860000 mercury_202 + 0.06870000 mercury_204 mercury_201 | 200.97030284 | 200.9703028400 thallium_201 | 200.970822 | 200.9708220000 gold_201 | 200.9716575 | 200.9716575000 lead_201 | 200.972883 | 200.9728830000 platinum_201 | 200.974513 | 200.9745130000 bismuth_201 | 200.97701 | 200.9770100000 iridium_201 | 200.97864 | 200.9786400000 polonium_201 | 200.9822598 | 200.9822598000 osmium_201 | 200.98364 | 200.9836400000 astatine_201 | 200.9884171 | 200.9884171000 radon_201 | 200.995628 | 200.9956280000 francium_201 | 201.003867 | 201.0038670000 radium_201 | 201.01271 | 201.0127100000 mercury_202 | 201.9706434 | 201.9706434000 thallium_202 | 201.972102 | 201.9721020000 lead_202 | 201.972152 | 201.9721520000 gold_202 | 201.973856 | 201.9738560000 platinum_202 | 201.975639 | 201.9756390000 bismuth_202 | 201.977734 | 201.9777340000 polonium_202 | 201.980758 | 201.9807580000 iridium_202 | 201.98199 | 201.9819900000 osmium_202 | 201.98595 | 201.9859500000 astatine_202 | 201.98863 | 201.9886300000 radon_202 | 201.993264 | 201.9932640000 francium_202 | 202.00332 | 202.0033200000 radium_202 | 202.00976 | 202.0097600000 thallium_203 | 202.9723446 | 202.9723446000 mercury_203 | 202.9728728 | 202.9728728000 lead_203 | 202.9733911 | 202.9733911000 gold_203 | 202.9751544 | 202.9751544000 bismuth_203 | 202.976893 | 202.9768930000 platinum_203 | 202.97893 | 202.9789300000 polonium_203 | 202.9814161 | 202.9814161000 iridium_203 | 202.98423 | 202.9842300000 astatine_203 | 202.986943 | 202.9869430000 radon_203 | 202.993388 | 202.9933880000 francium_203 | 203.0009407 | 203.0009407000 radium_203 | 203.009304 | 203.0093040000 lead_204 | 203.973044 | 203.9730440000 mercury_204 | 203.97349398 | 203.9734939800 thallium_204 | 203.9738639 | 203.9738639000 gold_204 | 203.97783 | 203.9778300000 bismuth_204 | 203.9778361 | 203.9778361000 polonium_204 | 203.98031 | 203.9803100000 platinum_204 | 203.98076 | 203.9807600000 astatine_204 | 203.987251 | 203.9872510000 iridium_204 | 203.9896 | 203.9896000000 radon_204 | 203.99143 | 203.9914300000 francium_204 | 204.000652 | 204.0006520000 radium_204 | 204.006492 | 204.0064920000 thallium | 204.38341283936 | 0.29520000 thallium_203 + 0.70480000 thallium_205 thallium_205 | 204.9744278 | 204.9744278000 lead_205 | 204.9744822 | 204.9744822000 mercury_205 | 204.9760734 | 204.9760734000 bismuth_205 | 204.9773867 | 204.9773867000 gold_205 | 204.97985 | 204.9798500000 polonium_205 | 204.981203 | 204.9812030000 astatine_205 | 204.986076 | 204.9860760000 platinum_205 | 204.98608 | 204.9860800000 radon_205 | 204.991719 | 204.9917190000 francium_205 | 204.9985939 | 204.9985939000 radium_205 | 205.006268 | 205.0062680000 lead_206 | 205.9744657 | 205.9744657000 thallium_206 | 205.9761106 | 205.9761106000 mercury_206 | 205.977514 | 205.9775140000 bismuth_206 | 205.9784993 | 205.9784993000 polonium_206 | 205.980474 | 205.9804740000 gold_206 | 205.98474 | 205.9847400000 astatine_206 | 205.986657 | 205.9866570000 platinum_206 | 205.98966 | 205.9896600000 radon_206 | 205.990214 | 205.9902140000 francium_206 | 205.998666 | 205.9986660000 radium_206 | 206.003828 | 206.0038280000 actinium_206 | 206.014452 | 206.0144520000 lead_207 | 206.9758973 | 206.9758973000 thallium_207 | 206.9774197 | 206.9774197000 bismuth_207 | 206.978471 | 206.9784710000 polonium_207 | 206.9815938 | 206.9815938000 mercury_207 | 206.9823 | 206.9823000000 astatine_207 | 206.9858 | 206.9858000000 gold_207 | 206.9884 | 206.9884000000 radon_207 | 206.9907303 | 206.9907303000 francium_207 | 206.996946 | 206.9969460000 radium_207 | 207.003799 | 207.0037990000 actinium_207 | 207.011966 | 207.0119660000 lead | 207.216908063 | 0.01400000 lead_204 + 0.24100000 lead_206 + 0.22100000 lead_207 + 0.52400000 lead_208 lead_208 | 207.9766525 | 207.9766525000 bismuth_208 | 207.9797425 | 207.9797425000 polonium_208 | 207.9812461 | 207.9812461000 thallium_208 | 207.982019 | 207.9820190000 mercury_208 | 207.985759 | 207.9857590000 astatine_208 | 207.9866133 | 207.9866133000 radon_208 | 207.989635 | 207.9896350000 gold_208 | 207.99345 | 207.9934500000 francium_208 | 207.997138 | 207.9971380000 radium_208 | 208.001841 | 208.0018410000 actinium_208 | 208.01155 | 208.0115500000 thorium_208 | 208.0179 | 208.0179000000 bismuth | 208.9803991 | bismuth_209 bismuth_209 | 208.9803991 | 208.9803991000 lead_209 | 208.9810905 | 208.9810905000 polonium | 208.9824308 | polonium_209 polonium_209 | 208.9824308 | 208.9824308000 thallium_209 | 208.9853594 | 208.9853594000 astatine_209 | 208.9861702 | 208.9861702000 radon_209 | 208.990415 | 208.9904150000 mercury_209 | 208.99072 | 208.9907200000 francium_209 | 208.995955 | 208.9959550000 gold_209 | 208.99735 | 208.9973500000 radium_209 | 209.00199 | 209.0019900000 actinium_209 | 209.009495 | 209.0094950000 thorium_209 | 209.017753 | 209.0177530000 polonium_210 | 209.9828741 | 209.9828741000 bismuth_210 | 209.9841207 | 209.9841207000 lead_210 | 209.9841889 | 209.9841889000 astatine | 209.9871479 | astatine_210 astatine_210 | 209.9871479 | 209.9871479000 radon_210 | 209.9896891 | 209.9896891000 thallium_210 | 209.990074 | 209.9900740000 mercury_210 | 209.99424 | 209.9942400000 francium_210 | 209.996422 | 209.9964220000 radium_210 | 210.000494 | 210.0004940000 gold_210 | 210.0025 | 210.0025000000 actinium_210 | 210.009436 | 210.0094360000 thorium_210 | 210.015094 | 210.0150940000 polonium_211 | 210.9866536 | 210.9866536000 bismuth_211 | 210.9872697 | 210.9872697000 astatine_211 | 210.9874966 | 210.9874966000 lead_211 | 210.9887371 | 210.9887371000 radon_211 | 210.9906011 | 210.9906011000 thallium_211 | 210.993475 | 210.9934750000 francium_211 | 210.995556 | 210.9955560000 mercury_211 | 210.99933 | 210.9993300000 radium_211 | 211.0008932 | 211.0008932000 actinium_211 | 211.007732 | 211.0077320000 thorium_211 | 211.014929 | 211.0149290000 polonium_212 | 211.9888684 | 211.9888684000 radon_212 | 211.9907039 | 211.9907039000 astatine_212 | 211.9907377 | 211.9907377000 bismuth_212 | 211.991286 | 211.9912860000 lead_212 | 211.9918977 | 211.9918977000 francium_212 | 211.9962257 | 211.9962257000 thallium_212 | 211.99834 | 211.9983400000 radium_212 | 211.999787 | 211.9997870000 mercury_212 | 212.00296 | 212.0029600000 actinium_212 | 212.007813 | 212.0078130000 thorium_212 | 212.012988 | 212.0129880000 protactinium_212 | 212.023203 | 212.0232030000 polonium_213 | 212.9928576 | 212.9928576000 astatine_213 | 212.992937 | 212.9929370000 radon_213 | 212.9938831 | 212.9938831000 bismuth_213 | 212.9943851 | 212.9943851000 francium_213 | 212.996186 | 212.9961860000 lead_213 | 212.9965629 | 212.9965629000 radium_213 | 213.000384 | 213.0003840000 thallium_213 | 213.001915 | 213.0019150000 actinium_213 | 213.006609 | 213.0066090000 mercury_213 | 213.00823 | 213.0082300000 thorium_213 | 213.013009 | 213.0130090000 protactinium_213 | 213.021109 | 213.0211090000 polonium_214 | 213.9952017 | 213.9952017000 radon_214 | 213.995363 | 213.9953630000 astatine_214 | 213.9963721 | 213.9963721000 bismuth_214 | 213.998712 | 213.9987120000 francium_214 | 213.9989713 | 213.9989713000 lead_214 | 213.9998059 | 213.9998059000 radium_214 | 214.0000997 | 214.0000997000 actinium_214 | 214.006918 | 214.0069180000 thallium_214 | 214.00694 | 214.0069400000 thorium_214 | 214.0115 | 214.0115000000 mercury_214 | 214.012 | 214.0120000000 protactinium_214 | 214.020918 | 214.0209180000 astatine_215 | 214.9986528 | 214.9986528000 radon_215 | 214.9987459 | 214.9987459000 polonium_215 | 214.9994201 | 214.9994201000 francium_215 | 215.0003418 | 215.0003418000 bismuth_215 | 215.00177 | 215.0017700000 radium_215 | 215.0027204 | 215.0027204000 lead_215 | 215.00474 | 215.0047400000 actinium_215 | 215.006475 | 215.0064750000 thallium_215 | 215.01064 | 215.0106400000 thorium_215 | 215.0117248 | 215.0117248000 mercury_215 | 215.0174 | 215.0174000000 protactinium_215 | 215.019183 | 215.0191830000 radon_216 | 216.0002719 | 216.0002719000 polonium_216 | 216.0019152 | 216.0019152000 astatine_216 | 216.0024236 | 216.0024236000 francium_216 | 216.0031899 | 216.0031899000 radium_216 | 216.0035334 | 216.0035334000 bismuth_216 | 216.006306 | 216.0063060000 lead_216 | 216.00803 | 216.0080300000 actinium_216 | 216.008743 | 216.0087430000 thorium_216 | 216.011056 | 216.0110560000 thallium_216 | 216.0158 | 216.0158000000 protactinium_216 | 216.019109 | 216.0191090000 mercury_216 | 216.02132 | 216.0213200000 radon_217 | 217.003928 | 217.0039280000 francium_217 | 217.0046323 | 217.0046323000 astatine_217 | 217.0047192 | 217.0047192000 polonium_217 | 217.0063182 | 217.0063182000 radium_217 | 217.0063207 | 217.0063207000 actinium_217 | 217.009344 | 217.0093440000 bismuth_217 | 217.009372 | 217.0093720000 thorium_217 | 217.013117 | 217.0131170000 lead_217 | 217.01314 | 217.0131400000 protactinium_217 | 217.018325 | 217.0183250000 thallium_217 | 217.01966 | 217.0196600000 uranium_217 | 217.02466 | 217.0246600000 radon_218 | 218.0056016 | 218.0056016000 radium_218 | 218.007141 | 218.0071410000 francium_218 | 218.0075787 | 218.0075787000 astatine_218 | 218.008695 | 218.0086950000 polonium_218 | 218.0089735 | 218.0089735000 actinium_218 | 218.011642 | 218.0116420000 thorium_218 | 218.013276 | 218.0132760000 bismuth_218 | 218.014188 | 218.0141880000 lead_218 | 218.01659 | 218.0165900000 protactinium_218 | 218.020059 | 218.0200590000 uranium_218 | 218.023523 | 218.0235230000 thallium_218 | 218.02479 | 218.0247900000 francium_219 | 219.0092524 | 219.0092524000 radon_219 | 219.0094804 | 219.0094804000 radium_219 | 219.0100855 | 219.0100855000 astatine_219 | 219.0111618 | 219.0111618000 actinium_219 | 219.012421 | 219.0124210000 polonium_219 | 219.013614 | 219.0136140000 thorium_219 | 219.015537 | 219.0155370000 bismuth_219 | 219.01748 | 219.0174800000 protactinium_219 | 219.019904 | 219.0199040000 lead_219 | 219.02177 | 219.0217700000 uranium_219 | 219.024999 | 219.0249990000 neptunium_219 | 219.03143 | 219.0314300000 radium_220 | 220.0110259 | 220.0110259000 radon_220 | 220.0113941 | 220.0113941000 francium_220 | 220.0123277 | 220.0123277000 actinium_220 | 220.0147549 | 220.0147549000 astatine_220 | 220.015433 | 220.0154330000 thorium_220 | 220.015748 | 220.0157480000 polonium_220 | 220.016386 | 220.0163860000 protactinium_220 | 220.021705 | 220.0217050000 bismuth_220 | 220.02235 | 220.0223500000 uranium_220 | 220.02462 | 220.0246200000 lead_220 | 220.02541 | 220.0254100000 neptunium_220 | 220.03254 | 220.0325400000 radium_221 | 221.0139177 | 221.0139177000 francium_221 | 221.0142552 | 221.0142552000 radon_221 | 221.0155371 | 221.0155371000 actinium_221 | 221.015592 | 221.0155920000 astatine_221 | 221.018017 | 221.0180170000 thorium_221 | 221.018184 | 221.0181840000 polonium_221 | 221.021228 | 221.0212280000 protactinium_221 | 221.021875 | 221.0218750000 bismuth_221 | 221.02587 | 221.0258700000 uranium_221 | 221.02628 | 221.0262800000 neptunium_221 | 221.03204 | 221.0320400000 radium_222 | 222.0153748 | 222.0153748000 francium_222 | 222.017552 | 222.0175520000 radon | 222.0175782 | radon_222 radon_222 | 222.0175782 | 222.0175782000 actinium_222 | 222.0178442 | 222.0178442000 thorium_222 | 222.018469 | 222.0184690000 astatine_222 | 222.022494 | 222.0224940000 protactinium_222 | 222.023784 | 222.0237840000 polonium_222 | 222.02414 | 222.0241400000 uranium_222 | 222.026 | 222.0260000000 bismuth_222 | 222.03078 | 222.0307800000 neptunium_222 | 222.0333 | 222.0333000000 radium_223 | 223.0185023 | 223.0185023000 actinium_223 | 223.0191377 | 223.0191377000 francium | 223.019736 | francium_223 francium_223 | 223.019736 | 223.0197360000 thorium_223 | 223.0208119 | 223.0208119000 radon_223 | 223.0218893 | 223.0218893000 protactinium_223 | 223.023963 | 223.0239630000 astatine_223 | 223.025151 | 223.0251510000 uranium_223 | 223.027739 | 223.0277390000 polonium_223 | 223.02907 | 223.0290700000 neptunium_223 | 223.03285 | 223.0328500000 bismuth_223 | 223.0345 | 223.0345000000 radium_224 | 224.020212 | 224.0202120000 thorium_224 | 224.021464 | 224.0214640000 actinium_224 | 224.0217232 | 224.0217232000 francium_224 | 224.023398 | 224.0233980000 radon_224 | 224.024096 | 224.0240960000 protactinium_224 | 224.0256176 | 224.0256176000 uranium_224 | 224.027605 | 224.0276050000 astatine_224 | 224.029749 | 224.0297490000 polonium_224 | 224.03211 | 224.0321100000 neptunium_224 | 224.03422 | 224.0342200000 bismuth_224 | 224.03947 | 224.0394700000 actinium_225 | 225.02323 | 225.0232300000 radium_225 | 225.0236119 | 225.0236119000 thorium_225 | 225.0239514 | 225.0239514000 francium_225 | 225.025573 | 225.0255730000 protactinium_225 | 225.026131 | 225.0261310000 radon_225 | 225.028486 | 225.0284860000 uranium_225 | 225.029391 | 225.0293910000 astatine_225 | 225.03263 | 225.0326300000 neptunium_225 | 225.033911 | 225.0339110000 polonium_225 | 225.03707 | 225.0370700000 thorium_226 | 226.0249034 | 226.0249034000 radium | 226.0254103 | radium_226 radium_226 | 226.0254103 | 226.0254103000 actinium_226 | 226.0260984 | 226.0260984000 protactinium_226 | 226.027948 | 226.0279480000 uranium_226 | 226.029339 | 226.0293390000 francium_226 | 226.029566 | 226.0295660000 radon_226 | 226.030861 | 226.0308610000 neptunium_226 | 226.035188 | 226.0351880000 astatine_226 | 226.03716 | 226.0371600000 polonium_226 | 226.04031 | 226.0403100000 thorium_227 | 227.0277042 | 227.0277042000 actinium | 227.0277523 | actinium_227 actinium_227 | 227.0277523 | 227.0277523000 protactinium_227 | 227.0288054 | 227.0288054000 radium_227 | 227.0291783 | 227.0291783000 uranium_227 | 227.031157 | 227.0311570000 francium_227 | 227.031869 | 227.0318690000 neptunium_227 | 227.034957 | 227.0349570000 radon_227 | 227.035304 | 227.0353040000 astatine_227 | 227.04024 | 227.0402400000 polonium_227 | 227.04539 | 227.0453900000 thorium_228 | 228.0287413 | 228.0287413000 actinium_228 | 228.0310215 | 228.0310215000 protactinium_228 | 228.0310517 | 228.0310517000 radium_228 | 228.0310707 | 228.0310707000 uranium_228 | 228.031371 | 228.0313710000 francium_228 | 228.035823 | 228.0358230000 neptunium_228 | 228.036067 | 228.0360670000 radon_228 | 228.037835 | 228.0378350000 plutonium_228 | 228.038732 | 228.0387320000 astatine_228 | 228.04475 | 228.0447500000 thorium_229 | 229.0317627 | 229.0317627000 protactinium_229 | 229.0320972 | 229.0320972000 actinium_229 | 229.032956 | 229.0329560000 uranium_229 | 229.0335063 | 229.0335063000 radium_229 | 229.034942 | 229.0349420000 neptunium_229 | 229.036264 | 229.0362640000 francium_229 | 229.038298 | 229.0382980000 plutonium_229 | 229.040144 | 229.0401440000 radon_229 | 229.042257 | 229.0422570000 astatine_229 | 229.04812 | 229.0481200000 thorium_230 | 230.0331341 | 230.0331341000 uranium_230 | 230.0339401 | 230.0339401000 protactinium_230 | 230.034541 | 230.0345410000 actinium_230 | 230.036327 | 230.0363270000 radium_230 | 230.037055 | 230.0370550000 neptunium_230 | 230.037828 | 230.0378280000 plutonium_230 | 230.03965 | 230.0396500000 francium_230 | 230.042416 | 230.0424160000 radon_230 | 230.04514 | 230.0451400000 americium_230 | 230.04609 | 230.0460900000 protactinium | 231.0358842 | protactinium_231 protactinium_231 | 231.0358842 | 231.0358842000 uranium_231 | 231.0362939 | 231.0362939000 thorium_231 | 231.0363046 | 231.0363046000 neptunium_231 | 231.038245 | 231.0382450000 actinium_231 | 231.038393 | 231.0383930000 radium_231 | 231.041027 | 231.0410270000 plutonium_231 | 231.041102 | 231.0411020000 francium_231 | 231.045158 | 231.0451580000 americium_231 | 231.04556 | 231.0455600000 radon_231 | 231.04987 | 231.0498700000 uranium_232 | 232.0371563 | 232.0371563000 thorium | 232.0380558 | thorium_232 thorium_232 | 232.0380558 | 232.0380558000 protactinium_232 | 232.0385917 | 232.0385917000 neptunium_232 | 232.04011 | 232.0401100000 plutonium_232 | 232.041185 | 232.0411850000 actinium_232 | 232.042034 | 232.0420340000 radium_232 | 232.0434753 | 232.0434753000 americium_232 | 232.04645 | 232.0464500000 francium_232 | 232.04937 | 232.0493700000 curium_232 | 232.04982 | 232.0498200000 uranium_233 | 233.0396355 | 233.0396355000 protactinium_233 | 233.0402472 | 233.0402472000 neptunium_233 | 233.040741 | 233.0407410000 thorium_233 | 233.0415823 | 233.0415823000 plutonium_233 | 233.042998 | 233.0429980000 actinium_233 | 233.044346 | 233.0443460000 americium_233 | 233.04644 | 233.0464400000 radium_233 | 233.047582 | 233.0475820000 curium_233 | 233.05077 | 233.0507700000 francium_233 | 233.05264 | 233.0526400000 uranium_234 | 234.0409523 | 234.0409523000 neptunium_234 | 234.0428953 | 234.0428953000 protactinium_234 | 234.0433072 | 234.0433072000 plutonium_234 | 234.0433174 | 234.0433174000 thorium_234 | 234.0436014 | 234.0436014000 americium_234 | 234.04773 | 234.0477300000 actinium_234 | 234.048139 | 234.0481390000 curium_234 | 234.05016 | 234.0501600000 radium_234 | 234.050342 | 234.0503420000 berkelium_234 | 234.05727 | 234.0572700000 uranium_235 | 235.0439301 | 235.0439301000 neptunium_235 | 235.0440635 | 235.0440635000 plutonium_235 | 235.045286 | 235.0452860000 protactinium_235 | 235.045399 | 235.0453990000 thorium_235 | 235.047255 | 235.0472550000 americium_235 | 235.047908 | 235.0479080000 actinium_235 | 235.05084 | 235.0508400000 curium_235 | 235.05154 | 235.0515400000 radium_235 | 235.05497 | 235.0549700000 berkelium_235 | 235.05658 | 235.0565800000 uranium_236 | 236.0455682 | 236.0455682000 plutonium_236 | 236.0460581 | 236.0460581000 neptunium_236 | 236.04657 | 236.0465700000 protactinium_236 | 236.048668 | 236.0486680000 americium_236 | 236.04943 | 236.0494300000 thorium_236 | 236.049657 | 236.0496570000 curium_236 | 236.051374 | 236.0513740000 actinium_236 | 236.054988 | 236.0549880000 berkelium_236 | 236.05748 | 236.0574800000 neptunium | 237.0481736 | neptunium_237 neptunium_237 | 237.0481736 | 237.0481736000 plutonium_237 | 237.0484098 | 237.0484098000 uranium_237 | 237.0487304 | 237.0487304000 americium_237 | 237.049996 | 237.0499960000 protactinium_237 | 237.051023 | 237.0510230000 curium_237 | 237.052869 | 237.0528690000 thorium_237 | 237.053629 | 237.0536290000 berkelium_237 | 237.0571 | 237.0571000000 actinium_237 | 237.05827 | 237.0582700000 californium_237 | 237.062198 | 237.0621980000 uranium | 238.028910461657 | 0.00005400 uranium_234 + 0.00720400 uranium_235 + 0.99274200 uranium_238 plutonium_238 | 238.0495601 | 238.0495601000 uranium_238 | 238.0507884 | 238.0507884000 neptunium_238 | 238.0509466 | 238.0509466000 americium_238 | 238.051985 | 238.0519850000 curium_238 | 238.053081 | 238.0530810000 protactinium_238 | 238.054637 | 238.0546370000 thorium_238 | 238.0565 | 238.0565000000 berkelium_238 | 238.0582 | 238.0582000000 californium_238 | 238.06149 | 238.0614900000 plutonium_239 | 239.0521636 | 239.0521636000 neptunium_239 | 239.0529392 | 239.0529392000 americium_239 | 239.0530247 | 239.0530247000 uranium_239 | 239.0542935 | 239.0542935000 curium_239 | 239.05491 | 239.0549100000 protactinium_239 | 239.05726 | 239.0572600000 berkelium_239 | 239.05824 | 239.0582400000 thorium_239 | 239.06077 | 239.0607700000 californium_239 | 239.06253 | 239.0625300000 einsteinium_239 | 239.06823 | 239.0682300000 twelvescore | 240 | twelve score plutonium_240 | 240.0538138 | 240.0538138000 americium_240 | 240.0553 | 240.0553000000 curium_240 | 240.0555297 | 240.0555297000 neptunium_240 | 240.056165 | 240.0561650000 uranium_240 | 240.0565934 | 240.0565934000 berkelium_240 | 240.05976 | 240.0597600000 protactinium_240 | 240.06098 | 240.0609800000 californium_240 | 240.062256 | 240.0622560000 einsteinium_240 | 240.06892 | 240.0689200000 americium_241 | 241.0568293 | 241.0568293000 plutonium_241 | 241.0568517 | 241.0568517000 curium_241 | 241.0576532 | 241.0576532000 neptunium_241 | 241.058253 | 241.0582530000 berkelium_241 | 241.06016 | 241.0601600000 uranium_241 | 241.06033 | 241.0603300000 californium_241 | 241.06369 | 241.0636900000 protactinium_241 | 241.06408 | 241.0640800000 einsteinium_241 | 241.06856 | 241.0685600000 fermium_241 | 241.07421 | 241.0742100000 plutonium_242 | 242.0587428 | 242.0587428000 curium_242 | 242.058836 | 242.0588360000 americium_242 | 242.0595494 | 242.0595494000 neptunium_242 | 242.06164 | 242.0616400000 berkelium_242 | 242.06198 | 242.0619800000 uranium_242 | 242.06293 | 242.0629300000 californium_242 | 242.063754 | 242.0637540000 einsteinium_242 | 242.06957 | 242.0695700000 fermium_242 | 242.07343 | 242.0734300000 americium_243 | 243.0613813 | 243.0613813000 curium_243 | 243.0613893 | 243.0613893000 plutonium_243 | 243.0620036 | 243.0620036000 berkelium_243 | 243.0630078 | 243.0630078000 neptunium_243 | 243.06428 | 243.0642800000 californium_243 | 243.06548 | 243.0654800000 uranium_243 | 243.06699 | 243.0669900000 einsteinium_243 | 243.06951 | 243.0695100000 fermium_243 | 243.07446 | 243.0744600000 curium_244 | 244.0627528 | 244.0627528000 plutonium | 244.0642053 | plutonium_244 plutonium_244 | 244.0642053 | 244.0642053000 americium_244 | 244.0642851 | 244.0642851000 berkelium_244 | 244.065181 | 244.0651810000 californium_244 | 244.0660008 | 244.0660008000 neptunium_244 | 244.06785 | 244.0678500000 einsteinium_244 | 244.07088 | 244.0708800000 fermium_244 | 244.07404 | 244.0740400000 curium_245 | 245.0654915 | 245.0654915000 berkelium_245 | 245.0663618 | 245.0663618000 americium_245 | 245.0664548 | 245.0664548000 plutonium_245 | 245.067826 | 245.0678260000 californium_245 | 245.0680487 | 245.0680487000 neptunium_245 | 245.0708 | 245.0708000000 einsteinium_245 | 245.07125 | 245.0712500000 fermium_245 | 245.07535 | 245.0753500000 mendelevium_245 | 245.08081 | 245.0808100000 curium_246 | 246.0672238 | 246.0672238000 berkelium_246 | 246.068673 | 246.0686730000 californium_246 | 246.0688055 | 246.0688055000 americium_246 | 246.069775 | 246.0697750000 plutonium_246 | 246.070205 | 246.0702050000 einsteinium_246 | 246.0729 | 246.0729000000 fermium_246 | 246.07535 | 246.0753500000 mendelevium_246 | 246.08171 | 246.0817100000 berkelium_247 | 247.0703073 | 247.0703073000 curium_247 | 247.0703541 | 247.0703541000 californium_247 | 247.070965 | 247.0709650000 americium_247 | 247.07209 | 247.0720900000 einsteinium_247 | 247.073622 | 247.0736220000 plutonium_247 | 247.07419 | 247.0741900000 fermium_247 | 247.07694 | 247.0769400000 mendelevium_247 | 247.08152 | 247.0815200000 californium_248 | 248.0721851 | 248.0721851000 curium_248 | 248.0723499 | 248.0723499000 berkelium_248 | 248.073088 | 248.0730880000 einsteinium_248 | 248.075471 | 248.0754710000 americium_248 | 248.07575 | 248.0757500000 fermium_248 | 248.0771865 | 248.0771865000 mendelevium_248 | 248.08282 | 248.0828200000 nobelium_248 | 248.08655 | 248.0865500000 californium_249 | 249.0748539 | 249.0748539000 berkelium_249 | 249.0749877 | 249.0749877000 curium_249 | 249.0759548 | 249.0759548000 einsteinium_249 | 249.076411 | 249.0764110000 americium_249 | 249.07848 | 249.0784800000 fermium_249 | 249.0789275 | 249.0789275000 mendelevium_249 | 249.08291 | 249.0829100000 nobelium_249 | 249.0878 | 249.0878000000 californium_250 | 250.0764062 | 250.0764062000 berkelium_250 | 250.0783167 | 250.0783167000 curium_250 | 250.078358 | 250.0783580000 einsteinium_250 | 250.07861 | 250.0786100000 fermium_250 | 250.079521 | 250.0795210000 mendelevium_250 | 250.08441 | 250.0844100000 nobelium_250 | 250.08756 | 250.0875600000 californium_251 | 251.0795886 | 251.0795886000 einsteinium_251 | 251.0799936 | 251.0799936000 berkelium_251 | 251.080762 | 251.0807620000 fermium_251 | 251.08154 | 251.0815400000 curium_251 | 251.082286 | 251.0822860000 mendelevium_251 | 251.084774 | 251.0847740000 nobelium_251 | 251.08894 | 251.0889400000 lawrencium_251 | 251.09418 | 251.0941800000 californium_252 | 252.0816272 | 252.0816272000 fermium_252 | 252.0824671 | 252.0824671000 einsteinium_252 | 252.08298 | 252.0829800000 berkelium_252 | 252.08431 | 252.0843100000 curium_252 | 252.08487 | 252.0848700000 mendelevium_252 | 252.08643 | 252.0864300000 nobelium_252 | 252.088967 | 252.0889670000 lawrencium_252 | 252.09526 | 252.0952600000 einsteinium_253 | 253.0848257 | 253.0848257000 californium_253 | 253.0851345 | 253.0851345000 fermium_253 | 253.0851846 | 253.0851846000 berkelium_253 | 253.08688 | 253.0868800000 mendelevium_253 | 253.087144 | 253.0871440000 nobelium_253 | 253.0905641 | 253.0905641000 lawrencium_253 | 253.09509 | 253.0950900000 rutherfordium_253 | 253.10044 | 253.1004400000 fermium_254 | 254.0868544 | 254.0868544000 californium_254 | 254.087324 | 254.0873240000 einsteinium_254 | 254.0880222 | 254.0880222000 mendelevium_254 | 254.08959 | 254.0895900000 berkelium_254 | 254.0906 | 254.0906000000 nobelium_254 | 254.090956 | 254.0909560000 lawrencium_254 | 254.09648 | 254.0964800000 rutherfordium_254 | 254.10005 | 254.1000500000 fermium_255 | 255.089964 | 255.0899640000 einsteinium_255 | 255.090275 | 255.0902750000 californium_255 | 255.09105 | 255.0910500000 mendelevium_255 | 255.0910841 | 255.0910841000 nobelium_255 | 255.093191 | 255.0931910000 lawrencium_255 | 255.096562 | 255.0965620000 rutherfordium_255 | 255.10127 | 255.1012700000 dubnium_255 | 255.10707 | 255.1070700000 fermium_256 | 256.0917745 | 256.0917745000 californium_256 | 256.09344 | 256.0934400000 einsteinium_256 | 256.0936 | 256.0936000000 mendelevium_256 | 256.09389 | 256.0938900000 nobelium_256 | 256.0942829 | 256.0942829000 lawrencium_256 | 256.098494 | 256.0984940000 rutherfordium_256 | 256.101152 | 256.1011520000 dubnium_256 | 256.10789 | 256.1078900000 fermium_257 | 257.0951061 | 257.0951061000 mendelevium_257 | 257.0955424 | 257.0955424000 einsteinium_257 | 257.09598 | 257.0959800000 nobelium_257 | 257.0968878 | 257.0968878000 lawrencium_257 | 257.099418 | 257.0994180000 rutherfordium_257 | 257.102918 | 257.1029180000 dubnium_257 | 257.10758 | 257.1075800000 fermium_258 | 258.09708 | 258.0970800000 nobelium_258 | 258.09821 | 258.0982100000 mendelevium_258 | 258.0984315 | 258.0984315000 einsteinium_258 | 258.09952 | 258.0995200000 lawrencium_258 | 258.10176 | 258.1017600000 rutherfordium_258 | 258.103428 | 258.1034280000 dubnium_258 | 258.10928 | 258.1092800000 seaborgium_258 | 258.11298 | 258.1129800000 mendelevium_259 | 259.10051 | 259.1005100000 fermium_259 | 259.1006 | 259.1006000000 nobelium_259 | 259.10103 | 259.1010300000 lawrencium_259 | 259.102902 | 259.1029020000 rutherfordium_259 | 259.105596 | 259.1055960000 dubnium_259 | 259.109492 | 259.1094920000 seaborgium_259 | 259.1144 | 259.1144000000 nobelium_260 | 260.10264 | 260.1026400000 fermium_260 | 260.10281 | 260.1028100000 mendelevium_260 | 260.10365 | 260.1036500000 lawrencium_260 | 260.1055 | 260.1055000000 rutherfordium_260 | 260.10644 | 260.1064400000 dubnium_260 | 260.1113 | 260.1113000000 seaborgium_260 | 260.114384 | 260.1143840000 bohrium_260 | 260.12166 | 260.1216600000 nobelium_261 | 261.1057 | 261.1057000000 mendelevium_261 | 261.10583 | 261.1058300000 lawrencium_261 | 261.10688 | 261.1068800000 rutherfordium_261 | 261.108773 | 261.1087730000 dubnium_261 | 261.11192 | 261.1119200000 seaborgium_261 | 261.115949 | 261.1159490000 bohrium_261 | 261.12145 | 261.1214500000 nobelium_262 | 262.10746 | 262.1074600000 mendelevium_262 | 262.1091 | 262.1091000000 lawrencium_262 | 262.10961 | 262.1096100000 rutherfordium_262 | 262.10992 | 262.1099200000 dubnium_262 | 262.11407 | 262.1140700000 seaborgium_262 | 262.116337 | 262.1163370000 bohrium_262 | 262.12297 | 262.1229700000 nobelium_263 | 263.11071 | 263.1107100000 lawrencium_263 | 263.11136 | 263.1113600000 rutherfordium_263 | 263.11249 | 263.1124900000 dubnium_263 | 263.11499 | 263.1149900000 seaborgium_263 | 263.11829 | 263.1182900000 bohrium_263 | 263.12292 | 263.1229200000 hassium_263 | 263.12852 | 263.1285200000 nobelium_264 | 264.11273 | 264.1127300000 rutherfordium_264 | 264.11388 | 264.1138800000 lawrencium_264 | 264.1142 | 264.1142000000 dubnium_264 | 264.11741 | 264.1174100000 seaborgium_264 | 264.11893 | 264.1189300000 bohrium_264 | 264.12459 | 264.1245900000 hassium_264 | 264.128357 | 264.1283570000 lawrencium_265 | 265.11619 | 265.1161900000 rutherfordium_265 | 265.11668 | 265.1166800000 dubnium_265 | 265.11861 | 265.1186100000 seaborgium_265 | 265.12109 | 265.1210900000 bohrium_265 | 265.12491 | 265.1249100000 hassium_265 | 265.129793 | 265.1297930000 meitnerium_265 | 265.136 | 265.1360000000 rutherfordium_266 | 266.11817 | 266.1181700000 lawrencium_266 | 266.11983 | 266.1198300000 dubnium_266 | 266.12103 | 266.1210300000 seaborgium_266 | 266.12198 | 266.1219800000 bohrium_266 | 266.12679 | 266.1267900000 hassium_266 | 266.130046 | 266.1300460000 meitnerium_266 | 266.13737 | 266.1373700000 rutherfordium_267 | 267.12179 | 267.1217900000 dubnium_267 | 267.12247 | 267.1224700000 seaborgium_267 | 267.12436 | 267.1243600000 bohrium_267 | 267.1275 | 267.1275000000 hassium_267 | 267.13167 | 267.1316700000 meitnerium_267 | 267.13719 | 267.1371900000 darmstadtium_267 | 267.14377 | 267.1437700000 rutherfordium_268 | 268.12397 | 268.1239700000 seaborgium_268 | 268.12539 | 268.1253900000 dubnium_268 | 268.12567 | 268.1256700000 bohrium_268 | 268.12969 | 268.1296900000 hassium_268 | 268.13186 | 268.1318600000 meitnerium_268 | 268.13865 | 268.1386500000 darmstadtium_268 | 268.14348 | 268.1434800000 dubnium_269 | 269.12791 | 269.1279100000 seaborgium_269 | 269.12863 | 269.1286300000 bohrium_269 | 269.13042 | 269.1304200000 hassium_269 | 269.13375 | 269.1337500000 meitnerium_269 | 269.13882 | 269.1388200000 darmstadtium_269 | 269.144752 | 269.1447520000 seaborgium_270 | 270.13043 | 270.1304300000 dubnium_270 | 270.13136 | 270.1313600000 bohrium_270 | 270.13336 | 270.1333600000 hassium_270 | 270.13429 | 270.1342900000 meitnerium_270 | 270.14033 | 270.1403300000 darmstadtium_270 | 270.144584 | 270.1445840000 seaborgium_271 | 271.13393 | 271.1339300000 bohrium_271 | 271.13526 | 271.1352600000 hassium_271 | 271.13717 | 271.1371700000 meitnerium_271 | 271.14074 | 271.1407400000 darmstadtium_271 | 271.14595 | 271.1459500000 seaborgium_272 | 272.13589 | 272.1358900000 bohrium_272 | 272.13826 | 272.1382600000 hassium_272 | 272.1385 | 272.1385000000 meitnerium_272 | 272.14341 | 272.1434100000 darmstadtium_272 | 272.14602 | 272.1460200000 roentgenium_272 | 272.15327 | 272.1532700000 seaborgium_273 | 273.13958 | 273.1395800000 bohrium_273 | 273.14024 | 273.1402400000 hassium_273 | 273.14168 | 273.1416800000 meitnerium_273 | 273.1444 | 273.1444000000 darmstadtium_273 | 273.14856 | 273.1485600000 roentgenium_273 | 273.15313 | 273.1531300000 hassium_274 | 274.1433 | 274.1433000000 bohrium_274 | 274.14355 | 274.1435500000 meitnerium_274 | 274.14724 | 274.1472400000 darmstadtium_274 | 274.14941 | 274.1494100000 roentgenium_274 | 274.15525 | 274.1552500000 bohrium_275 | 275.14567 | 275.1456700000 hassium_275 | 275.14667 | 275.1466700000 meitnerium_275 | 275.14882 | 275.1488200000 darmstadtium_275 | 275.15203 | 275.1520300000 roentgenium_275 | 275.15594 | 275.1559400000 hassium_276 | 276.14846 | 276.1484600000 meitnerium_276 | 276.15159 | 276.1515900000 darmstadtium_276 | 276.15303 | 276.1530300000 roentgenium_276 | 276.15833 | 276.1583300000 copernicium_276 | 276.16141 | 276.1614100000 hassium_277 | 277.1519 | 277.1519000000 meitnerium_277 | 277.15327 | 277.1532700000 darmstadtium_277 | 277.15591 | 277.1559100000 roentgenium_277 | 277.15907 | 277.1590700000 copernicium_277 | 277.16364 | 277.1636400000 meitnerium_278 | 278.15631 | 278.1563100000 darmstadtium_278 | 278.15704 | 278.1570400000 roentgenium_278 | 278.16149 | 278.1614900000 copernicium_278 | 278.16416 | 278.1641600000 nihonium_278 | 278.17058 | 278.1705800000 meitnerium_279 | 279.15808 | 279.1580800000 darmstadtium_279 | 279.1601 | 279.1601000000 roentgenium_279 | 279.16272 | 279.1627200000 copernicium_279 | 279.16654 | 279.1665400000 nihonium_279 | 279.17095 | 279.1709500000 darmstadtium_280 | 280.16131 | 280.1613100000 roentgenium_280 | 280.16514 | 280.1651400000 copernicium_280 | 280.16715 | 280.1671500000 nihonium_280 | 280.17293 | 280.1729300000 darmstadtium_281 | 281.16451 | 281.1645100000 roentgenium_281 | 281.16636 | 281.1663600000 copernicium_281 | 281.16975 | 281.1697500000 nihonium_281 | 281.17348 | 281.1734800000 roentgenium_282 | 282.16912 | 282.1691200000 copernicium_282 | 282.1705 | 282.1705000000 nihonium_282 | 282.17567 | 282.1756700000 roentgenium_283 | 283.17054 | 283.1705400000 copernicium_283 | 283.17327 | 283.1732700000 nihonium_283 | 283.17657 | 283.1765700000 copernicium_284 | 284.17416 | 284.1741600000 nihonium_284 | 284.17873 | 284.1787300000 copernicium_285 | 285.17712 | 285.1771200000 nihonium_285 | 285.17973 | 285.1797300000 flerovium_285 | 285.18364 | 285.1836400000 nihonium_286 | 286.18221 | 286.1822100000 flerovium_286 | 286.18423 | 286.1842300000 nihonium_287 | 287.18339 | 287.1833900000 flerovium_287 | 287.18678 | 287.1867800000 moscovium_287 | 287.1907 | 287.1907000000 flerovium_288 | 288.18757 | 288.1875700000 moscovium_288 | 288.19274 | 288.1927400000 flerovium_289 | 289.19042 | 289.1904200000 moscovium_289 | 289.19363 | 289.1936300000 livermorium_289 | 289.19816 | 289.1981600000 moscovium_290 | 290.19598 | 290.1959800000 livermorium_290 | 290.19864 | 290.1986400000 moscovium_291 | 291.19707 | 291.1970700000 livermorium_291 | 291.20108 | 291.2010800000 tennessine_291 | 291.20553 | 291.2055300000 livermorium_292 | 292.20174 | 292.2017400000 tennessine_292 | 292.20746 | 292.2074600000 livermorium_293 | 293.20449 | 293.2044900000 tennessine_293 | 293.20824 | 293.2082400000 oganesson_293 | 293.21356 | 293.2135600000 tennessine_294 | 294.21046 | 294.2104600000 oganesson_294 | 294.21392 | 294.2139200000 oganesson_295 | 295.21624 | 295.2162400000 shortream | 480 | 480 ream | 500 | 500 perfectream | 516 | 516 bundle | 1000 | 2 reams thousand | 1000 | 1000 greatgross | 1728 | 12 gross bale | 5000 | 5 bundles lakh | 100000 | 1e5 million | 1000000 | 1e6 crore | 10000000 | 1e7 c_SI | 299792458 | 299792458 arab | 1000000000 | 1e9 billion | 1000000000 | shortbillion longmilliard | 1000000000 | milliard milliard | 1000000000 | 1000 million shortbillion | 1000000000 | 1e9 k_C_SI | 8987551786.13014 | alpha hbar_SI c_SI / e_SI^2 kharab | 100000000000 | 1e11 longbillion | 1000000000000 | million^2 shorttrillion | 1000000000000 | 1e12 trillion | 1000000000000 | shorttrillion neel | 10000000000000 | 1e13 billiard | 1e+15 | 1000 million^2 longbilliard | 1e+15 | billiard padm | 1e+15 | 1e15 quadrillion | 1e+15 | shortquadrillion shortquadrillion | 1e+15 | 1e15 shankh | 1e+17 | 1e17 longtrillion | 1e+18 | million^3 quintillion | 1e+18 | shortquintillion shortquintillion | 1e+18 | 1e18 longtrilliard | 1e+21 | trilliard sextillion | 1e+21 | shortsextillion shortsextillion | 1e+21 | 1e21 trilliard | 1e+21 | 1000 million^3 longquadrillion | 1e+24 | million^4 septillion | 1e+24 | shortseptillion shortseptillion | 1e+24 | 1e24 longquadrilliard | 1e+27 | quadrilliard octillion | 1e+27 | shortoctillion quadrilliard | 1e+27 | 1000 million^4 shortoctillion | 1e+27 | 1e27 longquintillion | 1e+30 | million^5 nonillion | 1e+30 | shortnonillion noventillion | 1e+30 | shortnoventillion shortnonillion | 1e+30 | 1e30 shortnoventillion | 1e+30 | shortnonillion decillion | 1e+33 | shortdecillion shortdecillion | 1e+33 | 1e33 longquintilliard | 1e+33 | quintilliard quintilliard | 1e+33 | 1000 million^5 longsextillion | 1e+36 | million^6 shortundecillion | 1e+36 | 1e36 undecillion | 1e+36 | shortundecillion duodecillion | 1e+39 | shortduodecillion shortduodecillion | 1e+39 | 1e39 longsextilliard | 1e+39 | sextilliard sextilliard | 1e+39 | 1000 million^6 longseptillion | 1e+42 | million^7 shorttredecillion | 1e+42 | 1e42 tredecillion | 1e+42 | shorttredecillion quattuordecillion | 1e+45 | shortquattuordecillion shortquattuordecillion | 1e+45 | 1e45 longseptilliard | 1e+45 | septilliard septilliard | 1e+45 | 1000 million^7 longoctillion | 1e+48 | million^8 quindecillion | 1e+48 | shortquindecillion shortquindecillion | 1e+48 | 1e48 longoctilliard | 1e+51 | octilliard octilliard | 1e+51 | 1000 million^8 sexdecillion | 1e+51 | shortsexdecillion shortsexdecillion | 1e+51 | 1e51 longnonillion | 1e+54 | million^9 longnoventillion | 1e+54 | longnonillion septendecillion | 1e+54 | shortseptendecillion shortseptendecillion | 1e+54 | 1e54 longnonilliard | 1e+57 | nonilliard longnoventilliard | 1e+57 | noventilliard nonilliard | 1e+57 | 1000 million^9 noventilliard | 1e+57 | nonilliard octodecillion | 1e+57 | shortoctodecillion shortoctodecillion | 1e+57 | 1e57 longdecillion | 1e+60 | million^10 novemdecillion | 1e+60 | shortnovemdecillion shortnovemdecillion | 1e+60 | 1e60 decilliard | 1e+63 | 1000 million^10 longdecilliard | 1e+63 | decilliard shortvigintillion | 1e+63 | 1e63 vigintillion | 1e+63 | shortvigintillion longundecillion | 1e+66 | million^11 longduodecillion | 1e+72 | million^12 longtredecillion | 1e+78 | million^13 longquattuordecillion | 1e+84 | million^14 longquindecillion | 1e+90 | million^15 longsexdecillion | 1e+96 | million^16 googol | 1e+100 | 1e100 longseptdecillion | 1e+102 | million^17 longoctodecillion | 1e+108 | million^18 longnovemdecillion | 1e+114 | million^19 longvigintillion | 1e+120 | million^20 centillion | 1e+303 | 1e303 INFORMATION | 125 mB | bit bit | 125 mB | 1|8 B nat | 180.33688011112 mB | (1/ln(2)) bits nyp | 250 mB | 2 bits ban | 415.24101186092 mB | hartley dit | 415.24101186092 mB | hartley hartley | 415.24101186092 mB | log2(10) bits nibble | 500 mB | nybble nybble | 500 mB | 4 bits B | 1 B | B byte | 1 B | B octet | 1 B | 8 bits ㎅ | 1 kB | kB meg | 1 MB | megabyte ㎆ | 1 MB | MB gig | 1 GB | gigabyte ㎇ | 1 GB | GB hefnercandle | 918 mcd | hefnerunit hefnerunit | 918 mcd | 0.9 candle LUMINOUS_FLUX | 1 cd | lumen LUMINOUS_INTENSITY | 1 cd | candela candela | 1 cd | cd cd | 1 cd | cd lm | 1 cd | lumen lumen | 1 cd | cd sr ㏅ | 1 cd | cd ㏐ | 1 cd | lm candle | 1.02 cd | 1.02 candela violle | 20.17 cd | 20.17 cd AMOUNT | 1 mol | mole mol | 1 mol | mol mole | 1 mol | mol ㏖ | 1 mol | mol N_A | 6.02214076e+23 mol^-1 | avogadro avogadro | 6.02214076e+23 mol^-1 | 6.02214076e23 / mol degF | 555.555555555556 mK | 5|9 * degC degR | 555.555555555556 mK | degrankine degfahrenheit | 555.555555555556 mK | 5|9 * degC degrankine | 555.555555555556 mK | degreesrankine degreerankine | 555.555555555556 mK | degF degreesrankine | 555.555555555556 mK | degF tempR | 555.555555555556 mK | degrankine temprankine | 555.555555555556 mK | degrankine °F | 555.555555555556 mK | degF °R | 555.555555555556 mK | degR ℉ | 555.555555555556 mK | degF K | 1 K | K TEMPERATURE | 1 K | kelvin TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE | 1 K | kelvin degC | 1 K | K degK | 1 K | K degcelsius | 1 K | K kelvin | 1 K | K tempK | 1 K | K thermalvolt | 1 K | K °C | 1 K | degC °K | 1 K | K ℃ | 1 K | degC K | 1 K | K degreaumur | 1.25 K | 10|8 * degC standardtemp | 273.15 K | 273.15 K stdtemp | 273.15 K | standardtemp stdatmT0 | 288.15 K | 288.15 K natural_temp | 11.6045181215501 kK | natural_energy / boltzmann atomictemperature | 315.775024803987 kK | atomicenergy / boltzmann plancktemperature_red | 28.2607552243842 QK | planckenergy_red / k T_P | 141.678416215734 QK | plancktemperature plancktemperature | 141.678416215734 QK | planckenergy / k mired | 1000000 K^-1 | / microK ㎀ | 1 pA | pA hlu_current | 94.0966939846457 pA | hlu_charge / sec stA | 333.564095221126 pA | statampere statA | 333.564095221126 pA | statampere statamp | 333.564095221126 pA | statampere statampere | 333.564095221126 pA | statcoulomb / s ㎁ | 1 nA | nA ㎂ | 1 µA | µA natural_current | 803.816709166379 µA | natural_charge / natural_time ㎃ | 1 mA | mA atomiccurrent | 6.62361823750822 mA | atomiccharge / atomictime Gb | 795.774715569095 mA | gilbert Gi | 795.774715569095 mA | gilbert gilbert | 795.774715569095 mA | gauss cm / mu0 intamp | 999.835 mA | intampere intampere | 999.835 mA | 0.999835 A A | 1 A | A CURRENT | 1 A | ampere amp | 1 A | ampere ampere | 1 A | A galvat | 1 A | ampere ampere90 | 1.00000008887144 A | (K_J90 R_K90 / K_J R_K) A Bi | 10 A | biot abA | 10 A | abampere abamp | 10 A | abampere abampere | 10 A | 10 A biot | 10 A | abampere ㎄ | 1 kA | kA planckcurrent_red | 1.95755368944063 YA | planckcharge_red / plancktime_red planckcurrent | 9.81371885412024 YA | planckcharge / plancktime plancktime | 5.3912464483136e-44 s | hbar / planckenergy t_P | 5.3912464483136e-44 s | plancktime plancktime_red | 2.70277015656937e-43 s | hbar / planckenergy_red atomictime | 24.1888432658633 as | atomicaction / atomicenergy natural_time | 658.211956950907 as | natural_action / natural_energy svedberg | 100 fs | 1e-13 s ㎰ | 1 ps | ps ㎱ | 1 ns | ns shake | 10 ns | 1e-8 sec ㎲ | 1 µs | µs ㎳ | 1 ms | ms jiffies | 10 ms | jiffy jiffy | 10 ms | 0.01 sec timeatom | 159.574468085106 ms | 1|47 timeounce Tim | 173.611111111111 ms | 12^-4 hour blink | 864 ms | 1e-5 day decimalsecond | 864 ms | 1|100 decimalminute siderealsecond | 997.269566435185 ms | 1|60 siderealminute TIME | 1 s | second s | 1 s | s sec | 1 s | s second | 1 s | s timeounce | 7.5 s | 1|8 timeostent siderealminute | 59.8361739861111 s | 1|60 siderealhour min | 60 s | minute minute | 60 s | 60 s timeostent | 60 s | 1|60 hour beat | 86.4 s | decimalminute decimalminute | 86.4 s | 1|100 decimalhour timeminute | 360 s | 1|10 hour timepoint | 720 s | 1|5 hour ce | 864 s | 1e-2 day bell | 1.8 ks | 1|8 watch lunour | 3.54367055555555 ks | 1|24 lune siderealhour | 3.59017043916667 ks | 1|24 siderealday hour | 3.6 ks | 60 min hr | 3.6 ks | hour decimalhour | 8.64 ks | 1|10 day watch | 14.4 ks | 4 hours jupiterday | 35.73 ks | jupiterday_sidereal jupiterday_sidereal | 35.73 ks | 9.9250 hr jupiterday_solar | 35.73324 ks | 9.9259 hr saturnday | 38.3616 ks | saturnday_sidereal saturnday_sidereal | 38.3616 ks | 10.656 hr saturnday_solar | 38.3616 ks | 10.656 hr neptuneday | 57.996 ks | neptuneday_sidereal neptuneday_sidereal | 57.996 ks | 16.11 hr neptuneday_solar | 57.996 ks | 16.11 hr uranusday | 62.064 ks | uranusday_sidereal uranusday_sidereal | 62.064 ks | 17.24 hr uranusday_solar | 62.064 ks | 17.24 hr lune | 85.0480933333333 ks | 1|30 lunation earthday | 86.16409054 ks | earthday_sidereal earthday_sidereal | 86.16409054 ks | siderealday siderealday | 86.16409054 ks | 86164.09054 s d | 86.4 ks | day da | 86.4 ks | day day | 86.4 ks | 24 hr earthday_solar | 86.4 ks | 24 hr solarday | 86.4 ks | day ㍲ | 86.4 ks | da marsday | 88.64244 ks | marsday_sidereal marsday_sidereal | 88.64244 ks | 24.6229 hr marsday_solar | 88.77492 ks | 24.6597 hr plutoday_solar | 551.8152 ks | 153.2820 hr plutoday | 551.85408 ks | plutoday_sidereal plutoday_sidereal | 551.85408 ks | 153.2928 hr sennight | 604.8 ks | 7 day week | 604.8 ks | 7 day wk | 604.8 ks | week fortnight | 1.2096 Ms | 14 day draconicmonth | 2.35113579936 Ms | nodicalmonth draconiticmonth | 2.35113579936 Ms | nodicalmonth nodicalmonth | 2.35113579936 Ms | 27.2122199 day siderealmonth | 2.3605915104 Ms | 27.321661 day anomalisticmonth | 2.380713100128 Ms | 27.55454977 day islamicmonth | 2.5488 Ms | 1|12 islamicyear lunarmonth | 2.5514428 Ms | 29 days + 12 hours + 44 minutes + 2.8 seconds lunation | 2.5514428 Ms | synodicmonth synodicmonth | 2.5514428 Ms | lunarmonth mo | 2.6297438312232 Ms | month month | 2.6297438312232 Ms | 1|12 year mercuryday | 5.06736 Ms | mercuryday_sidereal mercuryday_sidereal | 5.06736 Ms | 1407.6 hr mercuryyear | 7.6005216 Ms | 87.969 day venusday_solar | 10.0872 Ms | 2802.0 hr mercuryday_solar | 15.20136 Ms | 4222.6 hr venusyear | 19.4141664 Ms | 224.701 day venusday | 20.99736 Ms | venusday_sidereal venusday_sidereal | 20.99736 Ms | 5832.6 hr eclipseyear | 29.947968 Ms | 346.62 days islamicyear | 30.5856 Ms | 354 day lunaryear | 30.6173136 Ms | 12 lunarmonth islamicleapyear | 30.672 Ms | 355 day calendaryear | 31.536 Ms | 365 day commonyear | 31.536 Ms | 365 day solaryear | 31.5569259746784 Ms | year tropicalyear | 31.5569259746784 Ms | 365.242198781 day year | 31.5569259746784 Ms | tropicalyear yr | 31.5569259746784 Ms | year gregorianyear | 31.556952 Ms | 365.2425 days julianyear | 31.5576 Ms | 365.25 days earthyear | 31.5581495400288 Ms | siderealyear siderealyear | 31.5581495400288 Ms | 365.256360417 day gaussianyear | 31.5581960153947 Ms | (2 pi / gauss_k) days anomalisticyear | 31.55842944 Ms | 365.2596 days leapyear | 31.6224 Ms | 366 day marsyear | 59.355072 Ms | 686.980 day lustrum | 157.784629873392 Ms | 5 years decade | 315.569259746784 Ms | 10 years jupiteryear | 374.3356896 Ms | 4332.589 day saros | 568.9717444 Ms | 223 synodicmonth saturnyear | 929.596608 Ms | 10759.22 day uranusyear | 2.65121856 Gsec | 30685.4 day century | 3.15569259746784 Gsec | 100 years neptuneyear | 5.2003296 Gsec | 60189 day plutoyear | 7.824384 Gsec | 90560 day millennia | 31.5569259746784 Gsec | millennium millennium | 31.5569259746784 Gsec | 1000 years cron | 31.5569259746784 Ts | 1e6 years LUMINOUS_ENERGY | 1 s*cd | talbot lumberg | 1 s*cd | talbot lumerg | 1 s*cd | talbot talbot | 1 s*cd | lumen s atomiccharge | 160.2176634 zC | e e | 160.2176634 zC | 1.602176634e-19 A s natural_charge | 529.08176917024 zC | e / sqrt(4 pi alpha) planckcharge | 529.08176917024 zC | sqrt(epsilon0 hbar c) planckcharge_red | 529.08176917024 zC | sqrt(epsilon0 hbar c) hlu_charge | 94.0966939846457 pC | statcoulomb / sqrt(4 pi) Fr | 333.564095221126 pC | franklin esu | 333.564095221126 pC | statcoulomb franklin | 333.564095221126 pC | statcoulomb stC | 333.564095221126 pC | statcoulomb statC | 333.564095221126 pC | statcoulomb statcoul | 333.564095221126 pC | statcoulomb statcoulomb | 333.564095221126 pC | sqrt(dyne cm^2/k_C) C | 1 C | coulomb CHARGE | 1 C | coulomb D_FLUX | 1 C | D_FIELD AREA coul | 1 C | C coulomb | 1 C | A s coulomb90 | 1.00000008887144 C | (K_J90 R_K90 / K_J R_K) C abC | 10 C | abcoulomb abcoul | 10 C | abcoulomb abcoulomb | 10 C | abamp sec Ah | 3.6 kC | amp hour faraday | 96.48533212331 kC | N_A e mol faraday_chem | 96.4957 kC | 96495.7 C faraday_phys | 96.5219 kC | 96521.9 C faradayconst | 96485.33212331 s*A/mol | N_A e eotvos | 1e-09 s^-2 | 1e-9 Gal/cm H0 | 2.26854550262883 aHz | hubble H₀ | 2.26854550262883 aHz | H0 hubble | 2.26854550262883 aHz | 70 km/s/Mpc FIT | 277.777777777778 fHz | / 1e9 hour rpm | 104.71975511966 mHz | rev/min Bq | 1 Hz | becquerel FREQUENCY | 1 Hz | hertz Hz | 1 Hz | hertz becquerel | 1 Hz | event /s hertz | 1 Hz | /s hz | 1 Hz | Hz pulsatance | 1 Hz | radian / sec ㎐ | 1 Hz | Hz ㏃ | 1 Hz | Bq rps | 6.28318530717959 Hz | rev/sec K_apex1961 | 11.4 Hz | 11.4 (cd/m2) / lx s K_apex1971 | 12.5 Hz | 12.5 (cd/m2) / lx s K_lum | 12.5 Hz | K_apex1971 k1250 | 12.5 Hz | 12.5 (cd/m2) / lx s k1400 | 14 Hz | 14 (cd/m2) / lx s C_apex1961 | 224 Hz | 224 lx / lx s C_illum | 224 Hz | C_apex1961 c250 | 250 Hz | 250 lx / lx s C_apex1971 | 322 Hz | 322 lx / lx s ㎑ | 1 kHz | kHz rutherford | 1 MHz | 1e6 Bq ㎒ | 1 MHz | MHz ㎓ | 1 GHz | GHz nu_133Cs | 9.19263177 GHz | 9192631770 Hz ν_133Cs | 9.19263177 GHz | nu_133Cs Ci | 37 GHz | curie curie | 37 GHz | 3.7e10 Bq fresnel | 1 THz | 1e12 Hz ㎔ | 1 THz | THz bps | 125 mB/s | bit/sec cdromspeed | 153.6 kB/s | 75 2048 bytes / sec cdaudiospeed | 176.4 kB/s | 44.1 kHz 2*16 bits dvdspeed | 1.385 MB/s | 1385 kB/s kat | 1 kat | katal katal | 1 kat | mol/sec wienfrequencydisplacement | 58789257576.4683 s^-1*K^-1 | 2.8214393721220788934 k/h natural_mass | 1.7826619216279e-36 kg | natural_energy / c^2 atomicmass | 910.938371392308 qg | electronmass electronmass | 910.938371392308 qg | 5.485799090441e-4 u m_e | 910.938371392308 qg | electronmass m_mu | 188.353162670474 rg | muonmass muonmass | 188.353162670474 rg | 0.1134289257 u amu_phys | 1.65981 yg | 1.65981e-27 kg amu_chem | 1.66026 yg | 1.66026e-27 kg Da | 1.66053906892 yg | dalton amu | 1.66053906892 yg | atomicmassunit atomicmassunit | 1.66053906892 yg | 1.66053906892e-27 kg dalton | 1.66053906892 yg | u u | 1.66053906892 yg | atomicmassunit m_p | 1.67262192595795 yg | protonmass protonmass | 1.67262192595795 yg | 1.0072764665789 u m_n | 1.67492750056654 yg | neutronmass neutronmass | 1.67492750056654 yg | 1.00866491606 u m_tau | 3.16754469552766 yg | taumass taumass | 3.16754469552766 yg | 1.90754 u deuteronmass | 3.34358377677869 yg | 2.013553212544 u m_d | 3.34358377677869 yg | deuteronmass helionmass | 5.00641278617735 yg | 3.014932246932 u m_h | 5.00641278617735 yg | helionmass m_t | 5.00735675122442 yg | tritonmass tritonmass | 5.00735675122442 yg | 3.01550071597 u alphaparticlemass | 6.6446573449685 yg | 4.001506179129 u m_alpha | 6.6446573449685 yg | alphaparticlemass blanc | 281.245269097222 ng | 1|24 periot iupenicillin | 600 ng | 0.6 microgram gamma | 1 µg | microgram mcg | 1 µg | microgram ㎍ | 1 µg | µg planckmass_red | 4.34135839913936 µg | sqrt(hbar c / 8 pi G) periot | 6.74988645833333 µg | 1|20 droit m_P | 21.764343427179 µg | planckmass planckmass | 21.764343427179 µg | sqrt(hbar c / G) iuinsulin | 41.67 µg | 41.67 microgram iudiptheria | 62.8 µg | 62.8 microgram droit | 134.997729166667 µg | 1|24 mite ㎎ | 1 mg | mg jewelerspoint | 2 mg | 1|100 carat mite | 3.2399455 mg | 1|20 grain rin_weight | 37.5 mg | 1|10 bu_weight towergrain | 45.56173359375 mg | 1|32 towerpennyweight metricgrain | 50 mg | 50 mg frenchgrain | 53.1147837033221 mg | 1|18827.15 kg gr | 64.79891 mg | grain grain | 64.79891 mg | 1|7000 pound crith | 89.885 mg | 0.089885 gram silverkirat | 182.246934375 mg | 1|16 silverdirhem tradekirat | 194.39673 mg | 1|16 tradedirhem carat | 200 mg | metriccarat ct | 200 mg | carat metriccarat | 200 mg | 0.2 gram englishcarat | 205.303477227723 mg | troyounce/151.5 bu_weight | 375 mg | 1|10 monme fun | 375 mg | 1|10 monme paperM | 453.59237 mg | lb / 1000 romanobol | 568.340439791667 mg | 1|2 scrupula atticobol | 728.9877375 mg | 1|6 atticdrachmae g | 1 g | gram gm | 1 g | gram gram | 1 g | millikg gramme | 1 g | gram aeginaobol | 1.03678256 g | 1|6 aeginadrachmae scriptulum | 1.13668087958333 g | 1|24 uncia scrupula | 1.13668087958333 g | scriptulum apscruple | 1.2959782 g | 1|3 apdram scruple | 1.2959782 g | apscruple ℈ | 1.2959782 g | scruple mercpennyweight | 1.457975475 g | 1|20 mercounce towerpennyweight | 1.457975475 g | 1|20 towerounce dwt | 1.55517384 g | pennyweight pennyweight | 1.55517384 g | 1|20 troyounce dr | 1.7718451953125 g | dram dram | 1.7718451953125 g | 1|16 ounce ʒ | 1.7718451953125 g | dram trondrop | 1.9277675725 g | 1|16 tronounce semisextula | 2.27336175916667 g | 1|12 uncia USpennyweight | 2.5 g | 2.5 grams silverdirhem | 2.91595095 g | 45 grain tradedirhem | 3.11034768 g | 48 grain momme | 3.75 g | 3.75 grams monme | 3.75 g | momme taiqian | 3.75 g | monme 台錢 | 3.75 g | taiqian mace | 3.77993641666667 g | 0.1 tael apdram | 3.8879346 g | 1|8 apounce zolotnik | 4.26580395833333 g | 1|96 funt atticdrachmae | 4.373926425 g | 1|2 atticstater sextula | 4.54672351833333 g | 1|6 uncia USnickelweight | 5 g | 5 grams aeginadrachmae | 6.22069536 g | 1|2 aeginastater siscilius | 6.8200852775 g | 1|4 uncia USdollarweight | 8.1 g | 8.1 grams atticstater | 8.74785285 g | 135 grain tola | 11.6638038 g | 1|5 chittak aeginastater | 12.44139072 g | 192 grain semuncia | 13.640170555 g | 1|2 uncia eggyolk | 18.6 g | 18.6 grams metricounce | 25 g | 25 g mounce | 25 g | metricounce romanounce | 27.28034111 g | uncia uncia | 27.28034111 g | 1|12 libra unciae | 27.28034111 g | uncia lid | 28.349523125 g | 1 oz ounce | 28.349523125 g | 1|16 pound oz | 28.349523125 g | ounce ℥ | 28.349523125 g | ounce silverwukiyeh | 29.1595095 g | 10 silverdirhem mercounce | 29.1595095 g | 1|15 mercpound towerounce | 29.1595095 g | 1|12 towerpound assayton | 29.1666666666667 g | mg ton / troyounce usassayton | 29.1666666666667 g | mg uston / troyounce eggwhite | 30 g | 30 grams tronounce | 30.84428116 g | 1|20 tronpound apounce | 31.1034768 g | troyounce fineounce | 31.1034768 g | troyounce ozt | 31.1034768 g | troyounce tradewukiyeh | 31.1034768 g | 10 tradedirhem troyounce | 31.1034768 g | 1|12 troypound brassayton | 32.6666666666667 g | mg brton / troyounce tailiang | 37.5 g | 10 monme 台兩 | 37.5 g | tailiang tael | 37.7993641666667 g | 1|16 oldcatty sescuncia | 40.920511665 g | 1.5 uncia egg | 50 g | 50 grams sextans | 54.56068222 g | 2 uncia mancus | 56.69904625 g | 2 oz chittak | 58.319019 g | 1|16 seer quadrans | 81.84102333 g | 3 uncia etti | 100 g | etto etto | 100 g | 100 g liang | 103.948251458333 g | 11|3 oz triens | 109.12136444 g | 4 uncia stickbutter | 113.3980925 g | 1|4 lb quincunx | 136.40170555 g | 5 uncia semis | 163.68204666 g | 6 uncia seprunx | 190.96238777 g | 7 uncia bes | 218.24272888 g | 8 uncia dodrans | 245.52306999 g | 9 uncia dextans | 272.8034111 g | 10 uncia romanaspound | 272.8034111 g | 4210 grain deunx | 300.08375221 g | 11 uncia libra | 327.36409332 g | 5052 grain librae | 327.36409332 g | libra romanpound | 327.36409332 g | libra arabicsilverpound | 349.914114 g | silverrotl silverrotl | 349.914114 g | 12 silverwukiyeh towerpound | 349.914114 g | 5400 grain appound | 373.2417216 g | troypound arabictradepound | 373.2417216 g | traderotl traderotl | 373.2417216 g | 12 tradewukiyeh troypound | 373.2417216 g | 5760 grain funt | 409.51718 g | 409.51718 grams mercpound | 437.3926425 g | 6750 grain atticmina | 437.3926425 g | 50 atticstaters lb | 453.59237 g | pound lbm | 453.59237 g | lb pound | 453.59237 g | 0.45359237 kg ℔ | 453.59237 g | lb frenchpound | 489.505846609816 g | 9216 frenchgrain catty | 500 g | 0.5 kg pfund | 500 g | 500 g kin | 600 g | 160 monme taijin | 600 g | kin 台斤 | 600 g | taijin oldcatty | 604.789826666667 g | 4|3 lbs tronpound | 616.8856232 g | 9520 grain aeginamina | 622.069536 g | 50 aeginastaters seer | 933.104304 g | 14400 grain ser | 933.104304 g | seer glug | 980.665 g | gram force s^2 / cm MASS | 1 kg | kilogram key | 1 kg | kg kg | 1 kg | kg kilogram | 1 kg | kg pakistanseer | 1 kg | 1 kg ㎏ | 1 kg | kg mast | 1.133980925 kg | 2.5 lb clove | 3.17514659 kg | 7 lb woolclove | 3.17514659 kg | 7 lb kan | 3.75 kg | 1000 monme kwan | 3.75 kg | kan leadstone | 5.669904625 kg | 12.5 lb stone | 6.35029318 kg | 14 lb woolstone | 6.35029318 kg | 2 woolclove hyl | 9.80665 kg | kgf s^2 / m tronstone | 9.8701699712 kg | 16 tronpound brquarterweight | 12.70058636 kg | 1|4 brhundredweight tod | 12.70058636 kg | 28 lb wooltod | 12.70058636 kg | 2 woolstone oatbushel | 14.51495584 kg | 32 lb geepound | 14.5939029372064 kg | slug slug | 14.5939029372064 kg | lbf s^2 / ft canada_oatbushel | 15.42214058 kg | 34 lb pood | 16.3806872 kg | 40 funt ricebushel | 20.41165665 kg | 45 lb barleybushel | 21.77243376 kg | 48 lb cornbushel | 25.40117272 kg | 56 lb oldhaytruss | 25.40117272 kg | 56 lb ryebushel | 25.40117272 kg | 56 lb Maz | 25.8234917881283 kg | Volm kg / oldliter Mz | 25.8234917881283 kg | Maz attictalent | 26.24355855 kg | 60 atticmina newhaytruss | 27.2155422 kg | 60 lb soybeanbushel | 27.2155422 kg | 60 lb wheatbushel | 27.2155422 kg | 60 lb fotmal | 31.7514659 kg | 70 lb aeginatalent | 37.32417216 kg | 60 aeginamina maund | 37.32417216 kg | 40 seer pakistanmaund | 40 kg | 40 pakistanseer cental | 45.359237 kg | 100 pound centner | 45.359237 kg | cental cwt | 45.359237 kg | hundredweight hundredweight | 45.359237 kg | ushundredweight nailkeg | 45.359237 kg | 100 lbs shorthundredweight | 45.359237 kg | ushundredweight ushundredweight | 45.359237 kg | 100 pounds picul | 50 kg | 100 catty zentner | 50 kg | 50 kg brhundredweight | 50.80234544 kg | 8 stone longhundredweight | 50.80234544 kg | brhundredweight oldpicul | 60.4789826666667 kg | 100 oldcatty leadwey | 79.37866475 kg | 14 leadstone woolwey | 82.55381134 kg | 13 woolstone doppelzentner | 100 kg | 2 zentner quintal | 100 kg | 100 kg woolsack | 165.10762268 kg | 2 woolwey slinch | 175.126835246476 kg | lbf s^2 / inch quarter | 226.796185 kg | quarterweight quarterweight | 226.796185 kg | 1|4 uston shortquarter | 226.796185 kg | shortquarterweight shortquarterweight | 226.796185 kg | 1|4 shortton woolsarpler | 330.21524536 kg | 2 woolsack shortton | 907.18474 kg | 2000 lb ton | 907.18474 kg | uston uston | 907.18474 kg | shortton oldhayload | 914.44221792 kg | 36 oldhaytruss fothers | 952.543977 kg | 12 leadwey newhayload | 979.7595192 kg | 36 newhaytruss metricton | 1 Mg | tonne t | 1 Mg | tonne tonne | 1 Mg | 1000 kg brton | 1.0160469088 Mg | longton longton | 1.0160469088 Mg | 20 brhundredweight woollast | 1.98129147216 Mg | 6 woolsarpler ㏏ | 1 Gg | kt vestamass | 259.027088983114 Zg | 17.288245 km^3 / s^2 G ceresmass | 938.359078854711 Zg | 62.62890 km^3 / s^2 G plutomass | 14.6157649491332 Yg | 975.500000 km^3 / s^2 G moonmass | 73.4578924831068 Yg | 4902.800118 km^3 / s^2 G mercurymass | 330.100063692073 Yg | 22031.868551 km^3 / s^2 G marsmass | 641.690901158174 Yg | 42828.375816 km^3 / s^2 G venusmass | 4.86730581484201 Rg | 324858.592000 km^3 / s^2 G earthmass | 5.97216839978724 Rg | 398600.435507 km^3 / s^2 G earthmoonmass | 6.04562629227035 Rg | earthmass+moonmass uranusmass | 86.8189383156286 Rg | 5794556.400000 km^3 / s^2 G neptunemass | 102.430623444856 Rg | 6836527.100580 km^3 / s^2 G saturnmass | 568.457888344845 Rg | 37940584.841800 km^3 / s^2 G jupitermass | 1.8985176587807 Qg | 126712764.100000 km^3 / s^2 G solarmass | 1.98840987131653e+30 kg | GMsun/G sunmass | 1.98840987131653e+30 kg | solarmass molarmassconstant | 1.00000000105156 g/mol | N_A u pyron | 697.8 kg/s^3 | cal_IT / cm^2 min TSI | 1.36116369462235 Mg/s^3 | solarirradiance solarconstant | 1.36116369462235 Mg/s^3 | solarirradiance solarirradiance | 1.36116369462235 Mg/s^3 | solarluminosity / (4 pi sundist^2) finsenunit | 100 Mg/s^3 | 1e5 W/m^2 sigma | 56.7037441918443 µg/s^3*K^4 | stefanboltzmann stefanboltzmann | 56.7037441918443 µg/s^3*K^4 | pi^2 k^4 / 60 hbar^3 c^2 σ | 56.7037441918443 µg/s^3*K^4 | sigma THERMAL_ADMITTANCE | 1 kg/s^3*K | THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY / LENGTH europeanUvalue | 1 kg/s^3*K | watt / m^2 K Uvalue | 5.67826334111349 kg/s^3*K | 1/Rvalue Jy | 10 yg/s^2 | jansky fluxunit | 10 yg/s^2 | 1e-26 W/m^2 Hz jansky | 10 yg/s^2 | fluxunit langley | 41.84 Mg/s^2 | thermcalorie/cm^2 Gs | 100 µT | gauss gauss | 100 µT | maxwell / cm^2 hlu_bfield | 354.490770181103 µT | sqrt(4 pi) gauss natural_Bfield | 5.11894452978321 mT | natural_Efield / c B_FIELD | 1 T | tesla T | 1 T | tesla tesla | 1 T | Wb/m^2 atomicBfield | 235.051757077755 kT | atomicEfield / atomicvelocity stT | 2.99792457979352 MT | stattesla statT | 2.99792457979352 MT | stattesla stattesla | 2.99792457979352 MT | statWb/cm^2 planckBfield_red | 3.03594380356763e+52 T | planckEfield_red /c planckBfield | 7.63015899999962e+53 T | planckEfield / c mechanicalohm | 1 g/s | dyn s / cm mobileohm | 1 ks/kg | cm / dyn s roentgen | 0.000258 s*A/kg | 2.58e-4 C / kg rontgen | 0.000258 s*A/kg | roentgen röntgen | 0.000258 s*A/kg | roentgen sievertunit | 0.00216204 s*A/kg | 8.38 rontgen ㏆ | 1 s*A/kg | C/kg tog | 0.1 s^3*K/kg | 0.1 * degC m^2 / W clo | 0.155 s^3*K/kg | 0.155 * degC m^2 / W Rvalue | 0.176110183682306 s^3*K/kg | degF ft^2 hr / btu RSI | 1 s^3*K/kg | degC m^2 / W THERMAL_INSULANCE | 1 s^3*K/kg | THERMAL_RESISTIVITY LENGTH THERMAL_INSULATION | 1 s^3*K/kg | THERMAL_RESISTIVITY LENGTH l_P | 1.61625502442371e-35 m | plancklength plancklength | 1.61625502442371e-35 m | plancktime c plancklength_red | 8.10270108646976e-35 m | plancktime_red c lambda_C,tau | 697.770452118609 am | tauwavelength tauwavelength | 697.770452118609 am | h / m_tau c protonchargeradius | 840.75 am | 8.4075e-16 m fermi | 1 fm | 1e-15 m ㎙ | 1 fm | fm lambda_C,n | 1.3195909038192 fm | neutronwavelength neutronwavelength | 1.3195909038192 fm | h / m_n c lambda_C,p | 1.3214098535976 fm | protonwavelength protonwavelength | 1.3214098535976 fm | h / m_p c alphachargeradius | 1.6785 fm | 1.6785e-15 m deuteronchargeradius | 2.12778 fm | 2.12778e-15 m electronradius | 2.8179403204396 fm | alpha^2 bohrradius lambda_C,mu | 11.7344411050376 fm | muonwavelength muonwavelength | 11.7344411050376 fm | h / m_mu c siegbahn | 100.207697 fm | xunit xunit | 100.207697 fm | xunit_cu xunit_cu | 100.207697 fm | 1.00207697e-13 m xunit_mo | 100.209952 fm | 1.00209952e-13 m bicron | 1 pm | picometer electronwavelength | 2.42631023537417 pm | h / m_e c lambda_C | 2.42631023537417 pm | electronwavelength λ_C | 2.42631023537417 pm | lambda_C atomiclength | 52.9177210543211 pm | atomicvelocity atomictime a0 | 52.9177210545399 pm | bohrradius a₀ | 52.9177210545399 pm | a0 bohrradius | 52.9177210545399 pm | hbar / alpha m_e c angstrom | 100 pm | 1e-10 m Å | 100 pm | angstrom ångström | 100 pm | angstrom Å | 100 pm | angstrom angstromstar | 100.001495 pm | 1.00001495 angstrom silicon_d220 | 192.0155716 pm | 1.920155716e-10 m siliconlattice | 543.102051087084 pm | sqrt(8) silicon_d220 ㎚ | 1 nm | nm texscaledpoint | 5.36285100577695 nm | 1|65536 texpoint texsp | 5.36285100577695 nm | texscaledpoint millionth | 25.4 nm | 1e-6 inch natural_length | 197.326980459303 nm | natural_time c micron | 1 µm | micrometer ㎛ | 1 µm | µm tenth | 2.54 µm | 0.0001 inch dmtee | 3 µm | dmteefine dmteefine | 3 µm | 3 micron dmttan | 3 µm | dmteefine hardblackarkansas | 6 µm | 6 micron hardtranslucentarkansas | 6 µm | 6 micron silversmithpoint | 6.35 µm | 1|4000 inch dmtcer | 7 µm | dmtceramic dmtceramic | 7 µm | 7 micron dmtwhite | 7 µm | dmtceramic dmte | 9 µm | dmtefine dmtefine | 9 µm | 9 micron dmtgreen | 9 µm | dmtefine hardwhitearkansas | 11 µm | 11 micron twip | 17.6388888888889 µm | 1|20 point extrafineindia | 22 µm | 22 micron softarkansas | 22 µm | 22 micron dmtf | 25 µm | dmtfine dmtfine | 25 µm | 25 micron dmtred | 25 µm | dmtfine mil | 25.4 µm | 0.001 inch pointthickness | 25.4 µm | 0.001 in thou | 25.4 µm | 0.001 inch ㏕ | 25.4 µm | mil mou | 30.3030303030303 µm | 1|10000 shaku ouncecopper | 34.325278658486 µm | oz / ft^2 copperdensity ozcu | 34.325278658486 µm | ouncecopper fineindia | 35 µm | 35 micron washita | 35 µm | 35 micron dmtblue | 45 µm | dmtcoarse dmtc | 45 µm | dmtcoarse dmtcoarse | 45 µm | 45 micron finecrystolon | 45 µm | 45 micron mediumindia | 53.5 µm | 53.5 micron dmtblack | 60 µm | dmtxcoarse dmtx | 60 µm | dmtxcoarse dmtxcoarse | 60 µm | 60 micron mediumcrystalon | 78 µm | 78 micron coarseindia | 97 µm | 97 micron dmtsilver | 120 µm | dmtxxcoarse dmtxx | 120 µm | dmtxxcoarse dmtxxcoarse | 120 µm | 120 micron coarsecrystalon | 127 µm | 127 micron frenchpoint | 187.985755191415 µm | 1|12 frenchline Q | 250 µm | 1|4 mm australiapoint | 254 µm | 0.01 inch caliber | 254 µm | 0.01 inch rin | 303.030303030303 µm | 1|1000 shaku charriere | 333.333333333333 µm | frenchcathetersize frenchcathetersize | 333.333333333333 µm | 1|3 mm fournierpoint | 348.826666666667 µm | 0.1648 inch / 12 oldpoint | 351.459803514598 µm | 1|72.27 inch printerspoint | 351.459803514598 µm | oldpoint texpoint | 351.459803514598 µm | oldpoint computerpoint | 352.777777777778 µm | 1|72 inch point | 352.777777777778 µm | computerpoint postscriptpoint | 352.777777777778 µm | computerpoint pspoint | 352.777777777778 µm | postscriptpoint metricpoint | 375 µm | 3|8 mm bertholdpoint | 375.93984962406 µm | 1|2660 m frenchprinterspoint | 375.971510382829 µm | olddidotpoint olddidotpoint | 375.971510382829 µm | 1|72 frenchinch didotpoint | 376.065 µm | germandidotpoint europeanpoint | 376.065 µm | didotpoint germandidotpoint | 376.065 µm | 0.376065 mm shoeounce | 396.875 µm | 1|64 inch INpoint | 400 µm | 0.4 mm shoeiron | 529.166666666667 µm | 1|48 inch buttonline | 635 µm | 1|40 inch nonplusultra | 752.13 µm | 2 didotpoint ㎜ | 1 mm | mm excelsior | 1.05437941054379 mm | 3 oldpoint brillant | 1.128195 mm | 3 didotpoint brilliant | 1.23010931230109 mm | 3.5 oldpoint diamondtype | 1.40583921405839 mm | 4 oldpoint diamant | 1.50426 mm | 4 didotpoint pinlength | 1.5875 mm | 1|16 inch pearl | 1.75729901757299 mm | 5 oldpoint perl | 1.880325 mm | 5 didotpoint agate | 1.93302891933029 mm | 5.5 oldpoint ruby | 1.93302891933029 mm | agate verklinje | 2.0618125 mm | 2.0618125 mm nonpareil | 2.10875882108759 mm | 6 oldpoint line | 2.11666666666667 mm | 1|12 inch frenchline | 2.25582906229698 mm | 1|12 frenchinch ligne | 2.25582906229698 mm | frenchline nonpareille | 2.25639 mm | 6 didotpoint emerald | 2.28448872284489 mm | mignonette mignonette | 2.28448872284489 mm | 6.5 oldpoint minion | 2.46021862460219 mm | 7 oldpoint kolonel | 2.632455 mm | 7 didotpoint brevier | 2.81167842811678 mm | 8 oldpoint petit | 3.00852 mm | 8 didotpoint bu_distance | 3.03030303030303 mm | 1|100 shaku bourgeois | 3.16313823163138 mm | 9 oldpoint borgis | 3.384585 mm | 9 didotpoint longprimer | 3.51459803514598 mm | 10 oldpoint corpus | 3.76065 mm | korpus garamond | 3.76065 mm | korpus korpus | 3.76065 mm | 10 didotpoint kujirajakubu | 3.78787878787879 mm | 1|100 kujirajaku smallpica | 3.86605783866058 mm | 11 oldpoint pica | 4.21751764217518 mm | 12 oldpoint computerpica | 4.23333333333333 mm | 12 computerpoint cicero | 4.51278 mm | 12 didotpoint assyriansusi | 4.572 mm | 1|20 assyrianpalm susi | 4.572 mm | assyriansusi english | 4.92043724920437 mm | 14 oldpoint mittel | 5.26491 mm | 14 didotpoint columbian | 5.62335685623357 mm | 16 oldpoint drillA | 5.9436 mm | 0.234 in tertia | 6.01704 mm | 16 didotpoint drillB | 6.0452 mm | 0.238 in drillC | 6.1468 mm | 0.242 in drillD | 6.2484 mm | 0.246 in greatprimer | 6.32627646326276 mm | 18 oldpoint beespace | 6.35 mm | 1|4 inch drillE | 6.35 mm | 0.250 in drillF | 6.5278 mm | 0.257 in drillG | 6.6294 mm | 0.261 in europeshoesize | 6.66666666666667 mm | 2|3 cm drillH | 6.7564 mm | 0.266 in text | 6.76917 mm | 18 didotpoint drillI | 6.9088 mm | 0.272 in paragon | 7.02919607029196 mm | 20 oldpoint drillJ | 7.0358 mm | 0.277 in drillK | 7.1374 mm | 0.281 in drillL | 7.366 mm | 0.290 in drillM | 7.493 mm | 0.295 in drillN | 7.6708 mm | 0.302 in drillO | 8.0264 mm | 0.316 in drillP | 8.2042 mm | 0.323 in drillQ | 8.4328 mm | 0.332 in barleycorn | 8.46665194444445 mm | 1|3 UKinch shoesize_delta | 8.46666666666667 mm | 1|3 inch drillR | 8.6106 mm | 0.339 in drillS | 8.8392 mm | 0.348 in drillT | 9.0932 mm | 0.358 in drillU | 9.3472 mm | 0.368 in drillV | 9.5758 mm | 0.377 in drillW | 9.8044 mm | 0.386 in ㎝ | 10 mm | cm drillX | 10.0838 mm | 0.397 in drillY | 10.2616 mm | 0.404 in drillZ | 10.4902 mm | 0.413 in kleine_kanon | 12.03408 mm | 32 didotpoint kanon | 13.53834 mm | 36 didotpoint meridian | 15.4642313546423 mm | 44 oldpoint grobe_kanon | 15.79473 mm | 42 didotpoint canon | 16.8700705687007 mm | 48 oldpoint missal | 18.05112 mm | 48 didotpoint romandigit | 18.5 mm | 1|16 romanfoot remendigit | 18.5166 mm | 1|40 doubleremen egyptiandigit | 18.7143571428571 mm | 1|4 egyptianpalm olympicdakylos | 19.288125 mm | olympicfinger olympicfinger | 19.288125 mm | 1|16 olympicfoot greekfinger | 19.764375 mm | 1|16 greekfoot finger | 22.225 mm | fingerbreadth fingerbreadth | 22.225 mm | 7|8 in arabicinch | 22.5213333333333 mm | 1|12 arabicfoot romaninch | 24.6666666666667 mm | 1|12 romanfoot verktum | 24.74175 mm | 12 verklinje irishinch | 25.3999558333333 mm | UKinch in | 25.4 mm | inch inch | 25.4 mm | 2.54 cm inches | 25.4 mm | inch ㏌ | 25.4 mm | in scotsinch | 25.5371293108095 mm | 1.00540054 UKinch frenchinch | 27.0699487475637 mm | 1|12 frenchfoot frenchthumb | 27.0699487475637 mm | frenchinch pouce | 27.0699487475637 mm | frenchthumb kleine_sabon | 27.07668 mm | 72 didotpoint kanejakusun | 30.3030303030303 mm | sun sun | 30.3030303030303 mm | 1|10 shaku taicun | 30.3030303030303 mm | sun 台寸 | 30.3030303030303 mm | taicun grobe_sabon | 31.58946 mm | 84 didotpoint sizeAring | 37.5 mm | 37.50 mm kujirajakusun | 37.8787878787879 mm | 1|10 kujirajaku sizeBring | 38.75 mm | 38.75 mm sizeCring | 40 mm | 40.00 mm sizeDring | 41.25 mm | 41.25 mm sizeEring | 42.5 mm | 42.50 mm sizeFring | 43.75 mm | 43.75 mm RU | 44.45 mm | U U | 44.45 mm | retmaunit retmaunit | 44.45 mm | 1.75 in sizeGring | 45 mm | 45.00 mm sizeHring | 46.25 mm | 46.25 mm sizeIring | 47.5 mm | 47.50 mm sizeJring | 48.75 mm | 48.75 mm sizeKring | 50 mm | 50.00 mm stick | 50.8 mm | 2 inches sizeLring | 51.25 mm | 51.25 mm sizeMring | 52.5 mm | 52.50 mm sizeNring | 53.75 mm | 53.75 mm sizeOring | 55 mm | 55.00 mm sizePring | 56.25 mm | 56.25 mm nail | 57.149900625 mm | 1|16 UKyard sizeQring | 57.5 mm | 57.50 mm sizeRring | 58.75 mm | 58.75 mm sizeSring | 60 mm | 60.00 mm sizeTring | 61.25 mm | 61.25 mm sizeUring | 62.5 mm | 62.50 mm sizeVring | 63.75 mm | 63.75 mm sizeWring | 65 mm | 65.00 mm sizeXring | 66.25 mm | 66.25 mm sizeYring | 67.5 mm | 67.50 mm sizeZring | 68.75 mm | 68.75 mm romanpalm | 74 mm | 1|4 romanfoot egyptianpalm | 74.8574285714286 mm | 1|7 egyptianroyalcubit irishpalm | 76.1998675 mm | 3 irishinch olympicpalestra | 77.1525 mm | olympicpalm olympicpalm | 77.1525 mm | 1|4 olympicfoot shoe_girls0 | 91.0166666666667 mm | (3+7|12) inch assyrianpalm | 91.44 mm | 1|3 assyrianfoot shoe_boys0 | 99.4833333333333 mm | (3+11|12) inch hand | 101.6 mm | 4 inch palmwidth | 101.6 mm | hand fingerlength | 114.3 mm | 4.5 in kvarter | 148.4505 mm | 6 verktum shaftment | 152.4 mm | 6 inch shoe_women0 | 201.083333333333 mm | (7+11|12) inch gurleylink | 201.168 mm | 1|50 gurleychain link | 201.168 mm | 1|100 chain surveyorslink | 201.168402336805 mm | 1|100 surveyorschain palmlength | 203.2 mm | 8 in shoe_men0 | 209.55 mm | 8.25 inch scotslink | 226.769708279988 mm | 1|100 scotschain irishspan | 228.5996025 mm | 3 irishpalm span | 228.5996025 mm | 9 UKinch olympicspan | 228.6 mm | olympicspithame olympicspithame | 228.6 mm | 3|4 foot winglink | 251.46 mm | 1|80 wingchain irishlink | 256.0315548 mm | 1|100 irishchain arabicfeet | 270.256 mm | 1|2 blackcubit arabicfoot | 270.256 mm | arabicfeet assyrianfoot | 274.32 mm | 1|2 assyriancubit bavariafoot | 291.859166666667 mm | 1|6 bavariaklafter lateromanfoot | 294.2 mm | 29.42 cm Gf | 295.580451871142 mm | Grafut Grafut | 295.580451871142 mm | gravity Tim^2 ionicfoot | 296 mm | 296 mm pedes | 296 mm | romanfoot pes | 296 mm | romanfoot romanfeet | 296 mm | romanfoot romanfoot | 296 mm | 296 mm fot | 296.901 mm | 2 kvarter earlyromanfoot | 297.3 mm | 29.73 cm swissfoot | 300 mm | 1|6 swissklafter switzerlandfoot | 300 mm | 1|6 switzerlandklafter kanejaku | 303.030303030303 mm | shaku shaku | 303.030303030303 mm | 1|3.3 m taichi | 303.030303030303 mm | shaku 台尺 | 303.030303030303 mm | taichi irishfeet | 304.79947 mm | irishfoot irishfoot | 304.79947 mm | 12 irishinch engineerslink | 304.8 mm | 1|100 engineerschain feet | 304.8 mm | foot foot | 304.8 mm | 12 inch ft | 304.8 mm | foot ramsdenslink | 304.8 mm | engineerslink scotsfeet | 306.445551729714 mm | scotsfoot scotsfoot | 306.445551729714 mm | 12 scotsinch olympicfeet | 308.61 mm | olympicfoot olympicfoot | 308.61 mm | 2|3 olympiccubit prussiafoot | 313.333333333333 mm | 1|6 prussiaklafter austriafoot | 316.08064 mm | 1|6 austriaklafter greekfeet | 316.23 mm | greekfoot greekfoot | 316.23 mm | 12.45 in podes | 316.23 mm | greekfoot pous | 316.23 mm | greekfoot frenchfeet | 324.839384970764 mm | frenchfoot frenchfoot | 324.839384970764 mm | 144|443.296 m pied | 324.839384970764 mm | frenchfoot doricfoot | 326 mm | 326 mm sumerianfoot | 330 mm | 2|3 sumeriancubit pesdrusianus | 333 mm | 33.3 cm northernfoot | 337.82 mm | 1|2 northerncubit shortgreekcubit | 355.75875 mm | 18 greekfingers kujirajaku | 378.787878787879 mm | 10|8 shaku homericcubit | 395.2875 mm | 20 greekfingers hessefoot | 416.666666666667 mm | 1|6 hesseklafter romancubit | 444 mm | 18 romaninch hebrewcubit | 446.532 mm | 17.58 in egyptianshortcubit | 449.144571428571 mm | 6 egyptianpalm irishcubit | 457.199205 mm | 18 irishinch olympiccubit | 462.915 mm | 25 remendigit greekcubit | 474.345 mm | 1.5 greekfoot diamond | 487.68 mm | 8|5 ft kus | 495 mm | sumeriancubit sumeriancubit | 495 mm | 495 mm egyptianroyalcubit | 524.002 mm | 20.63 in blackcubit | 540.512 mm | 21.28 in assyriancubit | 548.64 mm | 21.6 in biblicalcubit | 553.72 mm | 21.8 in aln | 593.802 mm | 2 fot persianroyalcubit | 640.08 mm | 7 assyrianpalm hashimicubit | 649.224 mm | 25.56 in northerncubit | 675.64 mm | 26.6 in flemishell | 685.7988075 mm | 27 UKinch arshin | 711.2 mm | (2 + 1|3) feet sailmakersyard | 723.9 mm | 28.5 in doubleremen | 740.664 mm | 29.16 in pace | 762 mm | 2.5 ft USmilitarypace | 762 mm | 30 in olympicbema | 771.525 mm | 2.5 olympicfeet olympicpace | 771.525 mm | olympicbema irishyard | 914.39841 mm | 3 irishfeet bronzeyard11 | 914.3998 mm | 914.39980 mm USdoubletimepace | 914.4 mm | 36 in internationalyard | 914.4 mm | yard yard | 914.4 mm | 3 ft yd | 914.4 mm | yard mendenhallyard | 914.401828803658 mm | surveyyard troughtonyard | 914.4219 mm | 914.42190 mm scotsell | 944.873784499951 mm | 37 scotsinch DISPLACEMENT | 1 m | LENGTH DISTANCE | 1 m | LENGTH ELONGATION | 1 m | LENGTH LENGTH | 1 m | meter WAVELENGTH | 1 m | LENGTH m | 1 m | m meter | 1 m | m metre | 1 m | m ell | 1.1429980125 m | englishell englishell | 1.1429980125 m | 45 UKinch goad | 1.371597615 m | 4.5 UKft standardgauge | 1.4351 m | 4 ft + 8.5 in passus | 1.48 m | romanpace romanpace | 1.48 m | 5 romanfeet irishpace | 1.52399735 m | 5 irishfeet geometricpace | 1.524 m | 5 ft smoot | 1.7018 m | 5 ft + 7 in tomcruise | 1.72085 m | 5 ft + 7.75 in bavariaklafter | 1.751155 m | 1.751155 m famn | 1.781406 m | 3 aln metricklafter | 1.8 m | 1.8 m swissklafter | 1.8 m | switzerlandklafter switzerlandklafter | 1.8 m | metricklafter ken | 1.81818181818182 m | 6 shaku irishfathom | 1.82879682 m | 6 irishfeet fathom | 1.8288 m | 6 ft olympicfathom | 1.85166 m | olympicorguia olympicorguia | 1.85166 m | 6 olympicfeet prussiaklafter | 1.88 m | 1.88 m austriaklafter | 1.89648384 m | 1.89648384 m liechtensteinklafter | 1.89648411540935 m | sqrt(liechtensteinsquareklafter) greekfathom | 1.89738 m | orguia orguia | 1.89738 m | 6 greekfoot toise | 1.94903630982459 m | 6 frenchfeet sazhen | 2.1336 m | 3 arshin hesseklafter | 2.5 m | 2.5 m romanperch | 2.96 m | 10 romanfeet jou | 3.03030303030303 m | jou_distance jou_distance | 3.03030303030303 m | 10 shaku kanejakujou | 3.03030303030303 m | jou akaina | 3.1623 m | 10 greekfeet kujirajakujou | 3.78787878787879 m | 10 kujirajaku UKpole | 5.029191255 m | 16.5 UKft perch | 5.0292 m | rod pole | 5.0292 m | rod rd | 5.0292 m | rod rod | 5.0292 m | 16.5 ft surveyorspole | 5.02921005842012 m | 1|4 surveyorschain scotsfall | 5.66924270699971 m | 6 scotsell rope | 6.0959894 m | 20 UKft irishperch | 6.40078887 m | irishpole irishpole | 6.40078887 m | 7 irishyard gurleychain | 10.0584 m | 33 feet tan_distance | 11.3636363636364 m | 3 kujirajakujou olympicamma | 18.5166 m | olympiccord olympiccord | 18.5166 m | 60 olympicfeet ch | 20.1168 m | chain chain | 20.1168 m | 66 ft wingchain | 20.1168 m | 66 feet gunterschain | 20.1168402336805 m | surveyorschain surveychain | 20.1168402336805 m | surveyorschain surveyorschain | 20.1168402336805 m | 66 surveyft scotschain | 22.6769708279988 m | 4 scotsfall irishchain | 25.60315548 m | 4 irishperch shackle | 27.432 m | 15 fathoms FL | 30.48 m | flightlevel engineerschain | 30.48 m | 100 ft flightlevel | 30.48 m | 100 ft ramsdenschain | 30.48 m | engineerschain olympicplethron | 30.861 m | 100 olympicfeet plethron | 31.623 m | 10 akaina actuslength | 35.52 m | 120 romanfeet bolt | 36.576 m | cottonbolt cottonbolt | 36.576 m | 120 ft woolbolt | 64.008 m | 210 ft footballfield | 91.44 m | usfootballfield usfootballfield | 91.44 m | 100 yards canadafootballfield | 100.584 m | 110 yards chou | 109.090909090909 m | chou_distance chou_distance | 109.090909090909 m | 60 ken skeincotton | 109.728 m | 80*54 inch stade | 185 m | 125 romanpaces stadia | 185 m | stade stadium | 185 m | stade olympicstadion | 185.166 m | 600 olympicfeet intcable | 185.2 m | 1|10 nauticalmile admiraltycable | 185.3184 m | brcable brcable | 185.3184 m | 1|10 brnauticalmile stadion | 189.738 m | 100 orguia furlong | 201.168 m | 40 rod cable | 219.456 m | uscable cablelength | 219.456 m | cable cableslength | 219.456 m | cable navycablelength | 219.456 m | cable uscable | 219.456 m | 120 fathom UScable | 219.456438912878 m | surveycable surveycable | 219.456438912878 m | 120 USfathom scotsfurlong | 226.769708279988 m | 10 scotschain irishfurlong | 256.0315548 m | 10 irishchain cut | 274.32 m | 300 yards lea | 274.32 m | 300 yards heer | 548.64 m | 600 yards li | 578.90071942446 m | 10|27.8 mile click | 1 km | km klick | 1 km | click ㎞ | 1 km | km verst | 1.0668 km | 500 sazhen versta | 1.0668 km | verst romanmile | 1.48 km | 8 stadia mi | 1.609344 km | mile mile | 1.609344 km | 5280 ft smi | 1.609344 km | mile statutemile | 1.609344 km | mile scotsmile | 1.81415766623991 km | 8 scotsfurlong seamile | 1.8288 km | 6000 ft nauticalmile | 1.852 km | 1852 m nmi | 1.852 km | nauticalmile nmile | 1.852 km | nauticalmile admiraltymile | 1.853184 km | brnauticalmile brnauticalmile | 1.853184 km | 6080 ft geographicalmile | 1.853184 km | brnauticalmile irishmile | 2.0482524384 km | 8 irishfurlong borderverst | 2.1336 km | 1000 sazhen arabicmile | 2.162048 km | 4000 blackcubit romanleague | 2.22 km | 1.5 romanmile ri | 3.92727272727273 km | 36 chou league | 4.828032 km | 3 mile marineleague | 5.556 km | 3 nauticalmile parasang | 5.632704 km | 3.5 mile schoenus | 5.92 km | 4 romanmile russianmile | 7.4676 km | 7 verst marathon | 42.194988 km | 26 miles + 385 yards plutoradius | 1.188 Mm | 1188 km plutoradius_mean | 1.188 Mm | 1188 km plutoradius_polar | 1.188 Mm | 1188 km moonradius | 1.738 Mm | 1738 km mercuryradius_polar | 2.4383 Mm | 2438.3 km mercuryradius | 2.4405 Mm | 2440.5 km mercuryradius_mean | 2.4405 Mm | 2440.5 km marsradius_polar | 3.3762 Mm | 3376.2 km marsradius_mean | 3.3895 Mm | 3389.5 km marsradius | 3.3962 Mm | 3396.2 km venusradius | 6.0518 Mm | 6051.8 km venusradius_mean | 6.0518 Mm | 6051.8 km venusradius_polar | 6.0518 Mm | 6051.8 km IERS_earthradius_polar | 6.35675185797165 Mm | (1-IERS_earthflattening) IERS_earthradius_equatorial earthradius_polar | 6.35675185797165 Mm | (1-earthflattening) earthradius_equatorial WGS84_earthradius_polar | 6.35675231424518 Mm | (1-WGS84_earthflattening) WGS84_earthradius_equatorial earthradUSAtm | 6.356766 Mm | 6356766 m earthradius_mean | 6.371 Mm | 6371 km IERS_earthradius_equatorial | 6.3781366 Mm | 6378136.6 m earthradius_equatorial | 6.3781366 Mm | IERS_earthradius_equatorial WGS84_earthradius_equatorial | 6.378137 Mm | 6378137 m earthradius | 6.378137 Mm | 6378.137 km neptuneradius_polar | 24.341 Mm | 24341 km neptuneradius_mean | 24.622 Mm | 24622 km neptuneradius | 24.764 Mm | 24764 km uranusradius_polar | 24.973 Mm | 24973 km uranusradius_mean | 25.362 Mm | 25362 km uranusradius | 25.559 Mm | 25559 km saturnradius_polar | 54.364 Mm | 54364 km saturnradius_mean | 58.232 Mm | 58232 km saturnradius | 60.268 Mm | 60268 km jupiterradius_polar | 66.854 Mm | 66854 km jupiterradius_mean | 69.911 Mm | 69911 km jupiterradius | 71.492 Mm | 71492 km lightsecond | 299.792458 Mm | c s moondist_min | 356.371 Mm | 356371 km moondist | 384.4 Mm | 384400 km moondist_max | 406.72 Mm | 406720 km sunradius | 696 Mm | 6.96e8 m lightminute | 17.98754748 Gm | c min mercurysundist_min | 46 Gm | 46.000 Gm mercurysundist_max | 69.818 Gm | 69.818 Gm venussundist_min | 107.48 Gm | 107.480 Gm venussundist_max | 108.941 Gm | 108.941 Gm earthsundist_min | 147.095 Gm | sundist_min sundist_min | 147.095 Gm | sundist_near sundist_near | 147.095 Gm | 147.095 Gm astronomicalunit | 149.5978707 Gm | 149597870700 m au | 149.5978707 Gm | astronomicalunit ㍳ | 149.5978707 Gm | au sundist | 149.598022960713 Gm | 1.0000010178 au earthsundist_max | 152.1 Gm | sundist_max sundist_far | 152.1 Gm | 152.100 Gm sundist_max | 152.1 Gm | sundist_far marssundist_min | 206.65 Gm | 206.650 Gm marssundist_max | 249.261 Gm | 249.261 Gm jupitersundist_min | 740.595 Gm | 740.595 Gm jupitersundist_max | 816.363 Gm | 816.363 Gm spat | 1 Tm | 1e12 m saturnsundist_min | 1.357554 Tm | 1357.554 Gm saturnsundist_max | 1.506527 Tm | 1506.527 Gm uranussundist_min | 2.732696 Tm | 2732.696 Gm uranussundist_max | 3.00139 Tm | 3001.390 Gm plutosundist_min | 4.434987 Tm | 4434.987 Gm neptunesundist_min | 4.47105 Tm | 4471.050 Gm neptunesundist_max | 4.558857 Tm | 4558.857 Gm plutosundist_max | 7.304326 Tm | 7304.326 Gm lightyear | 9.4607304725808 Pm | c julianyear ly | 9.4607304725808 Pm | lightyear parsec | 30.8567758146719 Pm | au / tan(arcsec) pc | 30.8567758146719 Pm | parsec ㍶ | 30.8567758146719 Pm | pc wiendisplacement | 0.00289777195518517 m*K | (h c/k)/4.9651142317442763 H_FLUX | 1 m*A | H_FIELD AREA debye | 3.33564095221126e-30 m*s*A | 1e-10 statC angstrom atomicdipolemoment | 8.47835361977631e-30 m*s*A | atomiccharge atomiclength ELECTRIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT | 1 m*s*A | CHARGE DISTANCE jerk | 304.8 mm/s^3 | ft / s^3 Gal | 10 mm/s^2 | cm / s^2 galileo | 10 mm/s^2 | Gal celo | 304.8 mm/s^2 | ft / s^2 ACCELERATION | 1 m/s^2 | VELOCITY / TIME ㎨ | 1 m/s^2 | m/s^2 moongravity | 1.62 m/s^2 | 1.62 m/s^2 gravity_equatorial | 9.7803263359 m/s^2 | 9.7803263359 m / s^2 force | 9.80665 m/s^2 | gravity gravity | 9.80665 m/s^2 | 9.80665 m/s^2 gravity_polar | 9.8321849378 m/s^2 | 9.8321849378 m / s^2 leo | 10 m/s^2 | 10 m/s^2 ipy | 804.894621877341 pm/s | inch/year fpm | 5.08 mm/s | ft/min lfm | 5.08 mm/s | ft/min kine | 10 mm/s | cm/s kph | 277.777777777778 mm/s | km/hr fps | 304.8 mm/s | ft/s mph | 447.04 mm/s | mile/hr knot | 514.444444444444 mm/s | nauticalmile / hr admiraltyknot | 514.773333333333 mm/s | brknot brknot | 514.773333333333 mm/s | brnauticalmile / hr SPEED | 1 m/s | DISTANCE / TIME VELOCITY | 1 m/s | DISPLACEMENT / TIME ㎧ | 1 m/s | m/s Vl | 1.70254340277778 m/s | Vlos Vlos | 1.70254340277778 m/s | Grafut/Tim mach | 331.46 m/s | 331.46 m/s atomicvelocity | 2.18769126215315 Mm/s | sqrt(atomicenergy / atomicmass) c | 299.792458 Mm/s | 299792458 m/s light | 299.792458 Mm/s | c THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY | 1 m*kg/s^3*K | POWER / AREA (TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE/LENGTH) iron_thermal_conductivity | 79.5 m*kg/s^3*K | 79.5 W / m K aluminum_thermal_conductivity | 205 m*kg/s^3*K | 205 W / m K gold_thermal_conductivity | 314 m*kg/s^3*K | 314 W / m K copper_thermal_conductivity | 385 m*kg/s^3*K | 385 W / m K silver_thermal_conductivity | 406 m*kg/s^3*K | 406 W / m K E_FIELD | 1 m*kg/s^3*A | ELECTRIC_POTENTIAL / LENGTH hlu_efield | 106273.659323586 m*kg/s^3*A | hlu_volt / cm natural_Efield | 1534620.96294936 m*kg/s^3*A | natural_volt / natural_length atomicEfield | 514220675112.75 m*kg/s^3*A | atomicpotential / atomiclength planckEfield_red | 9.10153055221409e+60 m*kg/s^3*A | planckvolt_red / plancklength_red planckEfield | 2.28746412154071e+62 m*kg/s^3*A | planckvolt / plancklength natural_force | 811.939974082986 fN | natural_energy / natural_length atomicforce | 82.3872350385353 nN | atomicenergy / atomiclength dyn | 10 µN | dyne dyne | 10 µN | cm gram / s^2 ouncedal | 8.6409346485 mN | oz ft / s^2 pond | 9.80665 mN | gram force pdl | 138.254954376 mN | poundal poundal | 138.254954376 mN | lb ft / s^2 FORCE | 1 N | newton N | 1 N | newton newton | 1 N | kg m / s^2 nt | 1 N | N lbf | 4.4482216152605 N | lb force kgf | 9.80665 N | kg force kp | 9.80665 N | kilopond slugf | 143.117298239155 N | slug force Mag | 253.241945744049 N | Maz gravity tondal | 309.69109780224 N | longton ft / s^2 funal | 1 kN | sthene sthene | 1 kN | tonne m / s^2 slinchf | 1.71740757886986 kN | slinch force kip | 4.4482216152605 kN | 1000 lbf tonf | 8.896443230521 kN | ton force planckforce_red | 4.81545388672242e+42 N | planckenergy_red / plancklength_red planckforce | 1.21025556433821e+44 N | planckenergy / plancklength mu0 | 1.25663706126282e-06 m*kg/s^2*A^2 | 1 / epsilon0 c^2 μ₀ | 1.25663706126282e-06 m*kg/s^2*A^2 | mu0 MAGNETIC_PERMEABILITY | 1 m*kg/s^2*A^2 | mu0 / mu0_SI natural_momentum | 5.34428599267831e-28 m*kg/s | natural_energy / c atomicmomentum | 1.99285191545497e-24 m*kg/s | atomicenergy / atomicvelocity bole | 1e-05 m*kg/s | g cm / s IMPULSE | 1 m*kg/s | FORCE TIME MOMENTUM | 1 m*kg/s | MASS VELOCITY asbestoscut | 201.590692541852 m/kg | 100 yd/lb linenyarncount | 604.772077625556 m/kg | 300 yard/pound yarncut | 604.772077625556 m/kg | 300 yard/pound metricyarncount | 1 km/kg | meter/gram worstedyarncount | 1.12890787823437 km/kg | 1680 ft/pound cottonyarncount | 1.69336181735156 km/kg | 840 yard/pound typp | 2.01590692541852 km/kg | 1000 yd/lb woolyarnrun | 3.22545108066963 km/kg | 1600 yard/pound rhe | 10 m*s/kg | /poise brewster | 1e-12 m*s^2/kg | micron^2/N shed | 1e-52 m^2 | 1e-24 barn thomsoncrosssection | 6.6524587049525e-29 m^2 | 8|3 pi electronradius^2 barn | 1e-28 m^2 | 1e-28 m^2 darcy | 9.86923266716013e-13 m^2 | centipoise cm^2 / s atm circularmil | 5.06707479097498e-10 m^2 | 1|4 pi mil^2 cmil | 5.06707479097498e-10 m^2 | circularmil MCM | 5.06707479097498e-07 m^2 | kcmil mcm | 5.06707479097498e-07 m^2 | 1e3 circularmil ㎟ | 1e-06 m^2 | mm^2 ㎠ | 0.0001 m^2 | cm^2 circleinch | 0.000506707479097498 m^2 | circularinch circularinch | 0.000506707479097498 m^2 | 1|4 pi in^2 A10paper | 0.000962 m^2 | 26 mm 37 mm C10paper | 0.00112 m^2 | 28 mm 40 mm B10paper | 0.001364 m^2 | 31 mm 44 mm A9paper | 0.001924 m^2 | 37 mm 52 mm C9paper | 0.00228 m^2 | 40 mm 57 mm B9paper | 0.002728 m^2 | 44 mm 62 mm envelope00coin | 0.002993945625 m^2 | 1.6875 inch 2.75 inch A8paper | 0.003848 m^2 | 52 mm 74 mm C8paper | 0.004617 m^2 | 57 mm 81 mm envelope1baby | 0.005080635 m^2 | 2.25 inch 3.5 inch envelope1coin | 0.005080635 m^2 | 2.25 inch 3.5 inch B8paper | 0.005456 m^2 | 62 mm 88 mm envelope3coin | 0.006854825 m^2 | 2.5 inch 4.25 inch A7paper | 0.00777 m^2 | 74 mm 105 mm envelope4coin | 0.00870966 m^2 | 3 inch 4.5 inch C7paper | 0.009234 m^2 | 81 mm 114 mm envelope4_5coin | 0.009435465 m^2 | 3 inch 4.875 inch envelope5coin | 0.00973788375 m^2 | 2.875 inch 5.25 inch B7paper | 0.011 m^2 | 88 mm 125 mm envelope5_5coin | 0.0110886875 m^2 | 3.125 inch 5.5 inch envelope4bar | 0.011985863125 m^2 | 3.625 inch 5.125 inch envelopeA1size | 0.011985863125 m^2 | 3.625 inch 5.125 inch envelope6coin | 0.01306449 m^2 | 3.375 inch 6 inch envelope6_25size | 0.01354836 m^2 | 3.5 inch 6 inch envelope7coin | 0.01467739 m^2 | 3.5 inch 6.5 inch envelope6_75size | 0.0152015825 m^2 | 3.625 inch 6.5 inch A6paper | 0.01554 m^2 | 105 mm 148 mm envelope5_5bar | 0.01622980625 m^2 | 4.375 inch 5.75 inch envelopeA2size | 0.01622980625 m^2 | 4.375 inch 5.75 inch envelope7size | 0.0163306125 m^2 | 3.75 inch 6.75 inch C6paper | 0.018468 m^2 | 114 mm 162 mm envelope7_75size | 0.0187499625 m^2 | 3.875 inch 7.5 inch envelope6bar | 0.019919315 m^2 | 4.75 inch 6.5 inch envelopeA6size | 0.019919315 m^2 | 4.75 inch 6.5 inch envelope8_625size | 0.020171330625 m^2 | 3.625 inch 8.625 inch B6paper | 0.022 m^2 | 125 mm 176 mm envelope9size | 0.022187455625 m^2 | 3.875 inch 8.875 inch envelopeA7size | 0.0245564025 m^2 | 5.25 inch 7.25 inch envelope10size | 0.0252822075 m^2 | 4.125 inch 9.5 inch envelopeA8size | 0.0288305875 m^2 | 5.5 inch 8.125 inch envelope11size | 0.0301209075 m^2 | 4.5 inch 10.375 inch A5paper | 0.03108 m^2 | 148 mm 210 mm envelopeA9size | 0.0324596125 m^2 | 5.75 inch 8.75 inch envelope12size | 0.03370961 m^2 | 4.75 inch 11 inch envelopeA10size | 0.03677412 m^2 | 6 inch 9.5 inch envelope14size | 0.0370967 m^2 | 5 inch 11.5 inch C5paper | 0.037098 m^2 | 162 mm 229 mm B5paper | 0.044 m^2 | 176 mm 250 mm envelope16size | 0.04645152 m^2 | 6 inch 12 inch executivesize | 0.049112805 m^2 | 7.25 inch 10.5 inch Apaper | 0.06032246 m^2 | 8.5 inch 11 inch lettersize | 0.06032246 m^2 | 8.5 inch 11 inch A4paper | 0.06237 m^2 | 210 mm 297 mm C4paper | 0.074196 m^2 | 229 mm 324 mm legalsize | 0.07677404 m^2 | 8.5 inch 14 inch Sf | 0.0873678035283485 m^2 | Surf Surf | 0.0873678035283485 m^2 | Grafut^2 B4paper | 0.08825 m^2 | 250 mm 353 mm sabin | 0.09290304 m^2 | ft^2 Bpaper | 0.12064492 m^2 | 11 inch 17 inch ledgersize | 0.12064492 m^2 | 11 inch 17 inch A3paper | 0.12474 m^2 | 297 mm 420 mm C3paper | 0.148392 m^2 | 324 mm 458 mm B3paper | 0.1765 m^2 | 353 mm 500 mm Cpaper | 0.24128984 m^2 | 17 inch 22 inch A2paper | 0.24948 m^2 | 420 mm 594 mm C2paper | 0.296784 m^2 | 458 mm 648 mm gou_area | 0.330578512396694 m^2 | 1|10 tsubo B2paper | 0.3535 m^2 | 500 mm 707 mm flag | 0.4645152 m^2 | 5 ft^2 Dpaper | 0.48257968 m^2 | 22 inch 34 inch A1paper | 0.499554 m^2 | 594 mm 841 mm C1paper | 0.594216 m^2 | 648 mm 917 mm B1paper | 0.707 m^2 | 707 mm 1000 mm Epaper | 0.96515936 m^2 | 34 inch 44 inch A0paper | 0.999949 m^2 | 841 mm 1189 mm AREA | 1 m^2 | LENGTH^2 m2 | 1 m^2 | m^2 ㎡ | 1 m^2 | m^2 C0paper | 1.189349 m^2 | 917 mm 1297 mm B0paper | 1.414 m^2 | 1000 mm 1414 mm edoma | 1.544536271809 m^2 | (5.8*2.9) shaku^2 jou_area | 1.544536271809 m^2 | edoma tatami | 1.544536271809 m^2 | jou_area chuukyouma | 1.65289256198347 m^2 | (6*3) shaku^2 kyouma | 1.82231404958678 m^2 | (6.3*3.15) shaku^2 rollwallpaper | 2.7870912 m^2 | 30 ft^2 ping | 3.30578512396694 m^2 | tsubo tsubo | 3.30578512396694 m^2 | 36 shaku^2 坪 | 3.30578512396694 m^2 | ping liechtensteinsquareklafter | 3.596652 m^2 | 3.596652 m^2 australiasquare | 9.290304 m^2 | (10 ft)^2 basebox | 20.2322176 m^2 | 31360 in^2 actus | 42.05568 m^2 | 120*4 romanfeet^2 se | 99.1735537190083 m^2 | 30 tsubo a | 100 m^2 | are are | 100 m^2 | 100 m^2 sotka | 100 m^2 | are fen | 969.917355371901 m^2 | 1|10 jia fen_area | 969.917355371901 m^2 | 1|10 jia 分 | 969.917355371901 m^2 | fen 分地 | 969.917355371901 m^2 | fen_area tan_area | 991.735537190083 m^2 | 10 se decare | 1000 m^2 | dekaare dekare | 1000 m^2 | dekaare donum | 1000 m^2 | decare dulum | 1000 m^2 | decare dunam | 1000 m^2 | decare dönüm | 1000 m^2 | decare mål | 1000 m^2 | decare stremma | 1000 m^2 | decare rood | 1011.7141056 m^2 | furlong rod acnua | 1261.6704 m^2 | squareactus squareactus | 1261.6704 m^2 | 120^2 romanfeet^2 scotsrood | 1285.61251483477 m^2 | 40 scotsfall^2 irishrood | 1638.80392633263 m^2 | 40 irishpole^2 iugera | 2523.3408 m^2 | iugerum iugerum | 2523.3408 m^2 | 2 squareactus jugera | 2523.3408 m^2 | iugerum jugerum | 2523.3408 m^2 | iugerum arpent | 3418.86828331318 m^2 | 180^2 pied^2 ac | 4046.8564224 m^2 | acre acre | 4046.8564224 m^2 | intacre intacre | 4046.8564224 m^2 | 10 chain^2 USacre | 4046.87260987425 m^2 | 10 surveychain^2 heredia | 5046.6816 m^2 | heredium heredium | 5046.6816 m^2 | 2 iugera scotsacre | 5142.4500593391 m^2 | 4 scotsrood austriayoke | 5754.64152860983 m^2 | 8 austriaklafter * 200 austriaklafter irishacre | 6555.21570533054 m^2 | 4 irishrood jia | 9699.17355371901 m^2 | 2934 ping 甲 | 9699.17355371901 m^2 | jia chou_area | 9917.35537190083 m^2 | 10 tan_area hectare | 10000 m^2 | hectoare hektare | 10000 m^2 | hectoare ㏊ | 10000 m^2 | ha dessiatine | 10925.397504 m^2 | 2400 sazhen^2 dessjatine | 10925.397504 m^2 | dessiatine nook | 60702.846336 m^2 | 1|2 virgate virgate | 121405.692672 m^2 | 1|4 hide area_vaticancity | 440000 m^2 | 0.44 km^2 hide | 485622.770688 m^2 | 120 acre centuria | 504668.16 m^2 | 100 heredia centurium | 504668.16 m^2 | centuria homestead | 647497.027584 m^2 | 160 acre ㎢ | 1000000 m^2 | km^2 area_monaco | 2020000 m^2 | 2.02 km^2 section | 2589988.110336 m^2 | mile^2 township | 93239571.972096 m^2 | 36 section area_liechtenstein | 160000000 m^2 | 160 km^2 area_districtofcolumbia | 177000000 m^2 | 177.0 km^2 area_malta | 316000000 m^2 | 316 km^2 area_gazastrip | 360000000 m^2 | 360 km^2 area_singapore | 716000000 m^2 | 716 km^2 area_golanheights | 1150000000 m^2 | 1150 km^2 area_luxembourg | 2586000000 m^2 | 2586 km^2 area_hongkong | 2755000000 m^2 | 2755 km^2 area_rhodeisland | 4001200000 m^2 | 4001.2 km^2 area_princeedwardisland | 5660000000 m^2 | 5660 km^2 area_westbank | 5860000000 m^2 | 5860 km^2 area_delaware | 6445800000 m^2 | 6445.8 km^2 area_puertorico | 9104000000 m^2 | 9104 km^2 area_cyprus | 9251000000 m^2 | 9251 km^2 area_lebanon | 10452000000 m^2 | 10452 km^2 area_kosovo | 10887000000 m^2 | 10887 km^2 area_jamaica | 10991000000 m^2 | 10991 km^2 area_gambia | 11295000000 m^2 | 11295 km^2 area_qatar | 11586000000 m^2 | 11586 km^2 area_vanatu | 12189000000 m^2 | 12189 km^2 area_montenegro | 13812000000 m^2 | 13812 km^2 area_bahamas | 13943000000 m^2 | 13943 km^2 area_northernireland | 14133380000 m^2 | 14133.38 km^2 area_connecticut | 14357400000 m^2 | 14357.4 km^2 area_easttimor | 14919000000 m^2 | 14919 km^2 area_eswatini | 17364000000 m^2 | 17364 km^2 area_kuwait | 17818000000 m^2 | 17818 km^2 area_fiji | 18272000000 m^2 | 18272 km^2 area_slovenia | 20273000000 m^2 | 20273 km^2 area_israel | 20770000000 m^2 | 20770 km^2 area_elsalvador | 21041000000 m^2 | 21041 km^2 area_wales | 21224480000 m^2 | 21224.48 km^2 area_newjersey | 22591400000 m^2 | 22591.4 km^2 area_belize | 22966000000 m^2 | 22966 km^2 area_djibouti | 23200000000 m^2 | 23200 km^2 area_newhampshire | 24214200000 m^2 | 24214.2 km^2 area_vermont | 24906300000 m^2 | 24906.3 km^2 area_northmacedonia | 25713000000 m^2 | 25713 km^2 area_rwanda | 26338000000 m^2 | 26338 km^2 area_crimea | 27000000000 m^2 | 27000 km^2 area_massachusetts | 27335700000 m^2 | 27335.7 km^2 area_haiti | 27750000000 m^2 | 27750 km^2 area_burundi | 27834000000 m^2 | 27834 km^2 area_equitorialguinea | 28051000000 m^2 | 28051 km^2 area_hawaii | 28313000000 m^2 | 28313.0 km^2 area_albania | 28748000000 m^2 | 28748 km^2 area_solomonislands | 28896000000 m^2 | 28896 km^2 area_armenia | 29743000000 m^2 | 29743 km^2 area_lesotho | 30355000000 m^2 | 30355 km^2 area_belgium | 30528000000 m^2 | 30528 km^2 area_maryland | 32131200000 m^2 | 32131.2 km^2 area_moldova | 33846000000 m^2 | 33846 km^2 area_guineabissau | 36125000000 m^2 | 36125 km^2 area_taiwan | 36193000000 m^2 | 36193 km^2 area_bhutan | 38394000000 m^2 | 38394 km^2 area_switzerland | 41284000000 m^2 | 41284 km^2 area_netherlands | 41850000000 m^2 | 41850 km^2 area_denmark | 43094000000 m^2 | 43094 km^2 area_estonia | 45227000000 m^2 | 45227 km^2 area_dominicanrepublic | 48671000000 m^2 | 48671 km^2 area_slovakia | 49037000000 m^2 | 49037 km^2 area_costarica | 51100000000 m^2 | 51100 km^2 area_bosnia | 51209000000 m^2 | 51209 km^2 area_novascotia | 55284000000 m^2 | 55284 km^2 area_croatia | 56594000000 m^2 | 56594 km^2 area_togo | 56785000000 m^2 | 56785 km^2 area_westvirginia | 62755500000 m^2 | 62755.5 km^2 area_latvia | 64559000000 m^2 | 64559 km^2 area_lithuania | 65300000000 m^2 | 65300 km^2 area_srilanka | 65610000000 m^2 | 65610 km^2 area_georgia | 69700000000 m^2 | 69700 km^2 area_ireland | 70273000000 m^2 | 70273 km^2 area_sierraleone | 71740000000 m^2 | 71740 km^2 area_newbrunswick | 72908000000 m^2 | 72908 km^2 area_panama | 75417000000 m^2 | 75417 km^2 area_czechia | 78865000000 m^2 | 78865 km^2 area_czechrepublic | 78865000000 m^2 | area_czechia area_scotland | 80226360000 m^2 | 80226.36 km^2 area_southcarolina | 82932700000 m^2 | 82932.7 km^2 area_uae | 83600000000 m^2 | 83600 km^2 area_austria | 83871000000 m^2 | 83871 km^2 area_azerbaijan | 86600000000 m^2 | 86600 km^2 area_serbia | 88361000000 m^2 | 88361 km^2 area_jordan | 89342000000 m^2 | 89342 km^2 area_maine | 91633100000 m^2 | 91633.1 km^2 area_portugal | 92090000000 m^2 | 92090 km^2 area_hungary | 93028000000 m^2 | 93028 km^2 area_indiana | 94326200000 m^2 | 94326.2 km^2 area_southkorea | 100210000000 m^2 | 100210 km^2 area_iceland | 103000000000 m^2 | 103000 km^2 area_kentucky | 104655700000 m^2 | 104655.7 km^2 area_guatemala | 108889000000 m^2 | 108889 km^2 area_tennessee | 109153100000 m^2 | 109153.1 km^2 area_cuba | 109884000000 m^2 | 109884 km^2 area_virginia | 110786600000 m^2 | 110786.6 km^2 area_bulgaria | 110879000000 m^2 | 110879 km^2 area_liberia | 111369000000 m^2 | 111369 km^2 area_honduras | 112492000000 m^2 | 112492 km^2 area_benin | 114763000000 m^2 | 114763 km^2 area_ohio | 116097700000 m^2 | 116097.7 km^2 area_eritrea | 117600000000 m^2 | 117600 km^2 area_malawi | 118484000000 m^2 | 118484 km^2 area_pennsylvania | 119280200000 m^2 | 119280.2 km^2 area_northkorea | 120540000000 m^2 | 120540 km^2 area_mississippi | 125437700000 m^2 | 125437.7 km^2 area_nicaragua | 130373000000 m^2 | 130373 km^2 area_greece | 131990000000 m^2 | 131990 km^2 area_england | 132947760000 m^2 | 132947.76 km^2 area_louisiana | 135658700000 m^2 | 135658.7 km^2 area_alabama | 135767400000 m^2 | 135767.4 km^2 area_arkansas | 137731800000 m^2 | 137731.8 km^2 area_northcarolina | 139391000000 m^2 | 139391.0 km^2 area_newyork | 141296700000 m^2 | 141296.7 km^2 area_tajikistan | 143100000000 m^2 | 143100 km^2 area_iowa | 145745900000 m^2 | 145745.9 km^2 area_nepal | 147181000000 m^2 | 147181 km^2 area_bangladesh | 147570000000 m^2 | 147570 km^2 area_illinois | 149995400000 m^2 | 149995.4 km^2 area_georgia_us | 153910400000 m^2 | 153910.4 km^2 area_englandwales | 154172240000 m^2 | area_england + area_wales area_tunisia | 163610000000 m^2 | 163610 km^2 area_suriname | 163820000000 m^2 | 163820 km^2 area_wisconsin | 169634800000 m^2 | 169634.8 km^2 area_florida | 170311700000 m^2 | 170311.7 km^2 area_somaliland | 176120000000 m^2 | 176120 km^2 area_uruguay | 176215000000 m^2 | 176215 km^2 area_missouri | 180540300000 m^2 | 180540.3 km^2 area_cambodia | 181035000000 m^2 | 181035 km^2 area_oklahoma | 181037200000 m^2 | 181037.2 km^2 area_northdakota | 183107800000 m^2 | 183107.8 km^2 area_washington | 184660800000 m^2 | 184660.8 km^2 area_syria | 185180000000 m^2 | 185180 km^2 area_senegal | 196722000000 m^2 | 196722 km^2 area_southdakota | 199728700000 m^2 | 199728.7 km^2 area_kyrgyzstan | 199951000000 m^2 | 199951 km^2 area_nebraska | 200329900000 m^2 | 200329.9 km^2 area_belarus | 207600000000 m^2 | 207600 km^2 area_kansas | 213100000000 m^2 | 213100.0 km^2 area_guyana | 214969000000 m^2 | 214969 km^2 area_idaho | 216442600000 m^2 | 216442.6 km^2 area_utah | 219881900000 m^2 | 219881.9 km^2 area_minnesota | 225162800000 m^2 | 225162.8 km^2 area_gb | 234398600000 m^2 | area_greatbritain area_greatbritain | 234398600000 m^2 | area_england + area_wales + area_scotland area_laos | 236800000000 m^2 | 236800 km^2 area_romania | 238397000000 m^2 | 238397 km^2 area_ghana | 238533000000 m^2 | 238533 km^2 area_uganda | 241550000000 m^2 | 241550 km^2 area_guinea | 245857000000 m^2 | 245857 km^2 area_uk | 248531980000 m^2 | area_unitedkingdom area_unitedkingdom | 248531980000 m^2 | area_greatbritain + area_northernireland area_michigan | 250486800000 m^2 | 250486.8 km^2 area_wyoming | 253334500000 m^2 | 253334.5 km^2 area_oregon | 254799200000 m^2 | 254799.2 km^2 area_westernsahara | 266000000000 m^2 | 266000 km^2 area_gabon | 267668000000 m^2 | 267668 km^2 area_colorado | 269601400000 m^2 | 269601.4 km^2 area_newzealand | 270467000000 m^2 | 270467 km^2 area_burkinafaso | 274222000000 m^2 | 274222 km^2 area_ecuador | 276841000000 m^2 | 276841 km^2 area_nevada | 286379700000 m^2 | 286379.7 km^2 area_arizona | 295233500000 m^2 | 295233.5 km^2 area_philippines | 300000000000 m^2 | 300000 km^2 area_italy | 301339000000 m^2 | 301339 km^2 area_oman | 309500000000 m^2 | 309500 km^2 area_poland | 312696000000 m^2 | 312696 km^2 area_newmexico | 314917400000 m^2 | 314917.4 km^2 area_ivorycoast | 322463000000 m^2 | 322463 km^2 area_norway | 323802000000 m^2 | 323802 km^2 area_malaysia | 330803000000 m^2 | 330803 km^2 area_vietnam | 331212000000 m^2 | 331212 km^2 area_finland | 338424000000 m^2 | 338424 km^2 area_congorepublic | 342000000000 m^2 | 342000 km^2 area_germany | 357114000000 m^2 | 357114 km^2 area_japan | 377973000000 m^2 | 377973 km^2 area_montana | 380831100000 m^2 | 380831.1 km^2 area_zimbabwe | 390757000000 m^2 | 390757 km^2 area_newfoundlandandlabrador | 405212000000 m^2 | 405212 km^2 area_paraguay | 406752000000 m^2 | 406752 km^2 area_california | 423967400000 m^2 | 423967.4 km^2 area_iraq | 438317000000 m^2 | 438317 km^2 area_morocco | 446550000000 m^2 | 446550 km^2 area_uzbekistan | 447400000000 m^2 | 447400 km^2 area_sweden | 450295000000 m^2 | 450295 km^2 area_papuanewguinea | 462840000000 m^2 | 462840 km^2 area_cameroon | 475422000000 m^2 | 475422 km^2 area_yukon | 482443000000 m^2 | 482443 km^2 area_turkmenistan | 488100000000 m^2 | 488100 km^2 area_spain | 505992000000 m^2 | 505992 km^2 area_thailand | 513120000000 m^2 | 513120 km^2 area_yemen | 527968000000 m^2 | 527968 km^2 area_kenya | 580367000000 m^2 | 580367 km^2 area_botswana | 581730000000 m^2 | 581730 km^2 area_madagascar | 587041000000 m^2 | 587041 km^2 area_ukraine | 603500000000 m^2 | 603500 km^2 area_centralafrica | 622984000000 m^2 | 622984 km^2 area_somalia | 637657000000 m^2 | 637657 km^2 area_france | 640679000000 m^2 | 640679 km^2 area_southsudan | 644329000000 m^2 | 644329 km^2 area_manitoba | 647797000000 m^2 | 647797 km^2 area_saskatchewan | 651036000000 m^2 | 651036 km^2 area_afghanistan | 652230000000 m^2 | 652230 km^2 area_alberta | 661848000000 m^2 | 661848 km^2 area_burma | 676578000000 m^2 | area_myanmar area_myanmar | 676578000000 m^2 | 676578 km^2 area_texas | 695661600000 m^2 | 695661.6 km^2 area_zambia | 752612000000 m^2 | 752612 km^2 area_chile | 756102000000 m^2 | 756102 km^2 area_turkey | 783562000000 m^2 | 783562 km^2 area_mozambique | 801590000000 m^2 | 801590 km^2 area_namibia | 825615000000 m^2 | 825615 km^2 area_pakistan | 881912000000 m^2 | 881912 km^2 area_venezuela | 916445000000 m^2 | 916445 km^2 area_nigeria | 923768000000 m^2 | 923768 km^2 area_britishcolumbia | 944735000000 m^2 | 944735 km^2 area_tanzania | 945087000000 m^2 | 945087 km^2 area_egypt | 1002450000000 m^2 | 1002450 km^2 area_mauritania | 1030700000000 m^2 | 1030700 km^2 area_ontario | 1076395000000 m^2 | 1076395 km^2 area_bolivia | 1098581000000 m^2 | 1098581 km^2 area_ethiopia | 1104300000000 m^2 | 1104300 km^2 area_colombia | 1141748000000 m^2 | 1141748 km^2 area_southafrica | 1221037000000 m^2 | 1221037 km^2 area_mali | 1240192000000 m^2 | 1240192 km^2 area_angola | 1246700000000 m^2 | 1246700 km^2 area_niger | 1267000000000 m^2 | 1267000 km^2 area_chad | 1284000000000 m^2 | 1284000 km^2 area_peru | 1285216000000 m^2 | 1285216 km^2 area_northwestterritories | 1346106000000 m^2 | 1346106 km^2 area_quebec | 1542056000000 m^2 | 1542056 km^2 area_mongolia | 1564110000000 m^2 | 1564110 km^2 area_canada_additional | 1598192000000 m^2 | area_manitoba + area_britishcolumbia + area_princeedwardisland area_iran | 1648195000000 m^2 | 1648195 km^2 area_canada_recent | 1718096000000 m^2 | area_alberta + area_saskatchewan + area_newfoundlandandlabrador area_alaska | 1723336800000 m^2 | 1723336.8 km^2 area_libya | 1759540000000 m^2 | 1759540 km^2 area_sudan | 1861484000000 m^2 | 1861484 km^2 area_indonesia | 1910931000000 m^2 | 1910931 km^2 area_mexico | 1964375000000 m^2 | 1964375 km^2 area_nunavut | 2093190000000 m^2 | 2093190 km^2 area_saudiarabia | 2149690000000 m^2 | 2149690 km^2 area_greenland | 2166086000000 m^2 | 2166086 km^2 area_drcongo | 2344858000000 m^2 | 2344858 km^2 area_algeria | 2381741000000 m^2 | 2381741 km^2 area_kazakhstan | 2724900000000 m^2 | 2724900 km^2 area_canada_original | 2746643000000 m^2 | area_ontario + area_quebec + area_novascotia + area_newbrunswick area_argentina | 2780400000000 m^2 | 2780400 km^2 area_india | 3287263000000 m^2 | 3287263 km^2 area_canada_territories | 3921739000000 m^2 | area_northwestterritories + area_yukon + area_nunavut area_eu | 4234547000000 m^2 | area_europeanunion area_europeanunion | 4234547000000 m^2 | area_austria + area_belgium + area_bulgaria + area_croatia + area_cyprus + area_czechia + area_denmark + area_estonia + area_finland + area_france + area_germany + area_greece + area_hungary + area_ireland + area_italy + area_latvia + area_lithuania + area_luxembourg + area_malta + area_netherlands + area_poland + area_portugal + area_romania + area_slovakia + area_slovenia + area_spain + area_sweden area_canada_provinces | 6062931000000 m^2 | area_canada_original + area_canada_additional + area_canada_recent area_australia | 7692024000000 m^2 | 7692024 km^2 area_brazil | 8515767000000 m^2 | 8515767 km^2 area_china | 9596961000000 m^2 | 9596961 km^2 area_unitedstates | 9833516900000 m^2 | area_alabama + area_alaska + area_arizona + area_arkansas + area_california + area_colorado + area_connecticut + area_delaware + area_districtofcolumbia + area_florida + area_georgia_us + area_hawaii + area_idaho + area_illinois + area_indiana + area_iowa + area_kansas + area_kentucky + area_louisiana + area_maine + area_maryland + area_massachusetts + area_michigan + area_minnesota + area_mississippi + area_missouri + area_montana + area_nebraska + area_nevada + area_newhampshire + area_newjersey + area_newmexico + area_newyork + area_northcarolina + area_northdakota + area_ohio + area_oklahoma + area_oregon + area_pennsylvania + area_rhodeisland + area_southcarolina + area_southdakota + area_tennessee + area_texas + area_utah + area_vermont + area_virginia + area_washington + area_westvirginia + area_wisconsin + area_wyoming area_us | 9833516900000 m^2 | area_unitedstates area_canada | 9984670000000 m^2 | area_canada_provinces + area_canada_territories area_antarctica | 14000000000000 m^2 | 14000000 km^2 area_russia | 17098246000000 m^2 | 17098246 km^2 landarea | 148847000000000 m^2 | 148.847e6 km^2 oceanarea | 361254000000000 m^2 | 361.254e6 km^2 mu_e | -9.28476469170889e-24 m^2*A | g_e mu_B / 2 mu_mu | -4.49044829572727e-26 m^2*A | g_mu mu_B m_e / 2 muonmass mu_h | -1.07461755197289e-26 m^2*A | g_h mu_N / 2 shielded_mu_h | -1.07455311035e-26 m^2*A | -1.07455311035e-26 J / T mu_n | -9.66236526469388e-27 m^2*A | g_n mu_N / 2 mu_d | 4.33073508717123e-27 m^2*A | g_d mu_N mu_N | 5.05078373924788e-27 m^2*A | nuclearmagneton nuclearmagneton | 5.05078373924788e-27 m^2*A | mu_B m_e / protonmass shielded_mu_p | 1.410570583e-26 m^2*A | 1.4105705830e-26 J / T mu_p | 1.41060679545598e-26 m^2*A | g_p mu_N / 2 mu_t | 1.50460951780518e-26 m^2*A | g_t mu_N / 2 bohrmagneton | 9.27401006571457e-24 m^2*A | e hbar / 2 electronmass mu_B | 9.27401006571457e-24 m^2*A | bohrmagneton μ_B | 9.27401006571457e-24 m^2*A | mu_B emu | 0.001 m^2*A | erg/gauss MAGNETIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT | 1 m^2*A | TORQUE / B_FIELD ㎯ | 0.01 m^2/s^4 | rad/s^2 ㎮ | 0.01 m^2/s^3 | rad/s refrigeration | 3.87666666666667 m^2/s^3 | tonref / ton banana_dose | 100 nGy | 0.1e-6 sievert rep | 8.38 mGy | 8.38 mGy rad | 10 mGy | 1e-2 Gy rem | 10 mGy | 1e-2 Sv ㎭ | 10 mGy | rad Gy | 1 Gy | gray RADIATION_DOSE | 1 Gy | gray SPECIFIC_ENERGY | 1 Gy | ENERGY / MASS Sv | 1 Gy | sievert gray | 1 Gy | J/kg sievert | 1 Gy | J/kg ㏉ | 1 Gy | Gy ㏜ | 1 Gy | Sv water_fusion_heat | 333.61087982237 kGy | 6.01 kJ/mol / (18.015 g/mol) water_vaporization_heat | 2.2564 MGy | 2256.4 J/g tnt | 4.61207052490764 MGy | 1e9 cal_th / ton coal_lignite | 15 MGy | 15 GJ / tonne woodenergy_airdry | 15 MGy | 15 GJ/tonne woodenergy_dry | 20 MGy | 20 GJ/tonne coal_US | 24.2508488403365 MGy | 22 GJ / uston coal_bituminous | 27 MGy | 27 GJ / tonne charcoal | 30 MGy | 30 GJ/tonne uranium_natural | 574.69880217755 GGy | 0.7% uranium_pure uranium_pure | 82.0998288825071 TGy | 200 MeV avogadro / (235.0439299 g/mol) energy | 89.8755178736818 PGy | c^2 SPECIFIC_HEAT | 1 m^2/s^2*K | ENERGY / MASS / TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE SPECIFIC_HEAT_CAPACITY | 1 m^2/s^2*K | ENERGY / MASS / TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE specificheat_uranium | 120 m^2/s^2*K | 0.12 J/g K specificheat_bismuth | 130 m^2/s^2*K | 0.13 J/g K specificheat_gold | 130 m^2/s^2*K | 0.13 J/g K specificheat_iridium | 130 m^2/s^2*K | 0.13 J/g K specificheat_lead | 130 m^2/s^2*K | 0.13 J/g K specificheat_osmium | 130 m^2/s^2*K | 0.13 J/g K specificheat_platinum | 130 m^2/s^2*K | 0.13 J/g K specificheat_plutonum | 130 m^2/s^2*K | 0.13 J/g K specificheat_thallium | 130 m^2/s^2*K | 0.13 J/g K specificheat_thorium | 130 m^2/s^2*K | 0.13 J/g K specificheat_tungsten | 130 m^2/s^2*K | 0.13 J/g K specificheat_hafnium | 140 m^2/s^2*K | 0.14 J/g K specificheat_mercury | 140 m^2/s^2*K | 0.14 J/g K specificheat_rhenium | 140 m^2/s^2*K | 0.14 J/g K specificheat_tantalum | 140 m^2/s^2*K | 0.14 J/g K specificheat_lutetium | 150 m^2/s^2*K | 0.15 J/g K specificheat_lanthanum | 195 m^2/s^2*K | 0.195 J/g K specificheat_barium | 200 m^2/s^2*K | 0.20 J/g K specificheat_antimony | 210 m^2/s^2*K | 0.21 J/g K specificheat_tin | 210 m^2/s^2*K | 0.21 J/g K specificheat_cadmium | 230 m^2/s^2*K | 0.23 J/g K specificheat_silver | 230 m^2/s^2*K | 0.23 J/g K specificheat_cesium | 240 m^2/s^2*K | 0.24 J/g K specificheat_indium | 240 m^2/s^2*K | 0.24 J/g K specificheat_palladium | 240 m^2/s^2*K | 0.24 J/g K specificheat_rhodium | 240 m^2/s^2*K | 0.24 J/g K specificheat_ruthenium | 240 m^2/s^2*K | 0.24 J/g K specificheat_molybdenum | 250 m^2/s^2*K | 0.25 J/g K specificheat_zirconium | 270 m^2/s^2*K | 0.27 J/g K specificheat_strontium | 300 m^2/s^2*K | 0.30 J/g K specificheat_yttrium | 300 m^2/s^2*K | 0.30 J/g K specificheat_germanium | 320 m^2/s^2*K | 0.32 J/g K specificheat_selenium | 320 m^2/s^2*K | 0.32 J/g K specificheat_rubidium | 360 m^2/s^2*K | 0.36 J/g K specificheat_gallium | 370 m^2/s^2*K | 0.37 J/g K specificheat_copper | 390 m^2/s^2*K | 0.39 J/g K specificheat_vanadium | 390 m^2/s^2*K | 0.39 J/g K specificheat_zinc | 390 m^2/s^2*K | 0.39 J/g K specificheat_cobalt | 420 m^2/s^2*K | 0.42 J/g K specificheat_nickel | 440 m^2/s^2*K | 0.44 J/g K specificheat_iron | 450 m^2/s^2*K | 0.45 J/g K specificheat_chromium | 460 m^2/s^2*K | 0.46 J/g K specificheat_manganese | 480 m^2/s^2*K | 0.48 J/g K specificheat_glass_flint | 503 m^2/s^2*K | 0.503 J/g K specificheat_diamond | 509.1 m^2/s^2*K | 0.5091 J/g K specificheat_argon | 520.3 m^2/s^2*K | 0.5203 J/g K specificheat_titanium | 540 m^2/s^2*K | 0.54 J/g K specificheat_scandium | 570 m^2/s^2*K | 0.57 J/g K specificheat_graphite | 710 m^2/s^2*K | 0.71 J/g K specificheat_silicon | 710 m^2/s^2*K | 0.71 J/g K specificheat_potassium | 750 m^2/s^2*K | 0.75 J/g K specificheat_glass_pyrex | 753 m^2/s^2*K | 0.753 J/g K specificheat_granite | 790 m^2/s^2*K | 0.79 J/g K specificheat_sand | 835 m^2/s^2*K | 0.835 J/g K specificheat_soil | 835 m^2/s^2*K | 0.835 J/g K specificheat_brick | 840 m^2/s^2*K | 0.84 J/g K specificheat_glass_silica | 840 m^2/s^2*K | 0.84 J/g K specificheat_concrete | 880 m^2/s^2*K | 0.88 J/g K specificheat_marble | 880 m^2/s^2*K | 0.88 J/g K specificheat_aluminum | 910 m^2/s^2*K | 0.91 J/g K specificheat_freon | 910 m^2/s^2*K | 0.91 J/g K specificheat_asphalt | 920 m^2/s^2*K | 0.92 J/g K mayer | 1000 m^2/s^2*K | J/g K specificheat_magnesium | 1050 m^2/s^2*K | 1.05 J/g K specificheat_gypsum | 1090 m^2/s^2*K | 1.09 J/g K specificheat_sodium | 1210 m^2/s^2*K | 1.21 J/g K specificheat_sucrose | 1244 m^2/s^2*K | 1.244 J/g K specificheat_wood | 1700 m^2/s^2*K | 1.7 J/g K specificheat_beryllium | 1830 m^2/s^2*K | 1.83 J/g K specificheat_oliveoil | 1970 m^2/s^2*K | 1.97 J/g K specificheat_ice | 2110 m^2/s^2*K | 2.11 J/g K specificheat_iodine | 2150 m^2/s^2*K | 2.15 J/g K specificheat_gasoline | 2220 m^2/s^2*K | 2.22 J/g K specificheat_ethanol | 2300 m^2/s^2*K | 2.3 J/g K specificheat_tissue | 3500 m^2/s^2*K | 3.5 J/g K specificheat_lithium | 3570 m^2/s^2*K | 3.57 J/g K specificheat_water | 4184 m^2/s^2*K | calorie / g K water_specificheat | 4184 m^2/s^2*K | specificheat_water specificheat_ammonia | 4600 m^2/s^2*K | 4.6 J/g K specificheat_helium | 5193.2 m^2/s^2*K | 5.1932 J/g K specificheat_hydrogen | 14300 m^2/s^2*K | 14.3 J/g K pine_thermal_diffusivity | 8.2e-08 m^2/s | 0.082 mm^2 / s nylon_thermal_diffusivity | 9e-08 m^2/s | 0.09 mm^2 / s water_thermal_diffusivity | 1.43e-07 m^2/s | 0.143 mm^2 / s glass_thermal_diffusivity | 3.4e-07 m^2/s | 0.34 mm^2 / s ice_thermal_diffusivity | 1.02e-06 m^2/s | 1.02 mm^2 / s air_thermal_diffusivity | 1.9e-05 m^2/s | 19 mm^2 / s iron_thermal_diffusivity | 2.3e-05 m^2/s | 23 mm^2 / s aluminum_thermal_diffusivity | 9.7e-05 m^2/s | 97 mm^2 / s St | 0.0001 m^2/s | stokes lentor | 0.0001 m^2/s | stokes stoke | 0.0001 m^2/s | stokes stokes | 0.0001 m^2/s | cm^2 / s copper_thermal_diffusivity | 0.000111 m^2/s | 111 mm^2 / s gold_thermal_diffusivity | 0.000127 m^2/s | 127 mm^2 / s silver_thermal_diffusivity | 0.00016563 m^2/s | 165.63 mm^2 / s helium_thermal_diffusivity | 0.00019 m^2/s | 190 mm^2 / s circulationquantum | 0.00036369475466669 m^2/s | h / 2 m_e KINEMATIC_VISCOSITY | 1 m^2/s | VISCOSITY / DENSITY THERMAL_DIFFUSIVITY | 1 m^2/s | THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY / DENSITY SPECIFIC_HEAT_CAPACITY iso100 | 100 m^2/s*cd | s100 s100 | 100 m^2/s*cd | 100 / lx s daraf | 1 m^2*kg/s^4*A^2 | 1/farad ㎺ | 1 pW | pW ㎻ | 1 nW | nW ㎼ | 1 µW | µW lusec | 133.322387415 µW | liter micron Hg / s natural_power | 243.413480578795 µW | natural_energy / natural_time ㎽ | 1 mW | mW sccm | 1.68875 mW | atm cc/min slph | 28.1458333333333 mW | atm liter/hour sccs | 101.325 mW | atm cc/sec scfh | 797.001244704 mW | atm ft^3/hour airwatt | 999.233430733787 mW | 8.5 (ft^3/min) inH2O GAS_FLOW | 1 W | PRESSURE FLUID_FLOW POWER | 1 W | watt VA | 1 W | volt ampere W | 1 W | watt watt | 1 W | J/s watt90 | 1.00000019553655 W | (K_J90^2 R_K90 / K_J^2 R_K) W slpm | 1.68875 W | atm liter/min scfm | 47.82007468224 W | atm ft^3/min donkeypower | 250 W | 250 W mbh | 293.071070172222 W | 1e3 btu/hour chevalvapeur | 735.49875 W | metrichorsepower metrichorsepower | 735.49875 W | 75 kilogram force meter / sec brhorsepower | 745.69987158227 W | horsepower horsepower | 745.69987158227 W | 550 foot pound force / sec hp | 745.69987158227 W | horsepower mechanicalhorsepower | 745.69987158227 W | horsepower electrichorsepower | 746 W | 746 W waterhorsepower | 746.043 W | 746.043 W poncelet | 980.665 W | 100 kg force m / s ㎾ | 1 kW | kW tonref | 3.51685284206667 kW | tonrefrigeration tonrefrigeration | 3.51685284206667 kW | uston 144 btu / lb day boilerhorsepower | 9.8095 kW | 9809.50 W ㎿ | 1 MW | MW solarluminosity | 382.8 YW | 382.8e24 W THERMAL_CONDUCTANCE | 1 m^2*kg/s^3*K | POWER / TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE thermalampere | 1 m^2*kg/s^3*K | W/K abohm | 1 nΩ | abvolt / abamp microhm | 1 µΩ | microohm siemensunit | 953.4 mΩ | 0.9534 ohm RESISTANCE | 1 Ω | ohm ohm | 1 Ω | V/A Ω | 1 Ω | ohm Ω | 1 Ω | ohm ohm90 | 1.00000001779367 Ω | (R_K/R_K90) ohm intohm | 1.000495 Ω | 1.000495 ohm Z0 | 376.730313409876 Ω | 4 pi k_C / c Z₀ | 376.730313409876 Ω | Z0 kilohm | 1 kΩ | kiloohm ㏀ | 1 kΩ | kΩ R_K90 | 25.812807 kΩ | 25812.807 ohm R_K | 25.8128074593045 kΩ | h/e^2 megohm | 1 MΩ | megaohm ㏁ | 1 MΩ | MΩ statohm | 898.755178613014 GΩ | statvolt / statamp stohm | 898.755178613014 GΩ | statohm ㎴ | 1 pV | pV ㎵ | 1 nV | nV abV | 10 nV | abvolt abvolt | 10 nV | dyne cm / abamp sec ㎶ | 1 µV | µV ㎷ | 1 mV | mV natural_volt | 302.822120768345 mV | natural_energy / natural_charge ELECTRIC_POTENTIAL | 1 V | ENERGY / CHARGE V | 1 V | volt VOLTAGE | 1 V | ELECTRIC_POTENTIAL volt | 1 V | W/A volt90 | 1.00000010666511 V | (K_J90/K_J) V intvolt | 1.00033 V | 1.00033 V daniell | 1.042 V | 1.042 V atomicpotential | 27.2113862459812 V | atomicenergy / atomiccharge atomicvolt | 27.2113862459812 V | atomicpotential stV | 299.792457979352 V | statvolt statV | 299.792457979352 V | statvolt statvolt | 299.792457979352 V | dyne cm / statamp sec ㎸ | 1 kV | kV hlu_volt | 1.06273659323586 kV | erg / hlu_charge crocodile | 1 MV | megavolt ㎹ | 1 MV | MV planckvolt_red | 737.469814939628 YV | planckenergy_red / planckcharge_red planckvolt | 3.69712537962913 RV | planckenergy / planckcharge cminv | 19.8644585714893 yJ | h c / cm invcm | 19.8644585714893 yJ | cminv kcal_mol | 6.94769545705537 zJ | kcal_th / mol N_A eV | 160.2176634 zJ | e V electronvolt | 160.2176634 zJ | eV ev | 160.2176634 zJ | eV natural_energy | 160.2176634 zJ | eV rydberg | 2.179872361103 aJ | 1|2 hartree E_h | 4.359744722206 aJ | hartree atomicenergy | 4.359744722206 aJ | hartree hartree | 4.359744722206 aJ | 4.3597447222060e-18 J prout | 29.7203765607 fJ | 185.5 keV beV | 160.2176634 pJ | GeV bev | 160.2176634 pJ | beV erg | 100 nJ | cm dyne megalerg | 100 mJ | megaerg ENERGY | 1 J | joule J | 1 J | joule TORQUE | 1 J | FORCE DISTANCE WORK | 1 J | FORCE DISTANCE joule | 1 J | N m duty | 1.3558179483314 J | ft lbf cal_20 | 4.1819 J | calorie_20 calorie_20 | 4.1819 J | 4.18190 J calorie_twenty | 4.1819 J | calorie_20 cal | 4.184 J | calorie cal_th | 4.184 J | calorie_th calorie | 4.184 J | cal_th calorie_th | 4.184 J | 4.184 J thermcalorie | 4.184 J | calorie_th ㎈ | 4.184 J | cal cal_15 | 4.1858 J | calorie_15 calorie_15 | 4.1858 J | 4.18580 J calorie_fifteen | 4.1858 J | cal_15 cal_IT | 4.1868 J | calorie_IT calorie_IT | 4.1868 J | 4.1868 J cal_mean | 4.19002 J | 4.19002 J cal_4 | 4.204 J | calorie_4 calorie_4 | 4.204 J | 4.204 J calorie_four | 4.204 J | calorie_4 kpm | 9.80665 J | kp meter btu_th | 1.05435026448889 kJ | cal_th lb (degF) / gram K btu_15 | 1.05480385685889 kJ | cal_15 lb (degF) / gram K britishthermalunit | 1.05505585262 kJ | btu btu | 1.05505585262 kJ | btu_IT btu_IT | 1.05505585262 kJ | cal_IT lb (degF) / gram K btu_ISO | 1.05506 kJ | 1055.06 J btu_mean | 1.05586727897078 kJ | cal_mean lb (degF) / gram K celsiusheatunit | 1.89783047608 kJ | cal lb (degC) / gram K chu | 1.89783047608 kJ | celsiusheatunit Wh | 3.6 kJ | W hour Calorie | 4.184 kJ | kilocalorie ㎉ | 4.184 kJ | kcal frigorie | 4.1858 kJ | 1000 cal_15 hph | 2.68451953769617 MJ | hp hour kWh | 3.6 MJ | kilowatt hour thermie | 4.1858 MJ | 1e6 cal_15 UStherm | 105.4804 MJ | 1.054804e8 J therm | 105.4804 MJ | UStherm ECtherm | 105.506 MJ | 1e5 btu_ISO planckenergy_red | 390.181834397908 MJ | planckmass_red c^2 E_P | 1.95608163669837 GJ | planckenergy planckenergy | 1.95608163669837 GJ | planckmass c^2 barreloil | 6.119323945196 GJ | 5.8 Mbtu toncoal | 29.3076 GJ | 7e9 cal_IT davycrocket | 41.84 GJ | 10 ton tnt toe | 41.868 GJ | tonoil tonoil | 41.868 GJ | 1e10 cal_IT hiroshima | 64.852 TJ | 15.5 kiloton tnt littleboy | 64.852 TJ | hiroshima gadget | 75.312 TJ | trinity trinity | 75.312 TJ | 18 kiloton tnt fatman | 87.864 TJ | nagasaki nagasaki | 87.864 TJ | 21 kiloton tnt ivyking | 2.092 PJ | 500 kiloton tnt b53bomb | 37.656 PJ | 9 megaton tnt castlebravo | 62.76 PJ | 15 megaton tnt tsarbomba | 209.2 PJ | 50 megaton tnt quad | 1.05505585262 EJ | quadrillion btu thermalfarad | 1 m^2*kg/s^2*K^2 | J/K^2 boltzmann | 1.380649e-23 m^2*kg/s^2*K | 1.380649e-23 (m^2*kg/s^2)/K k | 1.380649e-23 m^2*kg/s^2*K | boltzmann kboltzmann | 1.380649e-23 m^2*kg/s^2*K | boltzmann ENTROPY | 1 m^2*kg/s^2*K | ENERGY / TEMPERATURE thermalcoulomb | 1 m^2*kg/s^2*K | J/K clausius | 4184 m^2*kg/s^2*K | 1e3 cal/K R_1976 | 8.31432 m^2*kg/s^2*K*mol | 8.31432e3 N m/(kmol K) R | 8.31446261815324 m^2*kg/s^2*K*mol | gasconstant gasconstant | 8.31446261815324 m^2*kg/s^2*K*mol | k N_A abH | 1 nH | abhenry abhenry | 1 nH | abvolt sec / abamp mh | 1 mH | mH H | 1 H | henry INDUCTANCE | 1 H | henry henry | 1 H | V s / A henry90 | 1.00000001779367 H | (R_K/R_K90) H stH | 898.755178613014 GH | stathenry statH | 898.755178613014 GH | stathenry stathenry | 898.755178613014 GH | statvolt sec / statamp Phi0 | 2.06783384846193 fWb | magneticfluxquantum magneticfluxquantum | 2.06783384846193 fWb | pi hbar / e Φ₀ | 2.06783384846193 fWb | Phi0 Mx | 10 nWb | maxwell maxwell | 10 nWb | erg / abamp unitpole | 125.663706143592 nWb | 4 pi maxwell kappline | 60 µWb | 6000 maxwell B_FLUX | 1 Wb | B_FIELD AREA Wb | 1 Wb | weber weber | 1 Wb | V s ㏝ | 1 Wb | Wb stWb | 299.792457979352 Wb | statweber statWb | 299.792457979352 Wb | statweber statweber | 299.792457979352 Wb | statvolt sec atomicaction | 1.05457181764616e-34 m^2*kg/s | hbar hbar | 1.05457181764616e-34 m^2*kg/s | h / 2 pi natural_action | 1.05457181764616e-34 m^2*kg/s | hbar spin | 1.05457181764616e-34 m^2*kg/s | hbar ℏ | 1.05457181764616e-34 m^2*kg/s | hbar h | 6.62607015e-34 m^2*kg/s | 6.62607015e-34 (m^2*kg/s^2) s ℎ | 6.62607015e-34 m^2*kg/s | h planck | 1 m^2*kg/s | J s ㎣ | 1e-09 m^3 | mm^3 lambda | 1e-09 m^3 | microliter ㎕ | 1e-09 m^3 | µL drop | 5e-08 m^3 | 1|20 ml brminim | 5.91938802083334e-08 m^3 | 1|60 brdram imperialminim | 5.91938802083334e-08 m^3 | brminim minim | 6.1611519921875e-08 m^3 | minimvolume minimvolume | 6.1611519921875e-08 m^3 | 1|60 fluiddram cc | 1e-06 m^3 | cm^3 ㎖ | 1e-06 m^3 | mL ㎤ | 1e-06 m^3 | cm^3 ㏄ | 1e-06 m^3 | cc brscruple | 1.18387760416667e-06 m^3 | 1|3 brdram fluidscruple | 1.18387760416667e-06 m^3 | brscruple imperialscruple | 1.18387760416667e-06 m^3 | brscruple saltspoon | 1.2322303984375e-06 m^3 | 1|4 tsp brdram | 3.5516328125e-06 m^3 | 1|8 brfloz imperialdram | 3.5516328125e-06 m^3 | brdram fldr | 3.6966911953125e-06 m^3 | fluiddram fluiddram | 3.6966911953125e-06 m^3 | 1|8 usfloz teaspoon | 4.92892159375e-06 m^3 | usteaspoon tsp | 4.92892159375e-06 m^3 | teaspoon usteaspoon | 4.92892159375e-06 m^3 | 1|3 ustablespoon ustsp | 4.92892159375e-06 m^3 | usteaspoon brteaspoon | 5e-06 m^3 | 1|3 brtablespoon brtsp | 5e-06 m^3 | brteaspoon australiateaspoon | 5e-06 m^3 | 1|4 australiatablespoon austsp | 5e-06 m^3 | australiateaspoon brdessertspoon | 1e-05 m^3 | 2 brteaspoon dessertspoon | 1e-05 m^3 | brdessertspoon dsp | 1e-05 m^3 | dessertspoon alcoholunituk | 1.01355631572279e-05 m^3 | 8 g / ethanoldensity cochlearia | 1.20854597e-05 m^3 | 1|48 sextarius alcoholunitau | 1.26694539465349e-05 m^3 | 10 g / ethanoldensity cylinderinch | 1.28703699690764e-05 m^3 | circleinch inch Tb | 1.478676478125e-05 m^3 | tablespoon tablespoon | 1.478676478125e-05 m^3 | ustablespoon tbl | 1.478676478125e-05 m^3 | tablespoon tblsp | 1.478676478125e-05 m^3 | tablespoon tbsp | 1.478676478125e-05 m^3 | tablespoon ustablespoon | 1.478676478125e-05 m^3 | 1|16 uscup ustbl | 1.478676478125e-05 m^3 | ustablespoon ustblsp | 1.478676478125e-05 m^3 | ustablespoon ustbsp | 1.478676478125e-05 m^3 | ustablespoon brtablespoon | 1.5e-05 m^3 | 15 ml brtbl | 1.5e-05 m^3 | brtablespoon brtblsp | 1.5e-05 m^3 | brtablespoon brtbsp | 1.5e-05 m^3 | brtablespoon legaltablespoon | 1.5e-05 m^3 | 1|16 legalcup legaltbsp | 1.5e-05 m^3 | legaltablespoon alcoholunitca | 1.72304573672875e-05 m^3 | 13.6 g / ethanoldensity eggyolkvolume | 1.7251225578125e-05 m^3 | 3.5 ustsp alcoholunitus | 1.77372355251489e-05 m^3 | 14 g / ethanoldensity shaku_volume | 1.80390683696469e-05 m^3 | 1|10 gou_volume austbl | 2e-05 m^3 | australiatablespoon austblsp | 2e-05 m^3 | australiatablespoon austbsp | 2e-05 m^3 | australiatablespoon australiatablespoon | 2e-05 m^3 | 20 ml eushot | 2.5e-05 m^3 | 25 ml brfloz | 2.84130625e-05 m^3 | brfluidounce brfluidounce | 2.84130625e-05 m^3 | 1|20 brpint imperialfloz | 2.84130625e-05 m^3 | brfloz imperialfluidounce | 2.84130625e-05 m^3 | brfluidounce eggwhitevolume | 2.95735295625e-05 m^3 | 2 ustablespoons floz | 2.95735295625e-05 m^3 | fluidounce fluidounce | 2.95735295625e-05 m^3 | usfluidounce pony | 2.95735295625e-05 m^3 | ponyvolume ponyvolume | 2.95735295625e-05 m^3 | 1 usfloz usfloz | 2.95735295625e-05 m^3 | usfluidounce usfluidounce | 2.95735295625e-05 m^3 | 1|16 uspint jigger | 4.436029434375e-05 m^3 | 1.5 usfloz shot | 4.436029434375e-05 m^3 | jigger eggvolume | 4.6824755140625e-05 m^3 | 3 ustablespoons + 1|2 ustsp cyathi | 4.83418388e-05 m^3 | 1|12 sextarius acetabula | 7.25127582e-05 m^3 | 1|8 sextarius ㎗ | 0.0001 m^3 | dL scotsgill | 0.000105904945407178 m^3 | 1|4 mutchkin irishnoggin | 0.000111431453911851 m^3 | 1|4 irishpint gill | 0.00011829411825 m^3 | 1|4 pint usgill | 0.00011829411825 m^3 | 1|4 uspint smallwineglass | 0.000125 m^3 | 125 mL brgill | 0.0001420653125 m^3 | 1|4 brpint imperialgill | 0.0001420653125 m^3 | brgill noggin | 0.0001420653125 m^3 | brgill quartaria | 0.0001450255164 m^3 | 1|4 sextarius quartarius | 0.0001450255164 m^3 | quartaria wineglass | 0.00015 m^3 | 150 mL mediumwineglass | 0.000175 m^3 | 175 mL gou | 0.000180390683696469 m^3 | gou_volume gou_volume | 0.000180390683696469 m^3 | 1|10 shou winesplit | 0.0001875 m^3 | 1|4 winebottle brteacup | 0.000189420416666667 m^3 | 1|3 brpint japancup | 0.0002 m^3 | 200 ml split | 0.0002 m^3 | 200 ml cup | 0.0002365882365 m^3 | uscup uscup | 0.0002365882365 m^3 | 8 usfloz legalcup | 0.00024 m^3 | 240 ml metriccup | 0.00025 m^3 | 250 ml ollock | 0.00025 m^3 | 1|4 liter greekkotyle | 0.00027 m^3 | 270 ml brcup | 0.000284130625 m^3 | 1|2 brpint hemina | 0.0002900510328 m^3 | heminae heminae | 0.0002900510328 m^3 | 1|2 sextarius number1can | 0.000295735295625 m^3 | 10 usfloz metrictenth | 0.000375 m^3 | 375 ml reputedpint | 0.000378840833333333 m^3 | 1|2 reputedquart mutchkin | 0.000423619781628714 m^3 | 1|2 choppin irishpint | 0.000445725815647403 m^3 | 1|2 irishquart bloodunit | 0.00045 m^3 | 450 ml winepint | 0.000473174004662455 m^3 | 1|2 winequart pint | 0.000473176473 m^3 | 1|2 quart pt | 0.000473176473 m^3 | pint uspint | 0.000473176473 m^3 | 1|2 usquart xestes | 0.00054 m^3 | 2 greekkotyle drypint | 0.0005506104713575 m^3 | 1|2 dryquart number2can | 0.0005618970616875 m^3 | 19 usfloz brpint | 0.00056826125 m^3 | 1|2 brquart imperialpint | 0.00056826125 m^3 | brpint alepint | 0.000577640992704815 m^3 | 1|2 alequart beerpint | 0.000577640992704815 m^3 | 1|2 beerquart sextarii | 0.0005801020656 m^3 | sextarius sextarius | 0.0005801020656 m^3 | 35.4 in^3 metricfifth | 0.00075 m^3 | 750 ml winebottle | 0.00075 m^3 | 750 ml fifth | 0.0007570823568 m^3 | 1|5 usgallon brwinebottle | 0.000757681666666667 m^3 | reputedquart reputedquart | 0.000757681666666667 m^3 | 1|6 brgallon number2_5can | 0.00082805882775 m^3 | 3.5 uscups choppin | 0.000847239563257428 m^3 | 1|2 scotspint cheonix | 0.0008701530984 m^3 | 1.5 sextarii irishquart | 0.000891451631294806 m^3 | 1|2 irishpottle winequart | 0.000946348009324909 m^3 | 1|4 winegallon number3can | 0.000946352946 m^3 | 4 uscups qt | 0.000946352946 m^3 | quart quart | 0.000946352946 m^3 | 1|4 gallon usquart | 0.000946352946 m^3 | 1|4 usgallon L | 0.001 m^3 | liter l | 0.001 m^3 | liter liter | 0.001 m^3 | 1000 cc litre | 0.001 m^3 | liter metricquart | 0.001 m^3 | 1 liter ℓ | 0.001 m^3 | liter oldliter | 0.001000028 m^3 | 1.000028 dm^3 choinix | 0.00108 m^3 | 4 greekkotyle dryquart | 0.001101220942715 m^3 | 1|4 drygallon brquart | 0.0011365225 m^3 | 1|4 brgallon imperialquart | 0.0011365225 m^3 | brquart alequart | 0.00115528198540963 m^3 | 1|4 alegallon beerquart | 0.00115528198540963 m^3 | 1|4 beergallon magnum | 0.0015 m^3 | 1.5 liter number5can | 0.0016561176555 m^3 | 7 uscups jug | 0.00169447912651486 m^3 | scotspint scotspint | 0.00169447912651486 m^3 | 1|2 scotsquart irishpottle | 0.00178290326258961 m^3 | 1|2 irishgallon shou | 0.00180390683696469 m^3 | (4.9*4.9*2.7) sun^3 scotswheatlippies | 0.00225047292059944 m^3 | scotswheatlippy scotswheatlippy | 0.00225047292059944 m^3 | 137.333 UKinch^3 pottle | 0.002273045 m^3 | 0.5 brgallon boardfeet | 0.002359737216 m^3 | boardfoot boardfoot | 0.002359737216 m^3 | ft^2 inch fbm | 0.002359737216 m^3 | boardfoot jeroboam | 0.003 m^3 | 2 magnum hoppusboardfoot | 0.00300451073859446 m^3 | 1|12 hoppusfoot number10can | 0.0031052206040625 m^3 | 105 usfloz khous | 0.00324 m^3 | 12 greekkotyle scotsoatlippies | 0.0032830492108779 m^3 | scotsoatlippy scotsoatlippy | 0.0032830492108779 m^3 | 200.345 UKinch^3 scotsquart | 0.00338895825302971 m^3 | 1|4 scotsgallon congii | 0.0034806123936 m^3 | congius congius | 0.0034806123936 m^3 | 12 heminae irishgallon | 0.00356580652517923 m^3 | 217.6 UKinch^3 winegallon | 0.00378539203729964 m^3 | 231 UKinch^3 gal | 0.003785411784 m^3 | gallon gallon | 0.003785411784 m^3 | usgallon usgallon | 0.003785411784 m^3 | 231 in^3 drygallon | 0.00440488377086 m^3 | 1|2 uspeck rehoboam | 0.0045 m^3 | 3 magnum brgallon | 0.00454609 m^3 | 4.54609 l imperialgallon | 0.00454609 m^3 | brgallon alegallon | 0.00462112794163852 m^3 | beergallon beergallon | 0.00462112794163852 m^3 | 282 UKinch^3 semodii | 0.0046408165248 m^3 | semodius semodius | 0.0046408165248 m^3 | 8 sextarius imperialbottle | 0.006 m^3 | 4 magnum methuselah | 0.006 m^3 | 4 magnum irishpeck | 0.00713161305035845 m^3 | 2 irishgallon hekteos | 0.00864 m^3 | 8 choinix peck | 0.00880976754172 m^3 | 1|4 bushel pk | 0.00880976754172 m^3 | peck uspeck | 0.00880976754172 m^3 | 1|4 usbushel salmanazar | 0.009 m^3 | 6 magnum scotswheatpeck | 0.00900189168239777 m^3 | 4 scotswheatlippy brpeck | 0.00909218 m^3 | 1|4 brbushel modii | 0.0092816330496 m^3 | modius modius | 0.0092816330496 m^3 | 16 sextarius balthazar | 0.012 m^3 | 8 magnum scotsoatpeck | 0.0131321968435116 m^3 | 4 scotsoatlippy scotsgallon | 0.0135558330121188 m^3 | 827.232 UKinch^3 nebuchadnezzar | 0.015 m^3 | 10 magnum splitdeal | 0.01622319336 m^3 | 12 ft 11 in 5|8 in melchior | 0.018 m^3 | 12 magnum solomon | 0.018 m^3 | 12 magnum to | 0.0180390683696469 m^3 | 10 shou bucket | 0.01818436 m^3 | 4 brgallon pin | 0.020457405 m^3 | 4.5 brgallon amagatvolume | 0.0224139695450141 m^3 | mol molarvolume Vm | 0.0258242148458984 m^3 | Volm Volm | 0.0258242148458984 m^3 | Grafut^3 sovereign | 0.02625 m^3 | 17.5 magnum goliath | 0.027 m^3 | 18 magnum primat | 0.027 m^3 | 18 magnum amphora | 0.0278448991488 m^3 | 8 congii amphorae | 0.0278448991488 m^3 | amphora quadrantal | 0.0278448991488 m^3 | amphora ft3 | 0.028316846592 m^3 | ft^3 timberfoot | 0.028316846592 m^3 | ft^3 irishbushel | 0.0285264522014338 m^3 | 4 irishpeck ponykeg | 0.029336941326 m^3 | 1|2 beerkeg melchizedek | 0.03 m^3 | 20 magnum midas | 0.03 m^3 | 20 magnum wholedeal | 0.03244638672 m^3 | 12 ft 11 in 1.25 in firkin | 0.034068706056 m^3 | usfirkin usfirkin | 0.034068706056 m^3 | 9 usgallon bu | 0.03523907016688 m^3 | bushel bushel | 0.03523907016688 m^3 | usbushel usbushel | 0.03523907016688 m^3 | 2150.42 in^3 scotswheatfirlot | 0.0360075667295911 m^3 | 4 scotswheatpeck hoppusfoot | 0.0360541288631335 m^3 | (4/pi) ft^3 brbushel | 0.03636872 m^3 | 8 brgallon imperialbushel | 0.03636872 m^3 | brbushel metretes | 0.03888 m^3 | 12 khous brfirkin | 0.04091481 m^3 | 9 brgallon imperialfirkin | 0.04091481 m^3 | brfirkin heapedbushel | 0.0450355316732727 m^3 | 1.278 usbushel winekeg | 0.045424941408 m^3 | 12 usgallon brheapedbushel | 0.04647922416 m^3 | 1.278 brbushel imperialheapedbushel | 0.04647922416 m^3 | brheapedbushel medimnos | 0.05184 m^3 | 6 hekteos scotsoatfirlot | 0.0525287873740465 m^3 | 4 scotsoatpeck firlot | 0.05455308 m^3 | 1|4 boll irishstrike | 0.0570529044028676 m^3 | 2 irishbushel beerkeg | 0.058673882652 m^3 | 15.5 usgallon irishrundlet | 0.0641845174532261 m^3 | 18 irishgallon deal | 0.06489277344 m^3 | 12 ft 11 in 2.5 in winerundlet | 0.0681370566713935 m^3 | 18 winegallon strike | 0.0705 m^3 | 70.5 l kilderkin | 0.08182962 m^3 | 2 brfirkin cranberrybarrel | 0.095471034864 m^3 | 5826 in^3 scotsbarrel | 0.108446664096951 m^3 | 8 scotsgallon irishbarrel | 0.112322905543146 m^3 | 31.5 irishgallon irishdrybarrel | 0.114105808805735 m^3 | 2 irishstrike drybarrel | 0.115627123584 m^3 | 7056 in^3 usbeerbarrel | 0.117347765304 m^3 | 2 beerkegs winebarrel | 0.119239849174939 m^3 | 31.5 winegallon liquidbarrel | 0.119240471196 m^3 | 31.5 usgallon scotswheatboll | 0.144030266918364 m^3 | 4 scotswheatfirlot amber | 0.14547488 m^3 | 4 brbushel bag | 0.14547488 m^3 | 4 brbushel coomb | 0.14547488 m^3 | 4 brbushel irishtierce | 0.149763874057527 m^3 | 42 irishgallon alebarrel | 0.15711835001571 m^3 | 34 alegallon winetierce | 0.158986465566585 m^3 | 42 winegallon barrel | 0.158987294928 m^3 | petroleumbarrel bbl | 0.158987294928 m^3 | barrel petroleumbarrel | 0.158987294928 m^3 | 42 usgallon brbarrel | 0.16365924 m^3 | 36 brgallon imperialbarrel | 0.16365924 m^3 | brbarrel beerbarrel | 0.166360605898987 m^3 | 36 beergallon cran | 0.170478375 m^3 | 37.5 brgallon koku | 0.180390683696469 m^3 | 10 to scotsoatboll | 0.210115149496186 m^3 | 4 scotsoatfirlot boll | 0.21821232 m^3 | 6 brbushel irishhogshead | 0.224645811086291 m^3 | 2 irishbarrel irishquarter | 0.224645811086291 m^3 | 2 irishbarrel alehogshead | 0.235677525023564 m^3 | 1.5 alebarrel winehogshead | 0.238479698349877 m^3 | 2 winebarrel hd | 0.238480942392 m^3 | hogshead hogshead | 0.238480942392 m^3 | ushogshead ushogshead | 0.238480942392 m^3 | 2 liquidbarrel brhogshead | 0.238669725 m^3 | brwinehogshead brwinehogshead | 0.238669725 m^3 | 52.5 brgallon imperialhogshead | 0.238669725 m^3 | brhogshead imperialwinehogshead | 0.238669725 m^3 | brwinehogshead brbeerhogshead | 0.24548886 m^3 | 54 brgallon imperialbeerhogshead | 0.24548886 m^3 | brbeerhogshead beerhogshead | 0.24954090884848 m^3 | 1.5 beerbarrel brquarter | 0.29094976 m^3 | 8 brbushel imperialquarter | 0.29094976 m^3 | brquarter seam | 0.29094976 m^3 | 8 brbushel irishpuncheon | 0.299527748115055 m^3 | 2 irishtierce winepuncheon | 0.31797293113317 m^3 | 2 winetierce puncheon | 0.32731848 m^3 | 72 brgallon irishpipe | 0.449291622172582 m^3 | 2 irishhogshead cordfeet | 0.453069545472 m^3 | cordfoot cordfoot | 0.453069545472 m^3 | 1|8 cord schuettraummeter | 0.455 m^3 | 0.65 raummeter schüttraummeter | 0.455 m^3 | schuettraummeter winebutt | 0.476959396699754 m^3 | 2 winehogshead winepipe | 0.476959396699754 m^3 | winebutt brbeerbutt | 0.49097772 m^3 | 2 brbeerhogshead imperialbeerbutt | 0.49097772 m^3 | brbeerbutt culleus | 0.556897982976 m^3 | 20 amphorae raummeter | 0.7 m^3 | 0.7 festmeter irishtun | 0.898583244345165 m^3 | 2 irishpipe winetun | 0.953918793399509 m^3 | 2 winebutt displacementton | 0.99108963072 m^3 | 35 ft^3 VOLUME | 1 m^3 | LENGTH^3 festmeter | 1 m^3 | m^3 stere | 1 m^3 | m^3 ㎥ | 1 m^3 | m^3 ㎘ | 1 m^3 | kL waterton | 1.01832416 m^3 | 224 brgallon freightton | 1.13267386368 m^3 | shippington shippington | 1.13267386368 m^3 | 40 ft^3 brshippington | 1.189307556864 m^3 | 42 ft^3 housecord | 1.208185454592 m^3 | 1|3 cord rick | 1.208185454592 m^3 | 4 ft 8 ft 16 inches brchaldron | 1.30927392 m^3 | 36 brbushel imperialchaldron | 1.30927392 m^3 | brchaldron last | 1.4547488 m^3 | 40 brbushel hoppuston | 1.80270644315668 m^3 | 50 hoppusfoot facecord | 1.812278181888 m^3 | 1|2 cord scotswheatchalder | 2.30448427069383 m^3 | 16 scotswheatboll ccf | 2.8316846592 m^3 | 100 ft^3 registerton | 2.8316846592 m^3 | 100 ft^3 stack | 3.058219431936 m^3 | 4 yard^3 prussiawoodklafter | 3.322336 m^3 | 0.5 prussiaklafter^3 scotsoatchalder | 3.36184239193897 m^3 | 16 scotsoatboll austriawoodklafter | 3.41049520750045 m^3 | 0.5 austriaklafter^3 cord | 3.624556363776 m^3 | 4*4*8 ft^3 standard | 4.67227968768 m^3 | 120 12 ft 11 in 1.5 in Mcf | 28.316846592 m^3 | 1000 ft^3 acrefoot | 1233.48183754752 m^3 | intacrefoot intacrefoot | 1233.48183754752 m^3 | acre foot USacrefoot | 1233.48923846815 m^3 | USacre surveyfoot ㎦ | 1000000000 m^3 | km^3 molarvolume_si | 1.20588319868415e-05 m^3/mol | N_A siliconlattice^3 / 8 V_m | 0.0224139695450141 m^3/mol | molarvolume molarvolume | 0.0224139695450141 m^3/mol | R stdtemp / atm GMsun | 1.32712440041279e+20 m^3/s^2 | 132712440041.279419 km^3 / s^2 gph | 1.05150327333333e-06 m^3/s | gal/hr usgph | 1.05150327333333e-06 m^3/s | usgallon/hr brgph | 1.26280277777778e-06 m^3/s | brgallon/hr cfh | 7.86579072e-06 m^3/s | ft^3/hour lpm | 1.66666666666667e-05 m^3/s | liter/min gpm | 6.30901964e-05 m^3/s | gal/min usgpm | 6.30901964e-05 m^3/s | usgallon/min brgpm | 7.57681666666667e-05 m^3/s | brgallon/min cfm | 0.0004719474432 m^3/s | ft^3/min minersinchID | 0.00056633693184 m^3/s | 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchKS | 0.00056633693184 m^3/s | 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchND | 0.00056633693184 m^3/s | 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchNE | 0.00056633693184 m^3/s | 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchNM | 0.00056633693184 m^3/s | 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchSD | 0.00056633693184 m^3/s | 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchUT | 0.00056633693184 m^3/s | 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchAZ | 0.0007079211648 m^3/s | 1.5 ft^3/min minersinchCA | 0.0007079211648 m^3/s | 1.5 ft^3/min minersinchMT | 0.0007079211648 m^3/s | 1.5 ft^3/min minersinchNV | 0.0007079211648 m^3/s | 1.5 ft^3/min minersinchOR | 0.0007079211648 m^3/s | 1.5 ft^3/min minersinchCO | 0.00073741788 m^3/s | 1 ft^3/sec / 38.4 minersinchBC | 0.000792871704576 m^3/s | 1.68 ft^3/min cfs | 0.028316846592 m^3/s | ft^3/s cusec | 0.028316846592 m^3/s | ft^3/s mgd | 0.0438126363888889 m^3/s | megagal/day FLUID_FLOW | 1 m^3/s | VOLUME / TIME cumec | 1 m^3/s | m^3/s sverdrup | 1000000 m^3/s | 1e6 m^3 / sec coulombconst | 8987551786.13014 m^3*kg/s^4*A^2 | alpha hbar c / e^2 k_C | 8987551786.13014 m^3*kg/s^4*A^2 | coulombconst RESISTIVITY | 1 m^3*kg/s^3*A^2 | RESISTANCE AREA / LENGTH preece | 10000000000000 m^3*kg/s^3*A^2 | 1e13 ohm m E_FLUX | 1 m^3*kg/s^3*A | E_FIELD AREA fillpower | 0.000578036672001339 m^3/kg | in^3 / ounce G | 6.6743e-11 m^3/kg*s^2 | 6.67430e-11 N m^2 / kg^2 acousticalohm | 100 Mg/m^4*s | dyn s / cm^5 ray | 100 Mg/m^4*s | acousticalohm pru | 7.9993432449 Tg/m^4*s | mmHg / (ml/min) fermicoupling | 454379566261216 s^4/m^4*kg^2 | 1.1663787e-5 / GeV^2 amagat | 2.68678011179844e+25 m^-3 | N_A / molarvolume loschmidt | 2.68678011179844e+25 m^-3 | avogadro / molarvolume n0 | 2.68678011179844e+25 m^-3 | loschmidt n₀ | 2.68678011179844e+25 m^-3 | n0 eman | 3700 m^-3*s^-1 | 1e-7 Ci/m^3 mache | 13690 m^-3*s^-1 | 3.7e-7 Ci/m^3 gammil | 1 g/m^3 | mg/l clarkdegree | 14.2537675233002 g/m^3 | grains/brgallon gpg | 17.1180610452709 g/m^3 | grains/usgallon hydrogendensity | 89.88 g/m^3 | 0.08988 g/l heliumdensity | 178.6 g/m^3 | 0.1786 g/l neondensity | 900.2 g/m^3 | 0.9002 g/l DENSITY | 1 kg/m^3 | MASS / VOLUME nitrogendensity | 1.2506 kg/m^3 | 1.2506 g/l oxygendensity | 1.429 kg/m^3 | 1.429 g/l fluorinedensity | 1.696 kg/m^3 | 1.696 g/l argondensity | 1.784 kg/m^3 | 1.784 g/l chlorinedensity | 3.2 kg/m^3 | 3.2 g/l kryptondensity | 3.749 kg/m^3 | 3.749 g/l xenondensity | 5.894 kg/m^3 | 5.894 g/l radondensity | 9.73 kg/m^3 | 9.73 g/l coffeeratio | 55 kg/m^3 | 55 g/L lbcut | 119.826427316897 kg/m^3 | poundcut poundcut | 119.826427316897 kg/m^3 | pound / gallon wood_balsa | 144.166170365641 kg/m^3 | 9 lb/ft^3 cocoa_sifted | 317.006462829778 kg/m^3 | 75 g/uscup dutchcocoa_sifted | 317.006462829778 kg/m^3 | 75 g/uscup cocoa_spooned | 346.593732693891 kg/m^3 | 82 g/uscup wood_engelmannspruce | 384.443120975043 kg/m^3 | 24 lb/ft^3 dutchcocoa_spooned | 388.861261071194 kg/m^3 | 92 g/uscup wood_easternwhitepine | 400.461584349003 kg/m^3 | 25 lb/ft^3 cocoa_scooped | 401.541519584385 kg/m^3 | 95 g/uscup dutchcocoa_scooped | 401.541519584385 kg/m^3 | 95 g/uscup wood_basswood | 416.480047722964 kg/m^3 | 26 lb/ft^3 wood_whitepine | 416.480047722964 kg/m^3 | (wood_easternwhitepine + wood_westernwhitepine) / 2 cakeflour_sifted | 419.392495609138 kg/m^3 | 3.5 oz/uscup wood_spruce | 426.09112574734 kg/m^3 | (wood_blackspruce + wood_engelmannspruce + wood_redspruce + wood_sitkaspruce + wood_whitespruce) / 5 wood_redspruce | 432.498511096924 kg/m^3 | 27 lb/ft^3 wood_sitkaspruce | 432.498511096924 kg/m^3 | 27 lb/ft^3 wood_westernwhitepine | 432.498511096924 kg/m^3 | 27 lb/ft^3 wood_whitespruce | 432.498511096924 kg/m^3 | 27 lb/ft^3 wood_blackspruce | 448.516974470884 kg/m^3 | 28 lb/ft^3 wood_jeffreypine | 448.516974470884 kg/m^3 | 28 lb/ft^3 wood_ponderosapine | 448.516974470884 kg/m^3 | 28 lb/ft^3 wood_poplar | 464.535437844844 kg/m^3 | 29 lb/ft^3 cakeflour_spooned | 479.305709267586 kg/m^3 | 4 oz/uscup flour_sifted | 479.305709267586 kg/m^3 | 4 oz/uscup powdered_sugar | 479.305709267586 kg/m^3 | 4 oz/uscup wood_boxeldermaple | 480.553901218804 kg/m^3 | 30 lb/ft^3 cornstarch | 507.210340527645 kg/m^3 | 120 grams/uscup breadflour_sifted | 509.26231609681 kg/m^3 | 4.25 oz/uscup flour_spooned | 509.26231609681 kg/m^3 | 4.25 oz/uscup wood_douglasfir | 512.590827966724 kg/m^3 | 32 lb/ft^3 wood_stripedmaple | 512.590827966724 kg/m^3 | 32 lb/ft^3 wood_silvermaple | 528.609291340685 kg/m^3 | 33 lb/ft^3 lithiumdensity | 534 kg/m^3 | 0.534 g/cm^3 wood_softmaple | 535.016676690269 kg/m^3 | (wood_bigleafmaple + wood_boxeldermaple + wood_redmaple + wood_silvermaple + wood_stripedmaple) / 5 breadflour_spooned | 539.218922926035 kg/m^3 | 4.5 oz/uscup cakeflour_scooped | 539.218922926035 kg/m^3 | 4.5 oz/uscup wood_bigleafmaple | 544.627754714645 kg/m^3 | 34 lb/ft^3 wood_redpine | 544.627754714645 kg/m^3 | 34 lb/ft^3 wood_cherry | 560.646218088605 kg/m^3 | 35 lb/ft^3 wood_loblollypine | 560.646218088605 kg/m^3 | 35 lb/ft^3 wood_shortleafpine | 560.646218088605 kg/m^3 | 35 lb/ft^3 koshersalt | 568.075581390962 kg/m^3 | 2.8 g / ustsp wood_mahogany | 592.683144836525 kg/m^3 | 37 lb/ft^3 flour_scooped | 599.132136584483 kg/m^3 | 5 oz/uscup wood_blackwalnut | 608.701608210485 kg/m^3 | 38 lb/ft^3 wood_koa | 608.701608210485 kg/m^3 | 38 lb/ft^3 wood_redmaple | 608.701608210485 kg/m^3 | 38 lb/ft^3 wood_walnut | 608.701608210485 kg/m^3 | wood_blackwalnut wood_yellowpine | 608.701608210485 kg/m^3 | (wood_loblollypine + wood_longleafpine + wood_shortleafpine + wood_slashpine) / 4 wood_longleafpine | 656.756998332366 kg/m^3 | 41 lb/ft^3 wood_slashpine | 656.756998332366 kg/m^3 | 41 lb/ft^3 wood_teak | 656.756998332366 kg/m^3 | 41 lb/ft^3 breadflour_scooped | 659.045350242931 kg/m^3 | 5.5 oz/uscup wood_birch | 688.793925080286 kg/m^3 | 43 lb/ft^3 wood_hardmaple | 704.812388454246 kg/m^3 | 44 lb/ft^3 wood_ocotepine | 704.812388454246 kg/m^3 | 44 lb/ft^3 wood_redoak | 704.812388454246 kg/m^3 | 44 lb/ft^3 wood_beech | 720.830851828206 kg/m^3 | 45 lb/ft^3 wood_whiteoak | 752.867778576126 kg/m^3 | 47 lb/ft^3 alcoholdensity | 789.3 kg/m^3 | ethanoldensity ethanoldensity | 789.3 kg/m^3 | 0.7893 g/cm^3 paperdensity | 800 kg/m^3 | 0.8 g/cm^3 wood_zebrawood | 800.923168698007 kg/m^3 | 50 lb/ft^3 shortening | 808.828384389052 kg/m^3 | 6.75 oz/uscup butter_clarified | 814.819705754897 kg/m^3 | 6.8 oz/uscup wood_rosewood_brazilian | 832.960095445927 kg/m^3 | 52 lb/ft^3 wood_rosewood_indian | 832.960095445927 kg/m^3 | 52 lb/ft^3 sugar | 845.350567546075 kg/m^3 | 200 g/uscup potassiumdensity | 862 kg/m^3 | 0.862 g/cm^3 wood_bubinga | 897.033948941768 kg/m^3 | 56 lb/ft^3 oil | 898.698204876724 kg/m^3 | 7.5 oz/uscup brownsugar_light | 917.205365787491 kg/m^3 | 217 g/uscup baking_powder | 933.267026570867 kg/m^3 | 4.6 grams / ustsp butter | 958.611418535173 kg/m^3 | 8 oz/uscup wood_ebony_gaboon | 961.107802437608 kg/m^3 | 60 lb/ft^3 sodiumdensity | 968 kg/m^3 | 0.968 g/cm^3 koshersalt_morton | 973.843853813078 kg/m^3 | 4.8 g / ustsp heavycream | 980.606658353447 kg/m^3 | 232 g/uscup Denz | 999.972000783978 kg/m^3 | Maz/Volm Dz | 999.972000783978 kg/m^3 | Denz waterdensity | 1 Mg/m^3 | gram / cm^3 brownsugar_dark | 1.01019392821756 Mg/m^3 | 239 g/uscup milk | 1.02287418673075 Mg/m^3 | 242 g/uscup sourcream | 1.02287418673075 Mg/m^3 | 242 g/uscup wood_rosewood_honduran | 1.02518165593345 Mg/m^3 | 64 lb/ft^3 cocoa_butter | 1.07843784585207 Mg/m^3 | 9 oz/uscup wood_cocobolo | 1.10527397280325 Mg/m^3 | 69 lb/ft^3 wood_ebony_macassar | 1.12129243617721 Mg/m^3 | 70 lb/ft^3 wood_snakewood | 1.21259767740878 Mg/m^3 | 75.7 lb/ft^3 salt | 1.21730481726635 Mg/m^3 | 6 g / ustsp wood_lignumvitae | 1.25744937485587 Mg/m^3 | 78.5 lb/ft^3 wood_blackwood | 1.27026414555504 Mg/m^3 | 79.3 lb/ft^3 molasses | 1.34804730731509 Mg/m^3 | 11.25 oz/uscup wood_blackironwood | 1.35356015509963 Mg/m^3 | 84.5 lb/ft^3 cornsyrup | 1.37800391414431 Mg/m^3 | 11.5 oz/uscup honey | 1.40796052097353 Mg/m^3 | 11.75 oz/uscup rubidiumdensity | 1.532 Mg/m^3 | 1.532 g/cm^3 calciumdensity | 1.55 Mg/m^3 | 1.55 g/cm^3 magnesiumdensity | 1.738 Mg/m^3 | 1.738 g/cm^3 phosphorus_white_density | 1.823 Mg/m^3 | 1.823 g/cm^3 berylliumdensity | 1.85 Mg/m^3 | 1.85 g/cm^3 sulfur_gamma_density | 1.92 Mg/m^3 | 1.92 g/cm^3 cesiumdensity | 1.93 Mg/m^3 | 1.93 g/cm^3 carbon_amorphous_density | 1.95 Mg/m^3 | 1.95 g/cm^3 sulfur_betadensity | 1.96 Mg/m^3 | 1.96 g/cm^3 sulfur_alpha_density | 2.07 Mg/m^3 | 2.07 g/cm^3 carbon_graphite_density | 2.267 Mg/m^3 | 2.267 g/cm^3 graphitedensity | 2.267 Mg/m^3 | carbon_graphite_density phosphorus_red_density | 2.27 Mg/m^3 | 2.27 g/cm^3 silicondensity | 2.329 Mg/m^3 | 2.3290 g/cm^3 phosphorus_violet_density | 2.36 Mg/m^3 | 2.36 g/cm^3 borondensity | 2.37 Mg/m^3 | 2.37 g/cm^3 franciumdensity | 2.48 Mg/m^3 | 2.48 g/cm^3 strontiumdensity | 2.64 Mg/m^3 | 2.64 g/cm^3 phosphorus_black_density | 2.69 Mg/m^3 | 2.69 g/cm^3 aluminumdensity | 2.7 Mg/m^3 | 2.7 g/cm^3 brominedensity | 3.1028 Mg/m^3 | 3.1028 g/cm^3 bariumdensity | 3.51 Mg/m^3 | 3.51 g/cm^3 carbon_diamond_density | 3.515 Mg/m^3 | 3.515 g/cm^3 diamonddensity | 3.515 Mg/m^3 | carbon_diamond_density scandiumdensity | 3.985 Mg/m^3 | 3.985 g/cm^3 selenium_vitreous_density | 4.28 Mg/m^3 | 4.28 g/cm^3 selenium_alpha_density | 4.39 Mg/m^3 | 4.39 g/cm^3 titaniumdensity | 4.406 Mg/m^3 | 4.406 g/cm^3 yttriumdensity | 4.472 Mg/m^3 | 4.472 g/cm^3 selenium_gray_density | 4.81 Mg/m^3 | 4.81 g/cm^3 iodinedensity | 4.933 Mg/m^3 | 4.933 g/cm^3 europiumdensity | 5.264 Mg/m^3 | 5.264 g/cm^3 germaniumdensity | 5.323 Mg/m^3 | 5.323 g/cm^3 radiumdensity | 5.5 Mg/m^3 | 5.5 g/cm^3 arsenicdensity | 5.727 Mg/m^3 | 5.727 g/cm^3 tin_alpha_density | 5.769 Mg/m^3 | 5.769 g/cm^3 tin_gray | 5.769 Mg/m^3 | tin_alpha_density galliumdensity | 5.91 Mg/m^3 | 5.91 g/cm^3 vanadiumdensity | 6.11 Mg/m^3 | 6.11 g/cm^3 lanthanumdensity | 6.162 Mg/m^3 | 6.162 g/cm^3 telluriumdensity | 6.24 Mg/m^3 | 6.24 g/cm^3 astatinedensity | 6.35 Mg/m^3 | 6.35 g/cm^3 zirconiumdensity | 6.52 Mg/m^3 | 6.52 g/cm^3 antimonydensity | 6.697 Mg/m^3 | 6.697 g/cm^3 ceriumdensity | 6.77 Mg/m^3 | 6.77 g/cm^3 praseodymiumdensity | 6.77 Mg/m^3 | 6.77 g/cm^3 ytterbiumdensity | 6.9 Mg/m^3 | 6.9 g/cm^3 neodymiumdensity | 7.01 Mg/m^3 | 7.01 g/cm^3 zincdensity | 7.14 Mg/m^3 | 7.14 g/cm^3 chromiumdensity | 7.19 Mg/m^3 | 7.19 g/cm^3 manganesedensity | 7.21 Mg/m^3 | 7.21 g/cm^3 promethiumdensity | 7.26 Mg/m^3 | 7.26 g/cm^3 tin_beta_density | 7.265 Mg/m^3 | 7.265 g/cm^3 tin_white | 7.265 Mg/m^3 | tin_beta_density indiumdensity | 7.31 Mg/m^3 | 7.31 g/cm^3 samariumdensity | 7.52 Mg/m^3 | 7.52 g/cm^3 irondensity | 7.874 Mg/m^3 | 7.874 g/cm^3 gadoliniumdensity | 7.9 Mg/m^3 | 7.9 g/cm^3 terbiumdensity | 8.23 Mg/m^3 | 8.23 g/cm^3 dysprosiumdensity | 8.54 Mg/m^3 | 8.54 g/cm^3 niobiumdensity | 8.57 Mg/m^3 | 8.57 g/cm^3 cadmiumdensity | 8.65 Mg/m^3 | 8.65 g/cm^3 holmiumdensity | 8.79 Mg/m^3 | 8.79 g/cm^3 einsteiniumdensity | 8.84 Mg/m^3 | 8.84 g/cm^3 copperdensity | 8.89 Mg/m^3 | 8.89 g/cm^3 cobaltdensity | 8.9 Mg/m^3 | 8.9 g/cm^3 nickeldensity | 8.908 Mg/m^3 | 8.908 g/cm^3 erbiumdensity | 9.066 Mg/m^3 | 9.066 g/cm^3 polonium_alpha_density | 9.196 Mg/m^3 | 9.196 g/cm^3 thuliumdensity | 9.32 Mg/m^3 | 9.32 g/cm^3 polonium_beta_density | 9.398 Mg/m^3 | 9.398 g/cm^3 fermiumdensity | 9.7 Mg/m^3 | 9.7 g/cm^3 bismuthdensity | 9.78 Mg/m^3 | 9.78 g/cm^3 lutetiumdensity | 9.841 Mg/m^3 | 9.841 g/cm^3 nobeliumdensity | 9.9 Mg/m^3 | 9.9 g/cm^3 actiniumdensity | 10 Mg/m^3 | 10 g/cm^3 molybdenumdensity | 10.28 Mg/m^3 | 10.28 g/cm^3 mendeleviumdensity | 10.3 Mg/m^3 | 10.3 g/cm^3 silverdensity | 10.49 Mg/m^3 | 10.49 g/cm^3 technetiumdensity | 11 Mg/m^3 | 11 g/cm^3 leaddensity | 11.34 Mg/m^3 | 11.34 g/cm^3 thoriumdensity | 11.7 Mg/m^3 | 11.7 g/cm^3 thalliumdensity | 11.85 Mg/m^3 | 11.85 g/cm^3 americiumdensity | 12 Mg/m^3 | 12 g/cm^3 palladiumdensity | 12.023 Mg/m^3 | 12.023 g/cm^3 rhodiumdensity | 12.41 Mg/m^3 | 12.41 g/cm^3 rutheniumdensity | 12.45 Mg/m^3 | 12.45 g/cm^3 berkelium_beta_density | 13.25 Mg/m^3 | 13.25 g/cm^3 hafniumdensity | 13.31 Mg/m^3 | 13.31 g/cm^3 curiumdensity | 13.51 Mg/m^3 | 13.51 g/cm^3 mercurydensity | 13.534 Mg/m^3 | 13.534 g/cm^3 berkelium_alphadensity | 14.78 Mg/m^3 | 14.78 g/cm^3 californiumdensity | 15.1 Mg/m^3 | 15.1 g/cm^3 protactiniumdensity | 15.37 Mg/m^3 | 15.37 g/cm^3 lawrenciumdensity | 16 Mg/m^3 | 16 g/cm^3 tantalumdensity | 16.69 Mg/m^3 | 16.69 g/cm^3 uraniumdensity | 19.1 Mg/m^3 | 19.1 g/cm^3 golddensity | 19.3 Mg/m^3 | 19.30 g/cm^3 tungstendensity | 19.3 Mg/m^3 | 19.3 g/cm^3 plutoniumdensity | 19.816 Mg/m^3 | 19.816 g/cm^3 neptuniumdensity | 20.45 Mg/m^3 | 20.45 g/cm^3 rheniumdensity | 21.02 Mg/m^3 | 21.02 g/cm^3 platinumdensity | 21.45 Mg/m^3 | 21.45 g/cm^3 iridiumdensity | 22.56 Mg/m^3 | 22.56 g/cm^3 osmiumdensity | 22.59 Mg/m^3 | 22.59 g/cm^3 rutherfordiumdensity | 23.2 Mg/m^3 | 23.2 g/cm^3 roentgeniumdensity | 28.7 Mg/m^3 | 28.7 g/cm^3 dubniumdensity | 29.3 Mg/m^3 | 29.3 g/cm^3 darmstadtiumdensity | 34.8 Mg/m^3 | 34.8 g/cm^3 seaborgiumdensity | 35 Mg/m^3 | 35 g/cm^3 bohriumdensity | 37.1 Mg/m^3 | 37.1 g/cm^3 meitneriumdensity | 37.4 Mg/m^3 | 37.4 g/cm^3 hassiumdensity | 41 Mg/m^3 | 41 g/cm^3 CONDUCTIVITY | 1 s^3*A^2/m^3*kg | CONDUCTANCE LENGTH / AREA IACS | 58000000 s^3*A^2/m^3*kg | copperconductivity copperconductivity | 58000000 s^3*A^2/m^3*kg | 58 siemens m / mm^2 epsilon0 | 8.85418781884006e-12 s^4*A^2/m^3*kg | 1 / 4 pi k_C ε₀ | 8.85418781884006e-12 s^4*A^2/m^3*kg | epsilon0 ELECTRIC_PERMITTIVITY | 1 s^4*A^2/m^3*kg | epsilon0 / epsilon0_SI brmpg | 354006.189934647 m^-2 | mile/brgallon mpg | 425143.707430272 m^-2 | mile/gal usmpg | 425143.707430272 m^-2 | mile/usgallon skot | 318.309886183791 µlx | 1e-3 apostilb nox | 1 mlx | 1e-3 lux apostilb | 318.309886183791 mlx | cd/pi m^2 asb | 318.309886183791 mlx | apostilb blondel | 318.309886183791 mlx | apostilb equivalentlux | 318.309886183791 mlx | cd / pi m^2 EXITANCE | 1 lx | lux ILLUMINANCE | 1 lx | lux LUMINANCE | 1 lx | nit lux | 1 lx | lm/m^2 lx | 1 lx | lux metercandle | 1 lx | lumen/m^2 nit | 1 lx | cd/m^2 ㏓ | 1 lx | lx fL | 3.42625909963539 lx | footlambert footlambert | 3.42625909963539 lx | cd / pi ft^2 footcandle | 10.7639104167097 lx | lumen/ft^2 skylum_o | 2 klx | 2000 cd/m^2 moonlum | 2.5 klx | 2500 cd/m^2 equivalentphot | 3.18309886183791 klx | cd / pi cm^2 lambert | 3.18309886183791 klx | cd / pi cm^2 skylum | 8 klx | 8000 cd/m^2 ph | 10 klx | phot phot | 10 klx | lumen / cm^2 sb | 10 klx | stilb stilb | 10 klx | cd / cm^2 sunillum_o | 10 klx | 10e3 lux sunillum | 100 klx | 100e3 lux sunlum_h | 6 Mlx | 6e6 cd/m^2 sunlum | 1.6 Glx | 1.6e9 cd/m^2 N_exif | 0.32 s*cd/m^2 | 1|3.125 lx s N_speed | 0.32 s*cd/m^2 | N_exif mcs | 1 s*cd/m^2 | metercandle s D_FIELD | 1 s*A/m^2 | E_FIELD ELECTRIC_PERMITTIVITY POLARIZATION | 1 s*A/m^2 | ELECTRIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT / VOLUME pfu | 10000 m^-2*s^-1 | / cm^2 sr s gsm | 1 g/m^2 | grams / meter^2 lbbible | 1.48014648345086 g/m^2 | poundbiblepaper lbbook | 1.48014648345086 g/m^2 | poundbookpaper lboffset | 1.48014648345086 g/m^2 | poundoffsetpaper lbtext | 1.48014648345086 g/m^2 | poundtextpaper poundbiblepaper | 1.48014648345086 g/m^2 | poundbookpaper poundbookpaper | 1.48014648345086 g/m^2 | lb / 25 inch 38 inch ream poundoffsetpaper | 1.48014648345086 g/m^2 | poundbookpaper poundtextpaper | 1.48014648345086 g/m^2 | poundbookpaper lbbag | 1.62747587879435 g/m^2 | poundbagpaper lbglassine | 1.62747587879435 g/m^2 | poundglassinepaper lbnewsprint | 1.62747587879435 g/m^2 | poundnewsprintpaper lbposter | 1.62747587879435 g/m^2 | poundposterpaper lbtag | 1.62747587879435 g/m^2 | poundtagpaper lbtissue | 1.62747587879435 g/m^2 | poundtissuepaper lbwaxing | 1.62747587879435 g/m^2 | poundwaxingpaper lbwrapping | 1.62747587879435 g/m^2 | poundwrappingpaper poundbagpaper | 1.62747587879435 g/m^2 | poundtagpaper poundglassinepaper | 1.62747587879435 g/m^2 | poundtagpaper poundnewsprintpaper | 1.62747587879435 g/m^2 | poundtagpaper poundposterpaper | 1.62747587879435 g/m^2 | poundtagpaper poundtagpaper | 1.62747587879435 g/m^2 | lb / 24 inch 36 inch ream poundtissuepaper | 1.62747587879435 g/m^2 | poundtagpaper poundwaxingpaper | 1.62747587879435 g/m^2 | poundtagpaper poundwrappingpaper | 1.62747587879435 g/m^2 | poundtagpaper lbindex | 1.80795777470693 g/m^2 | poundindexpaper lbindexbristol | 1.80795777470693 g/m^2 | poundindexpaper poundindexbristolpaper | 1.80795777470693 g/m^2 | poundindexpaper poundindexpaper | 1.80795777470693 g/m^2 | lb / 25.5 inch 30.5 inch ream lbbristol | 2.19280960511239 g/m^2 | poundbristolpaper lbpostcard | 2.19280960511239 g/m^2 | poundpostcardpaper lbweddingbristol | 2.19280960511239 g/m^2 | poundweddingbristol poundbristolpaper | 2.19280960511239 g/m^2 | poundweddingbristol poundpostcardpaper | 2.19280960511239 g/m^2 | lb / 22.5 inch 28.5 inch ream poundweddingbristol | 2.19280960511239 g/m^2 | poundpostcardpaper lbblanks | 2.28269344038688 g/m^2 | poundblankspaper poundblankspaper | 2.28269344038688 g/m^2 | lb / 22 inch 28 inch ream lbcover | 2.70411376784292 g/m^2 | poundcoverpaper poundcoverpaper | 2.70411376784292 g/m^2 | lb / 20 inch 26 inch ream lbblotting | 3.0836385071893 g/m^2 | poundblottingpaper poundblottingpaper | 3.0836385071893 g/m^2 | lb / 19 inch 24 inch ream lbbond | 3.75973037240192 g/m^2 | poundbondpaper lbcopy | 3.75973037240192 g/m^2 | poundcopypaper lbledger | 3.75973037240192 g/m^2 | poundledgerpaper lbwriting | 3.75973037240192 g/m^2 | poundwritingpaper poundbondpaper | 3.75973037240192 g/m^2 | lb / 17 inch 22 inch ream poundcopypaper | 3.75973037240192 g/m^2 | poundbondpaper poundledgerpaper | 3.75973037240192 g/m^2 | poundbondpaper poundwritingpaper | 3.75973037240192 g/m^2 | poundbondpaper silkmm | 4.33446057048713 g/m^2 | silkmomme silkmomme | 4.33446057048713 g/m^2 | momme / 25 yards 1.49 inch lbboxboard | 4.88242763638305 g/m^2 | poundboxboard lbpaperboard | 4.88242763638305 g/m^2 | poundpaperboard poundboxboard | 4.88242763638305 g/m^2 | lb / 1000 ft^2 poundpaperboard | 4.88242763638305 g/m^2 | poundboxboard paperpoint | 20.32 g/m^2 | pointthickness paperdensity sailmakersounce | 42.8283125998513 g/m^2 | oz / sailmakersyard 36 inch papercaliper | 20.32 kg/m^2 | in paperdensity H2O100C | 9.398497227 Mg/m^2*s^2 | 0.95838 force gram / cm^3 H2O50C | 9.6896566655 Mg/m^2*s^2 | 0.98807 force gram / cm^3 H2O25C | 9.7779165155 Mg/m^2*s^2 | 0.99707 force gram / cm^3 H2O20C | 9.7892922295 Mg/m^2*s^2 | 0.99823 force gram / cm^3 H2O18C | 9.793116823 Mg/m^2*s^2 | 0.99862 force gram / cm^3 H2O15C | 9.7981182145 Mg/m^2*s^2 | 0.99913 force gram / cm^3 H2O10C | 9.8040022045 Mg/m^2*s^2 | 0.99973 force gram / cm^3 H2O0C | 9.8053751355 Mg/m^2*s^2 | 0.99987 force gram / cm^3 H2O5C | 9.8065519335 Mg/m^2*s^2 | 0.99999 force gram / cm^3 H2O | 9.80665 Mg/m^2*s^2 | water water | 9.80665 Mg/m^2*s^2 | gram force/cm^3 wc | 9.80665 Mg/m^2*s^2 | water seawater | 10 Mg/m^2*s^2 | 0.1 bar / meter Hg40C | 132.363297045 Mg/m^2*s^2 | 13.4973 force gram / cm^3 Hg30C | 132.602579305 Mg/m^2*s^2 | 13.5217 force gram / cm^3 Hg23C | 132.76831169 Mg/m^2*s^2 | 13.5386 force gram / cm^3 Hg20C | 132.84284223 Mg/m^2*s^2 | 13.5462 force gram / cm^3 Hg60F | 132.95267671 Mg/m^2*s^2 | 13.5574 force gram / cm^3 Hg10C | 133.08408582 Mg/m^2*s^2 | 13.5708 force gram / cm^3 Hg | 133.322387415 Mg/m^2*s^2 | 13.5951 gram force / cm^3 rayl | 10 kg/m^2*s | dyn s / cm^3 K_J | 483597848416984 s^2*A/m^2*kg | 2e/h K_J90 | 483597900000000 s^2*A/m^2*kg | 483597.9 GHz/V sturgeon | 1 s^2*A^2/m^2*kg | /henry K_cd | 683 s^3*cd/m^2*kg | 683 lumen/W THERMAL_RESISTANCE | 1 s^3*K/m^2*kg | 1/THERMAL_CONDUCTANCE fourier | 1 s^3*K^2/m^2*kg | thermalohm thermalohm | 1 s^3*K^2/m^2*kg | K^2/W statmho | 1.11265005620689 pS | /statohm stmho | 1.11265005620689 pS | statmho G0 | 77.4809172986365 µS | conductancequantum G₀ | 77.4809172986365 µS | G0 conductancequantum | 77.4809172986365 µS | e^2 / pi hbar CONDUCTANCE | 1 S | siemens S | 1 S | siemens mho | 1 S | siemens siemens | 1 S | A/V ℧ | 1 S | mho abmho | 1 GS | /abohm thermalhenry | 1 s^4*K^2/m^2*kg | J K^2/W^2 pf | 1 pF | pF ㎊ | 1 pF | pF cmcapacitance | 1.11265005620689 pF | statfarad stF | 1.11265005620689 pF | statfarad statF | 1.11265005620689 pF | statfarad statfarad | 1.11265005620689 pF | statamp sec / statvolt ㎋ | 1 nF | nF jar | 1.11265005620689 nF | 1000 statfarad ㎌ | 1 µF | µF intfarad | 999.505 mF | 0.999505 F farad90 | 999.999982206333 mF | (R_K90/R_K) F CAPACITANCE | 1 F | farad F | 1 F | farad farad | 1 F | C/V abF | 1 GF | abfarad abfarad | 1 GF | abampere sec / abvolt WAVENUMBER | 1 m^-1 | 1/WAVELENGTH diopter | 1 m^-1 | /m dioptre | 1 m^-1 | diopter balmer | 100 m^-1 | kayser kayser | 100 m^-1 | 1/cm wavenumber | 100 m^-1 | 1/cm R_H | 10967758.3402774 m^-1 | Rinfinity m_p / (m_e + m_p) R_∞ | 10973731.5681571 m^-1 | Rinfinity Rinfinity | 10973731.5681571 m^-1 | hartree / 2 h c R∞ | 10973731.5681571 m^-1 | Rinfinity lapserate | 6.5 mK/m | 6.5 K/km H_FIELD | 1 A/m | B_FIELD / MAGNETIC_PERMEABILITY MAGNETIZATION | 1 A/m | MAGNETIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT / VOLUME Oe | 79.5774715569095 A/m | oersted oe | 79.5774715569095 A/m | Oe oersted | 79.5774715569095 A/m | gauss / mu0 perm | 57.2134946709451 ps/m | perm_0C perm_0 | 57.2134946709451 ps/m | perm_0C perm_0C | 57.2134946709451 ps/m | grain / hr ft^2 inHg perm_zero | 57.2134946709451 ps/m | perm_0C perm_23C | 57.4522610462652 ps/m | grain / hr ft^2 in Hg23C perm_twentythree | 57.4522610462652 ps/m | perm_23C helmholtz | 3.33564095221126e-10 s*A/m | debye/angstrom^2 drex | 100 µg/m | 0.1 tex denier | 111.111111111111 µg/m | 1|9 tex poumar | 496.054647856518 µg/m | lb / 1e6 yard tex | 1 mg/m | gram / km manchesteryarnnumber | 1.93771346818952 mg/m | drams/1000 yards LINEAR_DENSITY | 1 kg/m | MASS / LENGTH plf | 1.48816394356955 kg/m | lb / foot pli | 17.8579673228346 kg/m | lb/in flick | 10 Tg/m*s^3 | W / cm^2 sr micrometer barad | 100 mPa | barye barye | 100 mPa | dyne/cm^2 PRESSURE | 1 Pa | FORCE / AREA Pa | 1 Pa | pascal STRESS | 1 Pa | FORCE / AREA pa | 1 Pa | Pa pascal | 1 Pa | N/m^2 tor | 1 Pa | Pa ㎩ | 1 Pa | Pa mmH2O | 9.80665 Pa | mm water vac | 100 Pa | millibar ㍱ | 100 Pa | hPa ㏔ | 100 Pa | mb torr | 133.322368421053 Pa | atm / 760 mmHg | 133.322387415 Pa | mm Hg inH2O | 249.08891 Pa | inch water osi | 430.922330823022 Pa | ounce force / inch^2 pieze | 1 kPa | sthene / m^2 ㎪ | 1 kPa | kPa fsw | 3.048 kPa | foot seawater inHg | 3.386388640341 kPa | inch Hg psi | 6.89475729316836 kPa | pound force / inch^2 psia | 6.89475729316836 kPa | psi msw | 10 kPa | meter seawater at | 98.0665 kPa | technicalatmosphere technicalatmosphere | 98.0665 kPa | kgf / cm^2 b | 100 kPa | bar bar | 100 kPa | 1e5 Pa ㍴ | 100 kPa | bar Patm | 101.325 kPa | atm atm | 101.325 kPa | 101325 Pa atmosphere | 101.325 kPa | atm stdatmP0 | 101.325 kPa | atm ㎫ | 1 MPa | MPa ksi | 6.89475729316836 MPa | kip / in^2 tsi | 13.7895145863367 MPa | ton force / inch^2 naturalgas_LHV | 34.6508196012831 MPa | 930 btu/ft3 naturalgas | 38.2649373446427 MPa | naturalgas_HHV naturalgas_HHV | 38.2649373446427 MPa | 1027 btu/ft3 propane | 93.3 MPa | 93.3 MJ/m^3 butane | 124 MPa | 124 MJ/m^3 ㎬ | 1 GPa | GPa wood_mod_balsa | 3.70937942372458 GPa | 0.538e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_boxeldermaple | 7.23949515782678 GPa | 1.050e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_silvermaple | 7.86002331421193 GPa | 1.140e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_easternwhitepine | 8.54949904352877 GPa | 1.240e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_jeffreypine | 8.54949904352877 GPa | 1.240e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_ponderosapine | 8.89423690818718 GPa | 1.290e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_whitespruce | 9.06660584051639 GPa | 1.315e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_softmaple | 9.10107962698224 GPa | (wood_mod_bigleafmaple + wood_mod_boxeldermaple + wood_mod_redmaple + wood_mod_silvermaple) / 4 wood_mod_whitepine | 9.30792234577729 GPa | (wood_mod_easternwhitepine + wood_mod_westernwhitepine) / 2 wood_mod_englemannspruce | 9.43892273434749 GPa | 1.369e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_bigleafmaple | 9.99739807509412 GPa | 1.450e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_mahogany | 10.0525561334395 GPa | 1.458e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_basswood | 10.0663456480258 GPa | 1.460e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_westernwhitepine | 10.0663456480258 GPa | 1.460e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_spruce | 10.1587353957543 GPa | (wood_mod_blackspruce + wood_mod_englemannspruce + wood_mod_redspruce + wood_mod_sitkaspruce + wood_mod_whitespruce) / 5 wood_mod_cherry | 10.2731883668209 GPa | 1.490e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_koa | 10.362820211632 GPa | 1.503e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_blackspruce | 10.5007153574954 GPa | 1.523e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_redspruce | 10.7558213773426 GPa | 1.560e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_poplar | 10.893716523206 GPa | 1.580e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_sitkaspruce | 11.0316116690694 GPa | 1.600e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_redpine | 11.2384543878644 GPa | 1.630e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_redmaple | 11.3074019607961 GPa | 1.640e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_rosewood_indian | 11.5004551650048 GPa | 1.668e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_blackwalnut | 11.5831922525228 GPa | 1.680e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_walnut | 11.5831922525228 GPa | wood_mod_blackwalnut wood_mod_beech | 11.8589825442496 GPa | 1.720e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_shortleafpine | 12.0658252630446 GPa | 1.750e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_redoak | 12.1416675932695 GPa | 1.761e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_whiteoak | 12.1485623505627 GPa | 1.762e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_douglasfir | 12.1692466224422 GPa | 1.765e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_teak | 12.2795627391328 GPa | 1.781e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_loblollypine | 12.3416155547714 GPa | 1.790e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_hardmaple | 12.6174058464981 GPa | 1.830e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_yellowpine | 12.9276699246907 GPa | (wood_mod_loblollypine + wood_mod_longleafpine + wood_mod_shortleafpine + wood_mod_slashpine) / 4 wood_mod_longleafpine | 13.6516194404734 GPa | 1.980e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_slashpine | 13.6516194404734 GPa | 1.980e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_birch | 13.8584621592684 GPa | wood_mod_birchyellow wood_mod_birchyellow | 13.8584621592684 GPa | 2.010e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_rosewood_brazilian | 13.9274097322001 GPa | 2.020e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_lignumvitae | 14.085989149943 GPa | 2.043e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_ocotepine | 15.2305188606089 GPa | 2.209e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_zebrawood | 16.3681538139817 GPa | 2.374e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_ebony_gaboon | 16.8852606109693 GPa | 2.449e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_ebony_macassar | 17.3403145923184 GPa | 2.515e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_blackwood | 17.9470532341172 GPa | 2.603e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_bubinga | 18.4090019727595 GPa | 2.670e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_cocobolo | 18.6985817790726 GPa | 2.712e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_blackironwood | 20.4498501315374 GPa | 2.966e6 lbf/in^2 ethanol_LHV | 21.09882163439 GPa | 75700 btu/usgallon wood_mod_rosewood_honduran | 21.9942757652071 GPa | 3.190e6 lbf/in^2 wood_mod_snakewood | 23.1939635342184 GPa | 3.364e6 lbf/in^2 ethanol_HHV | 23.4121666748845 GPa | 84000 btu/usgallon gasoline_LHV | 32.0523710429967 GPa | 115000 btu/usgallon gasoline | 34.8395337423877 GPa | gasoline_HHV gasoline_HHV | 34.8395337423877 GPa | 125000 btu/usgallon diesel | 36.3724732270527 GPa | 130500 btu/usgallon heating | 37.3 GPa | 37.3 MJ/liter fueloil | 39.7 GPa | 39.7 MJ/liter P | 100 g/m*s | poise poise | 100 g/m*s | gram / cm s VISCOSITY | 1 kg/m*s | FORCE TIME / AREA poiseuille | 1 kg/m*s | N s / m^2 reyn | 6.89475729316836 Mg/m*s | psi sec MPGe | 1.32640330058567e-05 s^2/m*kg | mpg_e mpg_e | 1.32640330058567e-05 s^2/m*kg | miles / gallon gasoline_LHV lorentz | 46.6864477193716 s^2*A/m*kg | bohrmagneton / h c THERMAL_RESISTIVITY | 1 s^3*K/m*kg | 1/THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY (6772 rows) -- units that do not conform to their original definition SELECT name, unit, definition, definition::unit AS parsed_definition, unit / definition::unit AS deviation FROM unit_units WHERE unit <> definition::unit; name | unit | definition | parsed_definition | deviation ------+------+------------+-------------------+----------- (0 rows) -- units that differ when pushed through output-input functions SELECT name, unit, unit::text::unit, definition FROM unit_units WHERE unit::text::unit::text <> unit::text; name | unit | unit | definition ------+------+------+------------ (0 rows) -- prefix-unit combinations that are ambiguous /* CREATE FUNCTION valid_unit(u text) RETURNS boolean LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$ BEGIN PERFORM u::unit; RETURN true; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN RETURN false; END; $$; -- takes about 5min to run with cold cache, and about 3s with the hash table filled SELECT prefix||name AS unit, prefix, name FROM unit_prefixes CROSS JOIN unit_units WHERE NOT valid_unit(prefix||name) ORDER BY prefix||name, prefix; */ SELECT 'daA'::unit; -- ambiguous in original definitions.units unit ------ 10 A (1 row) SELECT 'dasb'::unit; ERROR: unit "dasb" is ambiguous, "d-asb" vs. "da-sb" LINE 1: SELECT 'dasb'::unit; ^ SELECT 'dat'::unit; ERROR: unit "dat" is ambiguous, "d-at" vs. "da-t" LINE 1: SELECT 'dat'::unit; ^ SELECT 'dau'::unit; ERROR: unit "dau" is ambiguous, "d-au" vs. "da-u" LINE 1: SELECT 'dau'::unit; ^ SELECT 'daustbl'::unit; ERROR: unit "daustbl" is ambiguous, "d-austbl" vs. "da-ustbl" LINE 1: SELECT 'daustbl'::unit; ^ SELECT 'daustblsp'::unit; ERROR: unit "daustblsp" is ambiguous, "d-austblsp" vs. "da-ustblsp" LINE 1: SELECT 'daustblsp'::unit; ^ SELECT 'daustbsp'::unit; ERROR: unit "daustbsp" is ambiguous, "d-austbsp" vs. "da-ustbsp" LINE 1: SELECT 'daustbsp'::unit; ^ SELECT 'daustsp'::unit; ERROR: unit "daustsp" is ambiguous, "d-austsp" vs. "da-ustsp" LINE 1: SELECT 'daustsp'::unit; ^ SELECT 'Eint'::unit; ERROR: unit "Eint" is ambiguous, "E-int" vs. "Ei-nt" LINE 1: SELECT 'Eint'::unit; ^ SELECT 'Gint'::unit; ERROR: unit "Gint" is ambiguous, "G-int" vs. "Gi-nt" LINE 1: SELECT 'Gint'::unit; ^ SELECT 'Mint'::unit; ERROR: unit "Mint" is ambiguous, "M-int" vs. "Mi-nt" LINE 1: SELECT 'Mint'::unit; ^ SELECT 'Pint'::unit; ERROR: unit "Pint" is ambiguous, "P-int" vs. "Pi-nt" LINE 1: SELECT 'Pint'::unit; ^ SELECT 'Tint'::unit; ERROR: unit "Tint" is ambiguous, "T-int" vs. "Ti-nt" LINE 1: SELECT 'Tint'::unit; ^ SELECT 'Yint'::unit; ERROR: unit "Yint" is ambiguous, "Y-int" vs. "Yi-nt" LINE 1: SELECT 'Yint'::unit; ^ SELECT 'yoctodecillion'::unit; ERROR: unit "yoctodecillion" is ambiguous, "y-octodecillion" vs. "yocto-decillion" LINE 1: SELECT 'yoctodecillion'::unit; ^ SELECT 'Zint'::unit; ERROR: unit "Zint" is ambiguous, "Z-int" vs. "Zi-nt" LINE 1: SELECT 'Zint'::unit; ^ postgresql-unit-7.10/expected/upgrade.out000066400000000000000000000036471472555243500206300ustar00rootroot00000000000000-- version 1 SET client_min_messages = warning; DROP EXTENSION IF EXISTS unit CASCADE; CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS pg_depend_save (LIKE pg_depend); RESET client_min_messages; \set pg_depend_save 'BEGIN; DELETE FROM pg_depend_save; WITH ext AS (DELETE FROM pg_depend WHERE refobjid = (SELECT oid FROM pg_extension WHERE extname = $$unit$$) RETURNING *) INSERT INTO pg_depend_save SELECT * FROM ext; COMMIT;' \set pg_depend_restore 'INSERT INTO pg_depend SELECT * FROM pg_depend_save;' CREATE EXTENSION unit VERSION "1"; :pg_depend_save \! pg_dump -f unit-1.dump -T pg_depend_save :pg_depend_restore -- upgrade to version 2 ALTER EXTENSION unit UPDATE TO "2"; :pg_depend_save \! pg_dump -f unit-1-2.dump -T pg_depend_save :pg_depend_restore -- upgrade to version 3 ALTER EXTENSION unit UPDATE TO "3"; :pg_depend_save \! pg_dump -f unit-2-3.dump -T pg_depend_save :pg_depend_restore -- upgrade to version 4 ALTER EXTENSION unit UPDATE TO "4"; :pg_depend_save \! pg_dump -f unit-3-4.dump -T pg_depend_save :pg_depend_restore -- upgrade to version 5 ALTER EXTENSION unit UPDATE TO "5"; :pg_depend_save \! pg_dump -f unit-4-5.dump -T pg_depend_save :pg_depend_restore -- upgrade to version 6 ALTER EXTENSION unit UPDATE TO "6"; :pg_depend_save \! pg_dump -f unit-5-6.dump -T pg_depend_save :pg_depend_restore -- upgrade to version 7 ALTER EXTENSION unit UPDATE TO "7"; :pg_depend_save \! pg_dump -f unit-6-7.dump -T pg_depend_save :pg_depend_restore -- reinstall latest version DROP EXTENSION unit CASCADE; CREATE EXTENSION unit; :pg_depend_save \! pg_dump -f unit-create.dump -T pg_depend_save :pg_depend_restore -- different ordering in unit_accum_t expected: \! diff -u --label unit-update.dump unit-6-7.dump --label unit-create.dump unit-create.dump | sed -e 's/@@.*@@/@@/' --- unit-update.dump +++ unit-create.dump @@ CREATE TYPE public.unit_accum_t AS ( s public.unit, - n bigint, - squares double precision + squares double precision, + n bigint ); postgresql-unit-7.10/float8out_unit.h000066400000000000000000000014051472555243500177720ustar00rootroot00000000000000/* minimal version of PG 9.6's float8out_internal function for use in 9.4 and 9.5 */ /* With the adaption of ryn in PG 12, it is now used for all versions */ #define MAXDOUBLEWIDTH 128 extern int extra_float_digits; static char * float8out_unit(double num) { char *ascii = (char *) palloc(MAXDOUBLEWIDTH + 1); int extradigits = #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000 extra_float_digits == 1 ? 0 : extra_float_digits; #else extra_float_digits; #endif int ndig = DBL_DIG + extradigits; if (isnan(num)) return strcpy(ascii, "NaN"); if (!isfinite(num)) { if (num > 0) return strcpy(ascii, "Infinity"); else return strcpy(ascii, "-Infinity"); } if (ndig < 1) ndig = 1; snprintf(ascii, MAXDOUBLEWIDTH + 1, "%.*g", ndig, num); return ascii; } postgresql-unit-7.10/load-units.pl000077500000000000000000000101341472555243500172530ustar00rootroot00000000000000#!/usr/bin/perl # load definitions.units.patched into the unit_prefixes and unit_units tables # existing data is wiped! use utf8; use open ":std", ":encoding(UTF-8)"; use strict; use warnings; use DBD::Pg; open F, "cat definitions.units.patched elements.units |"; my $dbh = DBI->connect("dbi:Pg:", '', '', {AutoCommit => 1, PrintError => 0, RaiseError => 0} ) || die "PG connection failed"; $dbh->do("SET synchronous_commit = off"); $dbh->do("TRUNCATE unit_prefixes, unit_units"); $dbh->do("SET client_min_messages = 'error'"); $dbh->do("ALTER TABLE unit_prefixes ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS ordering serial"); # add temp column to preserve load ordering for dumping $dbh->do("ALTER TABLE unit_units ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS ordering serial"); $dbh->do("RESET client_min_messages"); my $skip_british = 0; my @todo; my $continued = ''; while () { # skip over locale specific parts $skip_british = 1 if /^!var UNITS_ENGLISH GB/; $skip_british = 0 if /^!endvar/; next if ($skip_british); if (/\s*(.*)\\$/) { $continued .= $1; next; } elsif ($continued) { s/^\s*//; $_ = "$continued$_"; $continued = ''; } s/#.*//; s/\s+$//; next if /^\s*$/; # skip emtpy lines next if /^!/; # skip pragmas next if /^\+/; # skip units from non-SI systems #next if /^[0-9]/; # skip over table contents #next if /^\s/; # skip over table contents/continued lines unless (/^(\S+)\s+(.*)/) { print "unknown line $_\n"; exit 1; } my ($unit, $def) = ($1, $2); next if ($unit =~ /[(\[]/); # skip functions and table definitions my $is_prefix = ($unit =~ s/-$//); # it's a prefix if it ends with '-' $def = $unit if ($def eq '!'); # base unit $def = 1 if ($def eq '!dimensionless'); my $u = { unit => $unit, def => $def, is_prefix => $is_prefix }; $u->{is_base} = ($u->{unit} eq $u->{def}); # shifted units if ($unit =~ /^(℃|°C|degC|degcelsius)$/) { $u->{shift} = '273.15'; # 0 °C in K } elsif ($unit =~ /^(℉|°F|degF|degfahrenheit)$/) { $u->{shift} = '255.3722222222222222'; # 0 °F in K } elsif ($unit =~ /^(degreaumur)$/) { $u->{shift} = '273.15'; # 0 °Ré in K } push @todo, $u; } # try repeatedly to insert units, unfortunately the input data contains some # forward references my ($n_todo, $new_n_todo); do { $n_todo = @todo; print "$n_todo units left to try ...\n"; my @new_todo; foreach my $u (@todo) { my ($unit, $def, $shift, $is_prefix) = ($u->{unit}, $u->{def}, $u->{shift}, $u->{is_prefix}); if ($is_prefix) { my $ret = $dbh->do("INSERT INTO unit_prefixes (prefix, factor, definition, dump) VALUES (?, value(?::unit), ?, NULL)", undef, $unit, $def, $def); next if defined $ret; # see if the prefix is defined in terms of another prefix # (we can't simply inject all prefixes as units because conflicts exist, e.g. on 'T') $ret = $dbh->do("INSERT INTO unit_prefixes (prefix, factor, definition, dump) SELECT ?, factor, ?, NULL FROM unit_prefixes WHERE prefix = ?", undef, $unit, $def, $def); next if defined $ret and $ret > 0; } else { my ($is_hashed) = $dbh->selectrow_array("SELECT unit_is_hashed(?)", undef, $unit); if ($is_hashed and not $u->{is_base}) { # if the unit we are defining now was successfully used before, # something went wrong. It indicates that the new unit could # also be parsed as prefix-otherknownunit, e.g. "ft" vs "f-t" print "Unit $unit has already been used before being defined. Bad.\n"; exit 1; } my $ret = $dbh->do("INSERT INTO unit_units (name, unit, shift, definition, dump) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, NULL)", undef, $unit, $def, $shift, $def); next if defined $ret; $u->{error} = $dbh->errstr; } push @new_todo, $u; } $new_n_todo = @new_todo; @todo = @new_todo; } while ($n_todo != $new_n_todo); print "$new_n_todo units not inserted:\n"; open my $unres, '>', "definitions.unresolved"; foreach my $u (@todo) { if ($u->{is_prefix}) { print "Prefix $u->{unit}: $u->{def}\n"; } else { print $unres "$u->{unit}\t$u->{def}\n"; next if ($u->{error} =~ /dollar|euro|pence|quid|shilling/); # skip currencies so we can see the rest better print "$u->{unit}: $u->{def} ($u->{error})\n"; } } close $unres; postgresql-unit-7.10/powers.c000066400000000000000000000013521472555243500163210ustar00rootroot00000000000000#include #include #define p(n, p, x) printf("#define POWER_%-3d %-22a /* %s %-22a */\n", n, nextafter(x, 0), p, x) int main () { printf("/* powers-of-10 constants */\n"); printf("/* constants here are rounded down so >= comparisons work better */\n\n"); p(33, " ", 1e33); p(30, "Q", 1e30); p(27, "R", 1e27); p(24, "Y", 1e24); p(21, "Z", 1e21); p(18, "E", 1e18); p(15, "P", 1e15); p(12, "T", 1e12); p(9, "G", 1e9); p(6, "M", 1e6); p(3, "k", 1e3); p(0, " ", 1e0); p(-3, "m", 1e-3); p(-6, "µ", 1e-6); p(-9, "n", 1e-9); p(-12, "p", 1e-12); p(-15, "f", 1e-15); p(-18, "a", 1e-18); p(-21, "z", 1e-21); p(-24, "y", 1e-24); p(-27, "r", 1e-27); p(-30, "q", 1e-30); p(-33, " ", 1e-33); } postgresql-unit-7.10/powers.h000066400000000000000000000033331472555243500163270ustar00rootroot00000000000000/* powers-of-10 constants */ /* constants here are rounded down so >= comparisons work better */ #define POWER_33 0x1.8a6e32246c99bp+109 /* 0x1.8a6e32246c99cp+109 */ #define POWER_30 0x1.93e5939a08ce9p+99 /* Q 0x1.93e5939a08ceap+99 */ #define POWER_27 0x1.9d971e4fe8401p+89 /* R 0x1.9d971e4fe8402p+89 */ #define POWER_24 0x1.a784379d99db3p+79 /* Y 0x1.a784379d99db4p+79 */ #define POWER_21 0x1.b1ae4d6e2ef4fp+69 /* Z 0x1.b1ae4d6e2ef5p+69 */ #define POWER_18 0x1.bc16d674ec7ffp+59 /* E 0x1.bc16d674ec8p+59 */ #define POWER_15 0x1.c6bf52633ffffp+49 /* P 0x1.c6bf52634p+49 */ #define POWER_12 0x1.d1a94a1ffffffp+39 /* T 0x1.d1a94a2p+39 */ #define POWER_9 0x1.dcd64ffffffffp+29 /* G 0x1.dcd65p+29 */ #define POWER_6 0x1.e847fffffffffp+19 /* M 0x1.e848p+19 */ #define POWER_3 0x1.f3fffffffffffp+9 /* k 0x1.f4p+9 */ #define POWER_0 0x1.fffffffffffffp-1 /* 0x1p+0 */ #define POWER__3 0x1.0624dd2f1a9fbp-10 /* m 0x1.0624dd2f1a9fcp-10 */ #define POWER__6 0x1.0c6f7a0b5ed8cp-20 /* µ 0x1.0c6f7a0b5ed8dp-20 */ #define POWER__9 0x1.12e0be826d694p-30 /* n 0x1.12e0be826d695p-30 */ #define POWER__12 0x1.19799812dea1p-40 /* p 0x1.19799812dea11p-40 */ #define POWER__15 0x1.203af9ee75615p-50 /* f 0x1.203af9ee75616p-50 */ #define POWER__18 0x1.2725dd1d243abp-60 /* a 0x1.2725dd1d243acp-60 */ #define POWER__21 0x1.2e3b40a0e9b4ep-70 /* z 0x1.2e3b40a0e9b4fp-70 */ #define POWER__24 0x1.357c299a88ea6p-80 /* y 0x1.357c299a88ea7p-80 */ #define POWER__27 0x1.3ce9a36f23c0fp-90 /* r 0x1.3ce9a36f23c1p-90 */ #define POWER__30 0x1.4484bfeebc29fp-100 /* q 0x1.4484bfeebc2ap-100 */ #define POWER__33 0x1.4c4e977ba1f5bp-110 /* 0x1.4c4e977ba1f5cp-110 */ postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/000077500000000000000000000000001472555243500154345ustar00rootroot00000000000000postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/aggregate.sql000066400000000000000000000063561472555243500201150ustar00rootroot00000000000000-- test aggregates /* revert to pre-12 default for stddev(value()) tests */ SET extra_float_digits = 0; CREATE TEMP TABLE u ( u unit ); -- empty SELECT sum(u) AS null_sum FROM u; SELECT min(u) AS null_min FROM u; SELECT max(u) AS null_max FROM u; SELECT avg(u) AS null_avg FROM u; SELECT var_pop(u) AS null_var_pop FROM u; SELECT var_samp(u) AS null_var_samp FROM u; SELECT variance(u) AS null_variance FROM u; SELECT stddev_pop(u) AS null_stddev_pop FROM u; SELECT stddev_samp(u) AS null_stddev_samp FROM u; SELECT stddev(u) AS null_stddev FROM u; -- one NULL row INSERT INTO u VALUES (NULL); SELECT sum(u) AS null_sum FROM u; SELECT min(u) AS null_min FROM u; SELECT max(u) AS null_max FROM u; SELECT avg(u) AS null_avg FROM u; SELECT var_pop(u) AS null_var_pop FROM u; SELECT var_samp(u) AS null_var_samp FROM u; SELECT variance(u) AS null_variance FROM u; SELECT stddev_pop(u) AS null_stddev_pop FROM u; SELECT stddev_samp(u) AS null_stddev_samp FROM u; SELECT stddev(u) AS null_stddev FROM u; -- one non-NULL row DELETE FROM u; INSERT INTO u VALUES (meter(5)); SELECT sum(u) AS five_meters FROM u; SELECT min(u) AS five_meters FROM u; SELECT max(u) AS five_meters FROM u; SELECT avg(u) AS five_meters FROM u; SELECT var_pop(u) AS zero_var_pop FROM u; SELECT var_samp(u) AS zero_var_samp FROM u; SELECT variance(u) AS zero_variance FROM u; SELECT stddev_pop(u) AS zero_stddev_pop FROM u; SELECT stddev_samp(u) AS zero_stddev_samp FROM u; SELECT stddev(u) AS zero_stddev FROM u; -- two rows, matching dimensions DELETE FROM u; INSERT INTO u VALUES (meter()), (meter(2)); SELECT sum(u) AS three_meters FROM u; SELECT min(u) AS one_meter FROM u; SELECT max(u) AS two_meters FROM u; SELECT avg(u) AS oneandhalf_meters FROM u; SELECT var_pop(u) FROM u; SELECT var_samp(u) FROM u; SELECT variance(u) FROM u; SELECT stddev_pop(u) FROM u; SELECT stddev_samp(u) FROM u; SELECT stddev(u) FROM u; DELETE FROM u; INSERT INTO u VALUES (kilogram(2)), (kilogram()); SELECT sum(u), sum(value(u)) FROM u; SELECT min(u), min(value(u)) FROM u; SELECT max(u), max(value(u)) FROM u; SELECT avg(u), avg(value(u)) FROM u; SELECT var_pop(u), var_pop(value(u)) FROM u; SELECT var_samp(u), var_samp(value(u)) FROM u; SELECT variance(u), variance(value(u)) FROM u; SELECT stddev_pop(u), stddev_pop(value(u)) FROM u; SELECT stddev_samp(u), stddev_samp(value(u)) FROM u; SELECT stddev(u), stddev(value(u)) FROM u; -- three rows, one NULL INSERT INTO u VALUES (NULL); SELECT sum(u) AS three_kilogram FROM u; SELECT min(u) AS one_kilogram FROM u; SELECT max(u) AS two_kilogram FROM u; SELECT avg(u) AS oneandhalf_kilogram FROM u; SELECT var_pop(u) FROM u; SELECT var_samp(u) FROM u; SELECT variance(u) FROM u; SELECT stddev_pop(u) FROM u; SELECT stddev_samp(u) FROM u; SELECT stddev(u) FROM u; -- two rows, dimension mismatch DELETE FROM u; INSERT INTO u VALUES (ampere()), (kilogram(2)); SELECT sum(u) AS error FROM u; SELECT min(u) AS error FROM u; SELECT max(u) AS error FROM u; SELECT avg(u) AS error FROM u; SELECT var_pop(u) AS error FROM u; SELECT var_samp(u) AS error FROM u; SELECT variance(u) AS error FROM u; SELECT stddev_pop(u) AS error FROM u; SELECT stddev_samp(u) AS error FROM u; SELECT stddev(u) AS error FROM u; postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/binary.sql000066400000000000000000000004751472555243500174470ustar00rootroot00000000000000SELECT unit_send('0'); SELECT unit_send(-'0'::unit); SELECT unit_send('1 m'::unit); SELECT unit_send('1 kg^-1'::unit); SELECT unit_send('1 s'::unit); SELECT unit_send('1 A^-1'::unit); SELECT unit_send('1 K'::unit); SELECT unit_send('1 mol^-1'::unit); SELECT unit_send('1 cd'::unit); SELECT unit_send('1 B^-1'::unit); postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/compare.sql000066400000000000000000000030741472555243500176070ustar00rootroot00000000000000-- test comparisons WITH v(u) AS (VALUES (NULL), ('-2'::unit), ('-1'::unit), ('-0'::unit), ('0'::unit), ('1'::unit), ('2'::unit), (meter()), (meter() * '2'), (kilogram()), (kilogram() * '2') ), va(a) AS (SELECT * FROM v), vb(b) AS (SELECT * FROM v) SELECT a, b, CASE WHEN unit_cmp(a, b) < 0 THEN '<' WHEN unit_cmp(a, b) = 0 THEN '=' WHEN unit_cmp(a, b) > 0 THEN '>' END AS cmp, a < b AS lt, a <= b AS le, a = b AS eq, a <> b AS ne, a >= b AS ge, a > b AS gt FROM va CROSS JOIN vb; -- test btree index CREATE TEMP TABLE u (u unit); INSERT INTO u SELECT meter(generate_series(1,10000)::double precision); INSERT INTO u SELECT generate_series(1,10000)::text::unit * kilogram(); ANALYZE u; CREATE INDEX ON u(u); SELECT * FROM u WHERE u = meter(400); SELECT * FROM u WHERE u = '300' * kilogram(); EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM u WHERE u = meter(400); EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM u WHERE u = '300' * kilogram(); -- test strict operators SELECT '1 m'::unit << '1 m'::unit; SELECT '1 m'::unit << '1 A'::unit; SELECT '1 m'::unit <<= '1 m'::unit; SELECT '1 m'::unit <<= '1 A'::unit; SELECT '1 m'::unit == '1 m'::unit; SELECT '1 m'::unit == '1 A'::unit; SELECT '1 m'::unit <<>> '1 m'::unit; SELECT '1 m'::unit <<>> '1 A'::unit; SELECT '1 m'::unit >>= '1 m'::unit; SELECT '1 m'::unit >>= '1 A'::unit; SELECT '1 m'::unit >> '1 m'::unit; SELECT '1 m'::unit >> '1 A'::unit; -- test range type SELECT 'empty'::unitrange; SELECT '(1 m, 2 m)'::unitrange; SELECT '(1 m, 2 A)'::unitrange; SELECT unit_diff('1 A', '2 A'); SELECT unit_diff('1 A', '2 K'); postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/convert.sql000066400000000000000000000021361472555243500176370ustar00rootroot00000000000000-- length WITH l(u) AS (VALUES ('mm'), ('m'), ('km'), ('in'), ('ft'), ('yd'), ('mi')) SELECT l1.u, l2.u, l1.u::unit @ l2.u FROM l l1 CROSS JOIN l l2 \crosstabview /* revert to pre-12 default */ SET extra_float_digits = 0; WITH l(u) AS (VALUES ('mm'), ('m'), ('km'), ('in'), ('ft'), ('yd'), ('mi')) SELECT l1.u, l2.u, l1.u::unit @@ l2.u FROM l l1 CROSS JOIN l l2 \crosstabview RESET extra_float_digits; -- area WITH l(u) AS (VALUES ('mm^2'), ('m^2'), ('km^2'), ('in^2'), ('ft^2'), ('yd^2'), ('mi^2')) SELECT l1.u, l2.u, l1.u::unit @ l2.u FROM l l1 CROSS JOIN l l2 \crosstabview -- volume WITH l(u) AS (VALUES ('mm^3'), ('l'), ('m^3'), ('in^3'), ('ft^3'), ('yd^3')) SELECT l1.u, l2.u, l1.u::unit @ l2.u FROM l l1 CROSS JOIN l l2 \crosstabview -- weight WITH l(u) AS (VALUES ('g'), ('kg'), ('t'), ('oz'), ('lb')) SELECT l1.u, l2.u, l1.u::unit @ l2.u FROM l l1 CROSS JOIN l l2 \crosstabview -- time WITH l(u) AS (VALUES ('s'), ('min'), ('hr'), ('d'), ('julianyear')) SELECT l1.u, l2.u, l1.u::unit @ l2.u FROM l l1 CROSS JOIN l l2 \crosstabview postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/crosstab.sql000066400000000000000000000033551472555243500200030ustar00rootroot00000000000000SET unit.time_output_custom = false; -- test multiplication WITH i(i) AS (VALUES ('-2'::unit), ('-1'), ('0'), ('1'), ('2')) SELECT unit, i, unit * i FROM units CROSS JOIN i WHERE (base OR coherent) AND NOT duplicate \crosstabview SELECT a.unit AS a, b.unit AS b, a.unit * b.unit AS mul FROM units AS a CROSS JOIN units AS b WHERE (a.base OR a.coherent) AND NOT a.duplicate AND (b.base OR b.coherent) AND NOT b.duplicate \crosstabview SELECT f, unit, f * unit FROM factors CROSS JOIN units WHERE (base OR coherent) AND NOT duplicate \crosstabview -- test division WITH i(i) AS (VALUES ('-2'::unit), ('-1'), ('1'), ('2')) SELECT unit, i, unit / i FROM units CROSS JOIN i WHERE (base OR coherent) AND NOT duplicate \crosstabview WITH i(i) AS (VALUES ('-2'::unit), ('-1'), ('0'), ('1'), ('2')) SELECT i, unit, i / unit FROM units CROSS JOIN i WHERE (base OR coherent) AND NOT duplicate \crosstabview SELECT a.unit AS a, b.unit AS b, a.unit / b.unit AS div FROM units AS a CROSS JOIN units AS b WHERE (a.base OR a.coherent) AND NOT a.duplicate AND (b.base OR b.coherent) AND NOT b.duplicate \crosstabview -- test comparisons WITH v(u) AS (VALUES ('-2'::unit), ('-1'::unit), (-kilogram()), (-meter()), ('-0'::unit), ('0'::unit), ('1'::unit), (kilogram()), (meter()), ('2'::unit), (kilogram(2)), (meter(2)) ), va(a) AS (SELECT * FROM v), vb(b) AS (SELECT * FROM v) SELECT a, b, CASE WHEN unit_cmp(a, b) < 0 THEN '<' WHEN unit_cmp(a, b) = 0 THEN '=' WHEN unit_cmp(a, b) > 0 THEN '>' END AS cmp FROM va CROSS JOIN vb \crosstabview -- test all prefix/unit combinations SELECT u, p, (p||u)::unit FROM prefixes CROSS JOIN units WHERE u <> 'kg' AND (p||u) <> 'dat' -- ambiguous \crosstabview postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/custom.sql000066400000000000000000000011751472555243500174730ustar00rootroot00000000000000SELECT '1 foobar'::unit; SELECT unit_is_hashed('foobar'); INSERT INTO unit_prefixes VALUES ('foo', 42); SELECT '1 foobar'::unit; SELECT unit_is_hashed('foobar'); SELECT * FROM unit_prefixes WHERE dump; INSERT INTO unit_units VALUES ('legobrick', '9.6 mm'); SELECT unit_is_hashed('legobricks'); SELECT '1 m'::unit @ 'legobricks' AS one_meter; SELECT unit_is_hashed('legobricks'); SELECT * FROM unit_units WHERE dump; UPDATE unit_units SET unit = '19.1 mm' WHERE name = 'legobrick'; -- Duplo size SELECT '2 legobricks'::unit AS old_size; SELECT unit_reset(); SELECT unit_is_hashed('legobricks'); SELECT '2 legobricks'::unit AS new_size; postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/derived.sql000066400000000000000000000037271472555243500176100ustar00rootroot00000000000000-- derived units SELECT radian(); SELECT steradian(); SELECT hertz(); SELECT newton(); SELECT pascal(); SELECT joule(); SELECT watt(); SELECT coulomb(); SELECT volt(); SELECT farad(); SELECT ohm(); SELECT siemens(); SELECT weber(); SELECT tesla(); SELECT henry(); SELECT celsius(); SELECT lumen(); SELECT lux(); SELECT becquerel(); SELECT gray(); SELECT sievert(); SELECT katal(); SELECT radian(2); SELECT steradian(2); SELECT hertz(2); SELECT newton(2); SELECT pascal(2); SELECT joule(2); SELECT watt(2); SELECT coulomb(2); SELECT volt(2); SELECT farad(2); SELECT ohm(2); SELECT siemens(2); SELECT weber(2); SELECT tesla(2); SELECT henry(2); SELECT celsius(100); SELECT lumen(2); SELECT lux(2); SELECT becquerel(2); SELECT gray(2); SELECT sievert(2); SELECT katal(2); /* revert to pre-12 default for decibel() tests */ SET extra_float_digits = 0; -- Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI SELECT minute(); SELECT hour(); SELECT day(); SELECT degree_arc(); SELECT minute_arc(); SELECT second_arc(); SELECT hectare(); SELECT liter(); SELECT tonne(); SELECT au(); SELECT decibel(); SELECT minute(60); SELECT hour(24); SELECT day(1/24.0); SELECT degree_arc(360); SELECT minute_arc(60); SELECT second_arc(60); SELECT hectare(1/100.0); SELECT liter(1000); SELECT tonne(1/1000.0); SELECT au(10); SELECT decibel(-3); SELECT decibel(3); SELECT decibel(10); SELECT decibel(20); SET client_min_messages = warning; DROP TABLE IF EXISTS u; RESET client_min_messages; CREATE TABLE u AS SELECT unit AS u, 2000 * unit AS "2k", unit/5000 AS "200µ", 0.002/unit AS "500th_inverse", (40*unit)^2 AS "1600_square" FROM units WHERE base OR coherent; SELECT * FROM u; SELECT u, u::text::unit AS "text::unit", "2k"::text::unit, "200µ"::text::unit, "500th_inverse"::text::unit, "1600_square"::text::unit FROM u; -- test i/o SELECT a.u, b.u, (a.u::unit*b.u::unit)::text, (a.u::unit*b.u::unit)::text::unit FROM units a CROSS JOIN units b WHERE (a.u::unit*b.u::unit)::text != (a.u::unit*b.u::unit)::text::unit::text; postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/extension.sql000066400000000000000000000001431472555243500201670ustar00rootroot00000000000000SET client_min_messages = warning; CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS unit; RESET client_min_messages; postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/functions.sql000066400000000000000000000051601472555243500201670ustar00rootroot00000000000000-- test functions SELECT value('2'::unit); SELECT value(meter(2)); SELECT dimension('2'::unit); SELECT dimension(kilogram(2)); -- test unit addition/subtraction SELECT '1'::unit + '2' AS sum; SELECT '1'::unit - '2' AS difference; SELECT '3 m'::unit - '1 µm' AS difference; SELECT '0' + meter() AS error; SELECT meter() + '0' AS error; SELECT meter() + kilogram() AS error; SELECT meter() - kilogram() AS error; -- test unit multiplication/division SELECT - '1'::unit AS negative; SELECT '2'::unit * '2' AS product; SELECT '5'::unit / '2' AS fraction; SELECT '0'::unit / '2' AS zero; SELECT '5'::unit / '0' AS division_by_zero; SELECT - second() AS minus_second; SELECT meter() * '2' AS two_meters; SELECT '3' * meter() AS three_meters; SELECT meter() * meter() AS square_meter; SELECT meter() * kilogram() AS meter_kilogram; SELECT '1' / second(.02) AS hertz; SELECT meter(9.81) / (second() * second()) AS acceleration; -- test unit/double operators SELECT 2 * meter() AS two_meters; SELECT ampere() * 3 AS three_ampere; SELECT 4 / second() AS four_hertz; SELECT kelvin(10) / 5 AS two_kelvin; SELECT 0 / candela() AS zero_by_candela; SELECT 1 / mole(0) AS error; SELECT byte(0) / 2 AS zero_byte; SELECT kilogram(1) / 0 AS error; -- test exponentiation SELECT '6'::unit ^ 2 AS square; SELECT meter(100) ^ 2 AS square_meter; SELECT kilogram(100) ^ 2 AS square_kilogram; SELECT second(.02) ^ -1 AS hertz; SELECT ampere(4) ^ 0 AS unity; SELECT '0'::unit ^ 0 AS unity; -- test roots SELECT sqrt('4'::unit); SELECT sqrt('4 m^2'::unit); SELECT |/'16 s^-4'::unit; SELECT sqrt('-4 m^2'::unit) AS error; SELECT sqrt('4 m'::unit) AS error; SELECT cbrt('8'::unit); SELECT cbrt('8 m^3'::unit); SELECT ||/'-27 s^-6'::unit; SELECT cbrt('-4 m'::unit) AS error; WITH v(u) AS (VALUES (NULL), ('0'::unit), ('1'::unit), ('2'::unit), (meter(0)), (meter()), (meter() * '2'), (kilogram(0)), (kilogram()), (kilogram() * '2') ), va(a) AS (SELECT * FROM v), vb(b) AS (SELECT * FROM v) SELECT a, b, -a AS neg, a * b AS mul, CASE WHEN value(b) = 0 THEN NULL ELSE a / b END AS div FROM va CROSS JOIN vb; WITH v(a) AS (VALUES (NULL), ('1'::unit), ('2'::unit), (meter()), (meter() * '2'), (kilogram()), (kilogram() * '2') ) SELECT a, a ^ -2 AS pow_2, a ^ -1 AS pow_1, a ^ 0 AS pow0, a ^ 1 AS pow1, a ^ 2 AS pow2 FROM v; -- test conversion SELECT '1m'::unit @ 'mm'; SELECT '10g'::unit @ 'mg'; SELECT '5dm^3'::unit @ 'l'; SELECT '9.81 m/s^2'::unit @ 'N/kg', '9.81 m/s^2'::unit @@ 'N/kg'; SELECT '16384 B'::unit @ '8192 B', '16384 B'::unit @@ '8192 B'; SELECT '1 hl'::unit @ '0.5 l'; SELECT '5MB/min'::unit @ 'GB/d'; SELECT '5m'::unit @ 's' AS error; postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/iec.sql000066400000000000000000000026261472555243500167230ustar00rootroot00000000000000VALUES ('1 mB'::unit), ('1 B'::unit), ('1 KiB'::unit), ('1 MiB'::unit), ('1 GiB'::unit), ('1 TiB'::unit), ('1 PiB'::unit), ('1 EiB'::unit), ('1 ZiB'::unit), ('1 YiB'::unit), ('1 RiB'::unit), ('1 QiB'::unit); VALUES ('1 B'::unit @ 'B'), ('1 KiB'::unit @ 'KiB'), ('1 MiB'::unit @ 'MiB'), ('1 GiB'::unit @ 'GiB'), ('1 TiB'::unit @ 'TiB'), ('1 PiB'::unit @ 'PiB'), ('1 EiB'::unit @ 'EiB'), ('1 ZiB'::unit @ 'ZiB'), ('1 YiB'::unit @ 'YiB'), ('1 RiB'::unit @ 'RiB'), ('1 QiB'::unit @ 'QiB'); VALUES ('1 B'::unit @ 'B'), ('1 kB'::unit @ 'KiB'), ('1 MB'::unit @ 'MiB'), ('1 GB'::unit @ 'GiB'), ('1 TB'::unit @ 'TiB'), ('1 PB'::unit @ 'PiB'), ('1 EB'::unit @ 'EiB'), ('1 ZB'::unit @ 'ZiB'), ('1 YB'::unit @ 'YiB'), ('1 RB'::unit @ 'RiB'), ('1 QB'::unit @ 'QiB'); -- errors SELECT '1 kiB'::unit; SELECT '1 Ki'::unit; -- used to be an error in v2 SELECT '1 Kim'::unit AS "1024 m"; -- binary prefix output SET unit.byte_output_iec = 'foobar'; SET unit.byte_output_iec = on; VALUES ('.001 B'::unit, '.001 B'::unit), ('1 B'::unit, '1 B'::unit), ('1 KiB'::unit, '1 kB'::unit), ('1 MiB'::unit, '1 MB'::unit), ('1 GiB'::unit, '1 GB'::unit), ('1 TiB'::unit, '1 TB'::unit), ('1 PiB'::unit, '1 PB'::unit), ('1 EiB'::unit, '1 EB'::unit), ('1 ZiB'::unit, '1 ZB'::unit), ('1 YiB'::unit, '1 YB'::unit), ('1 RiB'::unit, '1 RB'::unit), ('1 QiB'::unit, '1 QB'::unit), ('1024 QiB'::unit, '1000 QB'::unit); postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/language_functions.sql000066400000000000000000000005211472555243500220260ustar00rootroot00000000000000select 'sqrt(4 m^2)'::unit; select 'sqrt(-4 m^2)'::unit; select 'sqrt(4 m^3)'::unit; select 'exp(1)'::unit; select 'exp(1 A)'::unit; select 'ln(2.7)'::unit; select 'ln(-2.7)'::unit; select 'ln(2.7 s)'::unit; select 'asin(1)'::unit; select 'asin(2)'::unit; select 'asin(1 kg)'::unit; select 'tan(1)'::unit; select 'tan(1 mol)'::unit; postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/prefix.sql000066400000000000000000000005041472555243500174510ustar00rootroot00000000000000SELECT f, meter(f), kilogram(f) FROM factors; SELECT p, (p||'m/m')::unit AS factor, ('0.001 '||p||'m')::unit AS "0.001 m", (p||'m')::unit AS "meter", ('1000 '||p||'m')::unit AS "1000 m", ('0.001 '||p||'g')::unit AS "0.001 g", (p||'g')::unit AS "gram", ('1000 '||p||'g')::unit AS "1000 g" FROM prefixes; postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/round.sql000066400000000000000000000010351472555243500173030ustar00rootroot00000000000000SELECT round(ampere(1.5)); SELECT round(candela(-0.5)); SELECT round(meter(1500.5)); SET extra_float_digits = 0; SELECT '1|3m'::unit, '25m'::unit @ 'ft', '25m'::unit @@ 'ft'; SET extra_float_digits = 3; SELECT '1|3m'::unit, '25m'::unit @ 'ft', '25m'::unit @@ 'ft'; SET extra_float_digits = -3; SELECT '1|3m'::unit, '25m'::unit @ 'ft', '25m'::unit @@ 'ft'; SET extra_float_digits = -12; SELECT '1|3m'::unit, '25m'::unit @ 'ft', '25m'::unit @@ 'ft'; SET extra_float_digits = -15; SELECT '1|3m'::unit, '25m'::unit @ 'ft', '25m'::unit @@ 'ft'; postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/tables.sql000066400000000000000000000026171472555243500174350ustar00rootroot00000000000000SET client_min_messages = warning; DROP TABLE IF EXISTS prefixes; CREATE TABLE prefixes (p text); DELETE FROM prefixes; INSERT INTO prefixes VALUES ('q'),('r'),('y'),('z'),('a'),('f'),('p'),('n'),('µ'),('mu'),('m'),('c'),('d'), (''), ('da'),('h'),('k'),('M'),('G'),('T'),('P'),('E'),('Z'),('Y'),('R'),('Q'); DROP TABLE IF EXISTS factors; CREATE TABLE factors (f double precision); DELETE FROM factors; INSERT INTO factors VALUES (1e33), (1e30), (1e27), (1e24), (1e21), (1e18), (1e15), (1e12), (1e9), (1e6), (1e3), (1), (1e-3), (1e-6), (1e-9), (1e-12), (1e-15), (1e-18), (1e-21), (1e-24), (1e-27), (1e-30), (1e-33), (1e-36), (0); DROP TABLE IF EXISTS units; CREATE TABLE units (u text, unit unit, base boolean, coherent boolean, duplicate boolean); COMMENT ON COLUMN units.duplicate IS 'For coherent units, this unit has the same dimension as some other base or coherent unit'; DELETE FROM units; COPY units (u, base, coherent, duplicate) FROM STDIN; m/m t f f m t f f kg t f f s t f f A t f f K t f f mol t f f cd t f f B t f f sr f t t Hz f t f N f t f Pa f t f J f t f W f t f C f t f V f t f F f t f Ω f t f ohm f t t S f t f Wb f t f T f t f H f t f °C f t t lm f t t lx f t f Bq f t t Gy f t f rad f f t Sv f t t kat f t f g f f t a f f f l f f f t f f f bar f f f min f f f hr f f f d f f f in f f f ft f f f yd f f f mi f f f oz f f f lb f f f \. UPDATE units SET unit = u::unit; SELECT * FROM units; postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/temperature.sql000066400000000000000000000030201472555243500205050ustar00rootroot00000000000000/* revert to pre-12 default */ SET extra_float_digits = 0; SELECT * FROM unit_units WHERE name IN ( 'K', 'kelvin', '℃', '°C', 'degC', 'degcelsius', '℉', '°F', 'degF', 'degfahrenheit', '°R', 'degR', 'degrankine', 'degreerankine', 'degreesrankine', 'tempR', 'temprankine', 'degreaumur') ORDER BY name COLLATE "C"; RESET extra_float_digits; -- Kelvin SELECT '0 K'::unit, 'K'::unit, '1 K'::unit, '273.15 K'::unit; -- Celsius SELECT '-273.15 ℃'::unit, '0 ℃'::unit, '1 ℃'::unit, '℃'::unit; SELECT '-273.15 °C'::unit, '0 °C'::unit, '1 °C'::unit, '°C'::unit; SELECT '-273.15 degC'::unit, '0 degC'::unit, '1 degC'::unit, 'degC'::unit; SELECT '-273.15 degcelsius'::unit, '0 degcelsius'::unit, '1 degcelsius'::unit, 'degcelsius'::unit; -- Fahrenheit SELECT '-459.67 ℉'::unit, '0 ℉'::unit, '1 ℉'::unit, '℉'::unit; SELECT '-459.67 °F'::unit, '0 °F'::unit, '1 °F'::unit, '°F'::unit; SELECT '-459.67 degF'::unit, '0 degF'::unit, '1 degF'::unit, 'degF'::unit; SELECT '-459.67 degfahrenheit'::unit, '0 degfahrenheit'::unit, '1 degfahrenheit'::unit, 'degfahrenheit'::unit; -- Rankine SELECT '491.67 degR'::unit, '0 degR'::unit, '1 degR'::unit, 'degR'::unit; -- Réaumur SELECT '-218.52 degreaumur'::unit, '0 degreaumur'::unit, '1 degreaumur'::unit, 'degreaumur'::unit; SELECT '0 K'::unit @ 'K', '0 K'::unit @ '°C', '0 K'::unit @ '°F', '0 K'::unit @ '°R', '0 K'::unit @ 'degreaumur'; SELECT '273.15 K'::unit @ 'K', '273.15 K'::unit @ '°C', '273.15 K'::unit @ '°F', '273.15 K'::unit @ '°R', '273.15 K'::unit @ 'degreaumur'; postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/time.sql000066400000000000000000000024301472555243500171120ustar00rootroot00000000000000SELECT '1.1 s'::unit; SELECT '61.1 s'::unit; SELECT '71.1 s'::unit; SELECT '601 s'::unit; SELECT '3601 s'::unit; SELECT '86400 s'::unit; SELECT '-86400 s'::unit; SELECT '86401 s'::unit; SELECT '-86401 s'::unit; SELECT '365 d'::unit; SELECT '-365 d'::unit; SELECT '3650 d'::unit; SELECT '3651 d'::unit; SELECT '3651.5 d'::unit; SELECT '00:00:00.1'::unit; SELECT '00:00:01'::unit; SELECT '00:01:00'::unit; SELECT '01:00:00'::unit; SELECT '0:0:0'::unit; SELECT '00:00:01 s'::unit; SELECT '00:00:01s'::unit; SELECT '00:00:01 m'::unit; SELECT '00:01:00 s'::unit; SELECT '00:01:00.5 s'::unit; SELECT '01:00:00 s'::unit; SELECT '1 d + 02:03:04.5 s'::unit; SELECT '1.1 d'::unit; -- needs ULP clamping SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units WHERE dimension(unit) = 'TIME' ORDER BY unit, name COLLATE "C"; -- units that differ when pushed through output-input functions -- (same test as in units.sql, but with time_output_custom = true) SELECT name, unit, unit::text::unit, definition FROM unit_units WHERE unit::text::unit::text <> unit::text; /* custom time format is only used if dimension is time */ SELECT '1000 s'::unit, '1000 s/m'::unit; SET unit.time_output_custom = false; SELECT '1000 s'::unit, '1000 s/m'::unit; -- test if 'Gs' is avoided on output SELECT '1 Gsec'::unit, '1 Gsec/m'::unit; postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/unicode.sql000066400000000000000000000005261472555243500176060ustar00rootroot00000000000000SET unit.output_superscript = on; SELECT 'm⁰'::unit; SELECT 'm¹'::unit; SELECT 'm²'::unit; SELECT 'm⁻²'::unit; SELECT 'm³'::unit; SELECT 'm⁴'::unit; SELECT 'm⁵'::unit; SELECT 'm⁶'::unit; SELECT 'm⁷'::unit; SELECT 'm⁸'::unit; SELECT 'm⁹'::unit; SELECT 'm³⁴'::unit; SELECT 'm⁻⁵⁶'::unit; SELECT 'm⁺⁷⁸'::unit; postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/unit.sql000066400000000000000000000060101472555243500171310ustar00rootroot00000000000000-- test input and output SELECT '1'::unit; -- unit_in SELECT unit(1); -- dbl2unit CREATE TEMP TABLE u (u unit); INSERT INTO u VALUES ('1'); SELECT * FROM u; -- test constructors SELECT meter(); SELECT meter(2.0) AS two_meters; SELECT kilogram(); SELECT kilogram(3.0) AS three_kilogram; SELECT second(); SELECT second(4.0) AS four_seconds; SELECT ampere(); SELECT ampere(5.0) AS five_ampere; SELECT kelvin(); SELECT kelvin(6.0) AS six_kelvin; SELECT mole(); SELECT mole(7.0) AS seven_mole; SELECT candela(); SELECT candela(8.0) AS eight_candela; SELECT byte(); SELECT byte(9.0) AS nine_byte; -- test dimensionless scales SELECT unit(0) AS zero, unit(1e-6) AS "1e-6", unit(0.001) AS "0.001", unit(1.0) AS "1", unit(1000.0) AS "1000"; -- test SI prefixes SELECT meter(0) AS zero, meter(1e-6) AS "µm", meter(0.001) AS mm, meter(1.0) AS m, meter(1000.0) AS km; SELECT kilogram(0) AS zero, kilogram(1e-6) AS mg, kilogram(0.001) AS g, kilogram(1.0) AS kg, kilogram(1000.0) AS "Mg"; -- test combined units (exactly one unit with exponent 1 in numerator) SELECT meter(0)/second() AS zero, meter(1e-6)/second() AS "µm", meter(0.001)/second() AS mm, meter(1.0)/second() AS m, meter(1000.0)/second() AS km; SELECT kilogram(0)/second() AS zero, kilogram(1e-6)/second() AS mg, kilogram(0.001)/second() AS g, kilogram(1.0)/second() AS kg, kilogram(1000.0)/second() AS "Mg"; -- test parser SELECT '1 m'::unit; SELECT '-1 m/s'::unit; SELECT '10 dm^3'::unit, '10l'::unit; SELECT '9.81 kg*m/s^2'::unit, '9.81 kg*m/s*s'::unit, '9.81 kg*m/s/s'::unit; SELECT '1 foobar'::unit AS error; -- special values SELECT '-0'::unit, -'0'::unit, '-0 m'::unit, -'0 m'::unit; SELECT 'infinity'::unit, 'Infinity m'::unit, 'inf A'::unit; SELECT '-infinity'::unit, '-Infinity m'::unit, 'Inf A'::unit; SELECT 'nan'::unit, 'NaN'::unit; -- test parser arithmetic SELECT '1|10'::unit, '1|10 m'::unit; SELECT '2 m + 3 m - 4 m'::unit, '6 m - 3 m - 2 m'::unit, '6 m - 3 m + 1 m'::unit; SELECT '2 m * 3 m'::unit, '2 m / 3 m'::unit, '10 m / 5 m / 2 m'::unit; SELECT '2 m^2 + 3 m * 4 m'::unit, '2 m * 3 m / 4 m * 5 m'::unit; SELECT '2 m * (1 m + 3 m)'::unit; SELECT '- m'::unit, '/ m'::unit; SELECT '4+5'::unit, '4-5'::unit, '4(-5)'::unit, '4*5'::unit, '4/5'::unit; -- problematic cases SELECT '1 cd'::unit AS candela; -- candela vs centiday SELECT '1 Pa'::unit AS pascal; -- pascal vs petayear SELECT '1 yg'::unit AS yoctogram, '1.00001 yg'::unit AS actual_yoctogram; -- "yg" had rounding problems in the past SELECT '1 min'::unit AS minute; -- minute vs milliinch SELECT '1 ft'::unit AS foot; -- foot vs femtotonne SELECT '1 yd'::unit AS yard; -- yard vs yoctoday -- units whose definition changed between v2 and 3 SELECT 'a'::unit AS are; SELECT 'da'::unit AS day; SELECT 'rad'::unit AS radiation; -- check which prefix/unit combinations produce other dimensions (parser conflicts) SELECT p, u, (p||u)::unit FROM prefixes CROSS JOIN units WHERE u <> 'kg' AND dimension(u::unit) != dimension((p||u)::unit) AND p||u NOT IN ('dat') -- skip ambiguous unit ORDER BY lower(p) COLLATE "C", lower(u) COLLATE "C"; postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/units.sql000066400000000000000000000030201472555243500173120ustar00rootroot00000000000000SET unit.time_output_custom = false; /* revert to pre-12 default */ SET extra_float_digits = 0; SELECT prefix, factor, definition FROM unit_prefixes ORDER BY factor, prefix COLLATE "C"; RESET extra_float_digits; SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, name COLLATE "C"; -- units that do not conform to their original definition SELECT name, unit, definition, definition::unit AS parsed_definition, unit / definition::unit AS deviation FROM unit_units WHERE unit <> definition::unit; -- units that differ when pushed through output-input functions SELECT name, unit, unit::text::unit, definition FROM unit_units WHERE unit::text::unit::text <> unit::text; -- prefix-unit combinations that are ambiguous /* CREATE FUNCTION valid_unit(u text) RETURNS boolean LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$ BEGIN PERFORM u::unit; RETURN true; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN RETURN false; END; $$; -- takes about 5min to run with cold cache, and about 3s with the hash table filled SELECT prefix||name AS unit, prefix, name FROM unit_prefixes CROSS JOIN unit_units WHERE NOT valid_unit(prefix||name) ORDER BY prefix||name, prefix; */ SELECT 'daA'::unit; -- ambiguous in original definitions.units SELECT 'dasb'::unit; SELECT 'dat'::unit; SELECT 'dau'::unit; SELECT 'daustbl'::unit; SELECT 'daustblsp'::unit; SELECT 'daustbsp'::unit; SELECT 'daustsp'::unit; SELECT 'Eint'::unit; SELECT 'Gint'::unit; SELECT 'Mint'::unit; SELECT 'Pint'::unit; SELECT 'Tint'::unit; SELECT 'Yint'::unit; SELECT 'yoctodecillion'::unit; SELECT 'Zint'::unit; postgresql-unit-7.10/sql/upgrade.sql000066400000000000000000000033651472555243500176130ustar00rootroot00000000000000-- version 1 SET client_min_messages = warning; DROP EXTENSION IF EXISTS unit CASCADE; CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS pg_depend_save (LIKE pg_depend); RESET client_min_messages; \set pg_depend_save 'BEGIN; DELETE FROM pg_depend_save; WITH ext AS (DELETE FROM pg_depend WHERE refobjid = (SELECT oid FROM pg_extension WHERE extname = $$unit$$) RETURNING *) INSERT INTO pg_depend_save SELECT * FROM ext; COMMIT;' \set pg_depend_restore 'INSERT INTO pg_depend SELECT * FROM pg_depend_save;' CREATE EXTENSION unit VERSION "1"; :pg_depend_save \! pg_dump -f unit-1.dump -T pg_depend_save :pg_depend_restore -- upgrade to version 2 ALTER EXTENSION unit UPDATE TO "2"; :pg_depend_save \! pg_dump -f unit-1-2.dump -T pg_depend_save :pg_depend_restore -- upgrade to version 3 ALTER EXTENSION unit UPDATE TO "3"; :pg_depend_save \! pg_dump -f unit-2-3.dump -T pg_depend_save :pg_depend_restore -- upgrade to version 4 ALTER EXTENSION unit UPDATE TO "4"; :pg_depend_save \! pg_dump -f unit-3-4.dump -T pg_depend_save :pg_depend_restore -- upgrade to version 5 ALTER EXTENSION unit UPDATE TO "5"; :pg_depend_save \! pg_dump -f unit-4-5.dump -T pg_depend_save :pg_depend_restore -- upgrade to version 6 ALTER EXTENSION unit UPDATE TO "6"; :pg_depend_save \! pg_dump -f unit-5-6.dump -T pg_depend_save :pg_depend_restore -- upgrade to version 7 ALTER EXTENSION unit UPDATE TO "7"; :pg_depend_save \! pg_dump -f unit-6-7.dump -T pg_depend_save :pg_depend_restore -- reinstall latest version DROP EXTENSION unit CASCADE; CREATE EXTENSION unit; :pg_depend_save \! pg_dump -f unit-create.dump -T pg_depend_save :pg_depend_restore -- different ordering in unit_accum_t expected: \! diff -u --label unit-update.dump unit-6-7.dump --label unit-create.dump unit-create.dump | sed -e 's/@@.*@@/@@/' postgresql-unit-7.10/unit--1--2.sql000066400000000000000000000041011472555243500167600ustar00rootroot00000000000000ALTER TYPE unit_accum_t ADD ATTRIBUTE squares double precision; CREATE FUNCTION unit_accum(a unit_accum_t, u unit) RETURNS unit_accum_t AS $$SELECT (CASE WHEN a.s = '0'::unit THEN u ELSE a.s + u END, a.squares + value(u)^2, a.n + 1)::unit_accum_t$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- update v1 avg() aggregate UPDATE pg_aggregate SET agginitval = '(0,0,0)' WHERE aggtransfn = 'unit_accum'::regproc AND agginitval = '(0,0)'; CREATE FUNCTION unit_var_pop(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN (a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / a.n ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE var_pop(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_pop, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_var_samp(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 1 THEN (a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / (a.n - 1) WHEN a.n = 1 THEN 0 ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE var_samp(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE AGGREGATE variance(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_stddev_pop(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN sqrt((a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / a.n) * dimension(a.s) ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE stddev_pop(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_pop, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_stddev_samp(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 1 THEN sqrt((a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / (a.n - 1)) * dimension(a.s) WHEN a.n = 1 THEN 0 * dimension(a.s) ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE stddev_samp(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE AGGREGATE stddev(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); postgresql-unit-7.10/unit--1.sql000066400000000000000000000300641472555243500165530ustar00rootroot00000000000000/* Copyright (C) 2016 Christoph Berg This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. */ -- type definition CREATE TYPE unit; CREATE FUNCTION unit_in(cstring) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_out(unit) RETURNS cstring AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE TYPE unit ( internallength = 16, input = unit_in, output = unit_out, alignment = double ); -- constructors CREATE FUNCTION unit(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'dbl2unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION meter(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_meter' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION kilogram(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_kilogram' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION second(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_second' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION ampere(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_ampere' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION kelvin(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_kelvin' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION mole(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_mole' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION candela(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_candela' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION byte(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_byte' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- extractors CREATE FUNCTION value(unit) RETURNS double precision AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_value' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION dimension(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_dimension' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- operators CREATE FUNCTION unit_add(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR + ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_add, commutator = + ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_sub(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR - ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_sub ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_neg(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR - ( rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_neg ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_mul(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION dbl_unit_mul(double precision, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = double precision, rightarg = unit, procedure = dbl_unit_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_dbl_mul(unit, double precision) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = double precision, procedure = unit_dbl_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_div(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_div ); CREATE FUNCTION dbl_unit_div(double precision, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = double precision, rightarg = unit, procedure = dbl_unit_div ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_dbl_div(unit, double precision) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = double precision, procedure = unit_dbl_div ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_pow(unit, int) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR ^ ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = int, procedure = unit_pow ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_at(unit, cstring) RETURNS cstring AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR @ ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = cstring, procedure = unit_at ); -- derived units CREATE FUNCTION radian (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- m·m^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1) / meter()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION steradian (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- m^2·m^-2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1) * meter() / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hertz (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION newton (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- kg·m·s^-2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kilogram($1) * meter() / second()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION pascal (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- N/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT newton($1) / meter()^2 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION joule (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- N·m RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT newton($1) * meter()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION watt (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1) / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION coulomb (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- A·s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT ampere($1) * second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION volt (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- W/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT watt($1) / ampere() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION farad (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- C/V RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT coulomb($1) / volt() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION ohm (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- V/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT volt($1) / ampere() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION siemens (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- A/V RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT ampere($1) / volt()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION weber (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- V·s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT volt($1) * second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION tesla (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- Wb/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT weber($1) / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION henry (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- Wb/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT weber($1) / ampere()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION celsius (double precision DEFAULT 0.0) -- K relative to 273.15, default to 0°C RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kelvin($1 + 273.15)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION lumen (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- cd·sr RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT candela($1) * steradian()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION lux (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- lm/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT lumen($1) / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION becquerel (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION gray (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/kg RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1) / kilogram()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION sievert (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/kg RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1)/ kilogram()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION katal (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- mol·s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT mole($1) / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI --minute, hour, day, degree of arc, minute of arc, second of arc, hectare, litre, tonne, astronomical unit and [deci]bel CREATE FUNCTION minute (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 60)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hour (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 3600)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION day (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 86400)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION degree_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION minute_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180 / 60$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION second_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180 / 3600$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hectare (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * meter(100)^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION liter (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * meter(0.1)^3$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION tonne (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kilogram($1 * 1000)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION au (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1 * 149597870700)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION decibel (double precision DEFAULT 0.0) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT 10.0^($1 / 10.0)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- comparisons CREATE FUNCTION unit_lt(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_le(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_eq(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_ne(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_ge(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_gt(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR < ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_lt, commutator = > , negator = >= , restrict = scalarltsel, join = scalarltjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR <= ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_le, commutator = >= , negator = > , restrict = scalarltsel, join = scalarltjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR = ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_eq, commutator = = , negator = <> , restrict = eqsel, join = eqjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR <> ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_ne, commutator = <> , negator = = , restrict = neqsel, join = neqjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR >= ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_ge, commutator = <= , negator = < , restrict = scalargtsel, join = scalargtjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR > ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_gt, commutator = < , negator = <= , restrict = scalargtsel, join = scalargtjoinsel ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_cmp(unit, unit) RETURNS int4 AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR CLASS unit_ops DEFAULT FOR TYPE unit USING btree AS OPERATOR 1 < , OPERATOR 2 <= , OPERATOR 3 = , OPERATOR 4 >= , OPERATOR 5 > , FUNCTION 1 unit_cmp(unit, unit); -- aggregates CREATE AGGREGATE sum(unit) ( sfunc = unit_add, stype = unit ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_least(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE min(unit) ( sfunc = unit_least, stype = unit ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_greatest(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE max(unit) ( sfunc = unit_greatest, stype = unit ); CREATE TYPE unit_accum_t AS ( s unit, n bigint ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_accum(a unit_accum_t, u unit) RETURNS unit_accum_t AS $$SELECT (CASE WHEN a.s = '0'::unit THEN u ELSE a.s + u END, a.n + 1)::unit_accum_t$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_avg(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN a.s / a.n ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE avg(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_avg, initcond = '(0,0)' ); postgresql-unit-7.10/unit--2--3.sql.in000066400000000000000000000027131472555243500173760ustar00rootroot00000000000000-- type definition ALTER FUNCTION unit_in(cstring) SET search_path = @extschema@; -- prefix/unit definition tables CREATE TABLE unit_prefixes ( prefix varchar(32) PRIMARY KEY, factor double precision NOT NULL, definition text, -- original definition, informational dump boolean DEFAULT true ); SELECT pg_catalog.pg_extension_config_dump('unit_prefixes', 'WHERE dump'); COPY unit_prefixes (prefix, factor, definition, dump) FROM '@MODULEDIR@/unit_prefixes.data'; CREATE TABLE unit_units ( name varchar(32) PRIMARY KEY, unit unit NOT NULL, shift double precision, -- NULL means 0.0 here definition text, -- original definition, informational dump boolean DEFAULT true ); SELECT pg_catalog.pg_extension_config_dump('unit_units', 'WHERE dump'); COPY unit_units (name, unit, shift, definition, dump) FROM '@MODULEDIR@/unit_units.data'; -- operators CREATE FUNCTION sqrt(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_sqrt' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR |/ ( rightarg = unit, procedure = sqrt ); CREATE FUNCTION cbrt(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_cbrt' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR ||/ ( rightarg = unit, procedure = cbrt ); ALTER FUNCTION unit_at(unit, cstring) SET search_path = @extschema@; -- internal functions CREATE FUNCTION unit_is_hashed(cstring) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C VOLATILE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_reset() RETURNS void AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C VOLATILE STRICT; postgresql-unit-7.10/unit--2.sql000066400000000000000000000333721472555243500165610ustar00rootroot00000000000000/* Copyright (C) 2016 Christoph Berg This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. */ -- type definition CREATE TYPE unit; CREATE FUNCTION unit_in(cstring) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_out(unit) RETURNS cstring AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE TYPE unit ( internallength = 16, input = unit_in, output = unit_out, alignment = double ); -- constructors CREATE FUNCTION unit(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'dbl2unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION meter(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_meter' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION kilogram(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_kilogram' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION second(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_second' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION ampere(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_ampere' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION kelvin(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_kelvin' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION mole(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_mole' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION candela(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_candela' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION byte(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_byte' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- extractors CREATE FUNCTION value(unit) RETURNS double precision AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_value' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION dimension(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_dimension' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- operators CREATE FUNCTION unit_add(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR + ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_add, commutator = + ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_sub(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR - ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_sub ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_neg(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR - ( rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_neg ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_mul(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION dbl_unit_mul(double precision, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = double precision, rightarg = unit, procedure = dbl_unit_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_dbl_mul(unit, double precision) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = double precision, procedure = unit_dbl_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_div(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_div ); CREATE FUNCTION dbl_unit_div(double precision, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = double precision, rightarg = unit, procedure = dbl_unit_div ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_dbl_div(unit, double precision) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = double precision, procedure = unit_dbl_div ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_pow(unit, int) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR ^ ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = int, procedure = unit_pow ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_at(unit, cstring) RETURNS cstring AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR @ ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = cstring, procedure = unit_at ); -- derived units CREATE FUNCTION radian (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- m·m^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1) / meter()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION steradian (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- m^2·m^-2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1) * meter() / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hertz (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION newton (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- kg·m·s^-2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kilogram($1) * meter() / second()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION pascal (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- N/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT newton($1) / meter()^2 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION joule (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- N·m RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT newton($1) * meter()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION watt (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1) / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION coulomb (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- A·s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT ampere($1) * second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION volt (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- W/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT watt($1) / ampere() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION farad (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- C/V RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT coulomb($1) / volt() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION ohm (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- V/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT volt($1) / ampere() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION siemens (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- A/V RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT ampere($1) / volt()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION weber (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- V·s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT volt($1) * second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION tesla (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- Wb/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT weber($1) / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION henry (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- Wb/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT weber($1) / ampere()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION celsius (double precision DEFAULT 0.0) -- K relative to 273.15, default to 0°C RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kelvin($1 + 273.15)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION lumen (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- cd·sr RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT candela($1) * steradian()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION lux (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- lm/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT lumen($1) / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION becquerel (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION gray (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/kg RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1) / kilogram()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION sievert (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/kg RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1)/ kilogram()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION katal (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- mol·s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT mole($1) / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI --minute, hour, day, degree of arc, minute of arc, second of arc, hectare, litre, tonne, astronomical unit and [deci]bel CREATE FUNCTION minute (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 60)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hour (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 3600)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION day (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 86400)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION degree_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION minute_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180 / 60$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION second_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180 / 3600$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hectare (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * meter(100)^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION liter (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * meter(0.1)^3$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION tonne (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kilogram($1 * 1000)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION au (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1 * 149597870700)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION decibel (double precision DEFAULT 0.0) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT 10.0^($1 / 10.0)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- comparisons CREATE FUNCTION unit_lt(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_le(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_eq(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_ne(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_ge(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_gt(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR < ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_lt, commutator = > , negator = >= , restrict = scalarltsel, join = scalarltjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR <= ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_le, commutator = >= , negator = > , restrict = scalarltsel, join = scalarltjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR = ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_eq, commutator = = , negator = <> , restrict = eqsel, join = eqjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR <> ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_ne, commutator = <> , negator = = , restrict = neqsel, join = neqjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR >= ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_ge, commutator = <= , negator = < , restrict = scalargtsel, join = scalargtjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR > ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_gt, commutator = < , negator = <= , restrict = scalargtsel, join = scalargtjoinsel ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_cmp(unit, unit) RETURNS int4 AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR CLASS unit_ops DEFAULT FOR TYPE unit USING btree AS OPERATOR 1 < , OPERATOR 2 <= , OPERATOR 3 = , OPERATOR 4 >= , OPERATOR 5 > , FUNCTION 1 unit_cmp(unit, unit); -- aggregates CREATE AGGREGATE sum(unit) ( sfunc = unit_add, stype = unit ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_least(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE min(unit) ( sfunc = unit_least, stype = unit ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_greatest(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE max(unit) ( sfunc = unit_greatest, stype = unit ); CREATE TYPE unit_accum_t AS ( s unit, squares double precision, n bigint ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_accum(a unit_accum_t, u unit) RETURNS unit_accum_t AS $$SELECT (CASE WHEN a.s = '0'::unit THEN u ELSE a.s + u END, a.squares + value(u)^2, a.n + 1)::unit_accum_t$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_avg(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN a.s / a.n ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE avg(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_avg, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_var_pop(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN (a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / a.n ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE var_pop(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_pop, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_var_samp(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 1 THEN (a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / (a.n - 1) WHEN a.n = 1 THEN 0 ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE var_samp(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE AGGREGATE variance(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_stddev_pop(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN sqrt((a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / a.n) * dimension(a.s) ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE stddev_pop(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_pop, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_stddev_samp(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 1 THEN sqrt((a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / (a.n - 1)) * dimension(a.s) WHEN a.n = 1 THEN 0 * dimension(a.s) ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE stddev_samp(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE AGGREGATE stddev(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); postgresql-unit-7.10/unit--3--4.sql.in000066400000000000000000000005401472555243500173740ustar00rootroot00000000000000-- convert @ from (unit, cstring) to (unit, text) DROP OPERATOR @ (unit, cstring); DROP FUNCTION unit_at(unit, cstring); CREATE FUNCTION unit_at(unit, text) RETURNS cstring SET search_path = @extschema@ AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_at_text' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR @ ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = text, procedure = unit_at ); postgresql-unit-7.10/unit--3.sql.in000066400000000000000000000361301472555243500171620ustar00rootroot00000000000000/* Copyright (C) 2016-2017 Christoph Berg This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. */ -- type definition CREATE TYPE unit; CREATE FUNCTION unit_in(cstring) RETURNS unit SET search_path = @extschema@ AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_out(unit) RETURNS cstring AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE TYPE unit ( internallength = 16, input = unit_in, output = unit_out, alignment = double ); -- prefix/unit definition tables CREATE TABLE unit_prefixes ( prefix varchar(32) PRIMARY KEY, factor double precision NOT NULL, definition text, -- original definition, informational dump boolean DEFAULT true ); SELECT pg_catalog.pg_extension_config_dump('unit_prefixes', 'WHERE dump'); COPY unit_prefixes (prefix, factor, definition, dump) FROM '@MODULEDIR@/unit_prefixes.data'; CREATE TABLE unit_units ( name varchar(32) PRIMARY KEY, unit unit NOT NULL, shift double precision, -- NULL means 0.0 here definition text, -- original definition, informational dump boolean DEFAULT true ); SELECT pg_catalog.pg_extension_config_dump('unit_units', 'WHERE dump'); COPY unit_units (name, unit, shift, definition, dump) FROM '@MODULEDIR@/unit_units.data'; -- constructors CREATE FUNCTION unit(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'dbl2unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION meter(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_meter' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION kilogram(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_kilogram' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION second(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_second' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION ampere(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_ampere' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION kelvin(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_kelvin' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION mole(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_mole' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION candela(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_candela' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION byte(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_byte' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- extractors CREATE FUNCTION value(unit) RETURNS double precision AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_value' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION dimension(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_dimension' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- operators CREATE FUNCTION unit_add(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR + ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_add, commutator = + ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_sub(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR - ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_sub ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_neg(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR - ( rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_neg ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_mul(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION dbl_unit_mul(double precision, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = double precision, rightarg = unit, procedure = dbl_unit_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_dbl_mul(unit, double precision) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = double precision, procedure = unit_dbl_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_div(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_div ); CREATE FUNCTION dbl_unit_div(double precision, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = double precision, rightarg = unit, procedure = dbl_unit_div ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_dbl_div(unit, double precision) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = double precision, procedure = unit_dbl_div ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_pow(unit, int) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR ^ ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = int, procedure = unit_pow ); CREATE FUNCTION sqrt(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_sqrt' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR |/ ( rightarg = unit, procedure = sqrt ); CREATE FUNCTION cbrt(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_cbrt' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR ||/ ( rightarg = unit, procedure = cbrt ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_at(unit, cstring) RETURNS cstring SET search_path = @extschema@ AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR @ ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = cstring, procedure = unit_at ); -- derived units CREATE FUNCTION radian (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- m·m^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1) / meter()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION steradian (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- m^2·m^-2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1) * meter() / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hertz (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION newton (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- kg·m·s^-2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kilogram($1) * meter() / second()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION pascal (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- N/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT newton($1) / meter()^2 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION joule (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- N·m RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT newton($1) * meter()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION watt (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1) / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION coulomb (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- A·s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT ampere($1) * second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION volt (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- W/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT watt($1) / ampere() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION farad (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- C/V RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT coulomb($1) / volt() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION ohm (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- V/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT volt($1) / ampere() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION siemens (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- A/V RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT ampere($1) / volt()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION weber (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- V·s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT volt($1) * second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION tesla (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- Wb/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT weber($1) / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION henry (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- Wb/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT weber($1) / ampere()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION celsius (double precision DEFAULT 0.0) -- K relative to 273.15, default to 0°C RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kelvin($1 + 273.15)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION lumen (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- cd·sr RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT candela($1) * steradian()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION lux (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- lm/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT lumen($1) / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION becquerel (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION gray (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/kg RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1) / kilogram()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION sievert (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/kg RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1)/ kilogram()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION katal (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- mol·s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT mole($1) / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI --minute, hour, day, degree of arc, minute of arc, second of arc, hectare, litre, tonne, astronomical unit and [deci]bel CREATE FUNCTION minute (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 60)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hour (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 3600)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION day (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 86400)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION degree_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION minute_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180 / 60$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION second_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180 / 3600$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hectare (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * meter(100)^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION liter (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * meter(0.1)^3$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION tonne (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kilogram($1 * 1000)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION au (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1 * 149597870700)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION decibel (double precision DEFAULT 0.0) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT 10.0^($1 / 10.0)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- comparisons CREATE FUNCTION unit_lt(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_le(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_eq(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_ne(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_ge(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_gt(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR < ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_lt, commutator = > , negator = >= , restrict = scalarltsel, join = scalarltjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR <= ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_le, commutator = >= , negator = > , restrict = scalarltsel, join = scalarltjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR = ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_eq, commutator = = , negator = <> , restrict = eqsel, join = eqjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR <> ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_ne, commutator = <> , negator = = , restrict = neqsel, join = neqjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR >= ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_ge, commutator = <= , negator = < , restrict = scalargtsel, join = scalargtjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR > ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_gt, commutator = < , negator = <= , restrict = scalargtsel, join = scalargtjoinsel ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_cmp(unit, unit) RETURNS int4 AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR CLASS unit_ops DEFAULT FOR TYPE unit USING btree AS OPERATOR 1 < , OPERATOR 2 <= , OPERATOR 3 = , OPERATOR 4 >= , OPERATOR 5 > , FUNCTION 1 unit_cmp(unit, unit); -- aggregates CREATE AGGREGATE sum(unit) ( sfunc = unit_add, stype = unit ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_least(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE min(unit) ( sfunc = unit_least, stype = unit ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_greatest(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE max(unit) ( sfunc = unit_greatest, stype = unit ); CREATE TYPE unit_accum_t AS ( s unit, squares double precision, n bigint ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_accum(a unit_accum_t, u unit) RETURNS unit_accum_t AS $$SELECT (CASE WHEN a.s = '0'::unit THEN u ELSE a.s + u END, a.squares + value(u)^2, a.n + 1)::unit_accum_t$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_avg(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN a.s / a.n ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE avg(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_avg, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_var_pop(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN (a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / a.n ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE var_pop(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_pop, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_var_samp(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 1 THEN (a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / (a.n - 1) WHEN a.n = 1 THEN 0 ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE var_samp(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE AGGREGATE variance(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_stddev_pop(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN sqrt((a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / a.n) * dimension(a.s) ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE stddev_pop(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_pop, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_stddev_samp(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 1 THEN sqrt((a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / (a.n - 1)) * dimension(a.s) WHEN a.n = 1 THEN 0 * dimension(a.s) ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE stddev_samp(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE AGGREGATE stddev(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); -- internal functions CREATE FUNCTION unit_is_hashed(cstring) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C VOLATILE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_reset() RETURNS void AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C VOLATILE STRICT; postgresql-unit-7.10/unit--4--5.sql.in000066400000000000000000000001511472555243500173740ustar00rootroot00000000000000CREATE FUNCTION round(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_round' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; postgresql-unit-7.10/unit--4.sql.in000066400000000000000000000361421472555243500171660ustar00rootroot00000000000000/* Copyright (C) 2016-2017 Christoph Berg This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. */ -- type definition CREATE TYPE unit; CREATE FUNCTION unit_in(cstring) RETURNS unit SET search_path = @extschema@ AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_out(unit) RETURNS cstring AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE TYPE unit ( internallength = 16, input = unit_in, output = unit_out, alignment = double ); -- prefix/unit definition tables CREATE TABLE unit_prefixes ( prefix varchar(32) PRIMARY KEY, factor double precision NOT NULL, definition text, -- original definition, informational dump boolean DEFAULT true ); SELECT pg_catalog.pg_extension_config_dump('unit_prefixes', 'WHERE dump'); COPY unit_prefixes (prefix, factor, definition, dump) FROM '@MODULEDIR@/unit_prefixes.data'; CREATE TABLE unit_units ( name varchar(32) PRIMARY KEY, unit unit NOT NULL, shift double precision, -- NULL means 0.0 here definition text, -- original definition, informational dump boolean DEFAULT true ); SELECT pg_catalog.pg_extension_config_dump('unit_units', 'WHERE dump'); COPY unit_units (name, unit, shift, definition, dump) FROM '@MODULEDIR@/unit_units.data'; -- constructors CREATE FUNCTION unit(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'dbl2unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION meter(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_meter' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION kilogram(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_kilogram' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION second(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_second' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION ampere(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_ampere' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION kelvin(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_kelvin' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION mole(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_mole' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION candela(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_candela' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION byte(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_byte' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- extractors CREATE FUNCTION value(unit) RETURNS double precision AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_value' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION dimension(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_dimension' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- operators CREATE FUNCTION unit_add(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR + ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_add, commutator = + ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_sub(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR - ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_sub ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_neg(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR - ( rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_neg ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_mul(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION dbl_unit_mul(double precision, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = double precision, rightarg = unit, procedure = dbl_unit_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_dbl_mul(unit, double precision) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = double precision, procedure = unit_dbl_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_div(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_div ); CREATE FUNCTION dbl_unit_div(double precision, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = double precision, rightarg = unit, procedure = dbl_unit_div ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_dbl_div(unit, double precision) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = double precision, procedure = unit_dbl_div ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_pow(unit, int) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR ^ ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = int, procedure = unit_pow ); CREATE FUNCTION sqrt(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_sqrt' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR |/ ( rightarg = unit, procedure = sqrt ); CREATE FUNCTION cbrt(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_cbrt' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR ||/ ( rightarg = unit, procedure = cbrt ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_at(unit, text) RETURNS cstring SET search_path = @extschema@ AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_at_text' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR @ ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = text, procedure = unit_at ); -- derived units CREATE FUNCTION radian (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- m·m^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1) / meter()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION steradian (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- m^2·m^-2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1) * meter() / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hertz (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION newton (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- kg·m·s^-2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kilogram($1) * meter() / second()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION pascal (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- N/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT newton($1) / meter()^2 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION joule (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- N·m RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT newton($1) * meter()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION watt (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1) / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION coulomb (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- A·s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT ampere($1) * second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION volt (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- W/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT watt($1) / ampere() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION farad (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- C/V RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT coulomb($1) / volt() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION ohm (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- V/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT volt($1) / ampere() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION siemens (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- A/V RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT ampere($1) / volt()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION weber (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- V·s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT volt($1) * second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION tesla (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- Wb/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT weber($1) / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION henry (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- Wb/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT weber($1) / ampere()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION celsius (double precision DEFAULT 0.0) -- K relative to 273.15, default to 0°C RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kelvin($1 + 273.15)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION lumen (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- cd·sr RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT candela($1) * steradian()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION lux (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- lm/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT lumen($1) / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION becquerel (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION gray (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/kg RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1) / kilogram()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION sievert (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/kg RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1)/ kilogram()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION katal (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- mol·s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT mole($1) / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI --minute, hour, day, degree of arc, minute of arc, second of arc, hectare, litre, tonne, astronomical unit and [deci]bel CREATE FUNCTION minute (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 60)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hour (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 3600)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION day (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 86400)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION degree_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION minute_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180 / 60$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION second_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180 / 3600$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hectare (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * meter(100)^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION liter (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * meter(0.1)^3$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION tonne (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kilogram($1 * 1000)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION au (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1 * 149597870700)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION decibel (double precision DEFAULT 0.0) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT 10.0^($1 / 10.0)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- comparisons CREATE FUNCTION unit_lt(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_le(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_eq(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_ne(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_ge(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_gt(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR < ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_lt, commutator = > , negator = >= , restrict = scalarltsel, join = scalarltjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR <= ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_le, commutator = >= , negator = > , restrict = scalarltsel, join = scalarltjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR = ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_eq, commutator = = , negator = <> , restrict = eqsel, join = eqjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR <> ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_ne, commutator = <> , negator = = , restrict = neqsel, join = neqjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR >= ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_ge, commutator = <= , negator = < , restrict = scalargtsel, join = scalargtjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR > ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_gt, commutator = < , negator = <= , restrict = scalargtsel, join = scalargtjoinsel ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_cmp(unit, unit) RETURNS int4 AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR CLASS unit_ops DEFAULT FOR TYPE unit USING btree AS OPERATOR 1 < , OPERATOR 2 <= , OPERATOR 3 = , OPERATOR 4 >= , OPERATOR 5 > , FUNCTION 1 unit_cmp(unit, unit); -- aggregates CREATE AGGREGATE sum(unit) ( sfunc = unit_add, stype = unit ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_least(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE min(unit) ( sfunc = unit_least, stype = unit ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_greatest(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE max(unit) ( sfunc = unit_greatest, stype = unit ); CREATE TYPE unit_accum_t AS ( s unit, squares double precision, n bigint ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_accum(a unit_accum_t, u unit) RETURNS unit_accum_t AS $$SELECT (CASE WHEN a.s = '0'::unit THEN u ELSE a.s + u END, a.squares + value(u)^2, a.n + 1)::unit_accum_t$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_avg(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN a.s / a.n ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE avg(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_avg, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_var_pop(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN (a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / a.n ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE var_pop(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_pop, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_var_samp(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 1 THEN (a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / (a.n - 1) WHEN a.n = 1 THEN 0 ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE var_samp(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE AGGREGATE variance(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_stddev_pop(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN sqrt((a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / a.n) * dimension(a.s) ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE stddev_pop(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_pop, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_stddev_samp(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 1 THEN sqrt((a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / (a.n - 1)) * dimension(a.s) WHEN a.n = 1 THEN 0 * dimension(a.s) ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE stddev_samp(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE AGGREGATE stddev(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); -- internal functions CREATE FUNCTION unit_is_hashed(cstring) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C VOLATILE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_reset() RETURNS void AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C VOLATILE STRICT; postgresql-unit-7.10/unit--5--6.sql.in000066400000000000000000000023461472555243500174060ustar00rootroot00000000000000GRANT SELECT ON unit_prefixes, unit_units TO PUBLIC; CREATE FUNCTION unit_load() RETURNS VOID LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$BEGIN DELETE FROM unit_prefixes WHERE dump IS NOT TRUE; CREATE TEMP TABLE tmp_prefixes (LIKE unit_prefixes) ON COMMIT DROP; COPY tmp_prefixes (prefix, factor, definition, dump) FROM '@MODULEDIR@/unit_prefixes.data'; INSERT INTO unit_prefixes SELECT * FROM tmp_prefixes t WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT prefix FROM unit_prefixes u WHERE u.prefix = t.prefix); DROP TABLE tmp_prefixes; DELETE FROM unit_units WHERE dump IS NOT TRUE; CREATE TEMP TABLE tmp_units (LIKE unit_units) ON COMMIT DROP; COPY tmp_units (name, unit, shift, definition, dump) FROM '@MODULEDIR@/unit_units.data'; INSERT INTO unit_units SELECT * FROM tmp_units t WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT name FROM unit_units u WHERE u.name = t.name); DROP TABLE tmp_units; END;$$; COMMENT ON FUNCTION unit_load() IS 'Loads/upgrades the unit_units and unit_prefixes contents from the data files on disk'; SELECT unit_load(); CREATE FUNCTION unit_at_double(unit, text) RETURNS double precision SET search_path = @extschema@ AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_at_double' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR @@ ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = text, procedure = unit_at_double ); postgresql-unit-7.10/unit--5.sql.in000066400000000000000000000363351472555243500171730ustar00rootroot00000000000000/* Copyright (C) 2016-2018 Christoph Berg This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. */ -- type definition CREATE TYPE unit; CREATE FUNCTION unit_in(cstring) RETURNS unit SET search_path = @extschema@ AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_out(unit) RETURNS cstring AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE TYPE unit ( internallength = 16, input = unit_in, output = unit_out, alignment = double ); -- prefix/unit definition tables CREATE TABLE unit_prefixes ( prefix varchar(32) PRIMARY KEY, factor double precision NOT NULL, definition text, -- original definition, informational dump boolean DEFAULT true ); SELECT pg_catalog.pg_extension_config_dump('unit_prefixes', 'WHERE dump'); COPY unit_prefixes (prefix, factor, definition, dump) FROM '@MODULEDIR@/unit_prefixes.data'; CREATE TABLE unit_units ( name varchar(32) PRIMARY KEY, unit unit NOT NULL, shift double precision, -- NULL means 0.0 here definition text, -- original definition, informational dump boolean DEFAULT true ); SELECT pg_catalog.pg_extension_config_dump('unit_units', 'WHERE dump'); COPY unit_units (name, unit, shift, definition, dump) FROM '@MODULEDIR@/unit_units.data'; -- constructors CREATE FUNCTION unit(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'dbl2unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION meter(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_meter' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION kilogram(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_kilogram' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION second(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_second' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION ampere(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_ampere' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION kelvin(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_kelvin' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION mole(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_mole' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION candela(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_candela' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION byte(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_byte' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- functions without operators CREATE FUNCTION value(unit) RETURNS double precision AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_value' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION dimension(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_dimension' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION round(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_round' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- operators CREATE FUNCTION unit_add(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR + ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_add, commutator = + ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_sub(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR - ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_sub ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_neg(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR - ( rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_neg ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_mul(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION dbl_unit_mul(double precision, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = double precision, rightarg = unit, procedure = dbl_unit_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_dbl_mul(unit, double precision) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = double precision, procedure = unit_dbl_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_div(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_div ); CREATE FUNCTION dbl_unit_div(double precision, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = double precision, rightarg = unit, procedure = dbl_unit_div ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_dbl_div(unit, double precision) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = double precision, procedure = unit_dbl_div ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_pow(unit, int) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR ^ ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = int, procedure = unit_pow ); CREATE FUNCTION sqrt(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_sqrt' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR |/ ( rightarg = unit, procedure = sqrt ); CREATE FUNCTION cbrt(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_cbrt' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR ||/ ( rightarg = unit, procedure = cbrt ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_at(unit, text) RETURNS cstring SET search_path = @extschema@ AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_at_text' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR @ ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = text, procedure = unit_at ); -- derived units CREATE FUNCTION radian (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- m·m^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1) / meter()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION steradian (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- m^2·m^-2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1) * meter() / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hertz (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION newton (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- kg·m·s^-2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kilogram($1) * meter() / second()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION pascal (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- N/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT newton($1) / meter()^2 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION joule (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- N·m RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT newton($1) * meter()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION watt (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1) / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION coulomb (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- A·s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT ampere($1) * second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION volt (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- W/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT watt($1) / ampere() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION farad (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- C/V RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT coulomb($1) / volt() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION ohm (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- V/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT volt($1) / ampere() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION siemens (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- A/V RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT ampere($1) / volt()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION weber (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- V·s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT volt($1) * second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION tesla (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- Wb/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT weber($1) / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION henry (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- Wb/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT weber($1) / ampere()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION celsius (double precision DEFAULT 0.0) -- K relative to 273.15, default to 0°C RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kelvin($1 + 273.15)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION lumen (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- cd·sr RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT candela($1) * steradian()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION lux (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- lm/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT lumen($1) / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION becquerel (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION gray (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/kg RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1) / kilogram()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION sievert (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/kg RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1)/ kilogram()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION katal (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- mol·s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT mole($1) / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI --minute, hour, day, degree of arc, minute of arc, second of arc, hectare, litre, tonne, astronomical unit and [deci]bel CREATE FUNCTION minute (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 60)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hour (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 3600)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION day (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 86400)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION degree_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION minute_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180 / 60$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION second_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180 / 3600$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hectare (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * meter(100)^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION liter (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * meter(0.1)^3$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION tonne (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kilogram($1 * 1000)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION au (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1 * 149597870700)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION decibel (double precision DEFAULT 0.0) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT 10.0^($1 / 10.0)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- comparisons CREATE FUNCTION unit_lt(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_le(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_eq(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_ne(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_ge(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_gt(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR < ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_lt, commutator = > , negator = >= , restrict = scalarltsel, join = scalarltjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR <= ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_le, commutator = >= , negator = > , restrict = scalarltsel, join = scalarltjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR = ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_eq, commutator = = , negator = <> , restrict = eqsel, join = eqjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR <> ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_ne, commutator = <> , negator = = , restrict = neqsel, join = neqjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR >= ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_ge, commutator = <= , negator = < , restrict = scalargtsel, join = scalargtjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR > ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_gt, commutator = < , negator = <= , restrict = scalargtsel, join = scalargtjoinsel ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_cmp(unit, unit) RETURNS int4 AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR CLASS unit_ops DEFAULT FOR TYPE unit USING btree AS OPERATOR 1 < , OPERATOR 2 <= , OPERATOR 3 = , OPERATOR 4 >= , OPERATOR 5 > , FUNCTION 1 unit_cmp(unit, unit); -- aggregates CREATE AGGREGATE sum(unit) ( sfunc = unit_add, stype = unit ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_least(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE min(unit) ( sfunc = unit_least, stype = unit ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_greatest(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE max(unit) ( sfunc = unit_greatest, stype = unit ); CREATE TYPE unit_accum_t AS ( s unit, squares double precision, n bigint ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_accum(a unit_accum_t, u unit) RETURNS unit_accum_t AS $$SELECT (CASE WHEN a.s = '0'::unit THEN u ELSE a.s + u END, a.squares + value(u)^2, a.n + 1)::unit_accum_t$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_avg(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN a.s / a.n ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE avg(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_avg, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_var_pop(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN (a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / a.n ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE var_pop(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_pop, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_var_samp(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 1 THEN (a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / (a.n - 1) WHEN a.n = 1 THEN 0 ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE var_samp(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE AGGREGATE variance(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_stddev_pop(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN sqrt((a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / a.n) * dimension(a.s) ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE stddev_pop(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_pop, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_stddev_samp(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 1 THEN sqrt((a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / (a.n - 1)) * dimension(a.s) WHEN a.n = 1 THEN 0 * dimension(a.s) ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE stddev_samp(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE AGGREGATE stddev(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); -- internal functions CREATE FUNCTION unit_is_hashed(cstring) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C VOLATILE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_reset() RETURNS void AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C VOLATILE STRICT; postgresql-unit-7.10/unit--6--7.sql.in000066400000000000000000000065041472555243500174100ustar00rootroot00000000000000-- add recv/send functions CREATE FUNCTION unit_recv(internal) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_send(unit) RETURNS bytea AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; UPDATE pg_type SET typreceive = 'unit_recv', typsend = 'unit_send' WHERE typname = 'unit' AND typnamespace = '@extschema@'::regnamespace; INSERT INTO pg_depend (classid, objid, objsubid, refclassid, refobjid, refobjsubid, deptype) VALUES ('pg_type'::regclass, 'unit'::regtype, 0, 'pg_proc'::regclass, 'unit_recv'::regproc, 0, 'n'), ('pg_type'::regclass, 'unit'::regtype, 0, 'pg_proc'::regclass, 'unit_send'::regproc, 0, 'n'); -- convert @ from (unit, text)->cstring to (unit, text)->text DROP OPERATOR @ (unit, text); DROP FUNCTION unit_at(unit, text); CREATE FUNCTION unit_at(unit, text) RETURNS text SET search_path = @extschema@ AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_at_text2' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR @ ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = text, procedure = unit_at ); -- strict comparisons CREATE FUNCTION unit_strict_lt(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_strict_le(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_strict_eq(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_strict_ne(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_strict_ge(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_strict_gt(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR << ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_strict_lt, commutator = >> , negator = >>= , restrict = scalarltsel, join = scalarltjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR <<= ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_strict_le, commutator = >>= , negator = >> , restrict = scalarltsel, join = scalarltjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR == ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_strict_eq, commutator = == , negator = <<>> , restrict = eqsel, join = eqjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR <<>> ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_strict_ne, commutator = <<>> , negator = == , restrict = neqsel, join = neqjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR >>= ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_strict_ge, commutator = <<= , negator = << , restrict = scalargtsel, join = scalargtjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR >> ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_strict_gt, commutator = << , negator = <<= , restrict = scalargtsel, join = scalargtjoinsel ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_strict_cmp(unit, unit) RETURNS int4 AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR CLASS unit_strict_ops FOR TYPE unit USING btree AS OPERATOR 1 << , OPERATOR 2 <<= , OPERATOR 3 == , OPERATOR 4 >>= , OPERATOR 5 >> , FUNCTION 1 unit_strict_cmp(unit, unit); -- range type CREATE FUNCTION unit_diff(unit, unit) RETURNS float8 AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; COMMENT ON FUNCTION unit_diff(unit, unit) IS 'returns difference of two units as float8 for use in the unitrange type'; CREATE TYPE unitrange AS RANGE ( SUBTYPE = unit, SUBTYPE_OPCLASS = unit_strict_ops, SUBTYPE_DIFF = unit_diff ); -- load prefixes and units tables SELECT unit_load(); postgresql-unit-7.10/unit--6.sql.in000066400000000000000000000404131472555243500171640ustar00rootroot00000000000000/* Copyright (C) 2016-2018 Christoph Berg This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. */ -- type definition CREATE TYPE unit; CREATE FUNCTION unit_in(cstring) RETURNS unit SET search_path = @extschema@ AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_out(unit) RETURNS cstring AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE TYPE unit ( internallength = 16, input = unit_in, output = unit_out, alignment = double ); -- prefix/unit definition tables CREATE TABLE unit_prefixes ( prefix varchar(32) PRIMARY KEY, factor double precision NOT NULL, definition text, -- original definition, informational dump boolean DEFAULT true ); SELECT pg_catalog.pg_extension_config_dump('unit_prefixes', 'WHERE dump'); CREATE TABLE unit_units ( name varchar(32) PRIMARY KEY, unit unit NOT NULL, shift double precision, -- NULL means 0.0 here definition text, -- original definition, informational dump boolean DEFAULT true ); SELECT pg_catalog.pg_extension_config_dump('unit_units', 'WHERE dump'); GRANT SELECT ON unit_prefixes, unit_units TO PUBLIC; CREATE FUNCTION unit_load() RETURNS VOID LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$BEGIN DELETE FROM unit_prefixes WHERE dump IS NOT TRUE; CREATE TEMP TABLE tmp_prefixes (LIKE unit_prefixes) ON COMMIT DROP; COPY tmp_prefixes (prefix, factor, definition, dump) FROM '@MODULEDIR@/unit_prefixes.data'; INSERT INTO unit_prefixes SELECT * FROM tmp_prefixes t WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT prefix FROM unit_prefixes u WHERE u.prefix = t.prefix); DROP TABLE tmp_prefixes; DELETE FROM unit_units WHERE dump IS NOT TRUE; CREATE TEMP TABLE tmp_units (LIKE unit_units) ON COMMIT DROP; COPY tmp_units (name, unit, shift, definition, dump) FROM '@MODULEDIR@/unit_units.data'; INSERT INTO unit_units SELECT * FROM tmp_units t WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT name FROM unit_units u WHERE u.name = t.name); DROP TABLE tmp_units; END;$$; COMMENT ON FUNCTION unit_load() IS 'Loads/upgrades the unit_units and unit_prefixes contents from the data files on disk'; SELECT unit_load(); -- constructors CREATE FUNCTION unit(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'dbl2unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION meter(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_meter' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION kilogram(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_kilogram' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION second(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_second' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION ampere(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_ampere' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION kelvin(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_kelvin' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION mole(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_mole' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION candela(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_candela' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION byte(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_byte' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- functions without operators CREATE FUNCTION value(unit) RETURNS double precision AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_value' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION dimension(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_dimension' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION round(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_round' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- operators CREATE FUNCTION unit_add(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR + ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_add, commutator = + ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_sub(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR - ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_sub ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_neg(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR - ( rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_neg ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_mul(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION dbl_unit_mul(double precision, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = double precision, rightarg = unit, procedure = dbl_unit_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_dbl_mul(unit, double precision) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = double precision, procedure = unit_dbl_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_div(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_div ); CREATE FUNCTION dbl_unit_div(double precision, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = double precision, rightarg = unit, procedure = dbl_unit_div ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_dbl_div(unit, double precision) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = double precision, procedure = unit_dbl_div ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_pow(unit, int) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR ^ ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = int, procedure = unit_pow ); CREATE FUNCTION sqrt(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_sqrt' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR |/ ( rightarg = unit, procedure = sqrt ); CREATE FUNCTION cbrt(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_cbrt' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR ||/ ( rightarg = unit, procedure = cbrt ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_at(unit, text) RETURNS cstring SET search_path = @extschema@ AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_at_text' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR @ ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = text, procedure = unit_at ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_at_double(unit, text) RETURNS double precision SET search_path = @extschema@ AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_at_double' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR @@ ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = text, procedure = unit_at_double ); -- derived units CREATE FUNCTION radian (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- m·m^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1) / meter()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION steradian (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- m^2·m^-2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1) * meter() / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hertz (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION newton (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- kg·m·s^-2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kilogram($1) * meter() / second()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION pascal (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- N/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT newton($1) / meter()^2 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION joule (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- N·m RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT newton($1) * meter()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION watt (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1) / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION coulomb (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- A·s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT ampere($1) * second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION volt (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- W/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT watt($1) / ampere() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION farad (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- C/V RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT coulomb($1) / volt() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION ohm (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- V/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT volt($1) / ampere() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION siemens (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- A/V RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT ampere($1) / volt()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION weber (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- V·s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT volt($1) * second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION tesla (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- Wb/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT weber($1) / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION henry (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- Wb/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT weber($1) / ampere()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION celsius (double precision DEFAULT 0.0) -- K relative to 273.15, default to 0°C RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kelvin($1 + 273.15)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION lumen (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- cd·sr RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT candela($1) * steradian()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION lux (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- lm/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT lumen($1) / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION becquerel (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION gray (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/kg RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1) / kilogram()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION sievert (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/kg RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1)/ kilogram()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION katal (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- mol·s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT mole($1) / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI --minute, hour, day, degree of arc, minute of arc, second of arc, hectare, litre, tonne, astronomical unit and [deci]bel CREATE FUNCTION minute (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 60)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hour (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 3600)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION day (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 86400)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION degree_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION minute_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180 / 60$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION second_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180 / 3600$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hectare (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * meter(100)^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION liter (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * meter(0.1)^3$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION tonne (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kilogram($1 * 1000)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION au (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1 * 149597870700)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION decibel (double precision DEFAULT 0.0) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT 10.0^($1 / 10.0)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- comparisons CREATE FUNCTION unit_lt(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_le(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_eq(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_ne(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_ge(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_gt(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR < ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_lt, commutator = > , negator = >= , restrict = scalarltsel, join = scalarltjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR <= ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_le, commutator = >= , negator = > , restrict = scalarltsel, join = scalarltjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR = ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_eq, commutator = = , negator = <> , restrict = eqsel, join = eqjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR <> ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_ne, commutator = <> , negator = = , restrict = neqsel, join = neqjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR >= ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_ge, commutator = <= , negator = < , restrict = scalargtsel, join = scalargtjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR > ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_gt, commutator = < , negator = <= , restrict = scalargtsel, join = scalargtjoinsel ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_cmp(unit, unit) RETURNS int4 AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR CLASS unit_ops DEFAULT FOR TYPE unit USING btree AS OPERATOR 1 < , OPERATOR 2 <= , OPERATOR 3 = , OPERATOR 4 >= , OPERATOR 5 > , FUNCTION 1 unit_cmp(unit, unit); -- aggregates CREATE AGGREGATE sum(unit) ( sfunc = unit_add, stype = unit ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_least(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE min(unit) ( sfunc = unit_least, stype = unit ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_greatest(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE max(unit) ( sfunc = unit_greatest, stype = unit ); CREATE TYPE unit_accum_t AS ( s unit, squares double precision, n bigint ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_accum(a unit_accum_t, u unit) RETURNS unit_accum_t AS $$SELECT (CASE WHEN a.s = '0'::unit THEN u ELSE a.s + u END, a.squares + value(u)^2, a.n + 1)::unit_accum_t$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_avg(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN a.s / a.n ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE avg(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_avg, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_var_pop(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN (a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / a.n ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE var_pop(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_pop, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_var_samp(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 1 THEN (a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / (a.n - 1) WHEN a.n = 1 THEN 0 ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE var_samp(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE AGGREGATE variance(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_stddev_pop(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN sqrt((a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / a.n) * dimension(a.s) ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE stddev_pop(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_pop, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_stddev_samp(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 1 THEN sqrt((a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / (a.n - 1)) * dimension(a.s) WHEN a.n = 1 THEN 0 * dimension(a.s) ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE stddev_samp(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE AGGREGATE stddev(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); -- internal functions CREATE FUNCTION unit_is_hashed(cstring) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C VOLATILE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_reset() RETURNS void AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C VOLATILE STRICT; postgresql-unit-7.10/unit--7.sql.in000066400000000000000000000454151472555243500171740ustar00rootroot00000000000000/* Copyright (C) 2016-2018 Christoph Berg This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. */ -- type definition CREATE TYPE unit; CREATE FUNCTION unit_in(cstring) RETURNS unit SET search_path = @extschema@ AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_out(unit) RETURNS cstring AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_recv(internal) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_send(unit) RETURNS bytea AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE TYPE unit ( internallength = 16, input = unit_in, output = unit_out, receive = unit_recv, send = unit_send, alignment = double ); -- prefix/unit definition tables CREATE TABLE unit_prefixes ( prefix varchar(32) PRIMARY KEY, factor double precision NOT NULL, definition text, -- original definition, informational dump boolean DEFAULT true ); SELECT pg_catalog.pg_extension_config_dump('unit_prefixes', 'WHERE dump'); CREATE TABLE unit_units ( name varchar(32) PRIMARY KEY, unit unit NOT NULL, shift double precision, -- NULL means 0.0 here definition text, -- original definition, informational dump boolean DEFAULT true ); SELECT pg_catalog.pg_extension_config_dump('unit_units', 'WHERE dump'); GRANT SELECT ON unit_prefixes, unit_units TO PUBLIC; CREATE FUNCTION unit_load() RETURNS VOID LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$BEGIN DELETE FROM unit_prefixes WHERE dump IS NOT TRUE; CREATE TEMP TABLE tmp_prefixes (LIKE unit_prefixes) ON COMMIT DROP; COPY tmp_prefixes (prefix, factor, definition, dump) FROM '@MODULEDIR@/unit_prefixes.data'; INSERT INTO unit_prefixes SELECT * FROM tmp_prefixes t WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT prefix FROM unit_prefixes u WHERE u.prefix = t.prefix); DROP TABLE tmp_prefixes; DELETE FROM unit_units WHERE dump IS NOT TRUE; CREATE TEMP TABLE tmp_units (LIKE unit_units) ON COMMIT DROP; COPY tmp_units (name, unit, shift, definition, dump) FROM '@MODULEDIR@/unit_units.data'; INSERT INTO unit_units SELECT * FROM tmp_units t WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT name FROM unit_units u WHERE u.name = t.name); DROP TABLE tmp_units; END;$$; COMMENT ON FUNCTION unit_load() IS 'Loads/upgrades the unit_units and unit_prefixes contents from the data files on disk'; SELECT unit_load(); -- constructors CREATE FUNCTION unit(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'dbl2unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION meter(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_meter' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION kilogram(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_kilogram' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION second(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_second' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION ampere(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_ampere' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION kelvin(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_kelvin' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION mole(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_mole' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION candela(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_candela' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION byte(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_byte' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- functions without operators CREATE FUNCTION value(unit) RETURNS double precision AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_value' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION dimension(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_dimension' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION round(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_round' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- operators CREATE FUNCTION unit_add(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR + ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_add, commutator = + ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_sub(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR - ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_sub ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_neg(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR - ( rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_neg ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_mul(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION dbl_unit_mul(double precision, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = double precision, rightarg = unit, procedure = dbl_unit_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_dbl_mul(unit, double precision) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR * ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = double precision, procedure = unit_dbl_mul, commutator = * ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_div(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_div ); CREATE FUNCTION dbl_unit_div(double precision, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = double precision, rightarg = unit, procedure = dbl_unit_div ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_dbl_div(unit, double precision) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR / ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = double precision, procedure = unit_dbl_div ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_pow(unit, int) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR ^ ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = int, procedure = unit_pow ); CREATE FUNCTION sqrt(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_sqrt' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR |/ ( rightarg = unit, procedure = sqrt ); CREATE FUNCTION cbrt(unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_cbrt' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR ||/ ( rightarg = unit, procedure = cbrt ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_at(unit, text) RETURNS text SET search_path = @extschema@ AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_at_text2' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR @ ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = text, procedure = unit_at ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_at_double(unit, text) RETURNS double precision SET search_path = @extschema@ AS '$libdir/unit', 'unit_at_double' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR @@ ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = text, procedure = unit_at_double ); -- derived units CREATE FUNCTION radian (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- m·m^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1) / meter()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION steradian (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- m^2·m^-2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1) * meter() / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hertz (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION newton (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- kg·m·s^-2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kilogram($1) * meter() / second()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION pascal (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- N/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT newton($1) / meter()^2 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION joule (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- N·m RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT newton($1) * meter()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION watt (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1) / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION coulomb (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- A·s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT ampere($1) * second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION volt (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- W/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT watt($1) / ampere() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION farad (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- C/V RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT coulomb($1) / volt() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION ohm (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- V/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT volt($1) / ampere() $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION siemens (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- A/V RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT ampere($1) / volt()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION weber (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- V·s RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT volt($1) * second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION tesla (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- Wb/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT weber($1) / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION henry (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- Wb/A RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT weber($1) / ampere()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION celsius (double precision DEFAULT 0.0) -- K relative to 273.15, default to 0°C RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kelvin($1 + 273.15)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION lumen (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- cd·sr RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT candela($1) * steradian()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION lux (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- lm/m^2 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT lumen($1) / meter()^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION becquerel (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION gray (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/kg RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1) / kilogram()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION sievert (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- J/kg RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT joule($1)/ kilogram()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION katal (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) -- mol·s^-1 RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT mole($1) / second()$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI --minute, hour, day, degree of arc, minute of arc, second of arc, hectare, litre, tonne, astronomical unit and [deci]bel CREATE FUNCTION minute (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 60)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hour (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 3600)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION day (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT second($1 * 86400)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION degree_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION minute_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180 / 60$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION second_arc(double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * '1'::unit * pi() / 180 / 3600$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION hectare (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * meter(100)^2$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION liter (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT $1 * meter(0.1)^3$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION tonne (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT kilogram($1 * 1000)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION au (double precision DEFAULT 1.0) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT meter($1 * 149597870700)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION decibel (double precision DEFAULT 0.0) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT 10.0^($1 / 10.0)$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; -- comparisons CREATE FUNCTION unit_lt(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_le(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_eq(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_ne(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_ge(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_gt(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR < ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_lt, commutator = > , negator = >= , restrict = scalarltsel, join = scalarltjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR <= ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_le, commutator = >= , negator = > , restrict = scalarltsel, join = scalarltjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR = ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_eq, commutator = = , negator = <> , restrict = eqsel, join = eqjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR <> ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_ne, commutator = <> , negator = = , restrict = neqsel, join = neqjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR >= ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_ge, commutator = <= , negator = < , restrict = scalargtsel, join = scalargtjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR > ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_gt, commutator = < , negator = <= , restrict = scalargtsel, join = scalargtjoinsel ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_cmp(unit, unit) RETURNS int4 AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR CLASS unit_ops DEFAULT FOR TYPE unit USING btree AS OPERATOR 1 < , OPERATOR 2 <= , OPERATOR 3 = , OPERATOR 4 >= , OPERATOR 5 > , FUNCTION 1 unit_cmp(unit, unit); -- strict comparisons CREATE FUNCTION unit_strict_lt(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_strict_le(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_strict_eq(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_strict_ne(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_strict_ge(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_strict_gt(unit, unit) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR << ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_strict_lt, commutator = >> , negator = >>= , restrict = scalarltsel, join = scalarltjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR <<= ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_strict_le, commutator = >>= , negator = >> , restrict = scalarltsel, join = scalarltjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR == ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_strict_eq, commutator = == , negator = <<>> , restrict = eqsel, join = eqjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR <<>> ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_strict_ne, commutator = <<>> , negator = == , restrict = neqsel, join = neqjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR >>= ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_strict_ge, commutator = <<= , negator = << , restrict = scalargtsel, join = scalargtjoinsel ); CREATE OPERATOR >> ( leftarg = unit, rightarg = unit, procedure = unit_strict_gt, commutator = << , negator = <<= , restrict = scalargtsel, join = scalargtjoinsel ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_strict_cmp(unit, unit) RETURNS int4 AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE OPERATOR CLASS unit_strict_ops FOR TYPE unit USING btree AS OPERATOR 1 << , OPERATOR 2 <<= , OPERATOR 3 == , OPERATOR 4 >>= , OPERATOR 5 >> , FUNCTION 1 unit_strict_cmp(unit, unit); -- range type CREATE FUNCTION unit_diff(unit, unit) RETURNS float8 AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; COMMENT ON FUNCTION unit_diff(unit, unit) IS 'returns difference of two units as float8 for use in the unitrange type'; CREATE TYPE unitrange AS RANGE ( SUBTYPE = unit, SUBTYPE_OPCLASS = unit_strict_ops, SUBTYPE_DIFF = unit_diff ); -- aggregates CREATE AGGREGATE sum(unit) ( sfunc = unit_add, stype = unit ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_least(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE min(unit) ( sfunc = unit_least, stype = unit ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_greatest(unit, unit) RETURNS unit AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE max(unit) ( sfunc = unit_greatest, stype = unit ); CREATE TYPE unit_accum_t AS ( s unit, squares double precision, n bigint ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_accum(a unit_accum_t, u unit) RETURNS unit_accum_t AS $$SELECT (CASE WHEN a.s = '0'::unit THEN u ELSE a.s + u END, a.squares + value(u)^2, a.n + 1)::unit_accum_t$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_avg(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN a.s / a.n ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE avg(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_avg, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_var_pop(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN (a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / a.n ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE var_pop(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_pop, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_var_samp(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS double precision AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 1 THEN (a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / (a.n - 1) WHEN a.n = 1 THEN 0 ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE var_samp(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE AGGREGATE variance(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_var_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_stddev_pop(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 0 THEN sqrt((a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / a.n) * dimension(a.s) ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE stddev_pop(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_pop, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE FUNCTION unit_stddev_samp(a unit_accum_t) RETURNS unit AS $$SELECT CASE WHEN a.n > 1 THEN sqrt((a.squares - value(a.s)^2 / a.n) / (a.n - 1)) * dimension(a.s) WHEN a.n = 1 THEN 0 * dimension(a.s) ELSE NULL END$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE stddev_samp(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); CREATE AGGREGATE stddev(unit) ( sfunc = unit_accum, stype = unit_accum_t, finalfunc = unit_stddev_samp, initcond = '(0,0,0)' ); -- internal functions CREATE FUNCTION unit_is_hashed(cstring) RETURNS bool AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C VOLATILE STRICT; CREATE FUNCTION unit_reset() RETURNS void AS '$libdir/unit' LANGUAGE C VOLATILE STRICT; postgresql-unit-7.10/unit.c000066400000000000000000001010701472555243500157570ustar00rootroot00000000000000/* Copyright (C) 2016-2023 Christoph Berg This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. */ #include "postgres.h" #include "fmgr.h" #include "libpq/pqformat.h" /* send/recv */ #include "utils/builtins.h" /* cstring_to_text (needed on 9.5) */ #include "utils/guc.h" #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000 #include "utils/float.h" /* extra_float_digits */ #endif #include "utils/hsearch.h" #include #include "unit.h" #include "defined_units.h" #include "powers.h" #include "float8out_unit.h" /* global variables */ static bool unit_output_superscript; static bool unit_time_output_custom; static bool unit_byte_output_iec; static bool unit_output_base_units; HTAB *unit_names; static HTAB *unit_dimensions; /* unit definitions */ void unit_get_definitions(void); void unit_get_definitions(void) { HASHCTL hinfo = { 0 }; int i; unit_names_t *unit_name; unit_dimensions_t *unit_dim; static HTAB *tmp_unit_names; static HTAB *tmp_unit_dimensions; /* unit_names: char *name -> Unit unit * Lookup table that initially contains the base units and will cache all * units resolved at run time */ hinfo.keysize = UNIT_NAME_LENGTH; hinfo.entrysize = sizeof(unit_names_t); Assert(UNIT_NAME_LENGTH + sizeof(UnitShift) == sizeof(unit_names_t)); tmp_unit_names = hash_create("unit_names", 20, &hinfo, #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000 HASH_STRINGS | #endif HASH_ELEM); /* Set keysize and entrysize */ PG_TRY(); { for (i = 0; i < N_UNITS; i++) { unit_name = hash_search(tmp_unit_names, base_units[i], HASH_ENTER, NULL); strlcpy(unit_name->name, base_units[i], UNIT_NAME_LENGTH); unit_name->unit_shift.unit.value = 1.0; memset(unit_name->unit_shift.unit.units, 0, N_UNITS); unit_name->unit_shift.unit.units[i] = 1; unit_name->unit_shift.shift = 0.0; } } PG_CATCH(); { /* free partially initialized table */ hash_destroy(tmp_unit_names); PG_RE_THROW(); } PG_END_TRY(); /* No OOM errors were thrown, use the new table */ if (unit_names) hash_destroy(unit_names); unit_names = tmp_unit_names; /* unit_dimensions: char dimension[N_UNITS] -> char *name * Lookup table for formatting the well-known derived units on output */ hinfo.keysize = N_UNITS; hinfo.entrysize = sizeof(unit_dimensions_t); Assert(N_UNITS + UNIT_NAME_LENGTH == sizeof(unit_dimensions_t)); tmp_unit_dimensions = hash_create("unit_dimensions", 20, &hinfo, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS); PG_TRY(); { for (i = 0; si_derived_units[i].name; i++) { unit_dim = hash_search(tmp_unit_dimensions, si_derived_units[i].units, HASH_ENTER, NULL); memcpy(unit_dim->units, si_derived_units[i].units, N_UNITS); strlcpy(unit_dim->name, si_derived_units[i].name, UNIT_NAME_LENGTH); } } PG_CATCH(); { /* free partially initialized table */ hash_destroy(tmp_unit_dimensions); PG_RE_THROW(); } PG_END_TRY(); /* No OOM errors were thrown, use the new table */ if (unit_dimensions) hash_destroy(unit_dimensions); unit_dimensions = tmp_unit_dimensions; } /* module initialization */ PG_MODULE_MAGIC; void PGDLLEXPORT _PG_init(void); void _PG_init(void) { DefineCustomBoolVariable("unit.output_superscript", "Output unit exponents using Unicode superscripts", "Set to on to output unit exponents using Unicode superscripts", &unit_output_superscript, false, PGC_USERSET, 0, /* no flags */ NULL, NULL, NULL); DefineCustomBoolVariable("unit.time_output_custom", "Output time values in minutes, hours, days, and julianyears", "Set to on to output time unit values greater or equal to 60 s " "using minutes, hours, days, and julianyears instead of seconds " "with SI prefixes", &unit_time_output_custom, true, PGC_USERSET, 0, /* no flags */ NULL, NULL, NULL); DefineCustomBoolVariable("unit.byte_output_iec", "Output byte unit values with binary IEC prefixes", "Set to on to output byte unit values using binary IEC prefixes " "instead of decimal SI prefixes", &unit_byte_output_iec, false, PGC_USERSET, 0, /* no flags */ NULL, NULL, NULL); DefineCustomBoolVariable("unit.output_base_units", "Output unit values using base units without prefixes", "Set to on to output unit values using base units only " "and without prefixes", &unit_output_base_units, false, PGC_USERSET, 0, /* no flags */ NULL, NULL, NULL); EmitWarningsOnPlaceholders("unit"); unit_get_definitions(); } /* internal functions */ static char *superscripts[] = { "⁰", "¹", "²", "³", "⁴", "⁵", "⁶", "⁷", "⁸", "⁹", }; static void print_exponent (char **output_p, int e) { if (unit_output_superscript) { char ascii_exp[5]; int i = 0; sprintf(ascii_exp, "%d", e); if (ascii_exp[0] == '-') { *output_p += sprintf(*output_p, "%s", "⁻"); i++; } for (; ascii_exp[i] != '\0'; i++) { Assert (ascii_exp[i] >= '0' && ascii_exp[i] <= '9'); *output_p += sprintf(*output_p, "%s", superscripts[ascii_exp[i] - '0']); } } else { *output_p += sprintf(*output_p, "^%d", e); } } /* this function is used to format time values of at least one minute */ static void print_time_interval (char **output_p, double t) { int h, m; char *sign = "+"; int ndig; /* print - */ if (t < 0) { *output_p += sprintf(*output_p, "-"); t = -t; sign = "-"; } ndig = DBL_DIG #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000 + (extra_float_digits == 1 ? 0 : extra_float_digits) /* revert to pre-12 default */ #else + extra_float_digits #endif - log10(t); /* adjust seconds precision for d/h/min already printed */ /* print years */ if (t >= TIME_YEAR) { double years = trunc(t / TIME_YEAR); t = fmod(t, TIME_YEAR); *output_p += sprintf(*output_p, "%g " TIME_YEAR_NAME, years); if (t != 0) *output_p += sprintf(*output_p, " %s ", sign); } if (t == 0) return; /* print days */ if (t >= TIME_DAY) { int days = trunc(t / TIME_DAY); t = fmod(t, TIME_DAY); *output_p += sprintf(*output_p, "%d d", days); if (t != 0) *output_p += sprintf(*output_p, " %s ", sign); } if (t == 0) return; /* print hh:mm: */ h = trunc(t / TIME_HOUR); t = fmod(t, TIME_HOUR); m = trunc(t / TIME_MINUTE); t = fmod(t, TIME_MINUTE); *output_p += sprintf(*output_p, "%02d:%02d:", h, m); /* print ss.sss */ if (t < 10.0) /* zero-pad */ *output_p += sprintf(*output_p, "0"); if (ndig < 0) ndig = 0; *output_p += sprintf(*output_p, "%.*f", ndig, t); if (ndig > 0) { /* strip trailing zeros from %f format */ while (*(*output_p - 1) == '0') { --*output_p; } if (*(*output_p - 1) == '.') { --*output_p; } **output_p = '\0'; } *output_p += sprintf(*output_p, " s"); } /* format Unit as string */ char * unit_cstring (Unit *unit) { int i; int n_numerator = 0; int u_numerator = -1; unit_dimensions_t *derived_unit = NULL; char *output; char *output_p; bool numerator = false; bool denominator = false; /* check if this is a combination of base units we have a specific name for */ derived_unit = hash_search(unit_dimensions, unit->units, HASH_FIND, NULL); if (! derived_unit) /* otherwise, sum up positive exponents */ for (i = 0; i < N_UNITS; i++) { if (unit->units[i] > 0) { n_numerator += unit->units[i]; u_numerator = i; } } output_p = output = palloc(128); #define print_output(...) output_p += sprintf(output_p, __VA_ARGS__); /* case 1a: kg in numerator (exponent 1): print with SI prefix */ if (!unit_output_base_units && n_numerator == 1 && u_numerator == UNIT_kg) { double v_abs = fabs(unit->value); char *prefix = "k"; double factor = 1.0; if (v_abs >= POWER_30) { /* do nothing */ } else if (v_abs >= POWER_27) { prefix = "Q"; factor = 1e-27; } else if (v_abs >= POWER_24) { prefix = "R"; factor = 1e-24; } else if (v_abs >= POWER_21) { prefix = "Y"; factor = 1e-21; } else if (v_abs >= POWER_18) { prefix = "Z"; factor = 1e-18; } else if (v_abs >= POWER_15) { prefix = "E"; factor = 1e-15; } else if (v_abs >= POWER_12) { prefix = "P"; factor = 1e-12; } else if (v_abs >= POWER_9) { prefix = "T"; factor = 1e-9; } else if (v_abs >= POWER_6) { prefix = "G"; factor = 1e-6; } else if (v_abs >= POWER_3) { prefix = "M"; factor = 1e-3; } else if (v_abs >= POWER_0) { prefix = "k"; } else if (v_abs >= POWER__3) { prefix = ""; factor = 1e3; } else if (v_abs >= POWER__6) { prefix = "m"; factor = 1e6; } else if (v_abs >= POWER__9) { prefix = "µ"; factor = 1e9; } else if (v_abs >= POWER__12) { prefix = "n"; factor = 1e12; } else if (v_abs >= POWER__15) { prefix = "p"; factor = 1e15; } else if (v_abs >= POWER__18) { prefix = "f"; factor = 1e18; } else if (v_abs >= POWER__21) { prefix = "a"; factor = 1e21; } else if (v_abs >= POWER__24) { prefix = "z"; factor = 1e24; } else if (v_abs >= POWER__27) { prefix = "y"; factor = 1e27; } else if (v_abs >= POWER__30) { prefix = "r"; factor = 1e30; } else if (v_abs >= POWER__33) { prefix = "q"; factor = 1e33; } /* else: smaller value or 0 (or -0), print using kg */ print_output("%s %sg", float8out_unit (unit->value * factor), prefix); /* gram with SI prefix */ numerator = true; /* case 1b: byte in numerator (exponent 1), and binary IEC prefix requested */ } else if (!unit_output_base_units && n_numerator == 1 && u_numerator == UNIT_B && unit_byte_output_iec) { double v_abs = fabs(unit->value); char *prefix = ""; double factor = 1.0; if (v_abs >= 0x1p+110) { // do nothing } else if (v_abs >= 0x1p+100) { prefix = "Qi"; factor = 0x1p-100; } else if (v_abs >= 0x1p+90) { prefix = "Ri"; factor = 0x1p-90; } else if (v_abs >= 0x1p+80) { prefix = "Yi"; factor = 0x1p-80; } else if (v_abs >= 0x1p+70) { prefix = "Zi"; factor = 0x1p-70; } else if (v_abs >= 0x1p+60) { prefix = "Ei"; factor = 0x1p-60; } else if (v_abs >= 0x1p+50) { prefix = "Pi"; factor = 0x1p-50; } else if (v_abs >= 0x1p+40) { prefix = "Ti"; factor = 0x1p-40; } else if (v_abs >= 0x1p+30) { prefix = "Gi"; factor = 0x1p-30; } else if (v_abs >= 0x1p+20) { prefix = "Mi"; factor = 0x1p-20; } else if (v_abs >= 0x1p+10) { prefix = "Ki"; factor = 0x1p-10; } /* else do nothing */ print_output("%s %sB", float8out_unit (unit->value * factor), prefix); /* byte with binary prefix */ numerator = true; /* case 2: derived unit, or numerator with exactly one unit (exponent 1) * not covered above */ } else if (!unit_output_base_units && (derived_unit || n_numerator == 1)) { double v_abs = fabs(unit->value); char *prefix = ""; double factor = 1.0; char *unit_name = derived_unit ? derived_unit->name : (char *)base_units[u_numerator]; /* case 2a: minute/hour/day output requested, unit is seconds, and * absolute value is >= 60 seconds. Print as interval and exit */ if (unit_time_output_custom && derived_unit && !strcmp(derived_unit->name, "s") && v_abs >= TIME_MINUTE) { print_time_interval(&output_p, unit->value); return output; } if (v_abs >= POWER_33) { // do nothing } else if (v_abs >= POWER_30) { prefix = "Q"; factor = 1e-30; } else if (v_abs >= POWER_27) { prefix = "R"; factor = 1e-27; } else if (v_abs >= POWER_24) { prefix = "Y"; factor = 1e-24; } else if (v_abs >= POWER_21) { prefix = "Z"; factor = 1e-21; } else if (v_abs >= POWER_18) { prefix = "E"; factor = 1e-18; } else if (v_abs >= POWER_15) { prefix = "P"; factor = 1e-15; } else if (v_abs >= POWER_12) { prefix = "T"; factor = 1e-12; } else if (v_abs >= POWER_9) { prefix = "G"; factor = 1e-9; if (!strcmp(unit_name, "s")) unit_name = "sec"; /* avoid Gs because it's gauss, not time */ } else if (v_abs >= POWER_6) { prefix = "M"; factor = 1e-6; } else if (v_abs >= POWER_3) { prefix = "k"; factor = 1e-3; } else if (v_abs >= POWER_0) { // do nothing } else if (v_abs >= POWER__3) { prefix = "m"; factor = 1e3; } else if (v_abs >= POWER__6) { prefix = "µ"; factor = 1e6; } else if (v_abs >= POWER__9) { prefix = "n"; factor = 1e9; } else if (v_abs >= POWER__12) { prefix = "p"; factor = 1e12; } else if (v_abs >= POWER__15) { prefix = "f"; factor = 1e15; } else if (v_abs >= POWER__18) { prefix = "a"; factor = 1e18; } else if (v_abs >= POWER__21) { prefix = "z"; factor = 1e21; } else if (v_abs >= POWER__24) { prefix = "y"; factor = 1e24; } else if (v_abs >= POWER__27) { prefix = "r"; factor = 1e27; } else if (v_abs >= POWER__30) { prefix = "q"; factor = 1e30; } /* else do nothing */ /* print with SI prefix */ print_output("%s %s%s", float8out_unit (unit->value * factor), prefix, unit_name); /* case 2b: derived unit: stop here */ if (derived_unit) return output; /* case 2c: single unit in numerator (exponent 1): continue */ numerator = true; /* case 3: zero or more than one unit in numerator */ } else { /* always use scientific notation here */ print_output("%s", float8out_unit (unit->value)); for (i = 0; i < N_UNITS; i++) /* format units in numerator */ if (unit->units[i] > 0) { print_output("%s%s", numerator ? "*" : " ", base_units[i]); if (unit->units[i] > 1) print_exponent(&output_p, unit->units[i]); numerator = true; } } /* print units in denominator */ for (i = 0; i < N_UNITS; i++) /* format units in denominator */ if (unit->units[i] < 0) { if (numerator) { /* format as .../a^x*b^y */ print_output("%s%s", denominator ? "*" : "/", base_units[i]); if (unit->units[i] < -1) print_exponent(&output_p, -unit->units[i]); } else { /* format as a^-x*b^-y */ print_output("%s%s", denominator ? "*" : " ", base_units[i]); print_exponent(&output_p, unit->units[i]); } denominator = true; } /* done */ return output; } /* input and output */ char *yyerrstr; /* copy of error catched by yyuniterror() */ void yyuniterror (char *s); void yyuniterror (char *s) { /* store error for later use in unit_in */ yyerrstr = pstrdup(s); } /* needs search_path = @extschema@ due to use of unit_parse() */ PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1 (unit_in); Datum unit_in (PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { char *str = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0); UnitShift *result; result = (UnitShift *) palloc(sizeof(UnitShift)); if (unit_parse(str, result) > 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION), errmsg("invalid input syntax for unit: \"%s\", %s", str, yyerrstr))); PG_RETURN_POINTER(&result->unit); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_out); Datum unit_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *unit = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); PG_RETURN_CSTRING(unit_cstring(unit)); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_recv); Datum unit_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { StringInfo buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *unit = palloc(sizeof(Unit)); unit->value = pq_getmsgfloat8(buf); memcpy(unit->units, pq_getmsgbytes(buf, N_UNITS), N_UNITS); PG_RETURN_POINTER(unit); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_send); Datum unit_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *unit = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); StringInfoData buf; pq_begintypsend(&buf); pq_sendfloat8(&buf, unit->value); pq_sendbytes(&buf, (const char *)unit->units, N_UNITS); PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(pq_endtypsend(&buf)); } /* constructors */ PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1 (dbl2unit); Datum dbl2unit (PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *result; result = (Unit *) palloc0(sizeof(Unit)); result->value = PG_GETARG_FLOAT8(0); PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1 (unit_meter); Datum unit_meter (PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *result; result = (Unit *) palloc0(sizeof(Unit)); result->value = PG_GETARG_FLOAT8(0); result->units[UNIT_m] = 1; PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1 (unit_kilogram); Datum unit_kilogram (PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *result; result = (Unit *) palloc0(sizeof(Unit)); result->value = PG_GETARG_FLOAT8(0); result->units[UNIT_kg] = 1; PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1 (unit_second); Datum unit_second (PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *result; result = (Unit *) palloc0(sizeof(Unit)); result->value = PG_GETARG_FLOAT8(0); result->units[UNIT_s] = 1; PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1 (unit_ampere); Datum unit_ampere (PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *result; result = (Unit *) palloc0(sizeof(Unit)); result->value = PG_GETARG_FLOAT8(0); result->units[UNIT_A] = 1; PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1 (unit_kelvin); Datum unit_kelvin (PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *result; result = (Unit *) palloc0(sizeof(Unit)); result->value = PG_GETARG_FLOAT8(0); result->units[UNIT_K] = 1; PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1 (unit_mole); Datum unit_mole (PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *result; result = (Unit *) palloc0(sizeof(Unit)); result->value = PG_GETARG_FLOAT8(0); result->units[UNIT_mol] = 1; PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1 (unit_candela); Datum unit_candela (PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *result; result = (Unit *) palloc0(sizeof(Unit)); result->value = PG_GETARG_FLOAT8(0); result->units[UNIT_cd] = 1; PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1 (unit_byte); Datum unit_byte (PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *result; result = (Unit *) palloc0(sizeof(Unit)); result->value = PG_GETARG_FLOAT8(0); result->units[UNIT_B] = 1; PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } /* functions without operators */ PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_value); Datum unit_value(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(a->value); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_dimension); Datum unit_dimension(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *result; result = (Unit *) palloc(sizeof(Unit)); result->value = 1; memcpy(result->units, a->units, N_UNITS); PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_round); Datum unit_round(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *result; result = (Unit *) palloc(sizeof(Unit)); result->value = round(a->value); memcpy(result->units, a->units, N_UNITS); PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_diff); Datum unit_diff(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); Unit result; unit_sub_internal(a, b, &result); PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(result.value); } /* operators */ PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_add); Datum unit_add(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); Unit *result; result = (Unit *) palloc(sizeof(Unit)); unit_add_internal(a, b, result); PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_sub); Datum unit_sub(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); Unit *result; result = (Unit *) palloc(sizeof(Unit)); unit_sub_internal(a, b, result); PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_neg); Datum unit_neg(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *result; result = (Unit *) palloc(sizeof(Unit)); result->value = - a->value; memcpy(result->units, a->units, N_UNITS); PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_mul); Datum unit_mul(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); Unit *result; result = (Unit *) palloc(sizeof(Unit)); unit_mult_internal(a, b, result); PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(dbl_unit_mul); Datum dbl_unit_mul(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { double a = PG_GETARG_FLOAT8(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); Unit *result; result = (Unit *) palloc(sizeof(Unit)); result->value = a * b->value; memcpy(result->units, b->units, N_UNITS); PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_dbl_mul); Datum unit_dbl_mul(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); double b = PG_GETARG_FLOAT8(1); Unit *result; result = (Unit *) palloc(sizeof(Unit)); result->value = a->value * b; memcpy(result->units, a->units, N_UNITS); PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_div); Datum unit_div(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); Unit *result; result = (Unit *) palloc(sizeof(Unit)); unit_div_internal(a, b, result); PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(dbl_unit_div); Datum dbl_unit_div(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { double a = PG_GETARG_FLOAT8(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); Unit *result; int i; if (b->value == 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_DIVISION_BY_ZERO), errmsg("division by zero-valued unit: \"%s\"", unit_cstring(b)))); result = (Unit *) palloc(sizeof(Unit)); result->value = a / b->value; for (i = 0; i < N_UNITS; i++) result->units[i] = - b->units[i]; PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_dbl_div); Datum unit_dbl_div(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); double b = PG_GETARG_FLOAT8(1); Unit *result; if (b == 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_DIVISION_BY_ZERO), errmsg("division of unit by zero"))); result = (Unit *) palloc(sizeof(Unit)); result->value = a->value / b; memcpy(result->units, a->units, N_UNITS); PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_pow); Datum unit_pow(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); int b = PG_GETARG_INT32(1); Unit *result; int i; result = (Unit *) palloc(sizeof(Unit)); result->value = pow(a->value, b); for (i = 0; i < N_UNITS; i++) result->units[i] = a->units[i] * b; PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } void unit_sqrt_internal(Unit *a, Unit *result) { int i; /* compute root of value */ if (a->value < 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_ARGUMENT_FOR_POWER_FUNCTION), errmsg("cannot take square root of a negative-valued unit"))); result->value = sqrt(a->value); /* compute root of base units */ for (i = 0; i < N_UNITS; i++) { if (a->units[i] % 2 != 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_ARGUMENT_FOR_POWER_FUNCTION), errmsg("cannot take square root of a unit with odd \"%s\" exponent", base_units[i]))); result->units[i] = a->units[i] >> 1; } } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_sqrt); Datum unit_sqrt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *result = (Unit *) palloc(sizeof(Unit)); unit_sqrt_internal(a, result); PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_cbrt); Datum unit_cbrt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *result; int i; /* compute root of value */ result = (Unit *) palloc(sizeof(Unit)); result->value = cbrt(a->value); /* compute root of base units */ for (i = 0; i < N_UNITS; i++) { if (a->units[i] % 3 != 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_ARGUMENT_FOR_POWER_FUNCTION), errmsg("cannot take cube root of a unit with \"%s\" exponent not divisible by three", base_units[i]))); result->units[i] = a->units[i] / 3; } PG_RETURN_POINTER(result); } void unit_exp_internal(Unit *a, Unit *result) { int i; /* compute exp of value */ result->value = exp(a->value); /* check dimension */ for (i = 0; i < N_UNITS; i++) { if (a->units[i] != 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_ARGUMENT_FOR_POWER_FUNCTION), errmsg("cannot take base-e exponent of value that is not dimension-less"))); result->units[i] = 0; } } void unit_ln_internal(Unit *a, Unit *result) { int i; /* compute ln of value */ if (a->value < 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_ARGUMENT_FOR_POWER_FUNCTION), errmsg("cannot take ln of a negative-valued unit"))); result->value = log(a->value); /* check dimension */ for (i = 0; i < N_UNITS; i++) { if (a->units[i] != 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_ARGUMENT_FOR_POWER_FUNCTION), errmsg("cannot take ln of value that is not dimension-less"))); result->units[i] = 0; } } void unit_log2_internal(Unit *a, Unit *result) { int i; /* compute log2 of value */ if (a->value < 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_ARGUMENT_FOR_POWER_FUNCTION), errmsg("cannot take log2 of a negative-valued unit"))); result->value = log2(a->value); /* check dimension */ for (i = 0; i < N_UNITS; i++) { if (a->units[i] != 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_ARGUMENT_FOR_POWER_FUNCTION), errmsg("cannot take log2 of value that is not dimension-less"))); result->units[i] = 0; } } void unit_asin_internal(Unit *a, Unit *result) { int i; /* compute asin of value */ if (a->value < -1 || a->value > 1) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_ARGUMENT_FOR_POWER_FUNCTION), errmsg("cannot asin of values outside the range -1 to 1"))); result->value = asin(a->value); /* check dimension */ for (i = 0; i < N_UNITS; i++) { if (a->units[i] != 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_ARGUMENT_FOR_POWER_FUNCTION), errmsg("cannot take asin of value that is not dimension-less"))); result->units[i] = 0; } } void unit_tan_internal(Unit *a, Unit *result) { int i; /* compute tan of value */ result->value = tan(a->value); /* check dimension */ for (i = 0; i < N_UNITS; i++) { if (a->units[i] != 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_ARGUMENT_FOR_POWER_FUNCTION), errmsg("cannot take tan of value that is not dimension-less"))); result->units[i] = 0; } } /* obsolete version of unit_at_text used in v1..3 */ /* needs search_path = @extschema@ due to use of unit_parse() */ PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_at); Datum unit_at(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); char *b = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(1); UnitShift bu; if (unit_parse(b, &bu) > 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION), errmsg("invalid input syntax for unit: \"%s\", %s", b, yyerrstr))); test_same_dimension("@", a, &bu.unit); if (bu.unit.value == 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_DIVISION_BY_ZERO), errmsg("division by zero-valued unit: \"%s\"", b))); PG_RETURN_CSTRING(psprintf("%s %s%s", float8out_unit ((a->value - bu.shift) / bu.unit.value), (atof(b) > 0 ? "* " : ""), b)); } /* obsolete version of unit_at_text2 used in v4..6 */ /* needs search_path = @extschema@ due to use of unit_parse() */ PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_at_text); Datum unit_at_text(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); char *b = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1)); UnitShift bu; if (unit_parse(b, &bu) > 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION), errmsg("invalid input syntax for unit: \"%s\", %s", b, yyerrstr))); test_same_dimension("@", a, &bu.unit); if (bu.unit.value == 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_DIVISION_BY_ZERO), errmsg("division by zero-valued unit: \"%s\"", b))); PG_RETURN_CSTRING(psprintf("%s %s%s", float8out_unit ((a->value - bu.shift) / bu.unit.value), (atof(b) > 0 ? "* " : ""), b)); } /* needs search_path = @extschema@ due to use of unit_parse() */ PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_at_text2); Datum unit_at_text2(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); char *b = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1)); UnitShift bu; if (unit_parse(b, &bu) > 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION), errmsg("invalid input syntax for unit: \"%s\", %s", b, yyerrstr))); test_same_dimension("@", a, &bu.unit); if (bu.unit.value == 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_DIVISION_BY_ZERO), errmsg("division by zero-valued unit: \"%s\"", b))); PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text(psprintf("%s %s%s", float8out_unit ((a->value - bu.shift) / bu.unit.value), (atof(b) > 0 ? "* " : ""), b))); } /* needs search_path = @extschema@ due to use of unit_parse() */ PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_at_double); Datum unit_at_double(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); char *b = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1)); UnitShift bu; if (unit_parse(b, &bu) > 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION), errmsg("invalid input syntax for unit: \"%s\", %s", b, yyerrstr))); test_same_dimension("@@", a, &bu.unit); if (bu.unit.value == 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_DIVISION_BY_ZERO), errmsg("division by zero-valued unit: \"%s\"", b))); PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((a->value - bu.shift) / bu.unit.value); } /* comparisons */ static int unit_cmp_internal(Unit *a, Unit *b) { if (a->value < b->value) return -1; if (a->value > b->value) return 1; return memcmp(a->units, b->units, N_UNITS); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_lt); Datum unit_lt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); PG_RETURN_BOOL(unit_cmp_internal(a, b) < 0); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_le); Datum unit_le(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); PG_RETURN_BOOL(unit_cmp_internal(a, b) <= 0); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_eq); Datum unit_eq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); PG_RETURN_BOOL(unit_cmp_internal(a, b) == 0); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_ne); Datum unit_ne(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); PG_RETURN_BOOL(unit_cmp_internal(a, b) != 0); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_ge); Datum unit_ge(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); PG_RETURN_BOOL(unit_cmp_internal(a, b) >= 0); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_gt); Datum unit_gt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); PG_RETURN_BOOL(unit_cmp_internal(a, b) > 0); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_cmp); Datum unit_cmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); PG_RETURN_INT32(unit_cmp_internal(a, b)); } /* strict comparisons (error out when dimensions do not match) */ static int unit_strict_cmp_internal(Unit *a, Unit *b) { test_same_dimension("strict comparison", a, b); if (a->value < b->value) return -1; if (a->value > b->value) return 1; return memcmp(a->units, b->units, N_UNITS); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_strict_lt); Datum unit_strict_lt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); PG_RETURN_BOOL(unit_strict_cmp_internal(a, b) < 0); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_strict_le); Datum unit_strict_le(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); PG_RETURN_BOOL(unit_strict_cmp_internal(a, b) <= 0); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_strict_eq); Datum unit_strict_eq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); PG_RETURN_BOOL(unit_strict_cmp_internal(a, b) == 0); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_strict_ne); Datum unit_strict_ne(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); PG_RETURN_BOOL(unit_strict_cmp_internal(a, b) != 0); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_strict_ge); Datum unit_strict_ge(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); PG_RETURN_BOOL(unit_strict_cmp_internal(a, b) >= 0); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_strict_gt); Datum unit_strict_gt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); PG_RETURN_BOOL(unit_strict_cmp_internal(a, b) > 0); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_strict_cmp); Datum unit_strict_cmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); PG_RETURN_INT32(unit_strict_cmp_internal(a, b)); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_least); Datum unit_least(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); test_same_dimension("unit_least", a, b); if (unit_cmp_internal(a, b) <= 0) PG_RETURN_POINTER(a); PG_RETURN_POINTER(b); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_greatest); Datum unit_greatest(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { Unit *a = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0); Unit *b = (Unit *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1); test_same_dimension("unit_greatest", a, b); if (unit_cmp_internal(a, b) >= 0) PG_RETURN_POINTER(a); PG_RETURN_POINTER(b); } /* internal functions */ /* used in load-units.pl */ PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_is_hashed); Datum unit_is_hashed(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { char *name = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0); PG_RETURN_BOOL (hash_search(unit_names, name, HASH_FIND, NULL) != NULL); } PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(unit_reset); Datum unit_reset(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { /* reinitialize hash tables */ unit_get_definitions(); PG_RETURN_VOID(); } postgresql-unit-7.10/unit.control000066400000000000000000000003641472555243500172210ustar00rootroot00000000000000default_version = '7' comment = 'SI units extension' # the unit_prefixes/unit_units tables can be installed in an arbitrary schema, # but can not be relocated later: relocatable = false # unit_load() is written in plpgsql: requires = 'plpgsql' postgresql-unit-7.10/unit.h000066400000000000000000000065561472555243500160010ustar00rootroot00000000000000#ifndef _UNIT_H #define _UNIT_H 1 #include #include /* indices */ #define UNIT_m 0 /* meter */ #define UNIT_kg 1 /* kilogram */ #define UNIT_s 2 /* second */ #define UNIT_A 3 /* ampere */ #define UNIT_K 4 /* kelvin */ #define UNIT_mol 5 /* mole */ #define UNIT_cd 6 /* candela */ #define UNIT_B 7 /* byte */ #define N_UNITS 8 /* functions recognized in parser */ enum parser_function { FUNCTION_SQRT, FUNCTION_EXP, FUNCTION_LN, FUNCTION_LOG2, FUNCTION_ASIN, FUNCTION_TAN, }; /* defined units */ #define UNIT_NAME_LENGTH 32 /* longest unit names (without prefixes) observed in definitions.units: * specificheat_glass_silica (25 chars) * hardtranslucentarkansas (23 chars) * venezuelanbolivarfuerte */ #define MIN_PLURAL_LENGTH 3 /* minimum length of input unit to consider stripping a trailing plural 's' * lbs secs */ #define DBL_DIG 15 #define TIME_MINUTE 60 #define TIME_HOUR (60 * TIME_MINUTE) #define TIME_DAY (24 * TIME_HOUR) #define TIME_YEAR (365 * TIME_DAY) #define TIME_YEAR_NAME "commonyear" extern const char *base_units[N_UNITS]; /* names of base units */ struct derived_unit_t { char *name; signed char units[N_UNITS]; }; extern const struct derived_unit_t si_derived_units[]; /* type def */ typedef struct Unit { double value; signed char units[N_UNITS]; } Unit; typedef struct UnitShift { Unit unit; double shift; } UnitShift; /* hash table and regex interface */ extern HTAB *unit_names; typedef struct unit_names_t { char name[UNIT_NAME_LENGTH]; UnitShift unit_shift; } unit_names_t; typedef struct unit_dimensions_t { char units[N_UNITS]; char name[UNIT_NAME_LENGTH]; } unit_dimensions_t; /* parser interface */ int unit_parse (char *s, UnitShift *unit); /* in unit.y */ char *unit_cstring (Unit *unit); /* static functions */ /* test if two Units have the same dimension */ static inline void test_same_dimension (char *op, Unit *a, Unit *b) { if (memcmp(a->units, b->units, N_UNITS)) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION), errmsg("dimension mismatch in \"%s\" operation: \"%s\", \"%s\"", op, unit_cstring(a), unit_cstring(b)))); } static inline void unit_add_internal (Unit *a, Unit *b, Unit *result) { test_same_dimension("+", a, b); result->value = a->value + b->value; memcpy(result->units, a->units, N_UNITS); } static inline void unit_sub_internal (Unit *a, Unit *b, Unit *result) { test_same_dimension("-", a, b); result->value = a->value - b->value; memcpy(result->units, a->units, N_UNITS); } static inline void unit_mult_internal (Unit *a, Unit *b, Unit *result) { int i; result->value = a->value * b->value; for (i = 0; i < N_UNITS; i++) result->units[i] = a->units[i] + b->units[i]; } static inline void unit_div_internal (Unit *a, Unit *b, Unit *result) { int i; if (b->value == 0) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_DIVISION_BY_ZERO), errmsg("division by zero-valued unit: \"%s\"", unit_cstring(b)))); result->value = a->value / b->value; for (i = 0; i < N_UNITS; i++) result->units[i] = a->units[i] - b->units[i]; } void unit_sqrt_internal(Unit *a, Unit *result); void unit_exp_internal(Unit *a, Unit *result); void unit_ln_internal(Unit *a, Unit *result); void unit_log2_internal(Unit *a, Unit *result); void unit_asin_internal(Unit *a, Unit *result); void unit_tan_internal(Unit *a, Unit *result); #endif /* _UNIT_H */ postgresql-unit-7.10/unit_prefixes.data000066400000000000000000000054471472555243500203660ustar00rootroot00000000000000quetta 1e+30 1e30 \N ronna 1e+27 1e27 \N yotta 1e+24 1e24 \N zetta 1e+21 1e21 \N exa 1e+18 1e18 \N peta 1e+15 1e15 \N tera 1000000000000 1e12 \N giga 1000000000 1e9 \N mega 1000000 1e6 \N myria 10000 1e4 \N kilo 1000 1e3 \N hecto 100 1e2 \N deca 10 1e1 \N deka 10 deca \N deci 0.1 1e-1 \N centi 0.01 1e-2 \N milli 0.001 1e-3 \N micro 1e-06 1e-6 \N nano 1e-09 1e-9 \N pico 1e-12 1e-12 \N femto 1e-15 1e-15 \N atto 1e-18 1e-18 \N zepto 1e-21 1e-21 \N yocto 1e-24 1e-24 \N ronto 1e-27 1e-27 \N quecto 1e-30 1e-30 \N quarter 0.25 1|4 \N semi 0.5 0.5 \N demi 0.5 0.5 \N hemi 0.5 0.5 \N half 0.5 0.5 \N double 2 2 \N triple 3 3 \N treble 3 3 \N kibi 1024 2^10 \N mebi 1048576 2^20 \N gibi 1073741824 2^30 \N tebi 1099511627776 2^40 \N pebi 1.125899906842624e+15 2^50 \N exbi 1.152921504606847e+18 2^60 \N zebi 1.1805916207174113e+21 2^70 \N yobi 1.2089258196146292e+24 2^80 \N robi 1.2379400392853803e+27 2^90 \N quebi 1.2676506002282294e+30 2^100 \N Ki 1024 kibi \N Mi 1048576 mebi \N Gi 1073741824 gibi \N Ti 1099511627776 tebi \N Pi 1.125899906842624e+15 pebi \N Ei 1.152921504606847e+18 exbi \N Zi 1.1805916207174113e+21 zebi \N Yi 1.2089258196146292e+24 yobi \N Ri 1.2379400392853803e+27 robi \N Qi 1.2676506002282294e+30 quebi \N Q 1e+30 quetta \N R 1e+27 ronna \N Y 1e+24 yotta \N Z 1e+21 zetta \N E 1e+18 exa \N P 1e+15 peta \N T 1000000000000 tera \N G 1000000000 giga \N M 1000000 mega \N k 1000 kilo \N h 100 hecto \N da 10 deka \N d 0.1 deci \N c 0.01 centi \N m 0.001 milli \N u 1e-06 micro \N mu 1e-06 micro \N n 1e-09 nano \N p 1e-12 pico \N f 1e-15 femto \N a 1e-18 atto \N z 1e-21 zepto \N y 1e-24 yocto \N r 1e-27 ronto \N q 1e-30 quecto \N US 1.000002000004 US \N survey 1.000002000004 US \N geodetic 1.000002000004 US \N int 0.999998 int \N Zena 12 12 \N Duna 144 12^2 \N Trina 1728 12^3 \N Quedra 20736 12^4 \N Quena 248832 12^5 \N Hesa 2985984 12^6 \N Seva 35831808 12^7 \N Aka 429981696 12^8 \N Neena 5159780352 12^9 \N Dexa 61917364224 12^10 \N Lefa 743008370688 12^11 \N Zennila 8916100448256 12^12 \N Zeni 0.08333333333333333 12^-1 \N Duni 0.006944444444444444 12^-2 \N Trini 0.0005787037037037037 12^-3 \N Quedri 4.8225308641975306e-05 12^-4 \N Queni 4.018775720164609e-06 12^-5 \N Hesi 3.3489797668038406e-07 12^-6 \N Sevi 2.790816472336534e-08 12^-7 \N Aki 2.3256803936137784e-09 12^-8 \N Neeni 1.9380669946781485e-10 12^-9 \N Dexi 1.615055828898457e-11 12^-10 \N Lefi 1.345879857415381e-12 12^-11 \N Zennili 1.1215665478461509e-13 12^-12 \N ⅛ 0.125 1|8 \N ¼ 0.25 1|4 \N ⅜ 0.375 3|8 \N ½ 0.5 1|2 \N ⅝ 0.625 5|8 \N ¾ 0.75 3|4 \N ⅞ 0.875 7|8 \N ⅙ 0.16666666666666666 1|6 \N ⅓ 0.3333333333333333 1|3 \N ⅔ 0.6666666666666666 2|3 \N ⅚ 0.8333333333333334 5|6 \N ⅕ 0.2 1|5 \N ⅖ 0.4 2|5 \N ⅗ 0.6 3|5 \N ⅘ 0.8 4|5 \N µ 1e-06 micro \N μ 1e-06 micro \N UK 0.9999982611548556 UK \N british 0.9999982611548556 UK \N postgresql-unit-7.10/unit_units.data000066400000000000000000012727521472555243500177110ustar00rootroot00000000000000s 1 s \N s \N second 1 s \N s \N c_SI 299792458 \N 299792458 \N c 299792458 m/s \N 299792458 m/s \N m 1 m \N m \N meter 1 m \N m \N metre 1 m \N m \N h_SI 6.62607014999999983e-34 \N 6.62607015e-34 \N h 6.62607014999999983e-34 m^2*kg/s \N 6.62607015e-34 (m^2*kg/s^2) s \N kg 1 kg \N kg \N kilogram 1 kg \N kg \N k_SI 1.38064900000000009e-23 \N 1.380649e-23 \N boltzmann 1.38064900000000009e-23 m^2*kg/s^2*K \N 1.380649e-23 (m^2*kg/s^2)/K \N k 1.38064900000000009e-23 m^2*kg/s^2*K \N boltzmann \N K 1 K \N K \N kelvin 1 K \N K \N e_SI 1.60217663399999989e-19 \N 1.602176634e-19 \N e 1.60217663399999989e-19 s*A \N 1.602176634e-19 A s \N A 1 A \N A \N ampere 1 A \N A \N amp 1 A \N ampere \N avogadro 6.02214075999999987e+23 mol^-1 \N 6.02214076e23 / mol \N N_A 6.02214075999999987e+23 mol^-1 \N avogadro \N mol 1 mol \N mol \N mole 1 mol \N mol \N cd 1 cd \N cd \N candela 1 cd \N cd \N radian 1 \N 1 \N sr 1 \N 1 \N steradian 1 \N sr \N B 1 B \N B \N byte 1 B \N B \N bit 0.125 B \N 1|8 B \N one 1 \N 1 \N two 2 \N 2 \N double 2 \N 2 \N couple 2 \N 2 \N three 3 \N 3 \N triple 3 \N 3 \N four 4 \N 4 \N quadruple 4 \N 4 \N five 5 \N 5 \N quintuple 5 \N 5 \N six 6 \N 6 \N seven 7 \N 7 \N eight 8 \N 8 \N nine 9 \N 9 \N ten 10 \N 10 \N eleven 11 \N 11 \N twelve 12 \N 12 \N thirteen 13 \N 13 \N fourteen 14 \N 14 \N fifteen 15 \N 15 \N sixteen 16 \N 16 \N seventeen 17 \N 17 \N eighteen 18 \N 18 \N nineteen 19 \N 19 \N twenty 20 \N 20 \N thirty 30 \N 30 \N forty 40 \N 40 \N fifty 50 \N 50 \N sixty 60 \N 60 \N seventy 70 \N 70 \N eighty 80 \N 80 \N ninety 90 \N 90 \N hundred 100 \N 100 \N thousand 1000 \N 1000 \N million 1000000 \N 1e6 \N shortbillion 1000000000 \N 1e9 \N shorttrillion 1000000000000 \N 1e12 \N shortquadrillion 1000000000000000 \N 1e15 \N shortquintillion 1e+18 \N 1e18 \N shortsextillion 1e+21 \N 1e21 \N shortseptillion 9.99999999999999983e+23 \N 1e24 \N shortoctillion 1.00000000000000001e+27 \N 1e27 \N shortnonillion 1.00000000000000002e+30 \N 1e30 \N shortnoventillion 1.00000000000000002e+30 \N shortnonillion \N shortdecillion 9.99999999999999946e+32 \N 1e33 \N shortundecillion 1.00000000000000004e+36 \N 1e36 \N shortduodecillion 9.9999999999999994e+38 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octilliard 9.99999999999999993e+50 \N 1000 million^8 \N nonilliard 1.00000000000000005e+57 \N 1000 million^9 \N noventilliard 1.00000000000000005e+57 \N nonilliard \N decilliard 9.99999999999999875e+62 \N 1000 million^10 \N longmilliard 1000000000 \N milliard \N longbilliard 1000000000000000 \N billiard \N longtrilliard 1e+21 \N trilliard \N longquadrilliard 1.00000000000000001e+27 \N quadrilliard \N longquintilliard 1.00000000000000009e+33 \N quintilliard \N longsextilliard 1.00000000000000009e+39 \N sextilliard \N longseptilliard 1.00000000000000009e+45 \N septilliard \N longoctilliard 9.99999999999999993e+50 \N octilliard \N longnonilliard 1.00000000000000005e+57 \N nonilliard \N longnoventilliard 1.00000000000000005e+57 \N noventilliard \N longdecilliard 9.99999999999999875e+62 \N decilliard \N billion 1000000000 \N shortbillion \N trillion 1000000000000 \N shorttrillion \N quadrillion 1000000000000000 \N shortquadrillion \N quintillion 1e+18 \N shortquintillion \N sextillion 1e+21 \N shortsextillion \N septillion 9.99999999999999983e+23 \N shortseptillion \N octillion 1.00000000000000001e+27 \N shortoctillion \N nonillion 1.00000000000000002e+30 \N shortnonillion \N noventillion 1.00000000000000002e+30 \N shortnoventillion \N decillion 9.99999999999999946e+32 \N shortdecillion \N undecillion 1.00000000000000004e+36 \N shortundecillion \N duodecillion 9.9999999999999994e+38 \N shortduodecillion \N tredecillion 1.00000000000000004e+42 \N shorttredecillion \N quattuordecillion 9.9999999999999993e+44 \N shortquattuordecillion \N quindecillion 1.00000000000000004e+48 \N shortquindecillion \N sexdecillion 9.99999999999999993e+50 \N shortsexdecillion \N septendecillion 1.00000000000000008e+54 \N shortseptendecillion \N octodecillion 1.00000000000000005e+57 \N shortoctodecillion \N novemdecillion 9.99999999999999949e+59 \N shortnovemdecillion \N vigintillion 1.00000000000000006e+63 \N shortvigintillion \N lakh 100000 \N 1e5 \N crore 10000000 \N 1e7 \N arab 1000000000 \N 1e9 \N kharab 100000000000 \N 1e11 \N neel 10000000000000 \N 1e13 \N padm 1000000000000000 \N 1e15 \N shankh 100000000000000000 \N 1e17 \N pi 3.14159265358979312 \N 3.14159265358979323846 \N π 3.14159265358979312 \N pi \N astronomicalunit 149597870700 m \N 149597870700 m \N au 149597870700 m \N astronomicalunit \N m2 1 m^2 \N m^2 \N newton 1 m*kg/s^2 \N kg m / s^2 \N N 1 m*kg/s^2 \N newton \N pascal 1 kg/m*s^2 \N N/m^2 \N Pa 1 kg/m*s^2 \N pascal \N joule 1 m^2*kg/s^2 \N N m \N J 1 m^2*kg/s^2 \N joule \N watt 1 m^2*kg/s^3 \N J/s \N W 1 m^2*kg/s^3 \N watt \N coulomb 1 s*A \N A s \N C 1 s*A \N coulomb \N volt 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N W/A \N V 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N volt \N ohm 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2 \N V/A \N siemens 1 s^3*A^2/m^2*kg \N A/V \N S 1 s^3*A^2/m^2*kg \N siemens \N farad 1 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg \N C/V \N F 1 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg \N farad \N weber 1 m^2*kg/s^2*A \N V s \N Wb 1 m^2*kg/s^2*A \N weber \N henry 1 m^2*kg/s^2*A^2 \N V s / A \N H 1 m^2*kg/s^2*A^2 \N henry \N tesla 1 kg/s^2*A \N Wb/m^2 \N T 1 kg/s^2*A \N tesla \N hertz 1 s^-1 \N /s \N Hz 1 s^-1 \N hertz \N LENGTH 1 m \N meter \N AREA 1 m^2 \N LENGTH^2 \N VOLUME 1 m^3 \N LENGTH^3 \N MASS 1 kg \N kilogram \N AMOUNT 1 mol \N mole \N ANGLE 1 \N radian \N SOLID_ANGLE 1 \N steradian \N FORCE 1 m*kg/s^2 \N newton \N PRESSURE 1 kg/m*s^2 \N FORCE / AREA \N STRESS 1 kg/m*s^2 \N FORCE / AREA \N FREQUENCY 1 s^-1 \N hertz \N WAVELENGTH 1 m \N LENGTH \N WAVENUMBER 1 m^-1 \N 1/WAVELENGTH \N DISPLACEMENT 1 m \N LENGTH \N DISTANCE 1 m \N LENGTH \N ELONGATION 1 m \N LENGTH \N STRAIN 1 \N ELONGATION / LENGTH \N ENERGY 1 m^2*kg/s^2 \N joule \N POWER 1 m^2*kg/s^3 \N watt \N WORK 1 m^2*kg/s^2 \N FORCE DISTANCE \N DENSITY 1 kg/m^3 \N MASS / VOLUME \N LINEAR_DENSITY 1 kg/m \N MASS / LENGTH \N SPECIFIC_ENERGY 1 m^2/s^2 \N ENERGY / MASS \N CURRENT 1 A \N ampere \N CHARGE 1 s*A \N coulomb \N CAPACITANCE 1 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg \N farad \N RESISTANCE 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2 \N ohm \N CONDUCTANCE 1 s^3*A^2/m^2*kg \N siemens \N RESISTIVITY 1 m^3*kg/s^3*A^2 \N RESISTANCE AREA / LENGTH \N CONDUCTIVITY 1 s^3*A^2/m^3*kg \N CONDUCTANCE LENGTH / AREA \N INDUCTANCE 1 m^2*kg/s^2*A^2 \N henry \N B_FIELD 1 kg/s^2*A \N tesla \N ELECTRIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT 1 m*s*A \N CHARGE DISTANCE \N POLARIZATION 1 s*A/m^2 \N ELECTRIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT / VOLUME \N ELECTRIC_POTENTIAL 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N ENERGY / CHARGE \N VOLTAGE 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N ELECTRIC_POTENTIAL \N B_FLUX 1 m^2*kg/s^2*A \N B_FIELD AREA \N gram 0.00100000000000000002 kg \N millikg \N gm 0.00100000000000000002 kg \N gram \N g 0.00100000000000000002 kg \N gram \N tonne 1000 kg \N 1000 kg \N t 1000 kg \N tonne \N metricton 1000 kg \N tonne \N sthene 1000 m*kg/s^2 \N tonne m / s^2 \N funal 1000 m*kg/s^2 \N sthene \N pieze 1000 kg/m*s^2 \N sthene / m^2 \N quintal 100 kg \N 100 kg \N bar 100000 kg/m*s^2 \N 1e5 Pa \N b 100000 kg/m*s^2 \N bar \N vac 100 kg/m*s^2 \N millibar \N micron 9.99999999999999955e-07 m \N micrometer \N bicron 9.9999999999999998e-13 m \N picometer \N cc 1.00000000000000017e-06 m^3 \N cm^3 \N liter 0.00100000000000000024 m^3 \N 1000 cc \N oldliter 0.00100002800000000024 m^3 \N 1.000028 dm^3 \N L 0.00100000000000000024 m^3 \N liter \N l 0.00100000000000000024 m^3 \N liter \N mho 1 s^3*A^2/m^2*kg \N siemens \N galvat 1 A \N ampere \N angstrom 1.00000000000000004e-10 m \N 1e-10 m \N xunit_cu 1.00207697000000001e-13 m \N 1.00207697e-13 m \N xunit_mo 1.00209952000000005e-13 m \N 1.00209952e-13 m \N angstromstar 1.00001494999999994e-10 m \N 1.00001495 angstrom \N silicon_d220 1.92015571599999989e-10 m \N 1.920155716e-10 m \N siliconlattice 5.43102051087084223e-10 m \N sqrt(8) silicon_d220 \N fermi 1.00000000000000008e-15 m \N 1e-15 m \N barn 9.99999999999999971e-29 m^2 \N 1e-28 m^2 \N shed 9.99999999999999822e-53 m^2 \N 1e-24 barn \N brewster 9.9999999999999998e-13 m*s^2/kg \N micron^2/N \N diopter 1 m^-1 \N /m \N fresnel 1000000000000 s^-1 \N 1e12 Hz \N svedberg 1.00000000000000003e-13 s \N 1e-13 s \N gamma 1.00000000000000006e-09 kg \N microgram \N lambda 1.00000000000000027e-09 m^3 \N microliter \N spat 1000000000000 m \N 1e12 m \N preece 10000000000000 m^3*kg/s^3*A^2 \N 1e13 ohm m \N planck 1 m^2*kg/s \N J s \N sturgeon 1 s^2*A^2/m^2*kg \N /henry \N daraf 1 m^2*kg/s^4*A^2 \N 1/farad \N leo 10 m/s^2 \N 10 m/s^2 \N poiseuille 1 kg/m*s \N N s / m^2 \N mayer 1000 m^2/s^2*K \N J/g K \N mired 1000000 K^-1 \N / microK \N crocodile 1000000 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N megavolt \N metricounce 0.0250000000000000014 kg \N 25 g \N mounce 0.0250000000000000014 kg \N metricounce \N finsenunit 100000 kg/s^3 \N 1e5 W/m^2 \N fluxunit 1.00000000000000004e-26 kg/s^2 \N 1e-26 W/m^2 Hz \N jansky 1.00000000000000004e-26 kg/s^2 \N fluxunit \N Jy 1.00000000000000004e-26 kg/s^2 \N jansky \N flick 10000000000 kg/m*s^3 \N W / cm^2 sr micrometer \N pfu 10000 m^-2*s^-1 \N / cm^2 sr s \N solarluminosity 3.82800000000000009e+26 m^2*kg/s^3 \N 382.8e24 W \N are 100 m^2 \N 100 m^2 \N a 100 m^2 \N are \N sotka 100 m^2 \N are \N sec 1 s \N s \N minute 60 s \N 60 s \N min 60 s \N minute \N hour 3600 s \N 60 min \N hr 3600 s \N hour \N day 86400 s \N 24 hr \N d 86400 s \N day \N da 86400 s \N day \N week 604800 s \N 7 day \N wk 604800 s \N week \N sennight 604800 s \N 7 day \N fortnight 1209600 s \N 14 day \N blink 0.864000000000000101 s \N 1e-5 day \N ce 864 s \N 1e-2 day \N watch 14400 s \N 4 hours \N bell 1800 s \N 1|8 watch \N decimalhour 8640 s \N 1|10 day \N decimalminute 86.4000000000000057 s \N 1|100 decimalhour \N decimalsecond 0.864000000000000101 s \N 1|100 decimalminute \N beat 86.4000000000000057 s \N decimalminute \N circle 6.28318530717958623 \N 2 pi radian \N degree 0.0174532925199432955 \N 1|360 circle \N deg 0.0174532925199432955 \N degree \N arcdeg 0.0174532925199432955 \N degree \N arcmin 0.00029088820866572158 \N 1|60 degree \N arcminute 0.00029088820866572158 \N arcmin \N ' 0.00029088820866572158 \N arcmin \N arcsec 4.84813681109535984e-06 \N 1|60 arcmin \N arcsecond 4.84813681109535984e-06 \N arcsec \N " 4.84813681109535984e-06 \N arcsec \N '' 4.84813681109535984e-06 \N " \N ° 0.0174532925199432955 \N degree \N ′ 0.00029088820866572158 \N ' \N ″ 4.84813681109535984e-06 \N " \N rightangle 1.57079632679489656 \N 90 degrees \N quadrant 1.57079632679489656 \N 1|4 circle \N quintant 1.25663706143591725 \N 1|5 circle \N sextant 1.04719755119659763 \N 1|6 circle \N sign 0.523598775598298816 \N 1|12 circle \N turn 6.28318530717958623 \N circle \N revolution 6.28318530717958623 \N turn \N rev 6.28318530717958623 \N turn \N pulsatance 1 s^-1 \N radian / sec \N gon 0.015707963267948967 \N 1|100 rightangle \N grade 0.015707963267948967 \N gon \N centesimalminute 0.000157079632679489682 \N 1|100 grade \N centesimalsecond 1.57079632679489688e-06 \N 1|100 centesimalminute \N milangle 0.000981747704246810435 \N 1|6400 circle \N pointangle 0.19634954084936207 \N 1|32 circle \N centrad 0.0100000000000000002 \N 0.01 radian \N mas 4.84813681109536025e-09 \N milliarcsec \N seclongitude 7.27220521664303951e-05 \N circle (seconds/day) \N sphere 12.5663706143591725 \N 4 pi sr \N squaredegree 0.000304617419786708569 \N 1|180^2 pi^2 sr \N squareminute 8.46159499407523867e-08 \N 1|60^2 squaredegree \N squaresecond 2.35044305390978853e-11 \N 1|60^2 squareminute \N squarearcmin 8.46159499407523867e-08 \N squareminute \N squarearcsec 2.35044305390978853e-11 \N squaresecond \N sphericalrightangle 1.57079632679489656 \N 1|8 sphere \N octant 1.57079632679489656 \N 1|8 sphere \N percent 0.0100000000000000002 \N 0.01 \N % 0.0100000000000000002 \N percent \N mill 0.00100000000000000002 \N 0.001 \N proof 0.0050000000000000001 \N 1|200 \N ppm 9.99999999999999955e-07 \N 1e-6 \N partspermillion 9.99999999999999955e-07 \N ppm \N ppb 1.00000000000000006e-09 \N 1e-9 \N partsperbillion 1.00000000000000006e-09 \N ppb \N ppt 9.9999999999999998e-13 \N 1e-12 \N partspertrillion 9.9999999999999998e-13 \N ppt \N karat 0.0416666666666666644 \N 1|24 \N caratgold 0.0416666666666666644 \N karat \N gammil 0.000999999999999999804 kg/m^3 \N mg/l \N basispoint 0.000100000000000000005 \N 0.01 % \N fine 0.00100000000000000002 \N 1|1000 \N TEMPERATURE 1 K \N kelvin \N TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE 1 K \N kelvin \N degcelsius 1 K 273.15 K \N degC 1 K 273.15 K \N degfahrenheit 0.55555555555555558 K 255.37222222222223 5|9 * degC \N degF 0.55555555555555558 K 255.37222222222223 5|9 * degC \N degreesrankine 0.55555555555555558 K \N degF \N degrankine 0.55555555555555558 K \N degreesrankine \N degreerankine 0.55555555555555558 K \N degF \N degR 0.55555555555555558 K \N degrankine \N tempR 0.55555555555555558 K \N degrankine \N temprankine 0.55555555555555558 K \N degrankine \N degreaumur 1.25 K 273.15 10|8 * degC \N degK 1 K \N K \N tempK 1 K \N K \N tau 6.28318530717958623 \N 2 pi \N phi 1.6180339887498949 \N (sqrt(5)+1)/2 \N light 299792458 m/s \N c \N energy 89875517873681760 m^2/s^2 \N c^2 \N hbar 1.05457181764615647e-34 m^2*kg/s \N h / 2 pi \N hbar_SI 1.05457181764615647e-34 \N h_SI / 2 pi \N spin 1.05457181764615647e-34 m^2*kg/s \N hbar \N G_SI 6.67429999999999938e-11 \N 6.67430e-11 \N G 6.67429999999999938e-11 m^3/kg*s^2 \N 6.67430e-11 N m^2 / kg^2 \N atomicmassunit_SI 1.66053906891999993e-27 \N 1.66053906892e-27 \N atomicmassunit 1.66053906891999993e-27 kg \N 1.66053906892e-27 kg \N u 1.66053906891999993e-27 kg \N atomicmassunit \N amu 1.66053906891999993e-27 kg \N atomicmassunit \N dalton 1.66053906891999993e-27 kg \N u \N Da 1.66053906891999993e-27 kg \N dalton \N amu_chem 1.66026000000000016e-27 kg \N 1.66026e-27 kg \N amu_phys 1.65980999999999993e-27 kg \N 1.65981e-27 kg \N molarmassconstant 0.00100000000105155795 kg/mol \N N_A u \N gasconstant 8.3144626181532395 m^2*kg/s^2*K*mol \N k N_A \N R 8.3144626181532395 m^2*kg/s^2*K*mol \N gasconstant \N kboltzmann 1.38064900000000009e-23 m^2*kg/s^2*K \N boltzmann \N molarvolume_si 1.20588319868414834e-05 m^3/mol \N N_A siliconlattice^3 / 8 \N stefanboltzmann 5.67037441918442942e-08 kg/s^3*K^4 \N pi^2 k^4 / 60 hbar^3 c^2 \N sigma 5.67037441918442942e-08 kg/s^3*K^4 \N stefanboltzmann \N wiendisplacement 0.00289777195518517265 m*K \N (h c/k)/4.9651142317442763 \N wienfrequencydisplacement 58789257576.4682541 s^-1*K^-1 \N 2.8214393721220788934 k/h \N K_J90 483597900000000 s^2*A/m^2*kg \N 483597.9 GHz/V \N K_J 483597848416983.625 s^2*A/m^2*kg \N 2e/h \N R_K90 25812.8070000000007 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2 \N 25812.807 ohm \N R_K 25812.807459304513 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2 \N h/e^2 \N ampere90 1.00000008887143799 A \N (K_J90 R_K90 / K_J R_K) A \N coulomb90 1.00000008887143799 s*A \N (K_J90 R_K90 / K_J R_K) C \N farad90 0.999999982206332572 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg \N (R_K90/R_K) F \N henry90 1.00000001779366787 m^2*kg/s^2*A^2 \N (R_K/R_K90) H \N ohm90 1.00000001779366787 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2 \N (R_K/R_K90) ohm \N volt90 1.00000010666510719 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N (K_J90/K_J) V \N watt90 1.0000001955365545 m^2*kg/s^3 \N (K_J90^2 R_K90 / K_J^2 R_K) W \N gravity 9.80664999999999942 m/s^2 \N 9.80665 m/s^2 \N force 9.80664999999999942 m/s^2 \N gravity \N atm 101325 kg/m*s^2 \N 101325 Pa \N atmosphere 101325 kg/m*s^2 \N atm \N Hg 133322.387414999976 kg/m^2*s^2 \N 13.5951 gram force / cm^3 \N water 9806.64999999999782 kg/m^2*s^2 \N gram force/cm^3 \N waterdensity 999.999999999999886 kg/m^3 \N gram / cm^3 \N H2O 9806.64999999999782 kg/m^2*s^2 \N water \N wc 9806.64999999999782 kg/m^2*s^2 \N water \N mach 331.45999999999998 m/s \N 331.46 m/s \N standardtemp 273.149999999999977 K \N 273.15 K \N stdtemp 273.149999999999977 K \N standardtemp \N Hg10C 133084.085819999978 kg/m^2*s^2 \N 13.5708 force gram / cm^3 \N Hg20C 132842.84222999998 kg/m^2*s^2 \N 13.5462 force gram / cm^3 \N Hg23C 132768.311689999973 kg/m^2*s^2 \N 13.5386 force gram / cm^3 \N Hg30C 132602.579304999963 kg/m^2*s^2 \N 13.5217 force gram / cm^3 \N Hg40C 132363.297044999985 kg/m^2*s^2 \N 13.4973 force gram / cm^3 \N Hg60F 132952.676709999971 kg/m^2*s^2 \N 13.5574 force gram / cm^3 \N H2O0C 9805.37513549999858 kg/m^2*s^2 \N 0.99987 force gram / cm^3 \N H2O5C 9806.55193349999718 kg/m^2*s^2 \N 0.99999 force gram / cm^3 \N H2O10C 9804.0022044999987 kg/m^2*s^2 \N 0.99973 force gram / cm^3 \N H2O15C 9798.11821449999661 kg/m^2*s^2 \N 0.99913 force gram / cm^3 \N H2O18C 9793.11682299999666 kg/m^2*s^2 \N 0.99862 force gram / cm^3 \N H2O20C 9789.29222949999894 kg/m^2*s^2 \N 0.99823 force gram / cm^3 \N H2O25C 9777.91651549999733 kg/m^2*s^2 \N 0.99707 force gram / cm^3 \N H2O50C 9689.65666549999878 kg/m^2*s^2 \N 0.98807 force gram / cm^3 \N H2O100C 9398.49722699999984 kg/m^2*s^2 \N 0.95838 force gram / cm^3 \N inch 0.0254000000000000024 m \N 2.54 cm \N in 0.0254000000000000024 m \N inch \N inches 0.0254000000000000024 m \N inch \N foot 0.304800000000000015 m \N 12 inch \N feet 0.304800000000000015 m \N foot \N ft 0.304800000000000015 m \N foot \N ft3 0.0283168465920000043 m^3 \N ft^3 \N hartree 4.35974472220599989e-18 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 4.3597447222060e-18 J \N E_h 4.35974472220599989e-18 m^2*kg/s^2 \N hartree \N Rinfinity 10973731.5681570563 m^-1 \N hartree / 2 h c \N alpha 0.00729735256429999996 \N 7.2973525643e-3 \N conductancequantum 7.74809172986364871e-05 s^3*A^2/m^2*kg \N e^2 / pi hbar \N G0 7.74809172986364871e-05 s^3*A^2/m^2*kg \N conductancequantum \N magneticfluxquantum 2.06783384846192951e-15 m^2*kg/s^2*A \N pi hbar / e \N Phi0 2.06783384846192951e-15 m^2*kg/s^2*A \N magneticfluxquantum \N weakmixingangle 0.223049999999999998 \N 0.22305 \N w_to_z_mass_ratio 0.881449999999999956 \N 0.88145 \N alphachargeradius 1.67849999999999996e-15 m \N 1.6785e-15 m \N deuteronchargeradius 2.12778000000000003e-15 m \N 2.12778e-15 m \N protonchargeradius 8.40750000000000004e-16 m \N 8.4075e-16 m \N electronmass_u 0.000548579909044099971 \N 5.485799090441e-4 \N electronmass 9.10938371392308095e-31 kg \N 5.485799090441e-4 u \N m_e 9.10938371392308095e-31 kg \N electronmass \N muonmass 1.88353162670473845e-28 kg \N 0.1134289257 u \N m_mu 1.88353162670473845e-28 kg \N muonmass \N taumass 3.16754469552765676e-27 kg \N 1.90754 u \N m_tau 3.16754469552765676e-27 kg \N taumass \N protonmass 1.67262192595795408e-27 kg \N 1.0072764665789 u \N m_p 1.67262192595795408e-27 kg \N protonmass \N neutronmass 1.67492750056654231e-27 kg \N 1.00866491606 u \N m_n 1.67492750056654231e-27 kg \N neutronmass \N deuteronmass 3.34358377677868848e-27 kg \N 2.013553212544 u \N m_d 3.34358377677868848e-27 kg \N deuteronmass \N alphaparticlemass 6.64465734496849593e-27 kg \N 4.001506179129 u \N m_alpha 6.64465734496849593e-27 kg \N alphaparticlemass \N tritonmass 5.0073567512244173e-27 kg \N 3.01550071597 u \N m_t 5.0073567512244173e-27 kg \N tritonmass \N helionmass 5.00641278617734671e-27 kg \N 3.014932246932 u \N m_h 5.00641278617734671e-27 kg \N helionmass \N electronwavelength 2.42631023537416938e-12 m \N h / m_e c \N lambda_C 2.42631023537416938e-12 m \N electronwavelength \N protonwavelength 1.32140985359759852e-15 m \N h / m_p c \N lambda_C,p 1.32140985359759852e-15 m \N protonwavelength \N neutronwavelength 1.31959090381919774e-15 m \N h / m_n c \N lambda_C,n 1.31959090381919774e-15 m \N neutronwavelength \N muonwavelength 1.17344411050375549e-14 m \N h / m_mu c \N lambda_C,mu 1.17344411050375549e-14 m \N muonwavelength \N tauwavelength 6.97770452118608643e-16 m \N h / m_tau c \N lambda_C,tau 6.97770452118608643e-16 m \N tauwavelength \N g_d 0.857438233500000035 \N 0.8574382335 \N g_e -2.00231930436091998 \N -2.00231930436092 \N g_h -4.25525069950000034 \N -4.2552506995 \N g_mu -2.00233184123000019 \N -2.00233184123 \N g_n -3.82608551999999991 \N -3.82608552 \N g_p 5.58569468930000035 \N 5.5856946893 \N g_t 5.9579249299999999 \N 5.957924930 \N bohrmagneton 9.27401006571457164e-24 m^2*A \N e hbar / 2 electronmass \N mu_B 9.27401006571457164e-24 m^2*A \N bohrmagneton \N mu_e -9.28476469170888529e-24 m^2*A \N g_e mu_B / 2 \N mu_mu -4.49044829572726899e-26 m^2*A \N g_mu mu_B m_e / 2 muonmass \N nuclearmagneton 5.05078373924787844e-27 m^2*A \N mu_B m_e / protonmass \N mu_N 5.05078373924787844e-27 m^2*A \N nuclearmagneton \N mu_p 1.4106067954559835e-26 m^2*A \N g_p mu_N / 2 \N mu_n -9.66236526469388081e-27 m^2*A \N g_n mu_N / 2 \N mu_d 4.33073508717122556e-27 m^2*A \N g_d mu_N \N mu_t 1.5046095178051777e-26 m^2*A \N g_t mu_N / 2 \N mu_h -1.07461755197288803e-26 m^2*A \N g_h mu_N / 2 \N shielded_mu_h -1.07455311035000005e-26 m^2*A \N -1.07455311035e-26 J / T \N shielded_mu_p 1.41057058300000001e-26 m^2*A \N 1.4105705830e-26 J / T \N kgf 9.80664999999999942 m*kg/s^2 \N kg force \N technicalatmosphere 98066.4999999999854 kg/m*s^2 \N kgf / cm^2 \N at 98066.4999999999854 kg/m*s^2 \N technicalatmosphere \N hyl 9.80664999999999942 kg \N kgf s^2 / m \N mmHg 133.32238741499998 kg/m*s^2 \N mm Hg \N torr 133.32236842105263 kg/m*s^2 \N atm / 760 \N tor 1 kg/m*s^2 \N Pa \N inHg 3386.3886403409997 kg/m*s^2 \N inch Hg \N inH2O 249.08890999999997 kg/m*s^2 \N inch water \N mmH2O 9.80664999999999765 kg/m*s^2 \N mm water \N eV 1.60217663399999989e-19 m^2*kg/s^2 \N e V \N electronvolt 1.60217663399999989e-19 m^2*kg/s^2 \N eV \N lightsecond 299792458 m \N c s \N lightminute 17987547480 m \N c min \N parsec 30856775814671916 m \N au / tan(arcsec) \N pc 30856775814671916 m \N parsec \N rydberg 2.17987236110299995e-18 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 1|2 hartree \N crith 8.9885000000000011e-05 kg \N 0.089885 gram \N lorentz 46.6864477193715786 s^2*A/m*kg \N bohrmagneton / h c \N cminv 1.9864458571489285e-23 m^2*kg/s^2 \N h c / cm \N invcm 1.9864458571489285e-23 m^2*kg/s^2 \N cminv \N wavenumber 100 m^-1 \N 1/cm \N dyne 1.00000000000000008e-05 m*kg/s^2 \N cm gram / s^2 \N dyn 1.00000000000000008e-05 m*kg/s^2 \N dyne \N erg 1.00000000000000009e-07 m^2*kg/s^2 \N cm dyne \N poise 0.100000000000000006 kg/m*s \N gram / cm s \N P 0.100000000000000006 kg/m*s \N poise \N rhe 10 m*s/kg \N /poise \N stokes 0.000100000000000000005 m^2/s \N cm^2 / s \N St 0.000100000000000000005 m^2/s \N stokes \N stoke 0.000100000000000000005 m^2/s \N stokes \N lentor 0.000100000000000000005 m^2/s \N stokes \N Gal 0.0100000000000000002 m/s^2 \N cm / s^2 \N galileo 0.0100000000000000002 m/s^2 \N Gal \N barye 0.100000000000000006 kg/m*s^2 \N dyne/cm^2 \N barad 0.100000000000000006 kg/m*s^2 \N barye \N kayser 100 m^-1 \N 1/cm \N balmer 100 m^-1 \N kayser \N kine 0.0100000000000000002 m/s \N cm/s \N bole 1.00000000000000008e-05 m*kg/s \N g cm / s \N pond 0.00980665000000000009 m*kg/s^2 \N gram force \N glug 0.980665000000000009 kg \N gram force s^2 / cm \N darcy 9.86923266716012824e-13 m^2 \N centipoise cm^2 / s atm \N mobileohm 999.999999999999886 s/kg \N cm / dyn s \N mechanicalohm 0.00100000000000000002 kg/s \N dyn s / cm \N acousticalohm 99999.9999999999854 kg/m^4*s \N dyn s / cm^5 \N ray 99999.9999999999854 kg/m^4*s \N acousticalohm \N rayl 10 kg/m^2*s \N dyn s / cm^3 \N eotvos 1.00000000000000006e-09 s^-2 \N 1e-9 Gal/cm \N abampere 10 A \N 10 A \N abamp 10 A \N abampere \N abA 10 A \N abampere \N biot 10 A \N abampere \N Bi 10 A \N biot \N abcoulomb 10 s*A \N abamp sec \N abcoul 10 s*A \N abcoulomb \N abC 10 s*A \N abcoulomb \N abvolt 1.00000000000000002e-08 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N dyne cm / abamp sec \N abV 1.00000000000000002e-08 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N abvolt \N abohm 1.00000000000000006e-09 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2 \N abvolt / abamp \N abmho 999999999.999999881 s^3*A^2/m^2*kg \N /abohm \N maxwell 1.00000000000000002e-08 m^2*kg/s^2*A \N erg / abamp \N Mx 1.00000000000000002e-08 m^2*kg/s^2*A \N maxwell \N gauss 9.99999999999999912e-05 kg/s^2*A \N maxwell / cm^2 \N Gs 9.99999999999999912e-05 kg/s^2*A \N gauss \N unitpole 1.25663706143591724e-07 m^2*kg/s^2*A \N 4 pi maxwell \N emu 0.00100000000000000024 m^2*A \N erg/gauss \N hlu_bfield 0.000354490770181103141 kg/s^2*A \N sqrt(4 pi) gauss \N natural_action 1.05457181764615647e-34 m^2*kg/s \N hbar \N natural_energy 1.60217663399999989e-19 m^2*kg/s^2 \N eV \N natural_charge 5.2908176917023991e-19 s*A \N e / sqrt(4 pi alpha) \N natural_time 6.58211956950906704e-16 s \N natural_action / natural_energy \N natural_length 1.97326980459302515e-07 m \N natural_time c \N natural_mass 1.78266192162789753e-36 kg \N natural_energy / c^2 \N natural_momentum 5.34428599267830791e-28 m*kg/s \N natural_energy / c \N natural_temp 11604.5181215500816 K \N natural_energy / boltzmann \N natural_force 8.11939974082986136e-13 m*kg/s^2 \N natural_energy / natural_length \N natural_power 0.000243413480578794718 m^2*kg/s^3 \N natural_energy / natural_time \N natural_volt 0.302822120768344916 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N natural_energy / natural_charge \N natural_Efield 1534620.96294936282 m*kg/s^3*A \N natural_volt / natural_length \N natural_Bfield 0.00511894452978321063 kg/s^2*A \N natural_Efield / c \N natural_current 0.000803816709166378673 A \N natural_charge / natural_time \N planckmass 2.17643434271789836e-08 kg \N sqrt(hbar c / G) \N m_P 2.17643434271789836e-08 kg \N planckmass \N planckenergy 1956081636.69837284 m^2*kg/s^2 \N planckmass c^2 \N E_P 1956081636.69837284 m^2*kg/s^2 \N planckenergy \N plancktime 5.39124644831360455e-44 s \N hbar / planckenergy \N t_P 5.39124644831360455e-44 s \N plancktime \N plancklength 1.61625502442370555e-35 m \N plancktime c \N l_P 1.61625502442370555e-35 m \N plancklength \N plancktemperature 1.41678416215734246e+32 K \N planckenergy / k \N T_P 1.41678416215734246e+32 K \N plancktemperature \N planckforce 1.21025556433820609e+44 m*kg/s^2 \N planckenergy / plancklength \N planckmass_red 4.34135839913935817e-09 kg \N sqrt(hbar c / 8 pi G) \N planckenergy_red 390181834.397907794 m^2*kg/s^2 \N planckmass_red c^2 \N plancktime_red 2.70277015656936788e-43 s \N hbar / planckenergy_red \N plancklength_red 8.102701086469756e-35 m \N plancktime_red c \N plancktemperature_red 2.82607552243841675e+31 K \N planckenergy_red / k \N planckforce_red 4.81545388672242224e+42 m*kg/s^2 \N planckenergy_red / plancklength_red \N intampere 0.999835000000000029 A \N 0.999835 A \N intamp 0.999835000000000029 A \N intampere \N intfarad 0.999504999999999977 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg \N 0.999505 F \N intvolt 1.00032999999999994 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N 1.00033 V \N intohm 1.00049499999999991 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2 \N 1.000495 ohm \N daniell 1.04200000000000004 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N 1.042 V \N faraday 96485.3321233100141 s*A \N N_A e mol \N faraday_phys 96521.8999999999942 s*A \N 96521.9 C \N faraday_chem 96495.6999999999971 s*A \N 96495.7 C \N faradayconst 96485.3321233100141 s*A/mol \N N_A e \N kappline 6.00000000000000015e-05 m^2*kg/s^2*A \N 6000 maxwell \N siemensunit 0.953400000000000025 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2 \N 0.9534 ohm \N copperconductivity 58000000 s^3*A^2/m^3*kg \N 58 siemens m / mm^2 \N IACS 58000000 s^3*A^2/m^3*kg \N copperconductivity \N copperdensity 8889.99999999999818 kg/m^3 \N 8.89 g/cm^3 \N LUMINOUS_INTENSITY 1 cd \N candela \N candle 1.02000000000000002 cd \N 1.02 candela \N hefnerunit 0.918000000000000038 cd \N 0.9 candle \N hefnercandle 0.918000000000000038 cd \N hefnerunit \N violle 20.1700000000000017 cd \N 20.17 cd \N lumen 1 cd \N cd sr \N lm 1 cd \N lumen \N talbot 1 s*cd \N lumen s \N lumberg 1 s*cd \N talbot \N lumerg 1 s*cd \N talbot \N lux 1 cd/m^2 \N lm/m^2 \N lx 1 cd/m^2 \N lux \N phot 10000 cd/m^2 \N lumen / cm^2 \N ph 10000 cd/m^2 \N phot \N footcandle 10.7639104167097219 cd/m^2 \N lumen/ft^2 \N metercandle 1 cd/m^2 \N lumen/m^2 \N mcs 1 s*cd/m^2 \N metercandle s \N nox 0.00100000000000000002 cd/m^2 \N 1e-3 lux \N nit 1 cd/m^2 \N cd/m^2 \N stilb 10000 cd/m^2 \N cd / cm^2 \N sb 10000 cd/m^2 \N stilb \N apostilb 0.318309886183790691 cd/m^2 \N cd/pi m^2 \N asb 0.318309886183790691 cd/m^2 \N apostilb \N blondel 0.318309886183790691 cd/m^2 \N apostilb \N equivalentlux 0.318309886183790691 cd/m^2 \N cd / pi m^2 \N equivalentphot 3183.09886183790695 cd/m^2 \N cd / pi cm^2 \N lambert 3183.09886183790695 cd/m^2 \N cd / pi cm^2 \N footlambert 3.42625909963539055 cd/m^2 \N cd / pi ft^2 \N sunlum 1600000000 cd/m^2 \N 1.6e9 cd/m^2 \N sunillum 100000 cd/m^2 \N 100e3 lux \N sunillum_o 10000 cd/m^2 \N 10e3 lux \N sunlum_h 6000000 cd/m^2 \N 6e6 cd/m^2 \N skylum 8000 cd/m^2 \N 8000 cd/m^2 \N skylum_o 2000 cd/m^2 \N 2000 cd/m^2 \N moonlum 2500 cd/m^2 \N 2500 cd/m^2 \N s100 100 m^2/s*cd \N 100 / lx s \N iso100 100 m^2/s*cd \N s100 \N k1250 12.5 s^-1 \N 12.5 (cd/m2) / lx s \N k1400 14 s^-1 \N 14 (cd/m2) / lx s \N c250 250 s^-1 \N 250 lx / lx s \N N_exif 0.320000000000000007 s*cd/m^2 \N 1|3.125 lx s \N K_apex1961 11.4000000000000004 s^-1 \N 11.4 (cd/m2) / lx s \N K_apex1971 12.5 s^-1 \N 12.5 (cd/m2) / lx s \N C_apex1961 224 s^-1 \N 224 lx / lx s \N C_apex1971 322 s^-1 \N 322 lx / lx s \N N_speed 0.320000000000000007 s*cd/m^2 \N N_exif \N K_lum 12.5 s^-1 \N K_apex1971 \N C_illum 224 s^-1 \N C_apex1961 \N TIME 1 s \N second \N anomalisticyear 31558429.4399999976 s \N 365.2596 days \N siderealyear 31558149.5400287993 s \N 365.256360417 day \N tropicalyear 31556925.9746784009 s \N 365.242198781 day \N eclipseyear 29947968 s \N 346.62 days \N solarday 86400 s \N day \N siderealday 86164.0905400000047 s \N 86164.09054 s \N siderealhour 3590.17043916666671 s \N 1|24 siderealday \N siderealminute 59.8361739861111133 s \N 1|60 siderealhour \N siderealsecond 0.997269566435185162 s \N 1|60 siderealminute \N anomalisticmonth 2380713.10012800014 s \N 27.55454977 day \N nodicalmonth 2351135.79936000006 s \N 27.2122199 day \N draconicmonth 2351135.79936000006 s \N nodicalmonth \N draconiticmonth 2351135.79936000006 s \N nodicalmonth \N siderealmonth 2360591.51040000003 s \N 27.321661 day \N lunarmonth 2551442.79999999981 s \N 29 days + 12 hours + 44 minutes + 2.8 seconds \N synodicmonth 2551442.79999999981 s \N lunarmonth \N lunation 2551442.79999999981 s \N synodicmonth \N lune 85048.0933333333232 s \N 1|30 lunation \N lunour 3543.67055555555498 s \N 1|24 lune \N year 31556925.9746784009 s \N tropicalyear \N yr 31556925.9746784009 s \N year \N month 2629743.83122320008 s \N 1|12 year \N mo 2629743.83122320008 s \N month \N lustrum 157784629.873392016 s \N 5 years \N decade 315569259.746784031 s \N 10 years \N century 3155692597.46784019 s \N 100 years \N millennium 31556925974.6784019 s \N 1000 years \N millennia 31556925974.6784019 s \N millennium \N solaryear 31556925.9746784009 s \N year \N lunaryear 30617313.5999999978 s \N 12 lunarmonth \N calendaryear 31536000 s \N 365 day \N commonyear 31536000 s \N 365 day \N leapyear 31622400 s \N 366 day \N julianyear 31557600 s \N 365.25 days \N gregorianyear 31556952 s \N 365.2425 days \N islamicyear 30585600 s \N 354 day \N islamicleapyear 30672000 s \N 355 day \N islamicmonth 2548800 s \N 1|12 islamicyear \N mercuryday_sidereal 5067360 s \N 1407.6 hr \N venusday_sidereal 20997360 s \N 5832.6 hr \N earthday_sidereal 86164.0905400000047 s \N siderealday \N marsday_sidereal 88642.4400000000023 s \N 24.6229 hr \N jupiterday_sidereal 35730 s \N 9.9250 hr \N saturnday_sidereal 38361.5999999999985 s \N 10.656 hr \N uranusday_sidereal 62063.9999999999927 s \N 17.24 hr \N neptuneday_sidereal 57996 s \N 16.11 hr \N plutoday_sidereal 551854.079999999958 s \N 153.2928 hr \N mercuryday_solar 15201360.0000000019 s \N 4222.6 hr \N venusday_solar 10087200 s \N 2802.0 hr \N earthday_solar 86400 s \N 24 hr \N marsday_solar 88774.9199999999983 s \N 24.6597 hr \N jupiterday_solar 35733.239999999998 s \N 9.9259 hr \N saturnday_solar 38361.5999999999985 s \N 10.656 hr \N uranusday_solar 62063.9999999999927 s \N 17.24 hr \N neptuneday_solar 57996 s \N 16.11 hr \N plutoday_solar 551815.20000000007 s \N 153.2820 hr \N mercuryyear 7600521.59999999963 s \N 87.969 day \N venusyear 19414166.3999999985 s \N 224.701 day \N earthyear 31558149.5400287993 s \N siderealyear \N marsyear 59355072 s \N 686.980 day \N jupiteryear 374335689.600000024 s \N 4332.589 day \N saturnyear 929596608 s \N 10759.22 day \N uranusyear 2651218560 s \N 30685.4 day \N neptuneyear 5200329600 s \N 60189 day \N plutoyear 7824384000 s \N 90560 day \N mercuryradius 2440500 m \N 2440.5 km \N venusradius 6051800 m \N 6051.8 km \N earthradius 6378137 m \N 6378.137 km \N marsradius 3396200 m \N 3396.2 km \N jupiterradius 71492000 m \N 71492 km \N saturnradius 60268000 m \N 60268 km \N uranusradius 25559000 m \N 25559 km \N neptuneradius 24764000 m \N 24764 km \N plutoradius 1188000 m \N 1188 km \N mercuryradius_mean 2440500 m \N 2440.5 km \N venusradius_mean 6051800 m \N 6051.8 km \N earthradius_mean 6371000 m \N 6371 km \N marsradius_mean 3389500 m \N 3389.5 km \N jupiterradius_mean 69911000 m \N 69911 km \N saturnradius_mean 58232000 m \N 58232 km \N uranusradius_mean 25362000 m \N 25362 km \N neptuneradius_mean 24622000 m \N 24622 km \N plutoradius_mean 1188000 m \N 1188 km \N mercuryradius_polar 2438300 m \N 2438.3 km \N venusradius_polar 6051800 m \N 6051.8 km \N marsradius_polar 3376200 m \N 3376.2 km \N jupiterradius_polar 66854000 m \N 66854 km \N saturnradius_polar 54364000 m \N 54364 km \N uranusradius_polar 24973000 m \N 24973 km \N neptuneradius_polar 24341000 m \N 24341 km \N plutoradius_polar 1188000 m \N 1188 km \N mercurysundist_min 46000000000 m \N 46.000 Gm \N mercurysundist_max 69818000000 m \N 69.818 Gm \N venussundist_min 107480000000 m \N 107.480 Gm \N venussundist_max 108941000000 m \N 108.941 Gm \N marssundist_min 206650000000 m \N 206.650 Gm \N marssundist_max 249261000000 m \N 249.261 Gm \N jupitersundist_min 740595000000 m \N 740.595 Gm \N jupitersundist_max 816363000000 m \N 816.363 Gm \N saturnsundist_min 1357554000000 m \N 1357.554 Gm \N saturnsundist_max 1506527000000 m \N 1506.527 Gm \N uranussundist_min 2732696000000 m \N 2732.696 Gm \N uranussundist_max 3001390000000 m \N 3001.390 Gm \N neptunesundist_min 4471050000000 m \N 4471.050 Gm \N neptunesundist_max 4558857000000 m \N 4558.857 Gm \N plutosundist_min 4434987000000 m \N 4434.987 Gm \N plutosundist_max 7304326000000 m \N 7304.326 Gm \N sundist 149598022960.712799 m \N 1.0000010178 au \N moondist 384400000 m \N 384400 km \N sundist_near 147095000000 m \N 147.095 Gm \N sundist_min 147095000000 m \N sundist_near \N sundist_far 152100000000 m \N 152.100 Gm \N sundist_max 152100000000 m \N sundist_far \N moondist_min 356371000 m \N 356371 km \N moondist_max 406720000 m \N 406720 km \N WGS84_earthflattening 0.00335281066474748049 \N 1|298.257223563 \N WGS84_earthradius_equatorial 6378137 m \N 6378137 m \N WGS84_earthradius_polar 6356752.3142451793 m \N (1-WGS84_earthflattening) WGS84_earthradius_equatorial \N IERS_earthflattening 0.00335281969789619303 \N 1|298.25642 \N IERS_earthradius_equatorial 6378136.59999999963 m \N 6378136.6 m \N IERS_earthradius_polar 6356751.85797164682 m \N (1-IERS_earthflattening) IERS_earthradius_equatorial \N landarea 148847000000000 m^2 \N 148.847e6 km^2 \N oceanarea 361254000000000 m^2 \N 361.254e6 km^2 \N moonradius 1738000 m \N 1738 km \N sunradius 696000000 m \N 6.96e8 m \N gauss_k 0.0172020989500000013 \N 0.01720209895 \N gaussianyear 31558196.0153947473 s \N (2 pi / gauss_k) days \N GMsun 1.32712440041279422e+20 m^3/s^2 \N 132712440041.279419 km^3 / s^2 \N solarmass 1.98840987131653396e+30 kg \N GMsun/G \N sunmass 1.98840987131653396e+30 kg \N solarmass \N mercurymass 3.30100063692072606e+23 kg \N 22031.868551 km^3 / s^2 G \N venusmass 4.86730581484200644e+24 kg \N 324858.592000 km^3 / s^2 G \N marsmass 6.41690901158173969e+23 kg \N 42828.375816 km^3 / s^2 G \N jupitermass 1.89851765878069623e+27 kg \N 126712764.100000 km^3 / s^2 G \N saturnmass 5.68457888344845174e+26 kg \N 37940584.841800 km^3 / s^2 G \N uranusmass 8.68189383156286049e+25 kg \N 5794556.400000 km^3 / s^2 G \N neptunemass 1.02430623444855642e+26 kg \N 6836527.100580 km^3 / s^2 G \N plutomass 1.46157649491332442e+22 kg \N 975.500000 km^3 / s^2 G \N ceresmass 9.38359078854711443e+20 kg \N 62.62890 km^3 / s^2 G \N vestamass 2.59027088983114351e+20 kg \N 17.288245 km^3 / s^2 G \N earthmass 5.97216839978724456e+24 kg \N 398600.435507 km^3 / s^2 G \N moonmass 7.34578924831068505e+22 kg \N 4902.800118 km^3 / s^2 G \N moonearthmassratio 0.0123000370327339976 \N moonmass/earthmass \N earthmoonmass 6.04562629227035133e+24 kg \N earthmass+moonmass \N moongravity 1.62000000000000011 m/s^2 \N 1.62 m/s^2 \N gravity_equatorial 9.78032633589999989 m/s^2 \N 9.7803263359 m / s^2 \N gravity_polar 9.83218493779999925 m/s^2 \N 9.8321849378 m / s^2 \N hubble 2.26854550262882893e-18 s^-1 \N 70 km/s/Mpc \N H0 2.26854550262882893e-18 s^-1 \N hubble \N extinction_coeff 0.209999999999999992 \N 0.21 \N moonvmag -12.7400000000000002 \N -12.74 \N sunvmag -26.7399999999999984 \N -26.74 \N moonsd 0.0045213473505428441 \N asin(moonradius / moondist) \N sunsd 0.00465248468611326182 \N asin(sunradius / sundist) \N atomicmass 9.10938371392308095e-31 kg \N electronmass \N atomiccharge 1.60217663399999989e-19 s*A \N e \N atomicaction 1.05457181764615647e-34 m^2*kg/s \N hbar \N atomicenergy 4.35974472220599989e-18 m^2*kg/s^2 \N hartree \N atomicvelocity 2187691.26215314679 m/s \N sqrt(atomicenergy / atomicmass) \N atomictime 2.4188843265863296e-17 s \N atomicaction / atomicenergy \N atomiclength 5.29177210543211182e-11 m \N atomicvelocity atomictime \N atomicforce 8.23872350385352616e-08 m*kg/s^2 \N atomicenergy / atomiclength \N atomicmomentum 1.99285191545497033e-24 m*kg/s \N atomicenergy / atomicvelocity \N atomiccurrent 0.00662361823750821834 A \N atomiccharge / atomictime \N atomicdipolemoment 8.47835361977631314e-30 m*s*A \N atomiccharge atomiclength \N atomicpotential 27.2113862459811671 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N atomicenergy / atomiccharge \N atomicvolt 27.2113862459811671 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N atomicpotential \N atomicEfield 514220675112.749573 m*kg/s^3*A \N atomicpotential / atomiclength \N atomicBfield 235051.757077755406 kg/s^2*A \N atomicEfield / atomicvelocity \N atomictemperature 315775.024803987064 K \N atomicenergy / boltzmann \N thermalcoulomb 1 m^2*kg/s^2*K \N J/K \N thermalampere 1 m^2*kg/s^3*K \N W/K \N thermalfarad 1 m^2*kg/s^2*K^2 \N J/K^2 \N thermalohm 1 s^3*K^2/m^2*kg \N K^2/W \N fourier 1 s^3*K^2/m^2*kg \N thermalohm \N thermalhenry 1 s^4*K^2/m^2*kg \N J K^2/W^2 \N thermalvolt 1 K \N K \N yard 0.914400000000000102 m \N 3 ft \N yd 0.914400000000000102 m \N yard \N mile 1609.34400000000005 m \N 5280 ft \N line 0.00211666666666666687 m \N 1|12 inch \N rod 5.02920000000000034 m \N 16.5 ft \N pole 5.02920000000000034 m \N rod \N perch 5.02920000000000034 m \N rod \N furlong 201.168000000000006 m \N 40 rod \N statutemile 1609.34400000000005 m \N mile \N league 4828.03200000000015 m \N 3 mile \N US 1.00000200000399997 \N 1200|3937 m/ft \N int 0.999998000000000054 \N 3937|1200 ft/m \N surveyorschain 20.1168402336804668 m \N 66 surveyft \N surveychain 20.1168402336804668 m \N surveyorschain \N surveyorspole 5.0292100584201167 m \N 1|4 surveyorschain \N surveyorslink 0.201168402336804664 m \N 1|100 surveyorschain \N USacre 4046.87260987425179 m^2 \N 10 surveychain^2 \N USacrefoot 1233.48923846814887 m^3 \N USacre surveyfoot \N chain 20.1168000000000013 m \N 66 ft \N link 0.201168000000000013 m \N 1|100 chain \N ch 20.1168000000000013 m \N chain \N intacre 4046.85642240000061 m^2 \N 10 chain^2 \N acre 4046.85642240000061 m^2 \N intacre \N ac 4046.85642240000061 m^2 \N acre \N section 2589988.1103360001 m^2 \N mile^2 \N township 93239571.9720959961 m^2 \N 36 section \N homestead 647497.027584000141 m^2 \N 160 acre \N gunterschain 20.1168402336804668 m \N surveyorschain \N engineerschain 30.4800000000000004 m \N 100 ft \N engineerslink 0.304800000000000015 m \N 1|100 engineerschain \N ramsdenschain 30.4800000000000004 m \N engineerschain \N ramsdenslink 0.304800000000000015 m \N engineerslink \N gurleychain 10.0584000000000007 m \N 33 feet \N gurleylink 0.201168000000000013 m \N 1|50 gurleychain \N wingchain 20.1168000000000013 m \N 66 feet \N winglink 0.251460000000000017 m \N 1|80 wingchain \N troughtonyard 0.914421900000000121 m \N 914.42190 mm \N bronzeyard11 0.914399800000000096 m \N 914.39980 mm \N mendenhallyard 0.914401828803657724 m \N surveyyard \N internationalyard 0.914400000000000102 m \N yard \N fathom 1.8288000000000002 m \N 6 ft \N nauticalmile 1852 m \N 1852 m \N intcable 185.200000000000017 m \N 1|10 nauticalmile \N uscable 219.456000000000017 m \N 120 fathom \N surveycable 219.456438912877843 m \N 120 USfathom \N UScable 219.456438912877843 m \N surveycable \N marineleague 5556 m \N 3 nauticalmile \N knot 0.514444444444444482 m/s \N nauticalmile / hr \N click 1000 m \N km \N klick 1000 m \N click \N pound 0.453592370000000022 kg \N 0.45359237 kg \N lb 0.453592370000000022 kg \N pound \N grain 6.47989100000000081e-05 kg \N 1|7000 pound \N ounce 0.0283495231250000014 kg \N 1|16 pound \N oz 0.0283495231250000014 kg \N ounce \N dram 0.00177184519531250009 kg \N 1|16 ounce \N dr 0.00177184519531250009 kg \N dram \N ushundredweight 45.3592370000000003 kg \N 100 pounds \N shorthundredweight 45.3592370000000003 kg \N ushundredweight \N shortton 907.184740000000033 kg \N 2000 lb \N shortquarterweight 226.796185000000008 kg \N 1|4 shortton \N shortquarter 226.796185000000008 kg \N shortquarterweight \N troypound 0.37324172160000002 kg \N 5760 grain \N troyounce 0.0311034768000000017 kg \N 1|12 troypound \N ozt 0.0311034768000000017 kg \N troyounce \N pennyweight 0.00155517384000000009 kg \N 1|20 troyounce \N dwt 0.00155517384000000009 kg \N pennyweight \N fineounce 0.0311034768000000017 kg \N troyounce \N metriccarat 0.00020000000000000001 kg \N 0.2 gram \N metricgrain 4.99999999999999956e-05 kg \N 50 mg \N carat 0.00020000000000000001 kg \N metriccarat \N ct 0.00020000000000000001 kg \N carat \N jewelerspoint 2.00000000000000033e-06 kg \N 1|100 carat \N silversmithpoint 6.35000000000000104e-06 m \N 1|4000 inch \N momme 0.00374999999999999986 kg \N 3.75 grams \N appound 0.37324172160000002 kg \N troypound \N apounce 0.0311034768000000017 kg \N troyounce \N apdram 0.00388793460000000021 kg \N 1|8 apounce \N apscruple 0.0012959782 kg \N 1|3 apdram \N usgallon 0.00378541178400000145 m^3 \N 231 in^3 \N gallon 0.00378541178400000145 m^3 \N usgallon \N gal 0.00378541178400000145 m^3 \N gallon \N quart 0.000946352946000000362 m^3 \N 1|4 gallon \N pint 0.000473176473000000181 m^3 \N 1|2 quart \N gill 0.000118294118250000045 m^3 \N 1|4 pint \N usquart 0.000946352946000000362 m^3 \N 1|4 usgallon \N uspint 0.000473176473000000181 m^3 \N 1|2 usquart \N usgill 0.000118294118250000045 m^3 \N 1|4 uspint \N usfluidounce 2.95735295625000113e-05 m^3 \N 1|16 uspint \N qt 0.000946352946000000362 m^3 \N quart \N pt 0.000473176473000000181 m^3 \N pint \N usfloz 2.95735295625000113e-05 m^3 \N usfluidounce \N liquidbarrel 0.11924047119600005 m^3 \N 31.5 usgallon \N beerkeg 0.0586738826520000201 m^3 \N 15.5 usgallon \N ponykeg 0.02933694132600001 m^3 \N 1|2 beerkeg \N winekeg 0.0454249414080000191 m^3 \N 12 usgallon \N petroleumbarrel 0.158987294928000067 m^3 \N 42 usgallon \N barrel 0.158987294928000067 m^3 \N petroleumbarrel \N bbl 0.158987294928000067 m^3 \N barrel \N ushogshead 0.2384809423920001 m^3 \N 2 liquidbarrel \N usfirkin 0.0340687060560000143 m^3 \N 9 usgallon \N usbushel 0.0352390701668800141 m^3 \N 2150.42 in^3 \N uspeck 0.00880976754172000352 m^3 \N 1|4 usbushel \N drygallon 0.00440488377086000176 m^3 \N 1|2 uspeck \N dryquart 0.00110122094271500044 m^3 \N 1|4 drygallon \N drypint 0.00055061047135750022 m^3 \N 1|2 dryquart \N drybarrel 0.115627123584000041 m^3 \N 7056 in^3 \N cranberrybarrel 0.0954710348640000345 m^3 \N 5826 in^3 \N heapedbushel 0.0450355316732726565 m^3 \N 1.278 usbushel \N wheatbushel 27.2155422000000016 kg \N 60 lb \N soybeanbushel 27.2155422000000016 kg \N 60 lb \N cornbushel 25.4011727200000017 kg \N 56 lb \N ryebushel 25.4011727200000017 kg \N 56 lb \N barleybushel 21.772433760000002 kg \N 48 lb \N oatbushel 14.5149558400000007 kg \N 32 lb \N ricebushel 20.4116566500000012 kg \N 45 lb \N canada_oatbushel 15.4221405800000007 kg \N 34 lb \N ponyvolume 2.95735295625000113e-05 m^3 \N 1 usfloz \N jigger 4.43602943437500187e-05 m^3 \N 1.5 usfloz \N shot 4.43602943437500187e-05 m^3 \N jigger \N eushot 2.50000000000000046e-05 m^3 \N 25 ml \N fifth 0.000757082356800000311 m^3 \N 1|5 usgallon \N winebottle 0.000750000000000000124 m^3 \N 750 ml \N winesplit 0.000187500000000000031 m^3 \N 1|4 winebottle \N magnum 0.00150000000000000046 m^3 \N 1.5 liter \N metrictenth 0.000375000000000000062 m^3 \N 375 ml \N metricfifth 0.000750000000000000124 m^3 \N 750 ml \N metricquart 0.00100000000000000024 m^3 \N 1 liter \N split 0.000200000000000000037 m^3 \N 200 ml \N jeroboam 0.00300000000000000093 m^3 \N 2 magnum \N rehoboam 0.00450000000000000139 m^3 \N 3 magnum \N methuselah 0.00600000000000000186 m^3 \N 4 magnum \N imperialbottle 0.00600000000000000186 m^3 \N 4 magnum \N salmanazar 0.00900000000000000279 m^3 \N 6 magnum \N balthazar 0.0120000000000000037 m^3 \N 8 magnum \N nebuchadnezzar 0.0150000000000000046 m^3 \N 10 magnum \N solomon 0.0180000000000000056 m^3 \N 12 magnum \N melchior 0.0180000000000000056 m^3 \N 12 magnum \N sovereign 0.0262500000000000094 m^3 \N 17.5 magnum \N primat 0.0270000000000000101 m^3 \N 18 magnum \N goliath 0.0270000000000000101 m^3 \N 18 magnum \N melchizedek 0.0300000000000000093 m^3 \N 20 magnum \N midas 0.0300000000000000093 m^3 \N 20 magnum \N wineglass 0.000150000000000000014 m^3 \N 150 mL \N smallwineglass 0.00012500000000000003 m^3 \N 125 mL \N mediumwineglass 0.000175000000000000025 m^3 \N 175 mL \N coffeeratio 54.9999999999999858 kg/m^3 \N 55 g/L \N gpg 0.0171180610452709436 kg/m^3 \N grains/usgallon \N shoeiron 0.000529166666666666717 m \N 1|48 inch \N shoeounce 0.000396875000000000038 m \N 1|64 inch \N shoesize_delta 0.00846666666666666748 m \N 1|3 inch \N shoe_men0 0.209550000000000014 m \N 8.25 inch \N shoe_women0 0.201083333333333364 m \N (7+11|12) inch \N shoe_boys0 0.0994833333333333403 m \N (3+11|12) inch \N shoe_girls0 0.0910166666666666763 m \N (3+7|12) inch \N europeshoesize 0.00666666666666666623 m \N 2|3 cm \N key 1 kg \N kg \N lid 0.0283495231250000014 kg \N 1 oz \N usfootballfield 91.4400000000000119 m \N 100 yards \N canadafootballfield 100.584000000000017 m \N 110 yards \N marathon 42194.9880000000048 m \N 26 miles + 385 yards \N UKlength_B 0.999999125109361175 \N 0.9143992 meter / yard \N UKlength_SJJ 0.999998261154855572 \N 0.91439841 meter / yard \N UKlength_K 0.9999819343263745 \N meter / 39.37079 inch \N UKlength_C 0.999991028296492002 \N meter / 1.09362311 yard \N brnauticalmile 1853.1840000000002 m \N 6080 ft \N brknot 0.514773333333333416 m/s \N brnauticalmile / hr \N admiraltymile 1853.1840000000002 m \N brnauticalmile \N admiraltyknot 0.514773333333333416 m/s \N brknot \N seamile 1828.80000000000018 m \N 6000 ft \N shackle 27.4320000000000022 m \N 15 fathoms \N clove 3.17514659000000021 kg \N 7 lb \N stone 6.35029318000000043 kg \N 14 lb \N tod 12.7005863600000009 kg \N 28 lb \N brhundredweight 50.8023454400000034 kg \N 8 stone \N longhundredweight 50.8023454400000034 kg \N brhundredweight \N longton 1016.0469088000001 kg \N 20 brhundredweight \N brton 1016.0469088000001 kg \N longton \N brgallon 0.00454609000000000176 m^3 \N 4.54609 l \N brbarrel 0.163659240000000067 m^3 \N 36 brgallon \N brbushel 0.0363687200000000141 m^3 \N 8 brgallon \N brheapedbushel 0.0464792241600000197 m^3 \N 1.278 brbushel \N brquarter 0.290949760000000113 m^3 \N 8 brbushel \N brchaldron 1.30927392000000054 m^3 \N 36 brbushel \N bag 0.145474880000000056 m^3 \N 4 brbushel \N bucket 0.018184360000000007 m^3 \N 4 brgallon \N last 1.45474880000000062 m^3 \N 40 brbushel \N pottle 0.00227304500000000088 m^3 \N 0.5 brgallon \N pin 0.0204574050000000084 m^3 \N 4.5 brgallon \N puncheon 0.327318480000000134 m^3 \N 72 brgallon \N seam 0.290949760000000113 m^3 \N 8 brbushel \N coomb 0.145474880000000056 m^3 \N 4 brbushel \N boll 0.218212320000000071 m^3 \N 6 brbushel \N firlot 0.0545530800000000177 m^3 \N 1|4 boll \N brfirkin 0.0409148100000000167 m^3 \N 9 brgallon \N cran 0.170478375000000071 m^3 \N 37.5 brgallon \N brwinehogshead 0.238669725000000083 m^3 \N 52.5 brgallon \N brhogshead 0.238669725000000083 m^3 \N brwinehogshead \N brbeerhogshead 0.245488860000000086 m^3 \N 54 brgallon \N brbeerbutt 0.490977720000000173 m^3 \N 2 brbeerhogshead \N registerton 2.83168465920000045 m^3 \N 100 ft^3 \N shippington 1.13267386368000023 m^3 \N 40 ft^3 \N brshippington 1.18930755686400014 m^3 \N 42 ft^3 \N freightton 1.13267386368000023 m^3 \N shippington \N displacementton 0.991089630720000114 m^3 \N 35 ft^3 \N waterton 1.01832416000000037 m^3 \N 224 brgallon \N strike 0.070500000000000021 m^3 \N 70.5 l \N amber 0.145474880000000056 m^3 \N 4 brbushel \N imperialgallon 0.00454609000000000176 m^3 \N brgallon \N imperialbarrel 0.163659240000000067 m^3 \N brbarrel \N imperialbushel 0.0363687200000000141 m^3 \N brbushel \N imperialheapedbushel 0.0464792241600000197 m^3 \N brheapedbushel \N imperialquarter 0.290949760000000113 m^3 \N brquarter \N imperialchaldron 1.30927392000000054 m^3 \N brchaldron \N imperialwinehogshead 0.238669725000000083 m^3 \N brwinehogshead \N imperialhogshead 0.238669725000000083 m^3 \N brhogshead \N imperialbeerhogshead 0.245488860000000086 m^3 \N brbeerhogshead \N imperialbeerbutt 0.490977720000000173 m^3 \N brbeerbutt \N imperialfirkin 0.0409148100000000167 m^3 \N brfirkin \N hide 485622.770688000077 m^2 \N 120 acre \N virgate 121405.692672000019 m^2 \N 1|4 hide \N nook 60702.8463360000096 m^2 \N 1|2 virgate \N rood 1011.71410560000015 m^2 \N furlong rod \N englishcarat 0.000205303477227722776 kg \N troyounce/151.5 \N mancus 0.0566990462500000028 kg \N 2 oz \N mast 1.13398092500000014 kg \N 2.5 lb \N nailkeg 45.3592370000000003 kg \N 100 lbs \N basebox 20.232217600000002 m^2 \N 31360 in^2 \N gramme 0.00100000000000000002 kg \N gram \N litre 0.00100000000000000024 m^3 \N liter \N dioptre 1 m^-1 \N diopter \N geometricpace 1.52400000000000002 m \N 5 ft \N pace 0.762000000000000011 m \N 2.5 ft \N USmilitarypace 0.762000000000000122 m \N 30 in \N USdoubletimepace 0.914400000000000102 m \N 36 in \N fingerbreadth 0.0222250000000000017 m \N 7|8 in \N fingerlength 0.114300000000000013 m \N 4.5 in \N finger 0.0222250000000000017 m \N fingerbreadth \N palmlength 0.203200000000000019 m \N 8 in \N hand 0.10160000000000001 m \N 4 inch \N shaftment 0.152400000000000008 m \N 6 inch \N smoot 1.70179999999999998 m \N 5 ft + 7 in \N tomcruise 1.72084999999999999 m \N 5 ft + 7.75 in \N uscup 0.000236588236500000091 m^3 \N 8 usfloz \N ustablespoon 1.47867647812500057e-05 m^3 \N 1|16 uscup \N usteaspoon 4.92892159375000132e-06 m^3 \N 1|3 ustablespoon \N ustbl 1.47867647812500057e-05 m^3 \N ustablespoon \N ustbsp 1.47867647812500057e-05 m^3 \N ustablespoon \N ustblsp 1.47867647812500057e-05 m^3 \N ustablespoon \N ustsp 4.92892159375000132e-06 m^3 \N usteaspoon \N metriccup 0.000250000000000000059 m^3 \N 250 ml \N stickbutter 0.113398092500000006 kg \N 1|4 lb \N legalcup 0.000240000000000000033 m^3 \N 240 ml \N legaltablespoon 1.50000000000000021e-05 m^3 \N 1|16 legalcup \N legaltbsp 1.50000000000000021e-05 m^3 \N legaltablespoon \N number1can 0.000295735295625000106 m^3 \N 10 usfloz \N number2can 0.000561897061687500164 m^3 \N 19 usfloz \N number2_5can 0.000828058827750000276 m^3 \N 3.5 uscups \N number3can 0.000946352946000000362 m^3 \N 4 uscups \N number5can 0.00165611765550000055 m^3 \N 7 uscups \N number10can 0.00310522060406250109 m^3 \N 105 usfloz \N brtablespoon 1.50000000000000021e-05 m^3 \N 15 ml \N brteaspoon 5.00000000000000041e-06 m^3 \N 1|3 brtablespoon \N brdessertspoon 1.00000000000000008e-05 m^3 \N 2 brteaspoon \N dessertspoon 1.00000000000000008e-05 m^3 \N brdessertspoon \N dsp 1.00000000000000008e-05 m^3 \N dessertspoon \N brtsp 5.00000000000000041e-06 m^3 \N brteaspoon \N brtbl 1.50000000000000021e-05 m^3 \N brtablespoon \N brtbsp 1.50000000000000021e-05 m^3 \N brtablespoon \N brtblsp 1.50000000000000021e-05 m^3 \N brtablespoon \N australiatablespoon 2.0000000000000005e-05 m^3 \N 20 ml \N austbl 2.0000000000000005e-05 m^3 \N australiatablespoon \N austbsp 2.0000000000000005e-05 m^3 \N australiatablespoon \N austblsp 2.0000000000000005e-05 m^3 \N australiatablespoon \N australiateaspoon 5.00000000000000126e-06 m^3 \N 1|4 australiatablespoon \N austsp 5.00000000000000126e-06 m^3 \N australiateaspoon \N etto 0.100000000000000006 kg \N 100 g \N etti 0.100000000000000006 kg \N etto \N catty 0.5 kg \N 0.5 kg \N oldcatty 0.604789826666666697 kg \N 4|3 lbs \N tael 0.0377993641666666685 kg \N 1|16 oldcatty \N mace 0.00377993641666666711 kg \N 0.1 tael \N oldpicul 60.478982666666667 kg \N 100 oldcatty \N picul 50 kg \N 100 catty \N seer 0.933104304000000107 kg \N 14400 grain \N ser 0.933104304000000107 kg \N seer \N maund 37.3241721600000034 kg \N 40 seer \N pakistanseer 1 kg \N 1 kg \N pakistanmaund 40 kg \N 40 pakistanseer \N chittak 0.0583190190000000067 kg \N 1|16 seer \N tola 0.0116638038000000024 kg \N 1|5 chittak \N ollock 0.000250000000000000059 m^3 \N 1|4 liter \N japancup 0.000200000000000000037 m^3 \N 200 ml \N butter 958.611418535172675 kg/m^3 \N 8 oz/uscup \N butter_clarified 814.819705754896859 kg/m^3 \N 6.8 oz/uscup \N cocoa_butter 1078.43784585206936 kg/m^3 \N 9 oz/uscup \N shortening 808.828384389051962 kg/m^3 \N 6.75 oz/uscup \N oil 898.69820487672439 kg/m^3 \N 7.5 oz/uscup \N cakeflour_sifted 419.392495609138052 kg/m^3 \N 3.5 oz/uscup \N cakeflour_spooned 479.305709267586337 kg/m^3 \N 4 oz/uscup \N cakeflour_scooped 539.218922926034679 kg/m^3 \N 4.5 oz/uscup \N flour_sifted 479.305709267586337 kg/m^3 \N 4 oz/uscup \N flour_spooned 509.26231609681048 kg/m^3 \N 4.25 oz/uscup \N flour_scooped 599.132136584482964 kg/m^3 \N 5 oz/uscup \N breadflour_sifted 509.26231609681048 kg/m^3 \N 4.25 oz/uscup \N breadflour_spooned 539.218922926034679 kg/m^3 \N 4.5 oz/uscup \N breadflour_scooped 659.045350242931249 kg/m^3 \N 5.5 oz/uscup \N cornstarch 507.210340527644746 kg/m^3 \N 120 grams/uscup \N dutchcocoa_sifted 317.006462829777945 kg/m^3 \N 75 g/uscup \N dutchcocoa_spooned 388.861261071194292 kg/m^3 \N 92 g/uscup \N dutchcocoa_scooped 401.541519584385469 kg/m^3 \N 95 g/uscup \N cocoa_sifted 317.006462829777945 kg/m^3 \N 75 g/uscup \N cocoa_spooned 346.593732693890615 kg/m^3 \N 82 g/uscup \N cocoa_scooped 401.541519584385469 kg/m^3 \N 95 g/uscup \N heavycream 980.606658353446619 kg/m^3 \N 232 g/uscup \N milk 1022.87418673075024 kg/m^3 \N 242 g/uscup \N sourcream 1022.87418673075024 kg/m^3 \N 242 g/uscup \N molasses 1348.04730731508653 kg/m^3 \N 11.25 oz/uscup \N cornsyrup 1378.00391414431078 kg/m^3 \N 11.5 oz/uscup \N honey 1407.96052097353481 kg/m^3 \N 11.75 oz/uscup \N sugar 845.350567546074672 kg/m^3 \N 200 g/uscup \N powdered_sugar 479.305709267586337 kg/m^3 \N 4 oz/uscup \N brownsugar_light 917.205365787490905 kg/m^3 \N 217 g/uscup \N brownsugar_dark 1010.19392821755923 kg/m^3 \N 239 g/uscup \N baking_powder 933.267026570866506 kg/m^3 \N 4.6 grams / ustsp \N salt 1217.30481726634753 kg/m^3 \N 6 g / ustsp \N koshersalt 568.075581390962157 kg/m^3 \N 2.8 g / ustsp \N koshersalt_morton 973.843853813077999 kg/m^3 \N 4.8 g / ustsp \N egg 0.0500000000000000028 kg \N 50 grams \N eggwhite 0.0299999999999999989 kg \N 30 grams \N eggyolk 0.0186000000000000019 kg \N 18.6 grams \N eggvolume 4.68247551406250227e-05 m^3 \N 3 ustablespoons + 1|2 ustsp \N eggwhitevolume 2.95735295625000113e-05 m^3 \N 2 ustablespoons \N eggyolkvolume 1.72512255781250046e-05 m^3 \N 3.5 ustsp \N ethanoldensity 789.299999999999955 kg/m^3 \N 0.7893 g/cm^3 \N alcoholdensity 789.299999999999955 kg/m^3 \N ethanoldensity \N baumeconst 145 \N 145 \N wood_cherry 560.646218088604883 kg/m^3 \N 35 lb/ft^3 \N wood_redoak 704.812388454246161 kg/m^3 \N 44 lb/ft^3 \N wood_whiteoak 752.867778576126398 kg/m^3 \N 47 lb/ft^3 \N wood_blackwalnut 608.701608210485233 kg/m^3 \N 38 lb/ft^3 \N wood_walnut 608.701608210485233 kg/m^3 \N wood_blackwalnut \N wood_birch 688.793925080285931 kg/m^3 \N 43 lb/ft^3 \N wood_hardmaple 704.812388454246161 kg/m^3 \N 44 lb/ft^3 \N wood_bigleafmaple 544.627754714644652 kg/m^3 \N 34 lb/ft^3 \N wood_boxeldermaple 480.553901218804128 kg/m^3 \N 30 lb/ft^3 \N wood_redmaple 608.701608210485233 kg/m^3 \N 38 lb/ft^3 \N wood_silvermaple 528.609291340684535 kg/m^3 \N 33 lb/ft^3 \N wood_stripedmaple 512.590827966724419 kg/m^3 \N 32 lb/ft^3 \N wood_softmaple 535.016676690268696 kg/m^3 \N (wood_bigleafmaple + wood_boxeldermaple + wood_redmaple + wood_silvermaple + wood_stripedmaple) / 5 \N wood_poplar 464.535437844843955 kg/m^3 \N 29 lb/ft^3 \N wood_beech 720.830851828206164 kg/m^3 \N 45 lb/ft^3 \N wood_jeffreypine 448.516974470883895 kg/m^3 \N 28 lb/ft^3 \N wood_ocotepine 704.812388454246161 kg/m^3 \N 44 lb/ft^3 \N wood_ponderosapine 448.516974470883895 kg/m^3 \N 28 lb/ft^3 \N wood_loblollypine 560.646218088604883 kg/m^3 \N 35 lb/ft^3 \N wood_longleafpine 656.756998332365697 kg/m^3 \N 41 lb/ft^3 \N wood_shortleafpine 560.646218088604883 kg/m^3 \N 35 lb/ft^3 \N wood_slashpine 656.756998332365697 kg/m^3 \N 41 lb/ft^3 \N wood_yellowpine 608.701608210485347 kg/m^3 \N (wood_loblollypine + wood_longleafpine + wood_shortleafpine + wood_slashpine) / 4 \N wood_redpine 544.627754714644652 kg/m^3 \N 34 lb/ft^3 \N wood_easternwhitepine 400.461584349003431 kg/m^3 \N 25 lb/ft^3 \N wood_westernwhitepine 432.498511096923721 kg/m^3 \N 27 lb/ft^3 \N wood_whitepine 416.480047722963604 kg/m^3 \N (wood_easternwhitepine + wood_westernwhitepine) / 2 \N wood_douglasfir 512.590827966724419 kg/m^3 \N 32 lb/ft^3 \N wood_blackspruce 448.516974470883895 kg/m^3 \N 28 lb/ft^3 \N wood_engelmannspruce 384.443120975043314 kg/m^3 \N 24 lb/ft^3 \N wood_redspruce 432.498511096923721 kg/m^3 \N 27 lb/ft^3 \N wood_sitkaspruce 432.498511096923721 kg/m^3 \N 27 lb/ft^3 \N wood_whitespruce 432.498511096923721 kg/m^3 \N 27 lb/ft^3 \N wood_spruce 426.091125747339731 kg/m^3 \N (wood_blackspruce + wood_engelmannspruce + wood_redspruce + wood_sitkaspruce + wood_whitespruce) / 5 \N wood_basswood 416.480047722963604 kg/m^3 \N 26 lb/ft^3 \N wood_balsa 144.16617036564125 kg/m^3 \N 9 lb/ft^3 \N wood_ebony_gaboon 961.107802437608257 kg/m^3 \N 60 lb/ft^3 \N wood_ebony_macassar 1121.29243617720977 kg/m^3 \N 70 lb/ft^3 \N wood_mahogany 592.683144836525116 kg/m^3 \N 37 lb/ft^3 \N wood_teak 656.756998332365697 kg/m^3 \N 41 lb/ft^3 \N wood_rosewood_brazilian 832.960095445927209 kg/m^3 \N 52 lb/ft^3 \N wood_rosewood_honduran 1025.18165593344884 kg/m^3 \N 64 lb/ft^3 \N wood_rosewood_indian 832.960095445927209 kg/m^3 \N 52 lb/ft^3 \N wood_cocobolo 1105.27397280324953 kg/m^3 \N 69 lb/ft^3 \N wood_bubinga 897.03394894176779 kg/m^3 \N 56 lb/ft^3 \N wood_zebrawood 800.923168698006862 kg/m^3 \N 50 lb/ft^3 \N wood_koa 608.701608210485233 kg/m^3 \N 38 lb/ft^3 \N wood_snakewood 1212.59767740878237 kg/m^3 \N 75.7 lb/ft^3 \N wood_lignumvitae 1257.44937485587093 kg/m^3 \N 78.5 lb/ft^3 \N wood_blackwood 1270.26414555503879 kg/m^3 \N 79.3 lb/ft^3 \N wood_blackironwood 1353.56015509963163 kg/m^3 \N 84.5 lb/ft^3 \N area_russia 17098246000000 m^2 \N 17098246 km^2 \N area_antarctica 14000000000000 m^2 \N 14000000 km^2 \N area_china 9596961000000 m^2 \N 9596961 km^2 \N area_brazil 8515767000000 m^2 \N 8515767 km^2 \N area_australia 7692024000000 m^2 \N 7692024 km^2 \N area_india 3287263000000 m^2 \N 3287263 km^2 \N area_argentina 2780400000000 m^2 \N 2780400 km^2 \N area_kazakhstan 2724900000000 m^2 \N 2724900 km^2 \N area_algeria 2381741000000 m^2 \N 2381741 km^2 \N area_drcongo 2344858000000 m^2 \N 2344858 km^2 \N area_greenland 2166086000000 m^2 \N 2166086 km^2 \N area_saudiarabia 2149690000000 m^2 \N 2149690 km^2 \N area_mexico 1964375000000 m^2 \N 1964375 km^2 \N area_indonesia 1910931000000 m^2 \N 1910931 km^2 \N area_sudan 1861484000000 m^2 \N 1861484 km^2 \N area_libya 1759540000000 m^2 \N 1759540 km^2 \N area_iran 1648195000000 m^2 \N 1648195 km^2 \N area_mongolia 1564110000000 m^2 \N 1564110 km^2 \N area_peru 1285216000000 m^2 \N 1285216 km^2 \N area_chad 1284000000000 m^2 \N 1284000 km^2 \N area_niger 1267000000000 m^2 \N 1267000 km^2 \N area_angola 1246700000000 m^2 \N 1246700 km^2 \N area_mali 1240192000000 m^2 \N 1240192 km^2 \N area_southafrica 1221037000000 m^2 \N 1221037 km^2 \N area_colombia 1141748000000 m^2 \N 1141748 km^2 \N area_ethiopia 1104300000000 m^2 \N 1104300 km^2 \N area_bolivia 1098581000000 m^2 \N 1098581 km^2 \N area_mauritania 1030700000000 m^2 \N 1030700 km^2 \N area_egypt 1002450000000 m^2 \N 1002450 km^2 \N area_tanzania 945087000000 m^2 \N 945087 km^2 \N area_nigeria 923768000000 m^2 \N 923768 km^2 \N area_venezuela 916445000000 m^2 \N 916445 km^2 \N area_pakistan 881912000000 m^2 \N 881912 km^2 \N area_namibia 825615000000 m^2 \N 825615 km^2 \N area_mozambique 801590000000 m^2 \N 801590 km^2 \N area_turkey 783562000000 m^2 \N 783562 km^2 \N area_chile 756102000000 m^2 \N 756102 km^2 \N area_zambia 752612000000 m^2 \N 752612 km^2 \N area_myanmar 676578000000 m^2 \N 676578 km^2 \N area_burma 676578000000 m^2 \N area_myanmar \N area_afghanistan 652230000000 m^2 \N 652230 km^2 \N area_southsudan 644329000000 m^2 \N 644329 km^2 \N area_france 640679000000 m^2 \N 640679 km^2 \N area_somalia 637657000000 m^2 \N 637657 km^2 \N area_centralafrica 622984000000 m^2 \N 622984 km^2 \N area_ukraine 603500000000 m^2 \N 603500 km^2 \N area_crimea 27000000000 m^2 \N 27000 km^2 \N area_madagascar 587041000000 m^2 \N 587041 km^2 \N area_botswana 581730000000 m^2 \N 581730 km^2 \N area_kenya 580367000000 m^2 \N 580367 km^2 \N area_yemen 527968000000 m^2 \N 527968 km^2 \N area_thailand 513120000000 m^2 \N 513120 km^2 \N area_spain 505992000000 m^2 \N 505992 km^2 \N area_turkmenistan 488100000000 m^2 \N 488100 km^2 \N area_cameroon 475422000000 m^2 \N 475422 km^2 \N area_papuanewguinea 462840000000 m^2 \N 462840 km^2 \N area_sweden 450295000000 m^2 \N 450295 km^2 \N area_uzbekistan 447400000000 m^2 \N 447400 km^2 \N area_morocco 446550000000 m^2 \N 446550 km^2 \N area_iraq 438317000000 m^2 \N 438317 km^2 \N area_paraguay 406752000000 m^2 \N 406752 km^2 \N area_zimbabwe 390757000000 m^2 \N 390757 km^2 \N area_japan 377973000000 m^2 \N 377973 km^2 \N area_germany 357114000000 m^2 \N 357114 km^2 \N area_congorepublic 342000000000 m^2 \N 342000 km^2 \N area_finland 338424000000 m^2 \N 338424 km^2 \N area_vietnam 331212000000 m^2 \N 331212 km^2 \N area_malaysia 330803000000 m^2 \N 330803 km^2 \N area_norway 323802000000 m^2 \N 323802 km^2 \N area_ivorycoast 322463000000 m^2 \N 322463 km^2 \N area_poland 312696000000 m^2 \N 312696 km^2 \N area_oman 309500000000 m^2 \N 309500 km^2 \N area_italy 301339000000 m^2 \N 301339 km^2 \N area_philippines 300000000000 m^2 \N 300000 km^2 \N area_ecuador 276841000000 m^2 \N 276841 km^2 \N area_burkinafaso 274222000000 m^2 \N 274222 km^2 \N area_newzealand 270467000000 m^2 \N 270467 km^2 \N area_gabon 267668000000 m^2 \N 267668 km^2 \N area_westernsahara 266000000000 m^2 \N 266000 km^2 \N area_guinea 245857000000 m^2 \N 245857 km^2 \N area_uganda 241550000000 m^2 \N 241550 km^2 \N area_ghana 238533000000 m^2 \N 238533 km^2 \N area_romania 238397000000 m^2 \N 238397 km^2 \N area_laos 236800000000 m^2 \N 236800 km^2 \N area_guyana 214969000000 m^2 \N 214969 km^2 \N area_belarus 207600000000 m^2 \N 207600 km^2 \N area_kyrgyzstan 199951000000 m^2 \N 199951 km^2 \N area_senegal 196722000000 m^2 \N 196722 km^2 \N area_syria 185180000000 m^2 \N 185180 km^2 \N area_golanheights 1150000000 m^2 \N 1150 km^2 \N area_cambodia 181035000000 m^2 \N 181035 km^2 \N area_uruguay 176215000000 m^2 \N 176215 km^2 \N area_somaliland 176120000000 m^2 \N 176120 km^2 \N area_suriname 163820000000 m^2 \N 163820 km^2 \N area_tunisia 163610000000 m^2 \N 163610 km^2 \N area_bangladesh 147570000000 m^2 \N 147570 km^2 \N area_nepal 147181000000 m^2 \N 147181 km^2 \N area_tajikistan 143100000000 m^2 \N 143100 km^2 \N area_greece 131990000000 m^2 \N 131990 km^2 \N area_nicaragua 130373000000 m^2 \N 130373 km^2 \N area_northkorea 120540000000 m^2 \N 120540 km^2 \N area_malawi 118484000000 m^2 \N 118484 km^2 \N area_eritrea 117600000000 m^2 \N 117600 km^2 \N area_benin 114763000000 m^2 \N 114763 km^2 \N area_honduras 112492000000 m^2 \N 112492 km^2 \N area_liberia 111369000000 m^2 \N 111369 km^2 \N area_bulgaria 110879000000 m^2 \N 110879 km^2 \N area_cuba 109884000000 m^2 \N 109884 km^2 \N area_guatemala 108889000000 m^2 \N 108889 km^2 \N area_iceland 103000000000 m^2 \N 103000 km^2 \N area_southkorea 100210000000 m^2 \N 100210 km^2 \N area_hungary 93028000000 m^2 \N 93028 km^2 \N area_portugal 92090000000 m^2 \N 92090 km^2 \N area_jordan 89342000000 m^2 \N 89342 km^2 \N area_serbia 88361000000 m^2 \N 88361 km^2 \N area_azerbaijan 86600000000 m^2 \N 86600 km^2 \N area_austria 83871000000 m^2 \N 83871 km^2 \N area_uae 83600000000 m^2 \N 83600 km^2 \N area_czechia 78865000000 m^2 \N 78865 km^2 \N area_czechrepublic 78865000000 m^2 \N area_czechia \N area_panama 75417000000 m^2 \N 75417 km^2 \N area_sierraleone 71740000000 m^2 \N 71740 km^2 \N area_ireland 70273000000 m^2 \N 70273 km^2 \N area_georgia 69700000000 m^2 \N 69700 km^2 \N area_srilanka 65610000000 m^2 \N 65610 km^2 \N area_lithuania 65300000000 m^2 \N 65300 km^2 \N area_latvia 64559000000 m^2 \N 64559 km^2 \N area_togo 56785000000 m^2 \N 56785 km^2 \N area_croatia 56594000000 m^2 \N 56594 km^2 \N area_bosnia 51209000000 m^2 \N 51209 km^2 \N area_costarica 51100000000 m^2 \N 51100 km^2 \N area_slovakia 49037000000 m^2 \N 49037 km^2 \N area_dominicanrepublic 48671000000 m^2 \N 48671 km^2 \N area_estonia 45227000000 m^2 \N 45227 km^2 \N area_denmark 43094000000 m^2 \N 43094 km^2 \N area_netherlands 41850000000 m^2 \N 41850 km^2 \N area_switzerland 41284000000 m^2 \N 41284 km^2 \N area_bhutan 38394000000 m^2 \N 38394 km^2 \N area_taiwan 36193000000 m^2 \N 36193 km^2 \N area_guineabissau 36125000000 m^2 \N 36125 km^2 \N area_moldova 33846000000 m^2 \N 33846 km^2 \N area_belgium 30528000000 m^2 \N 30528 km^2 \N area_lesotho 30355000000 m^2 \N 30355 km^2 \N area_armenia 29743000000 m^2 \N 29743 km^2 \N area_solomonislands 28896000000 m^2 \N 28896 km^2 \N area_albania 28748000000 m^2 \N 28748 km^2 \N area_equitorialguinea 28051000000 m^2 \N 28051 km^2 \N area_burundi 27834000000 m^2 \N 27834 km^2 \N area_haiti 27750000000 m^2 \N 27750 km^2 \N area_rwanda 26338000000 m^2 \N 26338 km^2 \N area_northmacedonia 25713000000 m^2 \N 25713 km^2 \N area_djibouti 23200000000 m^2 \N 23200 km^2 \N area_belize 22966000000 m^2 \N 22966 km^2 \N area_elsalvador 21041000000 m^2 \N 21041 km^2 \N area_israel 20770000000 m^2 \N 20770 km^2 \N area_slovenia 20273000000 m^2 \N 20273 km^2 \N area_fiji 18272000000 m^2 \N 18272 km^2 \N area_kuwait 17818000000 m^2 \N 17818 km^2 \N area_eswatini 17364000000 m^2 \N 17364 km^2 \N area_easttimor 14919000000 m^2 \N 14919 km^2 \N area_bahamas 13943000000 m^2 \N 13943 km^2 \N area_montenegro 13812000000 m^2 \N 13812 km^2 \N area_vanatu 12189000000 m^2 \N 12189 km^2 \N area_qatar 11586000000 m^2 \N 11586 km^2 \N area_gambia 11295000000 m^2 \N 11295 km^2 \N area_jamaica 10991000000 m^2 \N 10991 km^2 \N area_kosovo 10887000000 m^2 \N 10887 km^2 \N area_lebanon 10452000000 m^2 \N 10452 km^2 \N area_cyprus 9251000000 m^2 \N 9251 km^2 \N area_puertorico 9104000000 m^2 \N 9104 km^2 \N area_westbank 5860000000 m^2 \N 5860 km^2 \N area_hongkong 2755000000 m^2 \N 2755 km^2 \N area_luxembourg 2586000000 m^2 \N 2586 km^2 \N area_singapore 716000000 m^2 \N 716 km^2 \N area_gazastrip 360000000 m^2 \N 360 km^2 \N area_malta 316000000 m^2 \N 316 km^2 \N area_liechtenstein 160000000 m^2 \N 160 km^2 \N area_monaco 2020000 m^2 \N 2.02 km^2 \N area_vaticancity 440000 m^2 \N 0.44 km^2 \N area_europeanunion 4234547000000 m^2 \N area_austria + area_belgium + area_bulgaria + area_croatia + area_cyprus + area_czechia + area_denmark + area_estonia + area_finland + area_france + area_germany + area_greece + area_hungary + area_ireland + area_italy + area_latvia + area_lithuania + area_luxembourg + area_malta + area_netherlands + area_poland + area_portugal + area_romania + area_slovakia + area_slovenia + area_spain + area_sweden \N area_eu 4234547000000 m^2 \N area_europeanunion \N area_alaska 1723336800000 m^2 \N 1723336.8 km^2 \N area_texas 695661600000 m^2 \N 695661.6 km^2 \N area_california 423967400000 m^2 \N 423967.4 km^2 \N area_montana 380831100000 m^2 \N 380831.1 km^2 \N area_newmexico 314917400000 m^2 \N 314917.4 km^2 \N area_arizona 295233500000 m^2 \N 295233.5 km^2 \N area_nevada 286379700000 m^2 \N 286379.7 km^2 \N area_colorado 269601400000.000031 m^2 \N 269601.4 km^2 \N area_oregon 254799200000 m^2 \N 254799.2 km^2 \N area_wyoming 253334500000 m^2 \N 253334.5 km^2 \N area_michigan 250486800000 m^2 \N 250486.8 km^2 \N area_minnesota 225162800000 m^2 \N 225162.8 km^2 \N area_utah 219881900000 m^2 \N 219881.9 km^2 \N area_idaho 216442600000 m^2 \N 216442.6 km^2 \N area_kansas 213100000000 m^2 \N 213100.0 km^2 \N area_nebraska 200329900000 m^2 \N 200329.9 km^2 \N area_southdakota 199728700000 m^2 \N 199728.7 km^2 \N area_washington 184660800000 m^2 \N 184660.8 km^2 \N area_northdakota 183107800000 m^2 \N 183107.8 km^2 \N area_oklahoma 181037200000 m^2 \N 181037.2 km^2 \N area_missouri 180540300000 m^2 \N 180540.3 km^2 \N area_florida 170311700000 m^2 \N 170311.7 km^2 \N area_wisconsin 169634800000 m^2 \N 169634.8 km^2 \N area_georgia_us 153910400000 m^2 \N 153910.4 km^2 \N area_illinois 149995400000 m^2 \N 149995.4 km^2 \N area_iowa 145745900000 m^2 \N 145745.9 km^2 \N area_newyork 141296700000 m^2 \N 141296.7 km^2 \N area_northcarolina 139391000000 m^2 \N 139391.0 km^2 \N area_arkansas 137731800000 m^2 \N 137731.8 km^2 \N area_alabama 135767400000 m^2 \N 135767.4 km^2 \N area_louisiana 135658700000.000015 m^2 \N 135658.7 km^2 \N area_mississippi 125437700000 m^2 \N 125437.7 km^2 \N area_pennsylvania 119280200000 m^2 \N 119280.2 km^2 \N area_ohio 116097700000 m^2 \N 116097.7 km^2 \N area_virginia 110786600000 m^2 \N 110786.6 km^2 \N area_tennessee 109153100000 m^2 \N 109153.1 km^2 \N area_kentucky 104655700000 m^2 \N 104655.7 km^2 \N area_indiana 94326200000 m^2 \N 94326.2 km^2 \N area_maine 91633100000 m^2 \N 91633.1 km^2 \N area_southcarolina 82932700000 m^2 \N 82932.7 km^2 \N area_westvirginia 62755500000 m^2 \N 62755.5 km^2 \N area_maryland 32131200000 m^2 \N 32131.2 km^2 \N area_hawaii 28313000000 m^2 \N 28313.0 km^2 \N area_massachusetts 27335700000 m^2 \N 27335.7 km^2 \N area_vermont 24906300000 m^2 \N 24906.3 km^2 \N area_newhampshire 24214200000 m^2 \N 24214.2 km^2 \N area_newjersey 22591400000 m^2 \N 22591.4 km^2 \N area_connecticut 14357400000 m^2 \N 14357.4 km^2 \N area_delaware 6445800000 m^2 \N 6445.8 km^2 \N area_rhodeisland 4001200000 m^2 \N 4001.2 km^2 \N area_districtofcolumbia 177000000 m^2 \N 177.0 km^2 \N area_unitedstates 9833516900000 m^2 \N area_alabama + area_alaska + area_arizona + area_arkansas + area_california + area_colorado + area_connecticut + area_delaware + area_districtofcolumbia + area_florida + area_georgia_us + area_hawaii + area_idaho + area_illinois + area_indiana + area_iowa + area_kansas + area_kentucky + area_louisiana + area_maine + area_maryland + area_massachusetts + area_michigan + area_minnesota + area_mississippi + area_missouri + area_montana + area_nebraska + area_nevada + area_newhampshire + area_newjersey + area_newmexico + area_newyork + area_northcarolina + area_northdakota + area_ohio + area_oklahoma + area_oregon + area_pennsylvania + area_rhodeisland + area_southcarolina + area_southdakota + area_tennessee + area_texas + area_utah + area_vermont + area_virginia + area_washington + area_westvirginia + area_wisconsin + area_wyoming \N area_ontario 1076395000000 m^2 \N 1076395 km^2 \N area_quebec 1542056000000 m^2 \N 1542056 km^2 \N area_novascotia 55284000000 m^2 \N 55284 km^2 \N area_newbrunswick 72908000000 m^2 \N 72908 km^2 \N area_canada_original 2746643000000 m^2 \N area_ontario + area_quebec + area_novascotia + area_newbrunswick \N area_manitoba 647797000000 m^2 \N 647797 km^2 \N area_britishcolumbia 944735000000 m^2 \N 944735 km^2 \N area_princeedwardisland 5660000000 m^2 \N 5660 km^2 \N area_canada_additional 1598192000000 m^2 \N area_manitoba + area_britishcolumbia + area_princeedwardisland \N area_alberta 661848000000 m^2 \N 661848 km^2 \N area_saskatchewan 651036000000 m^2 \N 651036 km^2 \N area_newfoundlandandlabrador 405212000000 m^2 \N 405212 km^2 \N area_canada_recent 1718096000000 m^2 \N area_alberta + area_saskatchewan + area_newfoundlandandlabrador \N area_canada_provinces 6062931000000 m^2 \N area_canada_original + area_canada_additional + area_canada_recent \N area_northwestterritories 1346106000000 m^2 \N 1346106 km^2 \N area_yukon 482443000000 m^2 \N 482443 km^2 \N area_nunavut 2093190000000 m^2 \N 2093190 km^2 \N area_canada_territories 3921739000000 m^2 \N area_northwestterritories + area_yukon + area_nunavut \N area_canada 9984670000000 m^2 \N area_canada_provinces + area_canada_territories \N area_england 132947760000.000015 m^2 \N 132947.76 km^2 \N area_wales 21224480000 m^2 \N 21224.48 km^2 \N area_englandwales 154172240000 m^2 \N area_england + area_wales \N area_scotland 80226360000 m^2 \N 80226.36 km^2 \N area_greatbritain 234398600000 m^2 \N area_england + area_wales + area_scotland \N area_gb 234398600000 m^2 \N area_greatbritain \N area_northernireland 14133380000 m^2 \N 14133.38 km^2 \N area_unitedkingdom 248531980000 m^2 \N area_greatbritain + area_northernireland \N area_uk 248531980000 m^2 \N area_unitedkingdom \N ouncedal 0.00864093464850000138 m*kg/s^2 \N oz ft / s^2 \N poundal 0.138254954376000022 m*kg/s^2 \N lb ft / s^2 \N tondal 309.691097802240051 m*kg/s^2 \N longton ft / s^2 \N pdl 0.138254954376000022 m*kg/s^2 \N poundal \N osi 430.922330823022492 kg/m*s^2 \N ounce force / inch^2 \N psi 6894.75729316835987 kg/m*s^2 \N pound force / inch^2 \N psia 6894.75729316835987 kg/m*s^2 \N psi \N reyn 6894.75729316835987 kg/m*s \N psi sec \N lbf 4.44822161526049964 m*kg/s^2 \N lb force \N lbm 0.453592370000000022 kg \N lb \N kip 4448.22161526049968 m*kg/s^2 \N 1000 lbf \N ksi 6894757.29316835944 kg/m*s^2 \N kip / in^2 \N mil 2.54000000000000041e-05 m \N 0.001 inch \N thou 2.54000000000000041e-05 m \N 0.001 inch \N tenth 2.54000000000000025e-06 m \N 0.0001 inch \N millionth 2.54000000000000025e-08 m \N 1e-6 inch \N circularinch 0.000506707479097497798 m^2 \N 1|4 pi in^2 \N circleinch 0.000506707479097497798 m^2 \N circularinch \N cylinderinch 1.28703699690764458e-05 m^3 \N circleinch inch \N circularmil 5.06707479097497917e-10 m^2 \N 1|4 pi mil^2 \N cmil 5.06707479097497917e-10 m^2 \N circularmil \N MCM 5.06707479097497915e-07 m^2 \N kcmil \N cental 45.3592370000000003 kg \N 100 pound \N centner 45.3592370000000003 kg \N cental \N caliber 0.000254000000000000048 m \N 0.01 inch \N duty 1.35581794833140035 m^2*kg/s^2 \N ft lbf \N celo 0.304800000000000015 m/s^2 \N ft / s^2 \N jerk 0.304800000000000015 m/s^3 \N ft / s^3 \N australiapoint 0.000254000000000000048 m \N 0.01 inch \N sabin 0.0929030400000000062 m^2 \N ft^2 \N standardgauge 1.43510000000000004 m \N 4 ft + 8.5 in \N flag 0.464515200000000017 m^2 \N 5 ft^2 \N rollwallpaper 2.78709120000000032 m^2 \N 30 ft^2 \N fillpower 0.000578036672001339211 m^3/kg \N in^3 / ounce \N pinlength 0.00158750000000000015 m \N 1|16 inch \N buttonline 0.000635000000000000148 m \N 1|40 inch \N beespace 0.00635000000000000061 m \N 1|4 inch \N diamond 0.487680000000000058 m \N 8|5 ft \N retmaunit 0.0444500000000000034 m \N 1.75 in \N U 0.0444500000000000034 m \N retmaunit \N RU 0.0444500000000000034 m \N U \N flightlevel 30.4800000000000004 m \N 100 ft \N FL 30.4800000000000004 m \N flightlevel \N calorie_th 4.18400000000000016 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 4.184 J \N thermcalorie 4.18400000000000016 m^2*kg/s^2 \N calorie_th \N cal_th 4.18400000000000016 m^2*kg/s^2 \N calorie_th \N calorie_IT 4.18679999999999986 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 4.1868 J \N cal_IT 4.18679999999999986 m^2*kg/s^2 \N calorie_IT \N calorie_15 4.18580000000000041 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 4.18580 J \N cal_15 4.18580000000000041 m^2*kg/s^2 \N calorie_15 \N calorie_fifteen 4.18580000000000041 m^2*kg/s^2 \N cal_15 \N calorie_20 4.18189999999999973 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 4.18190 J \N cal_20 4.18189999999999973 m^2*kg/s^2 \N calorie_20 \N calorie_twenty 4.18189999999999973 m^2*kg/s^2 \N calorie_20 \N calorie_4 4.20399999999999974 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 4.204 J \N cal_4 4.20399999999999974 m^2*kg/s^2 \N calorie_4 \N calorie_four 4.20399999999999974 m^2*kg/s^2 \N calorie_4 \N cal_mean 4.19001999999999963 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 4.19002 J \N thermie 4185800.00000000047 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 1e6 cal_15 \N btu_IT 1055.05585262000022 m^2*kg/s^2 \N cal_IT lb (degF) / gram K \N btu_th 1054.35026448888902 m^2*kg/s^2 \N cal_th lb (degF) / gram K \N btu_mean 1055.86727897077799 m^2*kg/s^2 \N cal_mean lb (degF) / gram K \N btu_15 1054.80385685888905 m^2*kg/s^2 \N cal_15 lb (degF) / gram K \N btu_ISO 1055.05999999999995 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 1055.06 J \N ECtherm 105506000 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 1e5 btu_ISO \N UStherm 105480400 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 1.054804e8 J \N therm 105480400 m^2*kg/s^2 \N UStherm \N water_fusion_heat 333610.879822370247 m^2/s^2 \N 6.01 kJ/mol / (18.015 g/mol) \N water_vaporization_heat 2256400 m^2/s^2 \N 2256.4 J/g \N SPECIFIC_HEAT 1 m^2/s^2*K \N ENERGY / MASS / TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE \N SPECIFIC_HEAT_CAPACITY 1 m^2/s^2*K \N ENERGY / MASS / TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE \N specificheat_aluminum 910 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.91 J/g K \N specificheat_antimony 210 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.21 J/g K \N specificheat_barium 200 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.20 J/g K \N specificheat_beryllium 1830 m^2/s^2*K \N 1.83 J/g K \N specificheat_bismuth 130 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.13 J/g K \N specificheat_cadmium 230 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.23 J/g K \N specificheat_cesium 240 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.24 J/g K \N specificheat_chromium 460 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.46 J/g K \N specificheat_cobalt 420 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.42 J/g K \N specificheat_copper 390 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.39 J/g K \N specificheat_gallium 370 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.37 J/g K \N specificheat_germanium 320 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.32 J/g K \N specificheat_gold 130 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.13 J/g K \N specificheat_hafnium 140 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.14 J/g K \N specificheat_indium 240 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.24 J/g K \N specificheat_iridium 130 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.13 J/g K \N specificheat_iron 450 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.45 J/g K \N specificheat_lanthanum 195 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.195 J/g K \N specificheat_lead 130 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.13 J/g K \N specificheat_lithium 3569.99999999999955 m^2/s^2*K \N 3.57 J/g K \N specificheat_lutetium 150 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.15 J/g K \N specificheat_magnesium 1050 m^2/s^2*K \N 1.05 J/g K \N specificheat_manganese 480 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.48 J/g K \N specificheat_mercury 140 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.14 J/g K \N specificheat_molybdenum 250 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.25 J/g K \N specificheat_nickel 440 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.44 J/g K \N specificheat_osmium 130 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.13 J/g K \N specificheat_palladium 240 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.24 J/g K \N specificheat_platinum 130 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.13 J/g K \N specificheat_plutonum 130 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.13 J/g K \N specificheat_potassium 750 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.75 J/g K \N specificheat_rhenium 140 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.14 J/g K \N specificheat_rhodium 240 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.24 J/g K \N specificheat_rubidium 360 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.36 J/g K \N specificheat_ruthenium 240 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.24 J/g K \N specificheat_scandium 569.999999999999886 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.57 J/g K \N specificheat_selenium 320 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.32 J/g K \N specificheat_silicon 710 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.71 J/g K \N specificheat_silver 230 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.23 J/g K \N specificheat_sodium 1210 m^2/s^2*K \N 1.21 J/g K \N specificheat_strontium 300 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.30 J/g K \N specificheat_tantalum 140 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.14 J/g K \N specificheat_thallium 130 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.13 J/g K \N specificheat_thorium 130 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.13 J/g K \N specificheat_tin 210 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.21 J/g K \N specificheat_titanium 540 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.54 J/g K \N specificheat_tungsten 130 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.13 J/g K \N specificheat_uranium 120 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.12 J/g K \N specificheat_vanadium 390 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.39 J/g K \N specificheat_yttrium 300 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.30 J/g K \N specificheat_zinc 390 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.39 J/g K \N specificheat_zirconium 270 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.27 J/g K \N specificheat_ethanol 2300 m^2/s^2*K \N 2.3 J/g K \N specificheat_ammonia 4600 m^2/s^2*K \N 4.6 J/g K \N specificheat_freon 910 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.91 J/g K \N specificheat_gasoline 2220 m^2/s^2*K \N 2.22 J/g K \N specificheat_iodine 2150 m^2/s^2*K \N 2.15 J/g K \N specificheat_oliveoil 1970 m^2/s^2*K \N 1.97 J/g K \N specificheat_hydrogen 14300 m^2/s^2*K \N 14.3 J/g K \N specificheat_helium 5193.19999999999982 m^2/s^2*K \N 5.1932 J/g K \N specificheat_argon 520.299999999999955 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.5203 J/g K \N specificheat_tissue 3500 m^2/s^2*K \N 3.5 J/g K \N specificheat_diamond 509.099999999999966 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.5091 J/g K \N specificheat_granite 790 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.79 J/g K \N specificheat_graphite 710 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.71 J/g K \N specificheat_ice 2110 m^2/s^2*K \N 2.11 J/g K \N specificheat_asphalt 920 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.92 J/g K \N specificheat_brick 840 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.84 J/g K \N specificheat_concrete 880 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.88 J/g K \N specificheat_glass_silica 840 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.84 J/g K \N specificheat_glass_flint 503 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.503 J/g K \N specificheat_glass_pyrex 753 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.753 J/g K \N specificheat_gypsum 1090 m^2/s^2*K \N 1.09 J/g K \N specificheat_marble 880 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.88 J/g K \N specificheat_sand 835 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.835 J/g K \N specificheat_soil 835 m^2/s^2*K \N 0.835 J/g K \N specificheat_wood 1700 m^2/s^2*K \N 1.7 J/g K \N specificheat_sucrose 1244 m^2/s^2*K \N 1.244 J/g K \N tonoil 41868000000 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 1e10 cal_IT \N toe 41868000000 m^2*kg/s^2 \N tonoil \N toncoal 29307600000 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 7e9 cal_IT \N charcoal 30000000 m^2/s^2 \N 30 GJ/tonne \N woodenergy_dry 20000000 m^2/s^2 \N 20 GJ/tonne \N woodenergy_airdry 15000000 m^2/s^2 \N 15 GJ/tonne \N coal_bituminous 27000000 m^2/s^2 \N 27 GJ / tonne \N coal_lignite 15000000 m^2/s^2 \N 15 GJ / tonne \N heating 37299999999.9999924 kg/m*s^2 \N 37.3 MJ/liter \N fueloil 39699999999.9999924 kg/m*s^2 \N 39.7 MJ/liter \N propane 93300000 kg/m*s^2 \N 93.3 MJ/m^3 \N butane 124000000 kg/m*s^2 \N 124 MJ/m^3 \N uranium_pure 82099828882507.1406 m^2/s^2 \N 200 MeV avogadro / (235.0439299 g/mol) \N uranium_natural 574698802177.549927 m^2/s^2 \N 0.7% uranium_pure \N VA 1 m^2*kg/s^3 \N volt ampere \N kWh 3600000 m^2*kg/s^2 \N kilowatt hour \N horsepower 745.699871582270134 m^2*kg/s^3 \N 550 foot pound force / sec \N mechanicalhorsepower 745.699871582270134 m^2*kg/s^3 \N horsepower \N hp 745.699871582270134 m^2*kg/s^3 \N horsepower \N metrichorsepower 735.498749999999973 m^2*kg/s^3 \N 75 kilogram force meter / sec \N electrichorsepower 746 m^2*kg/s^3 \N 746 W \N boilerhorsepower 9809.5 m^2*kg/s^3 \N 9809.50 W \N waterhorsepower 746.043000000000006 m^2*kg/s^3 \N 746.043 W \N brhorsepower 745.699871582270134 m^2*kg/s^3 \N horsepower \N donkeypower 250 m^2*kg/s^3 \N 250 W \N chevalvapeur 735.498749999999973 m^2*kg/s^3 \N metrichorsepower \N THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY 1 m*kg/s^3*K \N POWER / AREA (TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE/LENGTH) \N THERMAL_RESISTIVITY 1 s^3*K/m*kg \N 1/THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY \N THERMAL_CONDUCTANCE 1 m^2*kg/s^3*K \N POWER / TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE \N THERMAL_RESISTANCE 1 s^3*K/m^2*kg \N 1/THERMAL_CONDUCTANCE \N THERMAL_ADMITTANCE 1 kg/s^3*K \N THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY / LENGTH \N THERMAL_INSULANCE 1 s^3*K/kg \N THERMAL_RESISTIVITY LENGTH \N THERMAL_INSULATION 1 s^3*K/kg \N THERMAL_RESISTIVITY LENGTH \N europeanUvalue 1 kg/s^3*K \N watt / m^2 K \N RSI 1 s^3*K/kg \N degC m^2 / W \N clo 0.154999999999999999 s^3*K/kg \N 0.155 * degC m^2 / W \N tog 0.100000000000000006 s^3*K/kg \N 0.1 * degC m^2 / W \N THERMAL_DIFFUSIVITY 1 m^2/s \N THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY / DENSITY SPECIFIC_HEAT_CAPACITY \N silver_thermal_conductivity 406 m*kg/s^3*K \N 406 W / m K \N aluminum_thermal_conductivity 205 m*kg/s^3*K \N 205 W / m K \N copper_thermal_conductivity 385 m*kg/s^3*K \N 385 W / m K \N gold_thermal_conductivity 314 m*kg/s^3*K \N 314 W / m K \N iron_thermal_conductivity 79.5 m*kg/s^3*K \N 79.5 W / m K \N helium_thermal_diffusivity 0.000189999999999999983 m^2/s \N 190 mm^2 / s \N silver_thermal_diffusivity 0.000165629999999999998 m^2/s \N 165.63 mm^2 / s \N gold_thermal_diffusivity 0.000126999999999999997 m^2/s \N 127 mm^2 / s \N copper_thermal_diffusivity 0.000111000000000000001 m^2/s \N 111 mm^2 / s \N aluminum_thermal_diffusivity 9.69999999999999996e-05 m^2/s \N 97 mm^2 / s \N iron_thermal_diffusivity 2.3e-05 m^2/s \N 23 mm^2 / s \N air_thermal_diffusivity 1.89999999999999977e-05 m^2/s \N 19 mm^2 / s \N ice_thermal_diffusivity 1.01999999999999998e-06 m^2/s \N 1.02 mm^2 / s \N glass_thermal_diffusivity 3.40000000000000027e-07 m^2/s \N 0.34 mm^2 / s \N water_thermal_diffusivity 1.4299999999999997e-07 m^2/s \N 0.143 mm^2 / s \N nylon_thermal_diffusivity 8.99999999999999986e-08 m^2/s \N 0.09 mm^2 / s \N pine_thermal_diffusivity 8.20000000000000063e-08 m^2/s \N 0.082 mm^2 / s \N ENTROPY 1 m^2*kg/s^2*K \N ENERGY / TEMPERATURE \N langley 41840 kg/s^2 \N thermcalorie/cm^2 \N poncelet 980.664999999999964 m^2*kg/s^3 \N 100 kg force m / s \N frigorie 4185.80000000000018 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 1000 cal_15 \N airwatt 0.999233430733786898 m^2*kg/s^3 \N 8.5 (ft^3/min) inH2O \N perm_0C 5.72134946709451128e-11 s/m \N grain / hr ft^2 inHg \N perm_zero 5.72134946709451128e-11 s/m \N perm_0C \N perm_0 5.72134946709451128e-11 s/m \N perm_0C \N perm 5.72134946709451128e-11 s/m \N perm_0C \N perm_23C 5.74522610462651931e-11 s/m \N grain / hr ft^2 in Hg23C \N perm_twentythree 5.74522610462651931e-11 s/m \N perm_23C \N pair 2 \N 2 \N brace 2 \N 2 \N nest 3 \N 3 \N hattrick 3 \N 3 \N dicker 10 \N 10 \N dozen 12 \N 12 \N bakersdozen 13 \N 13 \N score 20 \N 20 \N flock 40 \N 40 \N timer 40 \N 40 \N shock 60 \N 60 \N toncount 100 \N 100 \N longhundred 120 \N 120 \N gross 144 \N 144 \N greatgross 1728 \N 12 gross \N tithe 0.100000000000000006 \N 1|10 \N shortquire 24 \N 24 \N quire 25 \N 25 \N shortream 480 \N 480 \N ream 500 \N 500 \N perfectream 516 \N 516 \N bundle 1000 \N 2 reams \N bale 5000 \N 5 bundles \N lettersize 0.0603224600000000152 m^2 \N 8.5 inch 11 inch \N legalsize 0.0767740400000000156 m^2 \N 8.5 inch 14 inch \N ledgersize 0.120644920000000017 m^2 \N 11 inch 17 inch \N executivesize 0.0491128050000000163 m^2 \N 7.25 inch 10.5 inch \N Apaper 0.0603224600000000152 m^2 \N 8.5 inch 11 inch \N Bpaper 0.120644920000000017 m^2 \N 11 inch 17 inch \N Cpaper 0.241289840000000061 m^2 \N 17 inch 22 inch \N Dpaper 0.482579680000000066 m^2 \N 22 inch 34 inch \N Epaper 0.965159360000000244 m^2 \N 34 inch 44 inch \N envelope6_25size 0.0135483600000000023 m^2 \N 3.5 inch 6 inch \N envelope6_75size 0.0152015825000000031 m^2 \N 3.625 inch 6.5 inch \N envelope7size 0.016330612500000001 m^2 \N 3.75 inch 6.75 inch \N envelope7_75size 0.0187499625000000052 m^2 \N 3.875 inch 7.5 inch \N envelope8_625size 0.0201713306250000043 m^2 \N 3.625 inch 8.625 inch \N envelope9size 0.0221874556250000014 m^2 \N 3.875 inch 8.875 inch \N envelope10size 0.0252822075000000042 m^2 \N 4.125 inch 9.5 inch \N envelope11size 0.0301209075000000021 m^2 \N 4.5 inch 10.375 inch \N envelope12size 0.0337096100000000079 m^2 \N 4.75 inch 11 inch \N envelope14size 0.0370967000000000102 m^2 \N 5 inch 11.5 inch \N envelope16size 0.04645152000000001 m^2 \N 6 inch 12 inch \N envelopeA1size 0.0119858631250000028 m^2 \N 3.625 inch 5.125 inch \N envelopeA2size 0.0162298062500000027 m^2 \N 4.375 inch 5.75 inch \N envelopeA6size 0.0199193150000000034 m^2 \N 4.75 inch 6.5 inch \N envelopeA7size 0.0245564025000000047 m^2 \N 5.25 inch 7.25 inch \N envelopeA8size 0.0288305875000000079 m^2 \N 5.5 inch 8.125 inch \N envelopeA9size 0.0324596125000000124 m^2 \N 5.75 inch 8.75 inch \N envelopeA10size 0.0367741200000000074 m^2 \N 6 inch 9.5 inch \N envelope4bar 0.0119858631250000028 m^2 \N 3.625 inch 5.125 inch \N envelope5_5bar 0.0162298062500000027 m^2 \N 4.375 inch 5.75 inch \N envelope6bar 0.0199193150000000034 m^2 \N 4.75 inch 6.5 inch \N envelope1baby 0.00508063500000000088 m^2 \N 2.25 inch 3.5 inch \N envelope00coin 0.00299394562500000056 m^2 \N 1.6875 inch 2.75 inch \N envelope1coin 0.00508063500000000088 m^2 \N 2.25 inch 3.5 inch \N envelope3coin 0.00685482500000000102 m^2 \N 2.5 inch 4.25 inch \N envelope4coin 0.00870966000000000101 m^2 \N 3 inch 4.5 inch \N envelope4_5coin 0.00943546500000000225 m^2 \N 3 inch 4.875 inch \N envelope5coin 0.00973788375000000234 m^2 \N 2.875 inch 5.25 inch \N envelope5_5coin 0.0110886875000000031 m^2 \N 3.125 inch 5.5 inch \N envelope6coin 0.0130644900000000015 m^2 \N 3.375 inch 6 inch \N envelope7coin 0.014677390000000002 m^2 \N 3.5 inch 6.5 inch \N A0paper 0.999949000000000088 m^2 \N 841 mm 1189 mm \N A1paper 0.499553999999999998 m^2 \N 594 mm 841 mm \N A2paper 0.249480000000000007 m^2 \N 420 mm 594 mm \N A3paper 0.124740000000000004 m^2 \N 297 mm 420 mm \N A4paper 0.0623700000000000018 m^2 \N 210 mm 297 mm \N A5paper 0.03108 m^2 \N 148 mm 210 mm \N A6paper 0.01554 m^2 \N 105 mm 148 mm \N A7paper 0.00777 m^2 \N 74 mm 105 mm \N A8paper 0.00384799999999999986 m^2 \N 52 mm 74 mm \N A9paper 0.00192400000000000015 m^2 \N 37 mm 52 mm \N A10paper 0.000961999999999999965 m^2 \N 26 mm 37 mm \N B0paper 1.41399999999999992 m^2 \N 1000 mm 1414 mm \N B1paper 0.706999999999999962 m^2 \N 707 mm 1000 mm \N B2paper 0.353499999999999981 m^2 \N 500 mm 707 mm \N B3paper 0.17649999999999999 m^2 \N 353 mm 500 mm \N B4paper 0.0882499999999999951 m^2 \N 250 mm 353 mm \N B5paper 0.0439999999999999974 m^2 \N 176 mm 250 mm \N B6paper 0.0219999999999999987 m^2 \N 125 mm 176 mm \N B7paper 0.0109999999999999994 m^2 \N 88 mm 125 mm \N B8paper 0.00545599999999999991 m^2 \N 62 mm 88 mm \N B9paper 0.00272799999999999996 m^2 \N 44 mm 62 mm \N B10paper 0.00136399999999999998 m^2 \N 31 mm 44 mm \N C0paper 1.18934899999999999 m^2 \N 917 mm 1297 mm \N C1paper 0.594216000000000077 m^2 \N 648 mm 917 mm \N C2paper 0.296783999999999992 m^2 \N 458 mm 648 mm \N C3paper 0.148391999999999996 m^2 \N 324 mm 458 mm \N C4paper 0.0741959999999999981 m^2 \N 229 mm 324 mm \N C5paper 0.037097999999999999 m^2 \N 162 mm 229 mm \N C6paper 0.0184680000000000018 m^2 \N 114 mm 162 mm \N C7paper 0.00923400000000000089 m^2 \N 81 mm 114 mm \N C8paper 0.00461700000000000044 m^2 \N 57 mm 81 mm \N C9paper 0.00227999999999999991 m^2 \N 40 mm 57 mm \N C10paper 0.00112000000000000012 m^2 \N 28 mm 40 mm \N gsm 0.00100000000000000002 kg/m^2 \N grams / meter^2 \N poundbookpaper 0.0014801464834508617 kg/m^2 \N lb / 25 inch 38 inch ream \N lbbook 0.0014801464834508617 kg/m^2 \N poundbookpaper \N poundtextpaper 0.0014801464834508617 kg/m^2 \N poundbookpaper \N lbtext 0.0014801464834508617 kg/m^2 \N poundtextpaper \N poundoffsetpaper 0.0014801464834508617 kg/m^2 \N poundbookpaper \N lboffset 0.0014801464834508617 kg/m^2 \N poundoffsetpaper \N poundbiblepaper 0.0014801464834508617 kg/m^2 \N poundbookpaper \N lbbible 0.0014801464834508617 kg/m^2 \N poundbiblepaper \N poundtagpaper 0.00162747587879434998 kg/m^2 \N lb / 24 inch 36 inch ream \N lbtag 0.00162747587879434998 kg/m^2 \N poundtagpaper \N poundbagpaper 0.00162747587879434998 kg/m^2 \N poundtagpaper \N lbbag 0.00162747587879434998 kg/m^2 \N poundbagpaper \N poundnewsprintpaper 0.00162747587879434998 kg/m^2 \N poundtagpaper \N lbnewsprint 0.00162747587879434998 kg/m^2 \N poundnewsprintpaper \N poundposterpaper 0.00162747587879434998 kg/m^2 \N poundtagpaper \N lbposter 0.00162747587879434998 kg/m^2 \N poundposterpaper \N poundtissuepaper 0.00162747587879434998 kg/m^2 \N poundtagpaper \N lbtissue 0.00162747587879434998 kg/m^2 \N poundtissuepaper \N poundwrappingpaper 0.00162747587879434998 kg/m^2 \N poundtagpaper \N lbwrapping 0.00162747587879434998 kg/m^2 \N poundwrappingpaper \N poundwaxingpaper 0.00162747587879434998 kg/m^2 \N poundtagpaper \N lbwaxing 0.00162747587879434998 kg/m^2 \N poundwaxingpaper \N poundglassinepaper 0.00162747587879434998 kg/m^2 \N poundtagpaper \N lbglassine 0.00162747587879434998 kg/m^2 \N poundglassinepaper \N poundcoverpaper 0.00270411376784291963 kg/m^2 \N lb / 20 inch 26 inch ream \N lbcover 0.00270411376784291963 kg/m^2 \N poundcoverpaper \N poundindexpaper 0.00180795777470693468 kg/m^2 \N lb / 25.5 inch 30.5 inch ream \N lbindex 0.00180795777470693468 kg/m^2 \N poundindexpaper \N poundindexbristolpaper 0.00180795777470693468 kg/m^2 \N poundindexpaper \N lbindexbristol 0.00180795777470693468 kg/m^2 \N poundindexpaper \N poundbondpaper 0.00375973037240192069 kg/m^2 \N lb / 17 inch 22 inch ream \N lbbond 0.00375973037240192069 kg/m^2 \N poundbondpaper \N poundwritingpaper 0.00375973037240192069 kg/m^2 \N poundbondpaper \N lbwriting 0.00375973037240192069 kg/m^2 \N poundwritingpaper \N poundledgerpaper 0.00375973037240192069 kg/m^2 \N poundbondpaper \N lbledger 0.00375973037240192069 kg/m^2 \N poundledgerpaper \N poundcopypaper 0.00375973037240192069 kg/m^2 \N poundbondpaper \N lbcopy 0.00375973037240192069 kg/m^2 \N poundcopypaper \N poundblottingpaper 0.00308363850718929499 kg/m^2 \N lb / 19 inch 24 inch ream \N lbblotting 0.00308363850718929499 kg/m^2 \N poundblottingpaper \N poundblankspaper 0.00228269344038688031 kg/m^2 \N lb / 22 inch 28 inch ream \N lbblanks 0.00228269344038688031 kg/m^2 \N poundblankspaper \N poundpostcardpaper 0.00219280960511238727 kg/m^2 \N lb / 22.5 inch 28.5 inch ream \N lbpostcard 0.00219280960511238727 kg/m^2 \N poundpostcardpaper \N poundweddingbristol 0.00219280960511238727 kg/m^2 \N poundpostcardpaper \N lbweddingbristol 0.00219280960511238727 kg/m^2 \N poundweddingbristol \N poundbristolpaper 0.00219280960511238727 kg/m^2 \N poundweddingbristol \N lbbristol 0.00219280960511238727 kg/m^2 \N poundbristolpaper \N poundboxboard 0.00488242763638305037 kg/m^2 \N lb / 1000 ft^2 \N lbboxboard 0.00488242763638305037 kg/m^2 \N poundboxboard \N poundpaperboard 0.00488242763638305037 kg/m^2 \N poundboxboard \N lbpaperboard 0.00488242763638305037 kg/m^2 \N poundpaperboard \N paperM 0.000453592370000000043 kg \N lb / 1000 \N pointthickness 2.54000000000000041e-05 m \N 0.001 in \N paperdensity 799.999999999999886 kg/m^3 \N 0.8 g/cm^3 \N papercaliper 20.3200000000000003 kg/m^2 \N in paperdensity \N paperpoint 0.0203200000000000013 kg/m^2 \N pointthickness paperdensity \N fournierpoint 0.000348826666666666692 m \N 0.1648 inch / 12 \N bertholdpoint 0.000375939849624060173 m \N 1|2660 m \N INpoint 0.000400000000000000019 m \N 0.4 mm \N germandidotpoint 0.000376064999999999971 m \N 0.376065 mm \N metricpoint 0.000375000000000000008 m \N 3|8 mm \N oldpoint 0.000351459803514598049 m \N 1|72.27 inch \N printerspoint 0.000351459803514598049 m \N oldpoint \N texpoint 0.000351459803514598049 m \N oldpoint \N texscaledpoint 5.36285100577694777e-09 m \N 1|65536 texpoint \N texsp 5.36285100577694777e-09 m \N texscaledpoint \N computerpoint 0.000352777777777777812 m \N 1|72 inch \N point 0.000352777777777777812 m \N computerpoint \N computerpica 0.00423333333333333374 m \N 12 computerpoint \N postscriptpoint 0.000352777777777777812 m \N computerpoint \N pspoint 0.000352777777777777812 m \N postscriptpoint \N twip 1.76388888888888926e-05 m \N 1|20 point \N Q 0.000250000000000000005 m \N 1|4 mm \N didotpoint 0.000376064999999999971 m \N germandidotpoint \N europeanpoint 0.000376064999999999971 m \N didotpoint \N cicero 0.00451277999999999922 m \N 12 didotpoint \N stick 0.0508000000000000049 m \N 2 inches \N excelsior 0.00105437941054379409 m \N 3 oldpoint \N brilliant 0.00123010931230109325 m \N 3.5 oldpoint \N diamondtype 0.0014058392140583922 m \N 4 oldpoint \N pearl 0.0017572990175729903 m \N 5 oldpoint \N agate 0.00193302891933028924 m \N 5.5 oldpoint \N ruby 0.00193302891933028924 m \N agate \N nonpareil 0.00210875882108758819 m \N 6 oldpoint \N mignonette 0.00228448872284488713 m \N 6.5 oldpoint \N emerald 0.00228448872284488713 m \N mignonette \N minion 0.00246021862460218651 m \N 7 oldpoint \N brevier 0.00281167842811678439 m \N 8 oldpoint \N bourgeois 0.00316313823163138228 m \N 9 oldpoint \N longprimer 0.0035145980351459806 m \N 10 oldpoint \N smallpica 0.00386605783866057848 m \N 11 oldpoint \N pica 0.00421751764217517637 m \N 12 oldpoint \N english 0.00492043724920437301 m \N 14 oldpoint \N columbian 0.00562335685623356878 m \N 16 oldpoint \N greatprimer 0.00632627646326276456 m \N 18 oldpoint \N paragon 0.0070291960702919612 m \N 20 oldpoint \N meridian 0.0154642313546423139 m \N 44 oldpoint \N canon 0.0168700705687007055 m \N 48 oldpoint \N nonplusultra 0.000752129999999999943 m \N 2 didotpoint \N brillant 0.00112819499999999981 m \N 3 didotpoint \N diamant 0.00150425999999999989 m \N 4 didotpoint \N perl 0.00188032499999999997 m \N 5 didotpoint \N nonpareille 0.00225638999999999961 m \N 6 didotpoint \N kolonel 0.00263245499999999969 m \N 7 didotpoint \N petit 0.00300851999999999977 m \N 8 didotpoint \N borgis 0.00338458499999999985 m \N 9 didotpoint \N korpus 0.00376064999999999993 m \N 10 didotpoint \N corpus 0.00376064999999999993 m \N korpus \N garamond 0.00376064999999999993 m \N korpus \N mittel 0.00526490999999999938 m \N 14 didotpoint \N tertia 0.00601703999999999954 m \N 16 didotpoint \N text 0.0067691699999999997 m \N 18 didotpoint \N kleine_kanon 0.0120340799999999991 m \N 32 didotpoint \N kanon 0.0135383399999999994 m \N 36 didotpoint \N grobe_kanon 0.0157947299999999999 m \N 42 didotpoint \N missal 0.0180511199999999969 m \N 48 didotpoint \N kleine_sabon 0.0270766799999999988 m \N 72 didotpoint \N grobe_sabon 0.0315894599999999998 m \N 84 didotpoint \N INFORMATION 0.125 B \N bit \N nat 0.180336880111120423 B \N (1/ln(2)) bits \N hartley 0.415241011860920273 B \N log2(10) bits \N ban 0.415241011860920273 B \N hartley \N dit 0.415241011860920273 B \N hartley \N bps 0.125 B/s \N bit/sec \N octet 1 B \N 8 bits \N nybble 0.5 B \N 4 bits \N nibble 0.5 B \N nybble \N nyp 0.25 B \N 2 bits \N meg 1000000 B \N megabyte \N gig 1000000000 B \N gigabyte \N jiffy 0.0100000000000000002 s \N 0.01 sec \N jiffies 0.0100000000000000002 s \N jiffy \N cdaudiospeed 176400 B/s \N 44.1 kHz 2*16 bits \N cdromspeed 153600 B/s \N 75 2048 bytes / sec \N dvdspeed 1385000 B/s \N 1385 kB/s \N FIT 2.77777777777777795e-13 s^-1 \N / 1e9 hour \N octave 2 \N 2 \N majorthird 1.25 \N 5|4 \N minorthird 1.19999999999999996 \N 6|5 \N musicalfourth 1.33333333333333326 \N 4|3 \N musicalfifth 1.5 \N 3|2 \N majorsixth 1.66666666666666652 \N musicalfourth majorthird \N minorsixth 1.59999999999999987 \N musicalfourth minorthird \N majorseventh 1.875 \N musicalfifth majorthird \N minorseventh 1.79999999999999982 \N musicalfifth minorthird \N pythagoreancomma 1.01364326477050781 \N musicalfifth^12 / octave^7 \N dotted 1.5 \N 3|2 \N doubledotted 1.75 \N 7|4 \N woolyarnrun 3225.45108066963303 m/kg \N 1600 yard/pound \N yarncut 604.772077625556221 m/kg \N 300 yard/pound \N cottonyarncount 1693.36181735155742 m/kg \N 840 yard/pound \N linenyarncount 604.772077625556221 m/kg \N 300 yard/pound \N worstedyarncount 1128.90787823437176 m/kg \N 1680 ft/pound \N metricyarncount 1000 m/kg \N meter/gram \N manchesteryarnnumber 1.93771346818952303e-06 kg/m \N drams/1000 yards \N pli 17.8579673228346465 kg/m \N lb/in \N typp 2015.90692541852059 m/kg \N 1000 yd/lb \N asbestoscut 201.590692541852064 m/kg \N 100 yd/lb \N tex 9.99999999999999955e-07 kg/m \N gram / km \N drex 9.99999999999999955e-08 kg/m \N 0.1 tex \N poumar 4.96054647856517937e-07 kg/m \N lb / 1e6 yard \N skeincotton 109.728000000000009 m \N 80*54 inch \N cottonbolt 36.5760000000000005 m \N 120 ft \N woolbolt 64.0080000000000098 m \N 210 ft \N bolt 36.5760000000000005 m \N cottonbolt \N heer 548.6400000000001 m \N 600 yards \N cut 274.32000000000005 m \N 300 yards \N lea 274.32000000000005 m \N 300 yards \N sailmakersyard 0.723900000000000099 m \N 28.5 in \N sailmakersounce 0.0428283125998513148 kg/m^2 \N oz / sailmakersyard 36 inch \N silkmomme 0.00433446057048713501 kg/m^2 \N momme / 25 yards 1.49 inch \N silkmm 0.00433446057048713501 kg/m^2 \N silkmomme \N mcg 1.00000000000000006e-09 kg \N microgram \N iudiptheria 6.28000000000000065e-08 kg \N 62.8 microgram \N iupenicillin 5.99999999999999996e-10 kg \N 0.6 microgram \N iuinsulin 4.16700000000000019e-08 kg \N 41.67 microgram \N drop 5.0000000000000011e-08 m^3 \N 1|20 ml \N bloodunit 0.000450000000000000096 m^3 \N 450 ml \N frenchcathetersize 0.000333333333333333322 m \N 1|3 mm \N charriere 0.000333333333333333322 m \N frenchcathetersize \N hectare 10000 m^2 \N hectoare \N hektare 10000 m^2 \N hectoare \N decare 1000 m^2 \N dekaare \N dekare 1000 m^2 \N dekaare \N megohm 1000000 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2 \N megaohm \N kilohm 1000 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2 \N kiloohm \N microhm 9.99999999999999955e-07 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2 \N microohm \N megalerg 0.100000000000000006 m^2*kg/s^2 \N megaerg \N USpennyweight 0.00250000000000000005 kg \N 2.5 grams \N USnickelweight 0.0050000000000000001 kg \N 5 grams \N USdollarweight 0.00809999999999999956 kg \N 8.1 grams \N cord 3.62455636377600054 m^3 \N 4*4*8 ft^3 \N facecord 1.81227818188800027 m^3 \N 1|2 cord \N cordfoot 0.453069545472000068 m^3 \N 1|8 cord \N cordfeet 0.453069545472000068 m^3 \N cordfoot \N housecord 1.20818545459200011 m^3 \N 1|3 cord \N boardfoot 0.00235973721600000021 m^3 \N ft^2 inch \N boardfeet 0.00235973721600000021 m^3 \N boardfoot \N fbm 0.00235973721600000021 m^3 \N boardfoot \N stack 3.05821943193600099 m^3 \N 4 yard^3 \N rick 1.20818545459200033 m^3 \N 4 ft 8 ft 16 inches \N stere 1 m^3 \N m^3 \N timberfoot 0.0283168465920000043 m^3 \N ft^3 \N standard 4.67227968768000146 m^3 \N 120 12 ft 11 in 1.5 in \N hoppusfoot 0.0360541288631335277 m^3 \N (4/pi) ft^3 \N hoppusboardfoot 0.0030045107385944605 m^3 \N 1|12 hoppusfoot \N hoppuston 1.80270644315667639 m^3 \N 50 hoppusfoot \N deal 0.0648927734400000095 m^3 \N 12 ft 11 in 2.5 in \N wholedeal 0.0324463867200000047 m^3 \N 12 ft 11 in 1.25 in \N splitdeal 0.0162231933600000024 m^3 \N 12 ft 11 in 5|8 in \N poundcut 119.826427316896584 kg/m^3 \N pound / gallon \N lbcut 119.826427316896584 kg/m^3 \N poundcut \N FLUID_FLOW 1 m^3/s \N VOLUME / TIME \N cumec 1 m^3/s \N m^3/s \N cusec 0.0283168465920000043 m^3/s \N ft^3/s \N gph 1.05150327333333364e-06 m^3/s \N gal/hr \N gpm 6.30901964000000305e-05 m^3/s \N gal/min \N mgd 0.0438126363888889023 m^3/s \N megagal/day \N brgph 1.26280277777777828e-06 m^3/s \N brgallon/hr \N brgpm 7.57681666666666978e-05 m^3/s \N brgallon/min \N usgph 1.05150327333333364e-06 m^3/s \N usgallon/hr \N usgpm 6.30901964000000305e-05 m^3/s \N usgallon/min \N cfs 0.0283168465920000043 m^3/s \N ft^3/s \N cfh 7.86579072000000036e-06 m^3/s \N ft^3/hour \N cfm 0.000471947443200000096 m^3/s \N ft^3/min \N lpm 1.66666666666666709e-05 m^3/s \N liter/min \N lfm 0.00508000000000000031 m/s \N ft/min \N pru 7999343244.89999676 kg/m^4*s \N mmHg / (ml/min) \N minersinchAZ 0.000707921164800000063 m^3/s \N 1.5 ft^3/min \N minersinchCA 0.000707921164800000063 m^3/s \N 1.5 ft^3/min \N minersinchMT 0.000707921164800000063 m^3/s \N 1.5 ft^3/min \N minersinchNV 0.000707921164800000063 m^3/s \N 1.5 ft^3/min \N minersinchOR 0.000707921164800000063 m^3/s \N 1.5 ft^3/min \N minersinchID 0.000566336931840000094 m^3/s \N 1.2 ft^3/min \N minersinchKS 0.000566336931840000094 m^3/s \N 1.2 ft^3/min \N minersinchNE 0.000566336931840000094 m^3/s \N 1.2 ft^3/min \N minersinchNM 0.000566336931840000094 m^3/s \N 1.2 ft^3/min \N minersinchND 0.000566336931840000094 m^3/s \N 1.2 ft^3/min \N minersinchSD 0.000566336931840000094 m^3/s \N 1.2 ft^3/min \N minersinchUT 0.000566336931840000094 m^3/s \N 1.2 ft^3/min \N minersinchCO 0.000737417880000000147 m^3/s \N 1 ft^3/sec / 38.4 \N minersinchBC 0.000792871704576000088 m^3/s \N 1.68 ft^3/min \N sverdrup 1000000 m^3/s \N 1e6 m^3 / sec \N GAS_FLOW 1 m^2*kg/s^3 \N PRESSURE FLUID_FLOW \N sccm 0.00168875000000000015 m^2*kg/s^3 \N atm cc/min \N sccs 0.101325000000000012 m^2*kg/s^3 \N atm cc/sec \N scfh 0.797001244704000134 m^2*kg/s^3 \N atm ft^3/hour \N scfm 47.820074682240012 m^2*kg/s^3 \N atm ft^3/min \N slpm 1.6887500000000002 m^2*kg/s^3 \N atm liter/min \N slph 0.0281458333333333387 m^2*kg/s^3 \N atm liter/hour \N lusec 0.000133322387414999992 m^2*kg/s^3 \N liter micron Hg / s \N lapserate 0.0064999999999999997 K/m \N 6.5 K/km \N air_1976 28.9644291407349961 \N 78.084 % 28.0134 + 20.9476 % 31.9988 + 9340 ppm 39.948 + 314 ppm 44.00995 + 18.18 ppm 20.183 + 5.24 ppm 4.0026 + 1.5 ppm 16.04303 + 1.14 ppm 83.80 + 0.5 ppm 2.01594 + 0.27 ppm 44.0128 + 0.087 ppm 131.30 \N air_1962 28.9644472851939945 \N 78.084 % 28.0134 + 20.9476 % 31.9988 + 9340 ppm 39.948 + 314 ppm 44.00995 + 18.18 ppm 20.183 + 5.24 ppm 4.0026 + 2 ppm 16.04303 + 1.14 ppm 83.80 + 0.5 ppm 2.01594 + 0.5 ppm 44.0128 + 0.087 ppm 131.30 \N R_1976 8.31432000000000038 m^2*kg/s^2*K*mol \N 8.31432e3 N m/(kmol K) \N polyndx_1976 4.25588140115235625 \N air_1976 (kg/kmol) gravity/(R_1976 lapserate) - 1 \N polyndx 4.25588140115235625 \N polyndx_1976 \N polyexpnt 1.23496895372348292 \N (polyndx + 1) / polyndx \N stdatmT0 288.149999999999977 K \N 288.15 K \N stdatmP0 101325 kg/m*s^2 \N atm \N earthradUSAtm 6356766 m \N 6356766 m \N Patm 101325 kg/m*s^2 \N atm \N seawater 10000 kg/m^2*s^2 \N 0.1 bar / meter \N msw 10000 kg/m*s^2 \N meter seawater \N fsw 3048 kg/m*s^2 \N foot seawater \N g0 0 \N (0) \N g00 -1 \N (-1) \N g000 -2 \N (-2) \N g0000 -3 \N (-3) \N g00000 -4 \N (-4) \N g000000 -5 \N (-5) \N g0000000 -6 \N (-6) \N g1_0 -1 \N (-1) \N g2_0 -1 \N (-1) \N g3_0 -2 \N (-2) \N g4_0 -3 \N (-3) \N g5_0 -4 \N (-4) \N g6_0 -5 \N (-5) \N g7_0 -6 \N (-6) \N drillA 0.00594360000000000114 m \N 0.234 in \N drillB 0.00604520000000000057 m \N 0.238 in \N drillC 0.00614680000000000001 m \N 0.242 in \N drillD 0.00624840000000000031 m \N 0.246 in \N drillE 0.00635000000000000061 m \N 0.250 in \N drillF 0.00652780000000000114 m \N 0.257 in \N drillG 0.00662940000000000057 m \N 0.261 in \N drillH 0.00675640000000000095 m \N 0.266 in \N drillI 0.0069088000000000014 m \N 0.272 in \N drillJ 0.00703580000000000091 m \N 0.277 in \N drillK 0.00713740000000000121 m \N 0.281 in \N drillL 0.00736600000000000015 m \N 0.290 in \N drillM 0.00749300000000000053 m \N 0.295 in \N drillN 0.00767080000000000019 m \N 0.302 in \N drillO 0.00802640000000000124 m \N 0.316 in \N drillP 0.00820420000000000177 m \N 0.323 in \N drillQ 0.00843280000000000071 m \N 0.332 in \N drillR 0.00861060000000000124 m \N 0.339 in \N drillS 0.00883920000000000018 m \N 0.348 in \N drillT 0.00909320000000000093 m \N 0.358 in \N drillU 0.00934719999999999995 m \N 0.368 in \N drillV 0.00957580000000000063 m \N 0.377 in \N drillW 0.00980440000000000131 m \N 0.386 in \N drillX 0.0100838000000000021 m \N 0.397 in \N drillY 0.0102616000000000009 m \N 0.404 in \N drillZ 0.0104901999999999999 m \N 0.413 in \N dmtxxcoarse 0.000119999999999999989 m \N 120 micron \N dmtsilver 0.000119999999999999989 m \N dmtxxcoarse \N dmtxx 0.000119999999999999989 m \N dmtxxcoarse \N dmtxcoarse 5.99999999999999947e-05 m \N 60 micron \N dmtx 5.99999999999999947e-05 m \N dmtxcoarse \N dmtblack 5.99999999999999947e-05 m \N dmtxcoarse \N dmtcoarse 4.49999999999999961e-05 m \N 45 micron \N dmtc 4.49999999999999961e-05 m \N dmtcoarse \N dmtblue 4.49999999999999961e-05 m \N dmtcoarse \N dmtfine 2.49999999999999978e-05 m \N 25 micron \N dmtred 2.49999999999999978e-05 m \N dmtfine \N dmtf 2.49999999999999978e-05 m \N dmtfine \N dmtefine 9.00000000000000023e-06 m \N 9 micron \N dmte 9.00000000000000023e-06 m \N dmtefine \N dmtgreen 9.00000000000000023e-06 m \N dmtefine \N dmtceramic 6.99999999999999989e-06 m \N 7 micron \N dmtcer 6.99999999999999989e-06 m \N dmtceramic \N dmtwhite 6.99999999999999989e-06 m \N dmtceramic \N dmteefine 3.00000000000000008e-06 m \N 3 micron \N dmttan 3.00000000000000008e-06 m \N dmteefine \N dmtee 3.00000000000000008e-06 m \N dmteefine \N hardtranslucentarkansas 6.00000000000000015e-06 m \N 6 micron \N softarkansas 2.19999999999999994e-05 m \N 22 micron \N extrafineindia 2.19999999999999994e-05 m \N 22 micron \N fineindia 3.49999999999999969e-05 m \N 35 micron \N mediumindia 5.34999999999999994e-05 m \N 53.5 micron \N coarseindia 9.69999999999999996e-05 m \N 97 micron \N finecrystolon 4.49999999999999961e-05 m \N 45 micron \N mediumcrystalon 7.79999999999999986e-05 m \N 78 micron \N coarsecrystalon 0.000126999999999999997 m \N 127 micron \N hardblackarkansas 6.00000000000000015e-06 m \N 6 micron \N hardwhitearkansas 1.09999999999999997e-05 m \N 11 micron \N washita 3.49999999999999969e-05 m \N 35 micron \N sizeAring 0.0374999999999999986 m \N 37.50 mm \N sizeBring 0.0387499999999999997 m \N 38.75 mm \N sizeCring 0.0400000000000000008 m \N 40.00 mm \N sizeDring 0.0412500000000000019 m \N 41.25 mm \N sizeEring 0.0425000000000000031 m \N 42.50 mm \N sizeFring 0.0437500000000000042 m \N 43.75 mm \N sizeGring 0.0449999999999999983 m \N 45.00 mm \N sizeHring 0.0462499999999999994 m \N 46.25 mm \N sizeIring 0.0475000000000000006 m \N 47.50 mm \N sizeJring 0.0487500000000000017 m \N 48.75 mm \N sizeKring 0.0500000000000000028 m \N 50.00 mm \N sizeLring 0.0512500000000000039 m \N 51.25 mm \N sizeMring 0.0524999999999999981 m \N 52.50 mm \N sizeNring 0.0537499999999999992 m \N 53.75 mm \N sizeOring 0.0550000000000000003 m \N 55.00 mm \N sizePring 0.0562500000000000014 m \N 56.25 mm \N sizeQring 0.0575000000000000025 m \N 57.50 mm \N sizeRring 0.0587500000000000036 m \N 58.75 mm \N sizeSring 0.0599999999999999978 m \N 60.00 mm \N sizeTring 0.0612499999999999989 m \N 61.25 mm \N sizeUring 0.0625 m \N 62.50 mm \N sizeVring 0.0637500000000000011 m \N 63.75 mm \N sizeWring 0.0650000000000000022 m \N 65.00 mm \N sizeXring 0.0662500000000000033 m \N 66.25 mm \N sizeYring 0.0675000000000000044 m \N 67.50 mm \N sizeZring 0.0687500000000000056 m \N 68.75 mm \N mph 0.447039999999999993 m/s \N mile/hr \N brmpg 354006.189934647002 m^-2 \N mile/brgallon \N usmpg 425143.707430271839 m^-2 \N mile/usgallon \N mpg 425143.707430271839 m^-2 \N mile/gal \N kph 0.27777777777777779 m/s \N km/hr \N fL 3.42625909963539055 cd/m^2 \N footlambert \N fpm 0.00508000000000000031 m/s \N ft/min \N fps 0.304800000000000015 m/s \N ft/s \N rpm 0.104719755119659766 s^-1 \N rev/min \N rps 6.28318530717958623 s^-1 \N rev/sec \N mi 1609.34400000000005 m \N mile \N smi 1609.34400000000005 m \N mile \N nmi 1852 m \N nauticalmile \N mcm 5.06707479097497915e-07 m^2 \N 1e3 circularmil \N ipy 8.04894621877340687e-10 m/s \N inch/year \N ccf 2.83168465920000045 m^3 \N 100 ft^3 \N Mcf 28.3168465920000045 m^3 \N 1000 ft^3 \N kp 9.80664999999999942 m*kg/s^2 \N kilopond \N kpm 9.80664999999999942 m^2*kg/s^2 \N kp meter \N Wh 3600 m^2*kg/s^2 \N W hour \N hph 2684519.53769617248 m^2*kg/s^2 \N hp hour \N plf 1.48816394356955373 kg/m \N lb / foot \N pa 1 kg/m*s^2 \N Pa \N ev 1.60217663399999989e-19 m^2*kg/s^2 \N eV \N mh 0.00100000000000000002 m^2*kg/s^2*A^2 \N mH \N rd 5.02920000000000034 m \N rod \N pf 9.9999999999999998e-13 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg \N pF \N gr 6.47989100000000081e-05 kg \N grain \N nt 1 m*kg/s^2 \N N \N hz 1 s^-1 \N Hz \N dry 1.16364718614718621 \N drygallon/gallon \N nmile 1852 m \N nauticalmile \N beV 1.60217663399999979e-10 m^2*kg/s^2 \N GeV \N bev 1.60217663399999979e-10 m^2*kg/s^2 \N beV \N coul 1 s*A \N C \N event 1 \N 1 \N becquerel 1 s^-1 \N event /s \N Bq 1 s^-1 \N becquerel \N curie 37000000000 s^-1 \N 3.7e10 Bq \N Ci 37000000000 s^-1 \N curie \N rutherford 1000000 s^-1 \N 1e6 Bq \N gray 1 m^2/s^2 \N J/kg \N Gy 1 m^2/s^2 \N gray \N rad 0.0100000000000000002 m^2/s^2 \N 1e-2 Gy \N rep 0.0083800000000000003 m^2/s^2 \N 8.38 mGy \N sievert 1 m^2/s^2 \N J/kg \N Sv 1 m^2/s^2 \N sievert \N rem 0.0100000000000000002 m^2/s^2 \N 1e-2 Sv \N banana_dose 9.99999999999999955e-08 m^2/s^2 \N 0.1e-6 sievert \N roentgen 0.000257999999999999983 s*A/kg \N 2.58e-4 C / kg \N rontgen 0.000257999999999999983 s*A/kg \N roentgen \N sievertunit 0.00216204000000000006 s*A/kg \N 8.38 rontgen \N eman 3700 m^-3*s^-1 \N 1e-7 Ci/m^3 \N mache 13690 m^-3*s^-1 \N 3.7e-7 Ci/m^3 \N hydrogendensity 0.0898799999999999738 kg/m^3 \N 0.08988 g/l \N heliumdensity 0.178599999999999953 kg/m^3 \N 0.1786 g/l \N neondensity 0.900199999999999778 kg/m^3 \N 0.9002 g/l \N nitrogendensity 1.25059999999999971 kg/m^3 \N 1.2506 g/l \N oxygendensity 1.42899999999999983 kg/m^3 \N 1.429 g/l \N fluorinedensity 1.69599999999999973 kg/m^3 \N 1.696 g/l \N argondensity 1.78399999999999959 kg/m^3 \N 1.784 g/l \N chlorinedensity 3.19999999999999929 kg/m^3 \N 3.2 g/l \N kryptondensity 3.74899999999999922 kg/m^3 \N 3.749 g/l \N xenondensity 5.89399999999999835 kg/m^3 \N 5.894 g/l \N radondensity 9.72999999999999865 kg/m^3 \N 9.73 g/l \N brominedensity 3102.79999999999927 kg/m^3 \N 3.1028 g/cm^3 \N mercurydensity 13533.9999999999982 kg/m^3 \N 13.534 g/cm^3 \N lithiumdensity 534 kg/m^3 \N 0.534 g/cm^3 \N potassiumdensity 861.999999999999886 kg/m^3 \N 0.862 g/cm^3 \N sodiumdensity 967.999999999999886 kg/m^3 \N 0.968 g/cm^3 \N rubidiumdensity 1532 kg/m^3 \N 1.532 g/cm^3 \N calciumdensity 1550 kg/m^3 \N 1.55 g/cm^3 \N magnesiumdensity 1737.99999999999977 kg/m^3 \N 1.738 g/cm^3 \N phosphorus_white_density 1822.99999999999977 kg/m^3 \N 1.823 g/cm^3 \N berylliumdensity 1849.99999999999977 kg/m^3 \N 1.85 g/cm^3 \N sulfur_gamma_density 1919.99999999999977 kg/m^3 \N 1.92 g/cm^3 \N cesiumdensity 1929.99999999999977 kg/m^3 \N 1.93 g/cm^3 \N carbon_amorphous_density 1949.99999999999955 kg/m^3 \N 1.95 g/cm^3 \N sulfur_betadensity 1959.99999999999955 kg/m^3 \N 1.96 g/cm^3 \N sulfur_alpha_density 2069.99999999999955 kg/m^3 \N 2.07 g/cm^3 \N carbon_graphite_density 2266.99999999999955 kg/m^3 \N 2.267 g/cm^3 \N phosphorus_red_density 2269.99999999999955 kg/m^3 \N 2.27 g/cm^3 \N silicondensity 2329 kg/m^3 \N 2.3290 g/cm^3 \N phosphorus_violet_density 2359.99999999999955 kg/m^3 \N 2.36 g/cm^3 \N borondensity 2369.99999999999955 kg/m^3 \N 2.37 g/cm^3 \N strontiumdensity 2639.99999999999955 kg/m^3 \N 2.64 g/cm^3 \N phosphorus_black_density 2689.99999999999955 kg/m^3 \N 2.69 g/cm^3 \N aluminumdensity 2699.99999999999955 kg/m^3 \N 2.7 g/cm^3 \N bariumdensity 3509.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 3.51 g/cm^3 \N carbon_diamond_density 3514.99999999999955 kg/m^3 \N 3.515 g/cm^3 \N scandiumdensity 3984.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 3.985 g/cm^3 \N selenium_vitreous_density 4279.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 4.28 g/cm^3 \N selenium_alpha_density 4389.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 4.39 g/cm^3 \N titaniumdensity 4405.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 4.406 g/cm^3 \N yttriumdensity 4471.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 4.472 g/cm^3 \N selenium_gray_density 4809.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 4.81 g/cm^3 \N iodinedensity 4932.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 4.933 g/cm^3 \N europiumdensity 5264 kg/m^3 \N 5.264 g/cm^3 \N germaniumdensity 5323 kg/m^3 \N 5.323 g/cm^3 \N radiumdensity 5499.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 5.5 g/cm^3 \N arsenicdensity 5726.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 5.727 g/cm^3 \N tin_alpha_density 5768.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 5.769 g/cm^3 \N galliumdensity 5909.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 5.91 g/cm^3 \N vanadiumdensity 6110 kg/m^3 \N 6.11 g/cm^3 \N lanthanumdensity 6161.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 6.162 g/cm^3 \N telluriumdensity 6240 kg/m^3 \N 6.24 g/cm^3 \N zirconiumdensity 6519.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 6.52 g/cm^3 \N antimonydensity 6696.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 6.697 g/cm^3 \N ceriumdensity 6769.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 6.77 g/cm^3 \N praseodymiumdensity 6769.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 6.77 g/cm^3 \N ytterbiumdensity 6900 kg/m^3 \N 6.9 g/cm^3 \N neodymiumdensity 7009.99999999999818 kg/m^3 \N 7.01 g/cm^3 \N zincdensity 7139.99999999999818 kg/m^3 \N 7.14 g/cm^3 \N chromiumdensity 7189.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 7.19 g/cm^3 \N manganesedensity 7209.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 7.21 g/cm^3 \N promethiumdensity 7259.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 7.26 g/cm^3 \N tin_beta_density 7264.99999999999818 kg/m^3 \N 7.265 g/cm^3 \N indiumdensity 7309.99999999999818 kg/m^3 \N 7.31 g/cm^3 \N samariumdensity 7519.99999999999818 kg/m^3 \N 7.52 g/cm^3 \N irondensity 7873.99999999999818 kg/m^3 \N 7.874 g/cm^3 \N gadoliniumdensity 7899.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 7.9 g/cm^3 \N terbiumdensity 8230 kg/m^3 \N 8.23 g/cm^3 \N dysprosiumdensity 8539.99999999999818 kg/m^3 \N 8.54 g/cm^3 \N niobiumdensity 8570 kg/m^3 \N 8.57 g/cm^3 \N cadmiumdensity 8649.99999999999818 kg/m^3 \N 8.65 g/cm^3 \N holmiumdensity 8789.99999999999818 kg/m^3 \N 8.79 g/cm^3 \N cobaltdensity 8899.99999999999818 kg/m^3 \N 8.9 g/cm^3 \N nickeldensity 8907.99999999999818 kg/m^3 \N 8.908 g/cm^3 \N erbiumdensity 9066 kg/m^3 \N 9.066 g/cm^3 \N polonium_alpha_density 9195.99999999999818 kg/m^3 \N 9.196 g/cm^3 \N thuliumdensity 9319.99999999999818 kg/m^3 \N 9.32 g/cm^3 \N polonium_beta_density 9397.99999999999818 kg/m^3 \N 9.398 g/cm^3 \N bismuthdensity 9779.99999999999636 kg/m^3 \N 9.78 g/cm^3 \N lutetiumdensity 9840.99999999999818 kg/m^3 \N 9.841 g/cm^3 \N actiniumdensity 9999.99999999999818 kg/m^3 \N 10 g/cm^3 \N molybdenumdensity 10279.9999999999982 kg/m^3 \N 10.28 g/cm^3 \N silverdensity 10490 kg/m^3 \N 10.49 g/cm^3 \N technetiumdensity 10999.9999999999982 kg/m^3 \N 11 g/cm^3 \N leaddensity 11339.9999999999982 kg/m^3 \N 11.34 g/cm^3 \N thoriumdensity 11699.9999999999982 kg/m^3 \N 11.7 g/cm^3 \N thalliumdensity 11849.9999999999982 kg/m^3 \N 11.85 g/cm^3 \N americiumdensity 11999.9999999999982 kg/m^3 \N 12 g/cm^3 \N palladiumdensity 12022.9999999999982 kg/m^3 \N 12.023 g/cm^3 \N rhodiumdensity 12409.9999999999982 kg/m^3 \N 12.41 g/cm^3 \N rutheniumdensity 12449.9999999999964 kg/m^3 \N 12.45 g/cm^3 \N berkelium_beta_density 13249.9999999999982 kg/m^3 \N 13.25 g/cm^3 \N hafniumdensity 13309.9999999999982 kg/m^3 \N 13.31 g/cm^3 \N curiumdensity 13509.9999999999964 kg/m^3 \N 13.51 g/cm^3 \N berkelium_alphadensity 14779.9999999999982 kg/m^3 \N 14.78 g/cm^3 \N californiumdensity 15099.9999999999982 kg/m^3 \N 15.1 g/cm^3 \N protactiniumdensity 15369.9999999999982 kg/m^3 \N 15.37 g/cm^3 \N tantalumdensity 16689.9999999999964 kg/m^3 \N 16.69 g/cm^3 \N uraniumdensity 19100 kg/m^3 \N 19.1 g/cm^3 \N tungstendensity 19299.9999999999964 kg/m^3 \N 19.3 g/cm^3 \N golddensity 19299.9999999999964 kg/m^3 \N 19.30 g/cm^3 \N plutoniumdensity 19815.9999999999964 kg/m^3 \N 19.816 g/cm^3 \N neptuniumdensity 20449.9999999999964 kg/m^3 \N 20.45 g/cm^3 \N rheniumdensity 21019.9999999999964 kg/m^3 \N 21.02 g/cm^3 \N platinumdensity 21449.9999999999964 kg/m^3 \N 21.45 g/cm^3 \N iridiumdensity 22559.9999999999964 kg/m^3 \N 22.56 g/cm^3 \N osmiumdensity 22589.9999999999964 kg/m^3 \N 22.59 g/cm^3 \N tin_gray 5768.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N tin_alpha_density \N tin_white 7264.99999999999818 kg/m^3 \N tin_beta_density \N graphitedensity 2266.99999999999955 kg/m^3 \N carbon_graphite_density \N diamonddensity 3514.99999999999955 kg/m^3 \N carbon_diamond_density \N franciumdensity 2479.99999999999955 kg/m^3 \N 2.48 g/cm^3 \N astatinedensity 6349.99999999999909 kg/m^3 \N 6.35 g/cm^3 \N einsteiniumdensity 8840 kg/m^3 \N 8.84 g/cm^3 \N fermiumdensity 9699.99999999999818 kg/m^3 \N 9.7 g/cm^3 \N nobeliumdensity 9900 kg/m^3 \N 9.9 g/cm^3 \N mendeleviumdensity 10299.9999999999982 kg/m^3 \N 10.3 g/cm^3 \N lawrenciumdensity 15999.9999999999982 kg/m^3 \N 16 g/cm^3 \N rutherfordiumdensity 23199.9999999999927 kg/m^3 \N 23.2 g/cm^3 \N roentgeniumdensity 28699.9999999999964 kg/m^3 \N 28.7 g/cm^3 \N dubniumdensity 29299.9999999999964 kg/m^3 \N 29.3 g/cm^3 \N darmstadtiumdensity 34799.9999999999927 kg/m^3 \N 34.8 g/cm^3 \N seaborgiumdensity 35000 kg/m^3 \N 35 g/cm^3 \N bohriumdensity 37099.9999999999927 kg/m^3 \N 37.1 g/cm^3 \N meitneriumdensity 37400 kg/m^3 \N 37.4 g/cm^3 \N hassiumdensity 40999.9999999999927 kg/m^3 \N 41 g/cm^3 \N people 1 \N 1 \N person 1 \N people \N death 1 \N people \N capita 1 \N people \N Tim 0.173611111111111105 s \N 12^-4 hour \N Grafut 0.295580451871141958 m \N gravity Tim^2 \N Surf 0.08736780352834847 m^2 \N Grafut^2 \N Volm 0.0258242148458983911 m^3 \N Grafut^3 \N Vlos 1.70254340277777771 m/s \N Grafut/Tim \N Maz 25.8234917881283188 kg \N Volm kg / oldliter \N Gf 0.295580451871141958 m \N Grafut \N Sf 0.08736780352834847 m^2 \N Surf \N Vm 0.0258242148458983911 m^3 \N Volm \N Vl 1.70254340277777771 m/s \N Vlos \N Mz 25.8234917881283188 kg \N Maz \N wari_proportion 0.100000000000000006 \N 1|10 \N wari 0.100000000000000006 \N wari_proportion \N bu_proportion 0.0100000000000000002 \N 1|100 \N rin_proportion 0.00100000000000000002 \N 1|1000 \N mou_proportion 0.000100000000000000005 \N 1|10000 \N shaku 0.303030303030303039 m \N 1|3.3 m \N mou 3.03030303030303057e-05 m \N 1|10000 shaku \N rin 0.00030303030303030303 m \N 1|1000 shaku \N bu_distance 0.0030303030303030303 m \N 1|100 shaku \N sun 0.0303030303030303039 m \N 1|10 shaku \N jou_distance 3.03030303030303028 m \N 10 shaku \N jou 3.03030303030303028 m \N jou_distance \N kanejakusun 0.0303030303030303039 m \N sun \N kanejaku 0.303030303030303039 m \N shaku \N kanejakujou 3.03030303030303028 m \N jou \N taichi 0.303030303030303039 m \N shaku \N taicun 0.0303030303030303039 m \N sun \N 台尺 0.303030303030303039 m \N taichi \N 台寸 0.0303030303030303039 m \N taicun \N kujirajaku 0.378787878787878785 m \N 10|8 shaku \N kujirajakusun 0.0378787878787878798 m \N 1|10 kujirajaku \N kujirajakubu 0.00378787878787878798 m \N 1|100 kujirajaku \N kujirajakujou 3.78787878787878807 m \N 10 kujirajaku \N tan_distance 11.3636363636363633 m \N 3 kujirajakujou \N ken 1.81818181818181834 m \N 6 shaku \N chou_distance 109.090909090909093 m \N 60 ken \N chou 109.090909090909093 m \N chou_distance \N ri 3927.27272727272748 m \N 36 chou \N tsubo 3.30578512396694224 m^2 \N 36 shaku^2 \N se 99.1735537190082681 m^2 \N 30 tsubo \N tan_area 991.735537190082709 m^2 \N 10 se \N chou_area 9917.35537190082687 m^2 \N 10 tan_area \N ping 3.30578512396694224 m^2 \N tsubo \N jia 9699.17355371900885 m^2 \N 2934 ping \N fen 969.917355371900953 m^2 \N 1|10 jia \N fen_area 969.917355371900953 m^2 \N 1|10 jia \N 坪 3.30578512396694224 m^2 \N ping \N 甲 9699.17355371900885 m^2 \N jia \N 分 969.917355371900953 m^2 \N fen \N 分地 969.917355371900953 m^2 \N fen_area \N edoma 1.54453627180899922 m^2 \N (5.8*2.9) shaku^2 \N kyouma 1.8223140495867769 m^2 \N (6.3*3.15) shaku^2 \N chuukyouma 1.65289256198347112 m^2 \N (6*3) shaku^2 \N jou_area 1.54453627180899922 m^2 \N edoma \N tatami 1.54453627180899922 m^2 \N jou_area \N shou 0.00180390683696468883 m^3 \N (4.9*4.9*2.7) sun^3 \N to 0.0180390683696468879 m^3 \N 10 shou \N koku 0.180390683696468879 m^3 \N 10 to \N monme 0.00374999999999999986 kg \N momme \N kin 0.599999999999999978 kg \N 160 monme \N kan 3.75 kg \N 1000 monme \N kwan 3.75 kg \N kan \N taijin 0.599999999999999978 kg \N kin \N tailiang 0.0374999999999999986 kg \N 10 monme \N taiqian 0.00374999999999999986 kg \N monme \N 台斤 0.599999999999999978 kg \N taijin \N 台兩 0.0374999999999999986 kg \N tailiang \N 台錢 0.00374999999999999986 kg \N taiqian \N australiasquare 9.29030400000000078 m^2 \N (10 ft)^2 \N zentner 50 kg \N 50 kg \N doppelzentner 100 kg \N 2 zentner \N pfund 0.5 kg \N 500 g \N austriaklafter 1.89648383999999992 m \N 1.89648384 m \N austriafoot 0.316080639999999968 m \N 1|6 austriaklafter \N prussiaklafter 1.87999999999999989 m \N 1.88 m \N prussiafoot 0.313333333333333297 m \N 1|6 prussiaklafter \N bavariaklafter 1.75115500000000002 m \N 1.751155 m \N bavariafoot 0.29185916666666667 m \N 1|6 bavariaklafter \N hesseklafter 2.5 m \N 2.5 m \N hessefoot 0.41666666666666663 m \N 1|6 hesseklafter \N metricklafter 1.80000000000000004 m \N 1.8 m \N austriayoke 5754.64152860983268 m^2 \N 8 austriaklafter * 200 austriaklafter \N liechtensteinsquareklafter 3.59665200000000018 m^2 \N 3.596652 m^2 \N liechtensteinklafter 1.89648411540935413 m \N sqrt(liechtensteinsquareklafter) \N prussiawoodklafter 3.32233599999999951 m^3 \N 0.5 prussiaklafter^3 \N austriawoodklafter 3.41049520750045154 m^3 \N 0.5 austriaklafter^3 \N festmeter 1 m^3 \N m^3 \N raummeter 0.699999999999999956 m^3 \N 0.7 festmeter \N schuettraummeter 0.45499999999999996 m^3 \N 0.65 raummeter \N schüttraummeter 0.45499999999999996 m^3 \N schuettraummeter \N verklinje 0.00206181249999999984 m \N 2.0618125 mm \N verktum 0.0247417499999999999 m \N 12 verklinje \N kvarter 0.148450499999999985 m \N 6 verktum \N fot 0.29690099999999997 m \N 2 kvarter \N aln 0.593801999999999941 m \N 2 fot \N famn 1.78140599999999982 m \N 3 aln \N funt 0.409517179999999981 kg \N 409.51718 grams \N zolotnik 0.00426580395833333313 kg \N 1|96 funt \N pood 16.3806872000000006 kg \N 40 funt \N arshin 0.711200000000000054 m \N (2 + 1|3) feet \N sazhen 2.13360000000000039 m \N 3 arshin \N verst 1066.80000000000018 m \N 500 sazhen \N versta 1066.80000000000018 m \N verst \N borderverst 2133.60000000000036 m \N 1000 sazhen \N russianmile 7467.60000000000127 m \N 7 verst \N frenchfoot 0.324839384970764478 m \N 144|443.296 m \N pied 0.324839384970764478 m \N frenchfoot \N frenchfeet 0.324839384970764478 m \N frenchfoot \N frenchinch 0.0270699487475637053 m \N 1|12 frenchfoot \N frenchthumb 0.0270699487475637053 m \N frenchinch \N pouce 0.0270699487475637053 m \N frenchthumb \N frenchline 0.0022558290622969753 m \N 1|12 frenchinch \N ligne 0.0022558290622969753 m \N frenchline \N frenchpoint 0.000187985755191414608 m \N 1|12 frenchline \N toise 1.94903630982458687 m \N 6 frenchfeet \N arpent 3418.86828331317884 m^2 \N 180^2 pied^2 \N frenchgrain 5.31147837033220597e-05 kg \N 1|18827.15 kg \N frenchpound 0.489505846609816109 kg \N 9216 frenchgrain \N tronpound 0.616885623200000066 kg \N 9520 grain \N tronstone 9.87016997120000106 kg \N 16 tronpound \N towerpound 0.349914114000000054 kg \N 5400 grain \N towerounce 0.0291595095000000033 kg \N 1|12 towerpound \N towerpennyweight 0.0014579754750000003 kg \N 1|20 towerounce \N towergrain 4.55617335937500093e-05 kg \N 1|32 towerpennyweight \N mercpound 0.43739264250000004 kg \N 6750 grain \N mercounce 0.0291595095000000033 kg \N 1|15 mercpound \N mercpennyweight 0.0014579754750000003 kg \N 1|20 mercounce \N leadstone 5.66990462500000003 kg \N 12.5 lb \N fotmal 31.751465900000003 kg \N 70 lb \N leadwey 79.3786647499999987 kg \N 14 leadstone \N fothers 952.543977000000041 kg \N 12 leadwey \N newhaytruss 27.2155422000000016 kg \N 60 lb \N newhayload 979.759519200000113 kg \N 36 newhaytruss \N oldhaytruss 25.4011727200000017 kg \N 56 lb \N oldhayload 914.442217920000076 kg \N 36 oldhaytruss \N woolclove 3.17514659000000021 kg \N 7 lb \N woolstone 6.35029318000000043 kg \N 2 woolclove \N wooltod 12.7005863600000009 kg \N 2 woolstone \N woolwey 82.55381134000001 kg \N 13 woolstone \N woolsack 165.10762268000002 kg \N 2 woolwey \N woolsarpler 330.21524536000004 kg \N 2 woolsack \N woollast 1981.29147216000024 kg \N 6 woolsarpler \N romanfoot 0.295999999999999985 m \N 296 mm \N romanfeet 0.295999999999999985 m \N romanfoot \N pes 0.295999999999999985 m \N romanfoot \N pedes 0.295999999999999985 m \N romanfoot \N romaninch 0.0246666666666666631 m \N 1|12 romanfoot \N romandigit 0.0184999999999999991 m \N 1|16 romanfoot \N romanpalm 0.0739999999999999963 m \N 1|4 romanfoot \N romancubit 0.44399999999999995 m \N 18 romaninch \N romanpace 1.47999999999999998 m \N 5 romanfeet \N passus 1.47999999999999998 m \N romanpace \N romanperch 2.95999999999999996 m \N 10 romanfeet \N stade 185 m \N 125 romanpaces \N stadia 185 m \N stade \N stadium 185 m \N stade \N romanmile 1480 m \N 8 stadia \N romanleague 2220 m \N 1.5 romanmile \N schoenus 5920 m \N 4 romanmile \N earlyromanfoot 0.297300000000000009 m \N 29.73 cm \N pesdrusianus 0.332999999999999963 m \N 33.3 cm \N lateromanfoot 0.294200000000000017 m \N 29.42 cm \N actuslength 35.519999999999996 m \N 120 romanfeet \N actus 42.0556799999999953 m^2 \N 120*4 romanfeet^2 \N squareactus 1261.67039999999974 m^2 \N 120^2 romanfeet^2 \N acnua 1261.67039999999974 m^2 \N squareactus \N iugerum 2523.34079999999949 m^2 \N 2 squareactus \N iugera 2523.34079999999949 m^2 \N iugerum \N jugerum 2523.34079999999949 m^2 \N iugerum \N jugera 2523.34079999999949 m^2 \N iugerum \N heredium 5046.68159999999898 m^2 \N 2 iugera \N heredia 5046.68159999999898 m^2 \N heredium \N centuria 504668.159999999916 m^2 \N 100 heredia \N centurium 504668.159999999916 m^2 \N centuria \N sextarius 0.000580102065600000241 m^3 \N 35.4 in^3 \N sextarii 0.000580102065600000241 m^3 \N sextarius \N cochlearia 1.20854597000000039e-05 m^3 \N 1|48 sextarius \N cyathi 4.83418388000000156e-05 m^3 \N 1|12 sextarius \N acetabula 7.25127582000000302e-05 m^3 \N 1|8 sextarius \N quartaria 0.00014502551640000006 m^3 \N 1|4 sextarius \N quartarius 0.00014502551640000006 m^3 \N quartaria \N heminae 0.000290051032800000121 m^3 \N 1|2 sextarius \N hemina 0.000290051032800000121 m^3 \N heminae \N cheonix 0.000870153098400000416 m^3 \N 1.5 sextarii \N semodius 0.00464081652480000193 m^3 \N 8 sextarius \N semodii 0.00464081652480000193 m^3 \N semodius \N modius 0.00928163304960000386 m^3 \N 16 sextarius \N modii 0.00928163304960000386 m^3 \N modius \N congius 0.00348061239360000167 m^3 \N 12 heminae \N congii 0.00348061239360000167 m^3 \N congius \N amphora 0.0278448991488000133 m^3 \N 8 congii \N amphorae 0.0278448991488000133 m^3 \N amphora \N culleus 0.556897982976000239 m^3 \N 20 amphorae \N quadrantal 0.0278448991488000133 m^3 \N amphora \N libra 0.327364093320000049 kg \N 5052 grain \N librae 0.327364093320000049 kg \N libra \N romanpound 0.327364093320000049 kg \N libra \N uncia 0.0272803411100000018 kg \N 1|12 libra \N unciae 0.0272803411100000018 kg \N uncia \N romanounce 0.0272803411100000018 kg \N uncia \N deunx 0.300083752209999999 kg \N 11 uncia \N dextans 0.272803411100000004 kg \N 10 uncia \N dodrans 0.245523069990000009 kg \N 9 uncia \N bes 0.218242728880000014 kg \N 8 uncia \N seprunx 0.190962387770000019 kg \N 7 uncia \N semis 0.163682046660000025 kg \N 6 uncia \N quincunx 0.136401705550000002 kg \N 5 uncia \N triens 0.109121364440000007 kg \N 4 uncia \N quadrans 0.0818410233300000123 kg \N 3 uncia \N sextans 0.0545606822200000036 kg \N 2 uncia \N sescuncia 0.0409205116650000061 kg \N 1.5 uncia \N semuncia 0.0136401705550000009 kg \N 1|2 uncia \N siscilius 0.00682008527750000045 kg \N 1|4 uncia \N sextula 0.00454672351833333363 kg \N 1|6 uncia \N semisextula 0.00227336175916666682 kg \N 1|12 uncia \N scriptulum 0.00113668087958333341 kg \N 1|24 uncia \N scrupula 0.00113668087958333341 kg \N scriptulum \N romanobol 0.000568340439791666704 kg \N 1|2 scrupula \N romanaspound 0.272803411100000059 kg \N 4210 grain \N egyptianroyalcubit 0.524002000000000079 m \N 20.63 in \N egyptianpalm 0.0748574285714285748 m \N 1|7 egyptianroyalcubit \N egyptiandigit 0.0187143571428571437 m \N 1|4 egyptianpalm \N egyptianshortcubit 0.449144571428571449 m \N 6 egyptianpalm \N doubleremen 0.7406640000000001 m \N 29.16 in \N remendigit 0.0185166000000000046 m \N 1|40 doubleremen \N greekfoot 0.316230000000000011 m \N 12.45 in \N greekfeet 0.316230000000000011 m \N greekfoot \N greekcubit 0.474345000000000017 m \N 1.5 greekfoot \N pous 0.316230000000000011 m \N greekfoot \N podes 0.316230000000000011 m \N greekfoot \N orguia 1.89738000000000007 m \N 6 greekfoot \N greekfathom 1.89738000000000007 m \N orguia \N stadion 189.738 m \N 100 orguia \N akaina 3.16230000000000011 m \N 10 greekfeet \N plethron 31.6230000000000011 m \N 10 akaina \N greekfinger 0.0197643750000000007 m \N 1|16 greekfoot \N homericcubit 0.395287500000000014 m \N 20 greekfingers \N shortgreekcubit 0.355758750000000012 m \N 18 greekfingers \N ionicfoot 0.295999999999999985 m \N 296 mm \N doricfoot 0.326000000000000012 m \N 326 mm \N olympiccubit 0.462915000000000132 m \N 25 remendigit \N olympicfoot 0.308610000000000051 m \N 2|3 olympiccubit \N olympicfinger 0.0192881250000000032 m \N 1|16 olympicfoot \N olympicfeet 0.308610000000000051 m \N olympicfoot \N olympicdakylos 0.0192881250000000032 m \N olympicfinger \N olympicpalm 0.0771525000000000127 m \N 1|4 olympicfoot \N olympicpalestra 0.0771525000000000127 m \N olympicpalm \N olympicspithame 0.228600000000000025 m \N 3|4 foot \N olympicspan 0.228600000000000025 m \N olympicspithame \N olympicbema 0.771525000000000127 m \N 2.5 olympicfeet \N olympicpace 0.771525000000000127 m \N olympicbema \N olympicorguia 1.85166000000000031 m \N 6 olympicfeet \N olympicfathom 1.85166000000000031 m \N olympicorguia \N olympiccord 18.5166000000000039 m \N 60 olympicfeet \N olympicamma 18.5166000000000039 m \N olympiccord \N olympicplethron 30.8610000000000042 m \N 100 olympicfeet \N olympicstadion 185.166000000000025 m \N 600 olympicfeet \N greekkotyle 0.000270000000000000058 m^3 \N 270 ml \N xestes 0.000540000000000000115 m^3 \N 2 greekkotyle \N khous 0.00324000000000000069 m^3 \N 12 greekkotyle \N metretes 0.0388800000000000118 m^3 \N 12 khous \N choinix 0.00108000000000000023 m^3 \N 4 greekkotyle \N hekteos 0.00864000000000000185 m^3 \N 8 choinix \N medimnos 0.0518400000000000111 m^3 \N 6 hekteos \N aeginastater 0.0124413907200000007 kg \N 192 grain \N aeginadrachmae 0.00622069536000000034 kg \N 1|2 aeginastater \N aeginaobol 0.00103678255999999991 kg \N 1|6 aeginadrachmae \N aeginamina 0.622069536000000034 kg \N 50 aeginastaters \N aeginatalent 37.3241721600000034 kg \N 60 aeginamina \N atticstater 0.00874785285000000135 kg \N 135 grain \N atticdrachmae 0.00437392642500000067 kg \N 1|2 atticstater \N atticobol 0.00072898773750000004 kg \N 1|6 atticdrachmae \N atticmina 0.437392642500000095 kg \N 50 atticstaters \N attictalent 26.2435585500000066 kg \N 60 atticmina \N northerncubit 0.675640000000000129 m \N 26.6 in \N northernfoot 0.337820000000000065 m \N 1|2 northerncubit \N sumeriancubit 0.494999999999999996 m \N 495 mm \N kus 0.494999999999999996 m \N sumeriancubit \N sumerianfoot 0.32999999999999996 m \N 2|3 sumeriancubit \N assyriancubit 0.548640000000000128 m \N 21.6 in \N assyrianfoot 0.274320000000000064 m \N 1|2 assyriancubit \N assyrianpalm 0.0914400000000000213 m \N 1|3 assyrianfoot \N assyriansusi 0.00457200000000000141 m \N 1|20 assyrianpalm \N susi 0.00457200000000000141 m \N assyriansusi \N persianroyalcubit 0.640080000000000204 m \N 7 assyrianpalm \N hashimicubit 0.649224000000000023 m \N 25.56 in \N blackcubit 0.540512000000000103 m \N 21.28 in \N arabicfeet 0.270256000000000052 m \N 1|2 blackcubit \N arabicfoot 0.270256000000000052 m \N arabicfeet \N arabicinch 0.0225213333333333376 m \N 1|12 arabicfoot \N arabicmile 2162.04800000000023 m \N 4000 blackcubit \N silverdirhem 0.00291595095000000016 kg \N 45 grain \N tradedirhem 0.00311034768000000017 kg \N 48 grain \N silverkirat 0.00018224693437500001 kg \N 1|16 silverdirhem \N silverwukiyeh 0.0291595094999999999 kg \N 10 silverdirhem \N silverrotl 0.349914113999999998 kg \N 12 silverwukiyeh \N arabicsilverpound 0.349914113999999998 kg \N silverrotl \N tradekirat 0.000194396730000000011 kg \N 1|16 tradedirhem \N tradewukiyeh 0.0311034768000000017 kg \N 10 tradedirhem \N traderotl 0.37324172160000002 kg \N 12 tradewukiyeh \N arabictradepound 0.37324172160000002 kg \N traderotl \N parasang 5632.70399999999972 m \N 3.5 mile \N biblicalcubit 0.553720000000000101 m \N 21.8 in \N hebrewcubit 0.446531999999999984 m \N 17.58 in \N li 578.900719424460476 m \N 10|27.8 mile \N liang 0.103948251458333335 kg \N 11|3 oz \N timepoint 720 s \N 1|5 hour \N timeminute 360 s \N 1|10 hour \N timeostent 60 s \N 1|60 hour \N timeounce 7.5 s \N 1|8 timeostent \N timeatom 0.159574468085106391 s \N 1|47 timeounce \N mite 3.2399455000000004e-06 kg \N 1|20 grain \N droit 1.34997729166666675e-07 kg \N 1|24 mite \N periot 6.74988645833333373e-09 kg \N 1|20 droit \N blanc 2.81245269097222222e-10 kg \N 1|24 periot \N hundredweight 45.3592370000000003 kg \N ushundredweight \N scruple 0.0012959782 kg \N apscruple \N fluidounce 2.95735295625000113e-05 m^3 \N usfluidounce \N bushel 0.0352390701668800141 m^3 \N usbushel \N cup 0.000236588236500000091 m^3 \N uscup \N tablespoon 1.47867647812500057e-05 m^3 \N ustablespoon \N teaspoon 4.92892159375000132e-06 m^3 \N usteaspoon \N pony 2.95735295625000113e-05 m^3 \N ponyvolume \N firkin 0.0340687060560000143 m^3 \N usfirkin \N hogshead 0.2384809423920001 m^3 \N ushogshead \N cable 219.456000000000017 m \N uscable \N ℯ 2.71828182845904509 \N exp(1) \N ångström 1.00000000000000004e-10 m \N angstrom \N Å 1.00000000000000004e-10 m \N angstrom \N Å 1.00000000000000004e-10 m \N angstrom \N röntgen 0.000257999999999999983 s*A/kg \N roentgen \N K 1 K \N K \N ℃ 1 K 273.15 degC \N ℉ 0.55555555555555558 K 255.37222222222223 degF \N °C 1 K 273.15 degC \N °F 0.55555555555555558 K 255.37222222222223 degF \N °K 1 K \N K \N °R 0.55555555555555558 K \N degR \N ℓ 0.00100000000000000024 m^3 \N liter \N Ω 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2 \N ohm \N Ω 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2 \N ohm \N ℧ 1 s^3*A^2/m^2*kg \N mho \N G₀ 7.74809172986364871e-05 s^3*A^2/m^2*kg \N G0 \N H₀ 2.26854550262882893e-18 s^-1 \N H0 \N Φ₀ 2.06783384846192951e-15 m^2*kg/s^2*A \N Phi0 \N R∞ 10973731.5681570563 m^-1 \N Rinfinity \N R_∞ 10973731.5681570563 m^-1 \N Rinfinity \N λ_C 2.42631023537416938e-12 m \N lambda_C \N μ_B 9.27401006571457164e-24 m^2*A \N mu_B \N ʒ 0.00177184519531250009 kg \N dram \N ℈ 0.0012959782 kg \N scruple \N ℥ 0.0283495231250000014 kg \N ounce \N ℔ 0.453592370000000022 kg \N lb \N ℎ 6.62607014999999983e-34 m^2*kg/s \N h \N ℏ 1.05457181764615647e-34 m^2*kg/s \N hbar \N τ 6.28318530717958623 \N tau \N 𝜋 3.14159265358979312 \N pi \N α 0.00729735256429999996 \N alpha \N σ 5.67037441918442942e-08 kg/s^3*K^4 \N sigma \N ‰ 0.00100000000000000002 \N 1|1000 \N ‱ 0.000100000000000000005 \N 1|10000 \N ㍱ 100 kg/m*s^2 \N hPa \N ㍲ 86400 s \N da \N ㍳ 149597870700 m \N au \N ㍴ 100000 kg/m*s^2 \N bar \N ㍶ 30856775814671916 m \N pc \N ㎀ 9.9999999999999998e-13 A \N pA \N ㎁ 1.00000000000000006e-09 A \N nA \N ㎂ 9.99999999999999955e-07 A \N µA \N ㎃ 0.00100000000000000002 A \N mA \N ㎄ 1000 A \N kA \N ㎅ 1000 B \N kB \N ㎆ 1000000 B \N MB \N ㎇ 1000000000 B \N GB \N ㎊ 9.9999999999999998e-13 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg \N pF \N ㎋ 1.00000000000000006e-09 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg \N nF \N ㎌ 9.99999999999999955e-07 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg \N µF \N ㎍ 1.00000000000000006e-09 kg \N µg \N ㎎ 9.99999999999999955e-07 kg \N mg \N ㎏ 1 kg \N kg \N ㎐ 1 s^-1 \N Hz \N ㎑ 1000 s^-1 \N kHz \N ㎒ 1000000 s^-1 \N MHz \N ㎓ 1000000000 s^-1 \N GHz \N ㎔ 1000000000000 s^-1 \N THz \N ㎕ 1.00000000000000027e-09 m^3 \N µL \N ㎖ 1.00000000000000017e-06 m^3 \N mL \N ㎗ 0.000100000000000000032 m^3 \N dL \N ㎘ 1.00000000000000022 m^3 \N kL \N ㎙ 1.00000000000000008e-15 m \N fm \N ㎚ 1.00000000000000006e-09 m \N nm \N ㎛ 9.99999999999999955e-07 m \N µm \N ㎜ 0.00100000000000000002 m \N mm \N ㎝ 0.0100000000000000002 m \N cm \N ㎞ 1000 m \N km \N ㎟ 9.99999999999999955e-07 m^2 \N mm^2 \N ㎠ 0.000100000000000000005 m^2 \N cm^2 \N ㎡ 1 m^2 \N m^2 \N ㎢ 1000000 m^2 \N km^2 \N ㎣ 1.00000000000000006e-09 m^3 \N mm^3 \N ㎤ 1.00000000000000017e-06 m^3 \N cm^3 \N ㎥ 1 m^3 \N m^3 \N ㎦ 1000000000 m^3 \N km^3 \N ㎧ 1 m/s \N m/s \N ㎨ 1 m/s^2 \N m/s^2 \N ㎩ 1 kg/m*s^2 \N Pa \N ㎪ 1000 kg/m*s^2 \N kPa \N ㎫ 1000000 kg/m*s^2 \N MPa \N ㎬ 1000000000 kg/m*s^2 \N GPa \N ㎭ 0.0100000000000000002 m^2/s^2 \N rad \N ㎮ 0.0100000000000000002 m^2/s^3 \N rad/s \N ㎯ 0.0100000000000000002 m^2/s^4 \N rad/s^2 \N ㎰ 9.9999999999999998e-13 s \N ps \N ㎱ 1.00000000000000006e-09 s \N ns \N ㎲ 9.99999999999999955e-07 s \N µs \N ㎳ 0.00100000000000000002 s \N ms \N ㎴ 9.9999999999999998e-13 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N pV \N ㎵ 1.00000000000000006e-09 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N nV \N ㎶ 9.99999999999999955e-07 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N µV \N ㎷ 0.00100000000000000002 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N mV \N ㎸ 1000 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N kV \N ㎹ 1000000 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N MV \N ㎺ 9.9999999999999998e-13 m^2*kg/s^3 \N pW \N ㎻ 1.00000000000000006e-09 m^2*kg/s^3 \N nW \N ㎼ 9.99999999999999955e-07 m^2*kg/s^3 \N µW \N ㎽ 0.00100000000000000002 m^2*kg/s^3 \N mW \N ㎾ 1000 m^2*kg/s^3 \N kW \N ㎿ 1000000 m^2*kg/s^3 \N MW \N ㏀ 1000 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2 \N kΩ \N ㏁ 1000000 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2 \N MΩ \N ㏃ 1 s^-1 \N Bq \N ㏄ 1.00000000000000017e-06 m^3 \N cc \N ㏅ 1 cd \N cd \N ㏆ 1 s*A/kg \N C/kg \N ㏉ 1 m^2/s^2 \N Gy \N ㏊ 10000 m^2 \N ha \N ㏌ 0.0254000000000000024 m \N in \N ㏏ 1000000 kg \N kt \N ㏐ 1 cd \N lm \N ㏓ 1 cd/m^2 \N lx \N ㏔ 100 kg/m*s^2 \N mb \N ㏕ 2.54000000000000041e-05 m \N mil \N ㏖ 1 mol \N mol \N ㏙ 9.99999999999999955e-07 \N ppm \N ㏛ 1 \N sr \N ㏜ 1 m^2/s^2 \N Sv \N ㏝ 1 m^2*kg/s^2*A \N Wb \N hydrogen_1 1.00782503219999997 \N 1.0078250322 \N hydrogen_2 2.01410177810000013 \N 2.0141017781 \N hydrogen_3 3.0160492779000001 \N 3.0160492779 \N hydrogen_4 4.0264300000000004 \N 4.0264300000 \N hydrogen_5 5.03531100000000009 \N 5.0353110000 \N hydrogen_6 6.04495999999999967 \N 6.0449600000 \N hydrogen_7 7.05269999999999975 \N 7.0527000000 \N hydrogen 1.00794075402577854 \N 0.99988500 hydrogen_1 + 0.00011500 hydrogen_2 \N helium_3 3.01602932009999991 \N 3.0160293201 \N helium_4 4.00260325410000029 \N 4.0026032541 \N helium_5 5.01205700000000043 \N 5.0120570000 \N helium_6 6.01888589100000004 \N 6.0188858910 \N helium_7 7.02799070000000015 \N 7.0279907000 \N helium_8 8.03393439000000065 \N 8.0339343900 \N helium_9 9.04394600000000004 \N 9.0439460000 \N helium_10 10.0527899999999999 \N 10.0527900000 \N helium 4.00260193209092918 \N 0.00000134 helium_3 + 0.99999866 helium_4 \N lithium_3 3.03080000000000016 \N 3.0308000000 \N lithium_4 4.02719000000000005 \N 4.0271900000 \N lithium_5 5.01253800000000016 \N 5.0125380000 \N lithium_6 6.01512288739999956 \N 6.0151228874 \N lithium_7 7.01600343660000014 \N 7.0160034366 \N lithium_8 8.02248624599999971 \N 8.0224862460 \N lithium_9 9.02679018999999982 \N 9.0267901900 \N lithium_10 10.0354829999999993 \N 10.0354830000 \N lithium_11 11.04372358 \N 11.0437235800 \N lithium_12 12.0525169999999999 \N 12.0525170000 \N lithium_13 13.0626300000000004 \N 13.0626300000 \N lithium 6.94003660291572011 \N 0.07590000 lithium_6 + 0.92410000 lithium_7 \N beryllium_5 5.03990000000000027 \N 5.0399000000 \N beryllium_6 6.0197263999999997 \N 6.0197264000 \N beryllium_7 7.01692871699999987 \N 7.0169287170 \N beryllium_8 8.00530510199999945 \N 8.0053051020 \N beryllium_9 9.01218306500000033 \N 9.0121830650 \N beryllium_10 10.0135346950000006 \N 10.0135346950 \N beryllium_11 11.0216610799999994 \N 11.0216610800 \N beryllium_12 12.0269221000000002 \N 12.0269221000 \N beryllium_13 13.0361349999999998 \N 13.0361350000 \N beryllium_14 14.0428899999999999 \N 14.0428900000 \N beryllium_15 15.0534199999999991 \N 15.0534200000 \N beryllium_16 16.0616699999999994 \N 16.0616700000 \N beryllium 9.01218306500000033 \N beryllium_9 \N boron_6 6.05079999999999973 \N 6.0508000000 \N boron_7 7.02971199999999996 \N 7.0297120000 \N boron_8 8.02460729999999955 \N 8.0246073000 \N boron_9 9.0133296499999993 \N 9.0133296500 \N boron_10 10.0129369500000003 \N 10.0129369500 \N boron_11 11.0093053600000008 \N 11.0093053600 \N boron_12 12.0143526999999999 \N 12.0143527000 \N boron_13 13.0177802000000007 \N 13.0177802000 \N boron_14 14.025404 \N 14.0254040000 \N boron_15 15.0310880000000004 \N 15.0310880000 \N boron_16 16.0398420000000002 \N 16.0398420000 \N boron_17 17.046990000000001 \N 17.0469900000 \N boron_18 18.0556599999999996 \N 18.0556600000 \N boron_19 19.0630999999999986 \N 19.0631000000 \N boron_20 20.0720700000000001 \N 20.0720700000 \N boron_21 21.0812899999999992 \N 21.0812900000 \N boron 10.8110280464100015 \N 0.19900000 boron_10 + 0.80100000 boron_11 \N carbon_8 8.0376429999999992 \N 8.0376430000 \N carbon_9 9.0310372000000001 \N 9.0310372000 \N carbon_10 10.0168533100000001 \N 10.0168533100 \N carbon_11 11.0114336000000002 \N 11.0114336000 \N carbon_12 12 \N 12.0000000000 \N carbon_13 13.0033548350999997 \N 13.0033548351 \N carbon_14 14.0032419883999992 \N 14.0032419884 \N carbon_15 15.0105992599999993 \N 15.0105992600 \N carbon_16 16.0147012999999987 \N 16.0147013000 \N carbon_17 17.0225769999999983 \N 17.0225770000 \N carbon_18 18.0267510000000009 \N 18.0267510000 \N carbon_19 19.0348000000000006 \N 19.0348000000 \N carbon_20 20.0403200000000012 \N 20.0403200000 \N carbon_21 21.0489999999999995 \N 21.0490000000 \N carbon_22 22.0575299999999999 \N 22.0575300000 \N carbon_23 23.0688999999999993 \N 23.0689000000 \N carbon 12.0107358967355697 \N 0.98930000 carbon_12 + 0.01070000 carbon_13 \N nitrogen_10 10.0416500000000006 \N 10.0416500000 \N nitrogen_11 11.0260909999999992 \N 11.0260910000 \N nitrogen_12 12.0186132000000008 \N 12.0186132000 \N nitrogen_13 13.0057386099999999 \N 13.0057386100 \N nitrogen_14 14.0030740044000002 \N 14.0030740044 \N nitrogen_15 15.0001088989000007 \N 15.0001088989 \N nitrogen_16 16.0061019000000009 \N 16.0061019000 \N nitrogen_17 17.0084489999999988 \N 17.0084490000 \N nitrogen_18 18.0140780000000014 \N 18.0140780000 \N nitrogen_19 19.0170220000000008 \N 19.0170220000 \N nitrogen_20 20.0233659999999993 \N 20.0233660000 \N nitrogen_21 21.0271100000000004 \N 21.0271100000 \N nitrogen_22 22.0343899999999984 \N 22.0343900000 \N nitrogen_23 23.0411399999999986 \N 23.0411400000 \N nitrogen_24 24.0503900000000002 \N 24.0503900000 \N nitrogen_25 25.0600999999999985 \N 25.0601000000 \N nitrogen 14.0067032114159797 \N 0.99636000 nitrogen_14 + 0.00364000 nitrogen_15 \N oxygen_12 12.034262 \N 12.0342620000 \N oxygen_13 13.0248150000000003 \N 13.0248150000 \N oxygen_14 14.0085963600000003 \N 14.0085963600 \N oxygen_15 15.0030656199999992 \N 15.0030656200 \N oxygen_16 15.9949146195999994 \N 15.9949146196 \N oxygen_17 16.9991317564999989 \N 16.9991317565 \N oxygen_18 17.9991596129000015 \N 17.9991596129 \N oxygen_19 19.003578000000001 \N 19.0035780000 \N oxygen_20 20.0040753500000008 \N 20.0040753500 \N oxygen_21 21.008655000000001 \N 21.0086550000 \N oxygen_22 22.0099659999999986 \N 22.0099660000 \N oxygen_23 23.0156959999999984 \N 23.0156960000 \N oxygen_24 24.0198600000000013 \N 24.0198600000 \N oxygen_25 25.0293600000000005 \N 25.0293600000 \N oxygen_26 26.0372899999999987 \N 26.0372900000 \N oxygen_27 27.0477200000000018 \N 27.0477200000 \N oxygen_28 28.0559100000000008 \N 28.0559100000 \N oxygen 15.9994049243482852 \N 0.99757000 oxygen_16 + 0.00038000 oxygen_17 + 0.00205000 oxygen_18 \N fluorine_14 14.0343149999999994 \N 14.0343150000 \N fluorine_15 15.0180430000000005 \N 15.0180430000 \N fluorine_16 16.0114656999999987 \N 16.0114657000 \N fluorine_17 17.0020952399999992 \N 17.0020952400 \N fluorine_18 18.0009373299999993 \N 18.0009373300 \N fluorine_19 18.9984031627000007 \N 18.9984031627 \N fluorine_20 19.9999812520000013 \N 19.9999812520 \N fluorine_21 20.9999488999999997 \N 20.9999489000 \N fluorine_22 22.0029989999999991 \N 22.0029990000 \N fluorine_23 23.0035570000000007 \N 23.0035570000 \N fluorine_24 24.0081150000000001 \N 24.0081150000 \N fluorine_25 25.012198999999999 \N 25.0121990000 \N fluorine_26 26.0200379999999996 \N 26.0200380000 \N fluorine_27 27.0264400000000009 \N 27.0264400000 \N fluorine_28 28.0353400000000015 \N 28.0353400000 \N fluorine_29 29.0425399999999989 \N 29.0425400000 \N fluorine_30 30.0516499999999986 \N 30.0516500000 \N fluorine_31 31.059709999999999 \N 31.0597100000 \N fluorine 18.9984031627000007 \N fluorine_19 \N neon_16 16.0257499999999986 \N 16.0257500000 \N neon_17 17.0177139599999983 \N 17.0177139600 \N neon_18 18.0057086999999996 \N 18.0057087000 \N neon_19 19.0018809100000006 \N 19.0018809100 \N neon_20 19.9924401761999988 \N 19.9924401762 \N neon_21 20.9938466850000012 \N 20.9938466850 \N neon_22 21.9913851139999998 \N 21.9913851140 \N neon_23 22.9944669099999999 \N 22.9944669100 \N neon_24 23.9936106500000008 \N 23.9936106500 \N neon_25 24.9977890000000009 \N 24.9977890000 \N neon_26 26.000515 \N 26.0005150000 \N neon_27 27.0075530000000015 \N 27.0075530000 \N neon_28 28.0121199999999995 \N 28.0121200000 \N neon_29 29.0197499999999984 \N 29.0197500000 \N neon_30 30.0247300000000017 \N 30.0247300000 \N neon_31 31.033100000000001 \N 31.0331000000 \N neon_32 32.0397200000000026 \N 32.0397200000 \N neon_33 33.0493799999999993 \N 33.0493800000 \N neon_34 34.0567300000000017 \N 34.0567300000 \N neon 20.1800463805202597 \N 0.90480000 neon_20 + 0.00270000 neon_21 + 0.09250000 neon_22 \N sodium_18 18.0268799999999985 \N 18.0268800000 \N sodium_19 19.0138800000000003 \N 19.0138800000 \N sodium_20 20.0073544000000005 \N 20.0073544000 \N sodium_21 20.997654690000001 \N 20.9976546900 \N sodium_22 21.9944374099999997 \N 21.9944374100 \N sodium_23 22.989769282000001 \N 22.9897692820 \N sodium_24 23.9909629500000001 \N 23.9909629500 \N sodium_25 24.9899540000000009 \N 24.9899540000 \N sodium_26 25.9926345999999988 \N 25.9926346000 \N sodium_27 26.9940764999999985 \N 26.9940765000 \N sodium_28 27.998939 \N 27.9989390000 \N sodium_29 29.0028770999999992 \N 29.0028771000 \N sodium_30 30.0090979000000004 \N 30.0090979000 \N sodium_31 31.0131629999999987 \N 31.0131630000 \N sodium_32 32.0201899999999995 \N 32.0201900000 \N sodium_33 33.0257300000000029 \N 33.0257300000 \N sodium_34 34.0335899999999967 \N 34.0335900000 \N sodium_35 35.040619999999997 \N 35.0406200000 \N sodium_36 36.0492899999999992 \N 36.0492900000 \N sodium_37 37.0570499999999967 \N 37.0570500000 \N sodium 22.989769282000001 \N sodium_23 \N magnesium_19 19.0341689999999986 \N 19.0341690000 \N magnesium_20 20.0188500000000005 \N 20.0188500000 \N magnesium_21 21.0117159999999998 \N 21.0117160000 \N magnesium_22 21.999570649999999 \N 21.9995706500 \N magnesium_23 22.994124209999999 \N 22.9941242100 \N magnesium_24 23.9850416969999998 \N 23.9850416970 \N magnesium_25 24.9858369760000016 \N 24.9858369760 \N magnesium_26 25.9825929679999987 \N 25.9825929680 \N magnesium_27 26.9843406240000014 \N 26.9843406240 \N magnesium_28 27.9838766999999997 \N 27.9838767000 \N magnesium_29 28.9886170000000014 \N 28.9886170000 \N magnesium_30 29.9904629000000007 \N 29.9904629000 \N magnesium_31 30.9966480000000004 \N 30.9966480000 \N magnesium_32 31.9991102000000005 \N 31.9991102000 \N magnesium_33 33.0053271000000024 \N 33.0053271000 \N magnesium_34 34.008935000000001 \N 34.0089350000 \N magnesium_35 35.0167900000000003 \N 35.0167900000 \N magnesium_36 36.021880000000003 \N 36.0218800000 \N magnesium_37 37.0303699999999978 \N 37.0303700000 \N magnesium_38 38.0365800000000007 \N 38.0365800000 \N magnesium_39 39.0453800000000015 \N 39.0453800000 \N magnesium_40 40.0521799999999999 \N 40.0521800000 \N magnesium 24.3050516198371014 \N 0.78990000 magnesium_24 + 0.10000000 magnesium_25 + 0.11010000 magnesium_26 \N aluminium_21 21.0289700000000011 \N 21.0289700000 \N aluminium_22 22.0195399999999992 \N 22.0195400000 \N aluminium_23 23.0072443500000006 \N 23.0072443500 \N aluminium_24 23.9999488999999997 \N 23.9999489000 \N aluminium_25 24.990428099999999 \N 24.9904281000 \N aluminium_26 25.9868919040000002 \N 25.9868919040 \N aluminium_27 26.9815385300000017 \N 26.9815385300 \N aluminium_28 27.9819102099999988 \N 27.9819102100 \N aluminium_29 28.980456499999999 \N 28.9804565000 \N aluminium_30 29.9829599999999985 \N 29.9829600000 \N aluminium_31 30.9839449999999985 \N 30.9839450000 \N aluminium_32 31.9880850000000017 \N 31.9880850000 \N aluminium_33 32.990909000000002 \N 32.9909090000 \N aluminium_34 33.9967049999999986 \N 33.9967050000 \N aluminium_35 34.999763999999999 \N 34.9997640000 \N aluminium_36 36.0063900000000032 \N 36.0063900000 \N aluminium_37 37.0105300000000028 \N 37.0105300000 \N aluminium_38 38.0174000000000021 \N 38.0174000000 \N aluminium_39 39.0225399999999993 \N 39.0225400000 \N aluminium_40 40.0300299999999964 \N 40.0300300000 \N aluminium_41 41.0363800000000012 \N 41.0363800000 \N aluminium_42 42.043840000000003 \N 42.0438400000 \N aluminium_43 43.0514700000000019 \N 43.0514700000 \N aluminium 26.9815385300000017 \N aluminium_27 \N aluminum_21 21.0289700000000011 \N 21.0289700000 \N aluminum_22 22.0195399999999992 \N 22.0195400000 \N aluminum_23 23.0072443500000006 \N 23.0072443500 \N aluminum_24 23.9999488999999997 \N 23.9999489000 \N aluminum_25 24.990428099999999 \N 24.9904281000 \N aluminum_26 25.9868919040000002 \N 25.9868919040 \N aluminum_27 26.9815385300000017 \N 26.9815385300 \N aluminum_28 27.9819102099999988 \N 27.9819102100 \N aluminum_29 28.980456499999999 \N 28.9804565000 \N aluminum_30 29.9829599999999985 \N 29.9829600000 \N aluminum_31 30.9839449999999985 \N 30.9839450000 \N aluminum_32 31.9880850000000017 \N 31.9880850000 \N aluminum_33 32.990909000000002 \N 32.9909090000 \N aluminum_34 33.9967049999999986 \N 33.9967050000 \N aluminum_35 34.999763999999999 \N 34.9997640000 \N aluminum_36 36.0063900000000032 \N 36.0063900000 \N aluminum_37 37.0105300000000028 \N 37.0105300000 \N aluminum_38 38.0174000000000021 \N 38.0174000000 \N aluminum_39 39.0225399999999993 \N 39.0225400000 \N aluminum_40 40.0300299999999964 \N 40.0300300000 \N aluminum_41 41.0363800000000012 \N 41.0363800000 \N aluminum_42 42.043840000000003 \N 42.0438400000 \N aluminum_43 43.0514700000000019 \N 43.0514700000 \N aluminum 26.9815385300000017 \N aluminum_27 \N silicon_22 22.0357899999999987 \N 22.0357900000 \N silicon_23 23.0254399999999997 \N 23.0254400000 \N silicon_24 24.0115349999999985 \N 24.0115350000 \N silicon_25 25.0041089999999997 \N 25.0041090000 \N silicon_26 25.9923338400000006 \N 25.9923338400 \N silicon_27 26.9867048099999991 \N 26.9867048100 \N silicon_28 27.9769265346999987 \N 27.9769265347 \N silicon_29 28.9764946648999988 \N 28.9764946649 \N silicon_30 29.9737701359999988 \N 29.9737701360 \N silicon_31 30.9753631939999998 \N 30.9753631940 \N silicon_32 31.9741515400000011 \N 31.9741515400 \N silicon_33 32.9779769599999995 \N 32.9779769600 \N silicon_34 33.9785759999999968 \N 33.9785760000 \N silicon_35 34.9845830000000007 \N 34.9845830000 \N silicon_36 35.9866949999999974 \N 35.9866950000 \N silicon_37 36.9929210000000026 \N 36.9929210000 \N silicon_38 37.9955229999999986 \N 37.9955230000 \N silicon_39 39.0024909999999991 \N 39.0024910000 \N silicon_40 40.0058300000000031 \N 40.0058300000 \N silicon_41 41.0130100000000013 \N 41.0130100000 \N silicon_42 42.0177800000000019 \N 42.0177800000 \N silicon_43 43.024799999999999 \N 43.0248000000 \N silicon_44 44.0306100000000029 \N 44.0306100000 \N silicon_45 45.0399499999999975 \N 45.0399500000 \N silicon 28.0854987057520624 \N 0.92223000 silicon_28 + 0.04685000 silicon_29 + 0.03092000 silicon_30 \N phosphorus_24 24.0357699999999994 \N 24.0357700000 \N phosphorus_25 25.0211900000000007 \N 25.0211900000 \N phosphorus_26 26.0117800000000017 \N 26.0117800000 \N phosphorus_27 26.9992240000000017 \N 26.9992240000 \N phosphorus_28 27.9923265999999984 \N 27.9923266000 \N phosphorus_29 28.9818007900000012 \N 28.9818007900 \N phosphorus_30 29.9783137500000016 \N 29.9783137500 \N phosphorus_31 30.9737619984000006 \N 30.9737619984 \N phosphorus_32 31.9739076430000004 \N 31.9739076430 \N phosphorus_33 32.9717257000000004 \N 32.9717257000 \N phosphorus_34 33.9736458900000002 \N 33.9736458900 \N phosphorus_35 34.9733141000000032 \N 34.9733141000 \N phosphorus_36 35.9782599999999988 \N 35.9782600000 \N phosphorus_37 36.9796070000000014 \N 36.9796070000 \N phosphorus_38 37.9842519999999979 \N 37.9842520000 \N phosphorus_39 38.9862269999999995 \N 38.9862270000 \N phosphorus_40 39.9913299999999978 \N 39.9913300000 \N phosphorus_41 40.994653999999997 \N 40.9946540000 \N phosphorus_42 42.0010800000000017 \N 42.0010800000 \N phosphorus_43 43.0050200000000018 \N 43.0050200000 \N phosphorus_44 44.0112099999999984 \N 44.0112100000 \N phosphorus_45 45.016449999999999 \N 45.0164500000 \N phosphorus_46 46.0244599999999977 \N 46.0244600000 \N phosphorus_47 47.0313900000000018 \N 47.0313900000 \N phosphorus 30.9737619984000006 \N phosphorus_31 \N sulfur_26 26.0290700000000008 \N 26.0290700000 \N sulfur_27 27.0182800000000007 \N 27.0182800000 \N sulfur_28 28.0043700000000015 \N 28.0043700000 \N sulfur_29 28.9966110000000015 \N 28.9966110000 \N sulfur_30 29.9849070299999987 \N 29.9849070300 \N sulfur_31 30.9795570100000006 \N 30.9795570100 \N sulfur_32 31.9720711743999999 \N 31.9720711744 \N sulfur_33 32.971458909799999 \N 32.9714589098 \N sulfur_34 33.9678670039999986 \N 33.9678670040 \N sulfur_35 34.9690323100000029 \N 34.9690323100 \N sulfur_36 35.9670807099999976 \N 35.9670807100 \N sulfur_37 36.9711255100000002 \N 36.9711255100 \N sulfur_38 37.9711633000000006 \N 37.9711633000 \N sulfur_39 38.9751339999999971 \N 38.9751340000 \N sulfur_40 39.9754825999999994 \N 39.9754826000 \N sulfur_41 40.9795935 \N 40.9795935000 \N sulfur_42 41.9810651000000021 \N 41.9810651000 \N sulfur_43 42.9869076000000021 \N 42.9869076000 \N sulfur_44 43.9901187999999976 \N 43.9901188000 \N sulfur_45 44.9957199999999986 \N 44.9957200000 \N sulfur_46 46.0000399999999985 \N 46.0000400000 \N sulfur_47 47.007950000000001 \N 47.0079500000 \N sulfur_48 48.0137 \N 48.0137000000 \N sulfur_49 49.0227599999999981 \N 49.0227600000 \N sulfur 32.0647874061270599 \N 0.94990000 sulfur_32 + 0.00750000 sulfur_33 + 0.04250000 sulfur_34 + 0.00010000 sulfur_36 \N chlorine_28 28.0295400000000008 \N 28.0295400000 \N chlorine_29 29.0147799999999982 \N 29.0147800000 \N chlorine_30 30.0047700000000006 \N 30.0047700000 \N chlorine_31 30.9924140000000001 \N 30.9924140000 \N chlorine_32 31.9856846399999988 \N 31.9856846400 \N chlorine_33 32.9774519899999987 \N 32.9774519900 \N chlorine_34 33.9737624850000017 \N 33.9737624850 \N chlorine_35 34.9688526819999979 \N 34.9688526820 \N chlorine_36 35.9683068089999978 \N 35.9683068090 \N chlorine_37 36.9659026019999999 \N 36.9659026020 \N chlorine_38 37.9680104400000005 \N 37.9680104400 \N chlorine_39 38.9680081999999999 \N 38.9680082000 \N chlorine_40 39.9704150000000027 \N 39.9704150000 \N chlorine_41 40.9706850000000031 \N 40.9706850000 \N chlorine_42 41.9732500000000002 \N 41.9732500000 \N chlorine_43 42.9738899999999973 \N 42.9738900000 \N chlorine_44 43.9778700000000029 \N 43.9778700000 \N chlorine_45 44.9802899999999966 \N 44.9802900000 \N chlorine_46 45.9851699999999965 \N 45.9851700000 \N chlorine_47 46.9891599999999983 \N 46.9891600000 \N chlorine_48 47.9956400000000016 \N 47.9956400000 \N chlorine_49 49.0012299999999996 \N 49.0012300000 \N chlorine_50 50.009050000000002 \N 50.0090500000 \N chlorine_51 51.0155400000000014 \N 51.0155400000 \N chlorine 35.4529375826080013 \N 0.75760000 chlorine_35 + 0.24240000 chlorine_37 \N argon_30 30.0230700000000006 \N 30.0230700000 \N argon_31 31.0121199999999995 \N 31.0121200000 \N argon_32 31.9976377999999997 \N 31.9976378000 \N argon_33 32.9899255500000024 \N 32.9899255500 \N argon_34 33.9802700899999977 \N 33.9802700900 \N argon_35 34.9752575899999982 \N 34.9752575900 \N argon_36 35.9675451049999992 \N 35.9675451050 \N argon_37 36.9667763300000018 \N 36.9667763300 \N argon_38 37.9627321099999975 \N 37.9627321100 \N argon_39 38.9643129999999971 \N 38.9643130000 \N argon_40 39.9623831237000005 \N 39.9623831237 \N argon_41 40.9645005699999984 \N 40.9645005700 \N argon_42 41.9630457000000021 \N 41.9630457000 \N argon_43 42.9656360999999976 \N 42.9656361000 \N argon_44 43.9649238000000011 \N 43.9649238000 \N argon_45 44.968039730000001 \N 44.9680397300 \N argon_46 45.968083 \N 45.9680830000 \N argon_47 46.9729349999999997 \N 46.9729350000 \N argon_48 47.9759099999999989 \N 47.9759100000 \N argon_49 48.9819000000000031 \N 48.9819000000 \N argon_50 49.9861300000000028 \N 49.9861300000 \N argon_51 50.9936999999999969 \N 50.9937000000 \N argon_52 51.9989599999999967 \N 51.9989600000 \N argon_53 53.0072899999999976 \N 53.0072900000 \N argon 39.9477985635820048 \N 0.00333600 argon_36 + 0.00062900 argon_38 + 0.99603500 argon_40 \N potassium_32 32.0226499999999987 \N 32.0226500000 \N potassium_33 33.007559999999998 \N 33.0075600000 \N potassium_34 33.9986900000000034 \N 33.9986900000 \N potassium_35 34.9880054099999995 \N 34.9880054100 \N potassium_36 35.9813020100000003 \N 35.9813020100 \N potassium_37 36.9733758899999998 \N 36.9733758900 \N potassium_38 37.9690811199999985 \N 37.9690811200 \N potassium_39 38.9637064863999996 \N 38.9637064864 \N potassium_40 39.9639981660000032 \N 39.9639981660 \N potassium_41 40.9618252579000028 \N 40.9618252579 \N potassium_42 41.9624023100000016 \N 41.9624023100 \N potassium_43 42.9607347000000033 \N 42.9607347000 \N potassium_44 43.9615869900000007 \N 43.9615869900 \N potassium_45 44.9606914900000021 \N 44.9606914900 \N potassium_46 45.9619815900000006 \N 45.9619815900 \N potassium_47 46.9616615999999993 \N 46.9616616000 \N potassium_48 47.9653411899999966 \N 47.9653411900 \N potassium_49 48.9682107499999972 \N 48.9682107500 \N potassium_50 49.9723800000000011 \N 49.9723800000 \N potassium_51 50.9758279999999999 \N 50.9758280000 \N potassium_52 51.9822399999999973 \N 51.9822400000 \N potassium_53 52.9874599999999987 \N 52.9874600000 \N potassium_54 53.9946300000000008 \N 53.9946300000 \N potassium_55 55.0007599999999996 \N 55.0007600000 \N potassium_56 56.0085100000000011 \N 56.0085100000 \N potassium 39.0983009100860031 \N 0.93258100 potassium_39 + 0.00011700 potassium_40 + 0.06730200 potassium_41 \N calcium_34 34.0148700000000019 \N 34.0148700000 \N calcium_35 35.0051399999999973 \N 35.0051400000 \N calcium_36 35.993074 \N 35.9930740000 \N calcium_37 36.9858978500000006 \N 36.9858978500 \N calcium_38 37.9763192200000006 \N 37.9763192200 \N calcium_39 38.9707108099999999 \N 38.9707108100 \N calcium_40 39.9625908630000026 \N 39.9625908630 \N calcium_41 40.9622779199999982 \N 40.9622779200 \N calcium_42 41.9586178300000014 \N 41.9586178300 \N calcium_43 42.958766439999998 \N 42.9587664400 \N calcium_44 43.9554815600000026 \N 43.9554815600 \N calcium_45 44.956186350000003 \N 44.9561863500 \N calcium_46 45.9536889999999971 \N 45.9536890000 \N calcium_47 46.9545424000000011 \N 46.9545424000 \N calcium_48 47.9525227600000008 \N 47.9525227600 \N calcium_49 48.9556627400000011 \N 48.9556627400 \N calcium_50 49.9574992000000009 \N 49.9574992000 \N calcium_51 50.9609889999999979 \N 50.9609890000 \N calcium_52 51.9632170000000002 \N 51.9632170000 \N calcium_53 52.9694500000000019 \N 52.9694500000 \N calcium_54 53.973399999999998 \N 53.9734000000 \N calcium_55 54.9802999999999997 \N 54.9803000000 \N calcium_56 55.9850800000000035 \N 55.9850800000 \N calcium_57 56.9926200000000023 \N 56.9926200000 \N calcium_58 57.9979399999999998 \N 57.9979400000 \N calcium 40.0780225110177355 \N 0.96941000 calcium_40 + 0.00647000 calcium_42 + 0.00135000 calcium_43 + 0.02086000 calcium_44 + 0.00004000 calcium_46 + 0.00187000 calcium_48 \N scandium_36 36.0164800000000014 \N 36.0164800000 \N scandium_37 37.0037400000000005 \N 37.0037400000 \N scandium_38 37.99512 \N 37.9951200000 \N scandium_39 38.9847850000000022 \N 38.9847850000 \N scandium_40 39.9779673000000031 \N 39.9779673000 \N scandium_41 40.9692511049999979 \N 40.9692511050 \N scandium_42 41.9655165300000021 \N 41.9655165300 \N scandium_43 42.9611505000000022 \N 42.9611505000 \N scandium_44 43.9594029000000006 \N 43.9594029000 \N scandium_45 44.9559082800000027 \N 44.9559082800 \N scandium_46 45.9551682600000007 \N 45.9551682600 \N scandium_47 46.9524036999999979 \N 46.9524037000 \N scandium_48 47.9522236000000035 \N 47.9522236000 \N scandium_49 48.9500146000000029 \N 48.9500146000 \N scandium_50 49.9521760000000015 \N 49.9521760000 \N scandium_51 50.9535920000000004 \N 50.9535920000 \N scandium_52 51.9568799999999982 \N 51.9568800000 \N scandium_53 52.9590900000000033 \N 52.9590900000 \N scandium_54 53.9639299999999977 \N 53.9639300000 \N scandium_55 54.9678200000000032 \N 54.9678200000 \N scandium_56 55.9734499999999997 \N 55.9734500000 \N scandium_57 56.9777699999999996 \N 56.9777700000 \N scandium_58 57.9840299999999971 \N 57.9840300000 \N scandium_59 58.9889399999999995 \N 58.9889400000 \N scandium_60 59.9956499999999977 \N 59.9956500000 \N scandium_61 61.0009999999999977 \N 61.0010000000 \N scandium 44.9559082800000027 \N scandium_45 \N titanium_38 38.0114500000000035 \N 38.0114500000 \N titanium_39 39.002360000000003 \N 39.0023600000 \N titanium_40 39.9904999999999973 \N 39.9905000000 \N titanium_41 40.9831479999999999 \N 40.9831480000 \N titanium_42 41.9730490299999985 \N 41.9730490300 \N titanium_43 42.9685224999999988 \N 42.9685225000 \N titanium_44 43.9596899499999978 \N 43.9596899500 \N titanium_45 44.9581219800000014 \N 44.9581219800 \N titanium_46 45.9526277200000024 \N 45.9526277200 \N titanium_47 46.9517587899999995 \N 46.9517587900 \N titanium_48 47.9479419800000031 \N 47.9479419800 \N titanium_49 48.9478656799999996 \N 48.9478656800 \N titanium_50 49.9447868900000032 \N 49.9447868900 \N titanium_51 50.9466106499999967 \N 50.9466106500 \N titanium_52 51.9468930000000029 \N 51.9468930000 \N titanium_53 52.9497300000000024 \N 52.9497300000 \N titanium_54 53.9510500000000022 \N 53.9510500000 \N titanium_55 54.9552699999999987 \N 54.9552700000 \N titanium_56 55.9579099999999983 \N 55.9579100000 \N titanium_57 56.9636399999999981 \N 56.9636400000 \N titanium_58 57.9665999999999997 \N 57.9666000000 \N titanium_59 58.9724700000000013 \N 58.9724700000 \N titanium_60 59.9760300000000015 \N 59.9760300000 \N titanium_61 60.98245 \N 60.9824500000 \N titanium_62 61.9865100000000027 \N 61.9865100000 \N titanium_63 62.9937499999999986 \N 62.9937500000 \N titanium 47.8667449627219952 \N 0.08250000 titanium_46 + 0.07440000 titanium_47 + 0.73720000 titanium_48 + 0.05410000 titanium_49 + 0.05180000 titanium_50 \N vanadium_40 40.0127600000000001 \N 40.0127600000 \N vanadium_41 41.0002100000000027 \N 41.0002100000 \N vanadium_42 41.991819999999997 \N 41.9918200000 \N vanadium_43 42.9807660000000027 \N 42.9807660000 \N vanadium_44 43.9741100000000031 \N 43.9741100000 \N vanadium_45 44.9657747999999984 \N 44.9657748000 \N vanadium_46 45.9601987799999989 \N 45.9601987800 \N vanadium_47 46.9549049100000033 \N 46.9549049100 \N vanadium_48 47.9522521999999967 \N 47.9522522000 \N vanadium_49 48.9485117999999986 \N 48.9485118000 \N vanadium_50 49.9471560100000005 \N 49.9471560100 \N vanadium_51 50.9439570400000008 \N 50.9439570400 \N vanadium_52 51.9447730099999987 \N 51.9447730100 \N vanadium_53 52.9443367000000009 \N 52.9443367000 \N vanadium_54 53.946438999999998 \N 53.9464390000 \N vanadium_55 54.9472400000000007 \N 54.9472400000 \N vanadium_56 55.9504799999999989 \N 55.9504800000 \N vanadium_57 56.9525199999999998 \N 56.9525200000 \N vanadium_58 57.9567199999999971 \N 57.9567200000 \N vanadium_59 58.9593899999999991 \N 58.9593900000 \N vanadium_60 59.9643099999999976 \N 59.9643100000 \N vanadium_61 60.9672499999999999 \N 60.9672500000 \N vanadium_62 61.9726500000000016 \N 61.9726500000 \N vanadium_63 62.9763900000000021 \N 62.9763900000 \N vanadium_64 63.9826400000000035 \N 63.9826400000 \N vanadium_65 64.9874999999999972 \N 64.9875000000 \N vanadium_66 65.9939799999999934 \N 65.9939800000 \N vanadium 50.9414650374250044 \N 0.00250000 vanadium_50 + 0.99750000 vanadium_51 \N chromium_42 42.0067000000000021 \N 42.0067000000 \N chromium_43 42.9975299999999976 \N 42.9975300000 \N chromium_44 43.98536 \N 43.9853600000 \N chromium_45 44.9790500000000009 \N 44.9790500000 \N chromium_46 45.9683589999999995 \N 45.9683590000 \N chromium_47 46.9628974000000028 \N 46.9628974000 \N chromium_48 47.9540290999999996 \N 47.9540291000 \N chromium_49 48.9513333000000017 \N 48.9513333000 \N chromium_50 49.9460418299999986 \N 49.9460418300 \N chromium_51 50.9447650199999984 \N 50.9447650200 \N chromium_52 51.9405062299999969 \N 51.9405062300 \N chromium_53 52.9406481500000012 \N 52.9406481500 \N chromium_54 53.938879159999999 \N 53.9388791600 \N chromium_55 54.9408384299999994 \N 54.9408384300 \N chromium_56 55.9406530999999987 \N 55.9406531000 \N chromium_57 56.9436129999999991 \N 56.9436130000 \N chromium_58 57.94435 \N 57.9443500000 \N chromium_59 58.9485900000000029 \N 58.9485900000 \N chromium_60 59.9500799999999998 \N 59.9500800000 \N chromium_61 60.9544199999999989 \N 60.9544200000 \N chromium_62 61.9560999999999993 \N 61.9561000000 \N chromium_63 62.9616499999999988 \N 62.9616500000 \N chromium_64 63.9640800000000027 \N 63.9640800000 \N chromium_65 64.9699600000000004 \N 64.9699600000 \N chromium_66 65.9736599999999953 \N 65.9736600000 \N chromium_67 66.9801599999999979 \N 66.9801600000 \N chromium_68 67.9840300000000042 \N 67.9840300000 \N chromium 51.9961317554337015 \N 0.04345000 chromium_50 + 0.83789000 chromium_52 + 0.09501000 chromium_53 + 0.02365000 chromium_54 \N manganese_44 44.0071500000000029 \N 44.0071500000 \N manganese_45 44.994489999999999 \N 44.9944900000 \N manganese_46 45.9860899999999972 \N 45.9860900000 \N manganese_47 46.9757749999999987 \N 46.9757750000 \N manganese_48 47.968519999999998 \N 47.9685200000 \N manganese_49 48.9595950000000002 \N 48.9595950000 \N manganese_50 49.9542377799999997 \N 49.9542377800 \N manganese_51 50.9482084699999973 \N 50.9482084700 \N manganese_52 51.9455639000000033 \N 51.9455639000 \N manganese_53 52.9412888900000027 \N 52.9412888900 \N manganese_54 53.9403575999999987 \N 53.9403576000 \N manganese_55 54.9380439099999975 \N 54.9380439100 \N manganese_56 55.9389036899999965 \N 55.9389036900 \N manganese_57 56.9382860999999991 \N 56.9382861000 \N manganese_58 57.9400666000000015 \N 57.9400666000 \N manganese_59 58.9403910999999994 \N 58.9403911000 \N manganese_60 59.9431366000000025 \N 59.9431366000 \N manganese_61 60.944452499999997 \N 60.9444525000 \N manganese_62 61.9479499999999987 \N 61.9479500000 \N manganese_63 62.9496646999999996 \N 62.9496647000 \N manganese_64 63.9538494000000028 \N 63.9538494000 \N manganese_65 64.9560198000000071 \N 64.9560198000 \N manganese_66 65.9605470000000054 \N 65.9605470000 \N manganese_67 66.9642400000000038 \N 66.9642400000 \N manganese_68 67.9696200000000061 \N 67.9696200000 \N manganese_69 68.9736599999999953 \N 68.9736600000 \N manganese_70 69.979370000000003 \N 69.9793700000 \N manganese_71 70.9836800000000068 \N 70.9836800000 \N manganese 54.9380439099999975 \N manganese_55 \N iron_45 45.0144200000000012 \N 45.0144200000 \N iron_46 46.000630000000001 \N 46.0006300000 \N iron_47 46.9918499999999995 \N 46.9918500000 \N iron_48 47.9802299999999988 \N 47.9802300000 \N iron_49 48.973429000000003 \N 48.9734290000 \N iron_50 49.9629750000000001 \N 49.9629750000 \N iron_51 50.9568409999999972 \N 50.9568410000 \N iron_52 51.9481131000000005 \N 51.9481131000 \N iron_53 52.9453063999999998 \N 52.9453064000 \N iron_54 53.9396089900000035 \N 53.9396089900 \N iron_55 54.9382919900000033 \N 54.9382919900 \N iron_56 55.9349363299999993 \N 55.9349363300 \N iron_57 56.9353928399999987 \N 56.9353928400 \N iron_58 57.9332744299999973 \N 57.9332744300 \N iron_59 58.9348743400000004 \N 58.9348743400 \N iron_60 59.934071099999997 \N 59.9340711000 \N iron_61 60.9367462000000017 \N 60.9367462000 \N iron_62 61.9367918000000017 \N 61.9367918000 \N iron_63 62.9402727000000013 \N 62.9402727000 \N iron_64 63.940987800000002 \N 63.9409878000 \N iron_65 64.9450115000000068 \N 64.9450115000 \N iron_66 65.9462500000000063 \N 65.9462500000 \N iron_67 66.9505400000000037 \N 66.9505400000 \N iron_68 67.9529500000000013 \N 67.9529500000 \N iron_69 68.9580700000000064 \N 68.9580700000 \N iron_70 69.9610200000000049 \N 69.9610200000 \N iron_71 70.9667199999999951 \N 70.9667200000 \N iron_72 71.9698300000000017 \N 71.9698300000 \N iron_73 72.9757199999999955 \N 72.9757200000 \N iron_74 73.9793499999999966 \N 73.9793500000 \N iron 55.8451444338659044 \N 0.05845000 iron_54 + 0.91754000 iron_56 + 0.02119000 iron_57 + 0.00282000 iron_58 \N cobalt_47 47.0105700000000013 \N 47.0105700000 \N cobalt_48 48.0009299999999968 \N 48.0009300000 \N cobalt_49 48.9889099999999971 \N 48.9889100000 \N cobalt_50 49.9809100000000015 \N 49.9809100000 \N cobalt_51 50.9706469999999996 \N 50.9706470000 \N cobalt_52 51.9635099999999994 \N 51.9635100000 \N cobalt_53 52.9542040999999983 \N 52.9542041000 \N cobalt_54 53.9484598700000006 \N 53.9484598700 \N cobalt_55 54.941997200000003 \N 54.9419972000 \N cobalt_56 55.9398387999999969 \N 55.9398388000 \N cobalt_57 56.936290569999997 \N 56.9362905700 \N cobalt_58 57.935752100000002 \N 57.9357521000 \N cobalt_59 58.933194290000003 \N 58.9331942900 \N cobalt_60 59.9338162999999966 \N 59.9338163000 \N cobalt_61 60.9324766200000028 \N 60.9324766200 \N cobalt_62 61.9340589999999978 \N 61.9340590000 \N cobalt_63 62.9335999999999984 \N 62.9336000000 \N cobalt_64 63.9358110000000011 \N 63.9358110000 \N cobalt_65 64.9364621 \N 64.9364621000 \N cobalt_66 65.9394429999999971 \N 65.9394430000 \N cobalt_67 66.9406096000000019 \N 66.9406096000 \N cobalt_68 67.9442599999999999 \N 67.9442600000 \N cobalt_69 68.9461399999999998 \N 68.9461400000 \N cobalt_70 69.9496299999999991 \N 69.9496300000 \N cobalt_71 70.9523700000000019 \N 70.9523700000 \N cobalt_72 71.9572900000000004 \N 71.9572900000 \N cobalt_73 72.9603900000000039 \N 72.9603900000 \N cobalt_74 73.9651499999999942 \N 73.9651500000 \N cobalt_75 74.9687600000000032 \N 74.9687600000 \N cobalt_76 75.9741300000000024 \N 75.9741300000 \N cobalt 58.933194290000003 \N cobalt_59 \N nickel_48 48.0176900000000018 \N 48.0176900000 \N nickel_49 49.0076999999999998 \N 49.0077000000 \N nickel_50 49.9947400000000002 \N 49.9947400000 \N nickel_51 50.9861099999999965 \N 50.9861100000 \N nickel_52 51.9748000000000019 \N 51.9748000000 \N nickel_53 52.9681899999999999 \N 52.9681900000 \N nickel_54 53.9578920000000011 \N 53.9578920000 \N nickel_55 54.9513306300000011 \N 54.9513306300 \N nickel_56 55.9421285499999996 \N 55.9421285500 \N nickel_57 56.9397921799999978 \N 56.9397921800 \N nickel_58 57.935342409999997 \N 57.9353424100 \N nickel_59 58.9343462000000002 \N 58.9343462000 \N nickel_60 59.930785880000002 \N 59.9307858800 \N nickel_61 60.9310555699999981 \N 60.9310555700 \N nickel_62 61.9283453700000024 \N 61.9283453700 \N nickel_63 62.9296696299999994 \N 62.9296696300 \N nickel_64 63.9279668200000017 \N 63.9279668200 \N nickel_65 64.9300851699999981 \N 64.9300851700 \N nickel_66 65.9291393000000028 \N 65.9291393000 \N nickel_67 66.9315694000000008 \N 66.9315694000 \N nickel_68 67.9318688000000037 \N 67.9318688000 \N nickel_69 68.9356102999999933 \N 68.9356103000 \N nickel_70 69.9364312999999953 \N 69.9364313000 \N nickel_71 70.9405189999999948 \N 70.9405190000 \N nickel_72 71.9417858999999993 \N 71.9417859000 \N nickel_73 72.9462067000000047 \N 72.9462067000 \N nickel_74 73.9479800000000012 \N 73.9479800000 \N nickel_75 74.9525000000000006 \N 74.9525000000 \N nickel_76 75.9553300000000036 \N 75.9553300000 \N nickel_77 76.9605499999999978 \N 76.9605500000 \N nickel_78 77.9633599999999944 \N 77.9633600000 \N nickel_79 78.970249999999993 \N 78.9702500000 \N nickel 58.693347109947652 \N 0.68077000 nickel_58 + 0.26223000 nickel_60 + 0.01139900 nickel_61 + 0.03634600 nickel_62 + 0.00925500 nickel_64 \N copper_52 51.9967100000000002 \N 51.9967100000 \N copper_53 52.9845899999999972 \N 52.9845900000 \N copper_54 53.9766600000000025 \N 53.9766600000 \N copper_55 54.9660399999999996 \N 54.9660400000 \N copper_56 55.9589500000000015 \N 55.9589500000 \N copper_57 56.9492125000000016 \N 56.9492125000 \N copper_58 57.9445330499999969 \N 57.9445330500 \N copper_59 58.93949748 \N 58.9394974800 \N copper_60 59.937364500000001 \N 59.9373645000 \N copper_61 60.933457599999997 \N 60.9334576000 \N copper_62 61.9325954099999976 \N 61.9325954100 \N copper_63 62.9295977199999967 \N 62.9295977200 \N copper_64 63.9297643399999984 \N 63.9297643400 \N copper_65 64.9277897000000053 \N 64.9277897000 \N copper_66 65.9288690300000013 \N 65.9288690300 \N copper_67 66.9277302999999932 \N 66.9277303000 \N copper_68 67.9296109000000001 \N 67.9296109000 \N copper_69 68.9294292999999954 \N 68.9294293000 \N copper_70 69.9323921000000013 \N 69.9323921000 \N copper_71 70.9326767999999959 \N 70.9326768000 \N copper_72 71.9358203000000032 \N 71.9358203000 \N copper_73 72.9366744000000011 \N 72.9366744000 \N copper_74 73.9398749000000066 \N 73.9398749000 \N copper_75 74.941522599999999 \N 74.9415226000 \N copper_76 75.9452749999999952 \N 75.9452750000 \N copper_77 76.9479199999999963 \N 76.9479200000 \N copper_78 77.9522300000000001 \N 77.9522300000 \N copper_79 78.9550200000000046 \N 78.9550200000 \N copper_80 79.9608900000000062 \N 79.9608900000 \N copper_81 80.9658699999999953 \N 80.9658700000 \N copper_82 81.972440000000006 \N 81.9724400000 \N copper 63.5460399458300031 \N 0.69150000 copper_63 + 0.30850000 copper_65 \N zinc_54 53.9920400000000029 \N 53.9920400000 \N zinc_55 54.9839800000000025 \N 54.9839800000 \N zinc_56 55.9725400000000022 \N 55.9725400000 \N zinc_57 56.9650600000000011 \N 56.9650600000 \N zinc_58 57.9545910000000006 \N 57.9545910000 \N zinc_59 58.9493126599999968 \N 58.9493126600 \N zinc_60 59.9418421000000023 \N 59.9418421000 \N zinc_61 60.939506999999999 \N 60.9395070000 \N zinc_62 61.9343339699999973 \N 61.9343339700 \N zinc_63 62.9332114999999988 \N 62.9332115000 \N zinc_64 63.9291420099999996 \N 63.9291420100 \N zinc_65 64.9292407700000069 \N 64.9292407700 \N zinc_66 65.926033810000007 \N 65.9260338100 \N zinc_67 66.9271277499999968 \N 66.9271277500 \N zinc_68 67.9248445500000031 \N 67.9248445500 \N zinc_69 68.9265507000000071 \N 68.9265507000 \N zinc_70 69.9253192000000041 \N 69.9253192000 \N zinc_71 70.9277196000000032 \N 70.9277196000 \N zinc_72 71.9268428000000029 \N 71.9268428000 \N zinc_73 72.9295826000000034 \N 72.9295826000 \N zinc_74 73.9294072999999941 \N 73.9294073000 \N zinc_75 74.9328402000000011 \N 74.9328402000 \N zinc_76 75.9331150000000008 \N 75.9331150000 \N zinc_77 76.936887200000001 \N 76.9368872000 \N zinc_78 77.9382891999999998 \N 77.9382892000 \N zinc_79 78.9426380999999964 \N 78.9426381000 \N zinc_80 79.944552900000005 \N 79.9445529000 \N zinc_81 80.9504026000000039 \N 80.9504026000 \N zinc_82 81.954260000000005 \N 81.9542600000 \N zinc_83 82.960560000000001 \N 82.9605600000 \N zinc_84 83.965209999999999 \N 83.9652100000 \N zinc_85 84.9722600000000057 \N 84.9722600000 \N zinc 65.3777825295249926 \N 0.49170000 zinc_64 + 0.27730000 zinc_66 + 0.04040000 zinc_67 + 0.18450000 zinc_68 + 0.00610000 zinc_70 \N gallium_56 55.995359999999998 \N 55.9953600000 \N gallium_57 56.9831999999999965 \N 56.9832000000 \N gallium_58 57.9747800000000026 \N 57.9747800000 \N gallium_59 58.9635299999999987 \N 58.9635300000 \N gallium_60 59.9572900000000004 \N 59.9572900000 \N gallium_61 60.9493989999999997 \N 60.9493990000 \N gallium_62 61.9441902499999983 \N 61.9441902500 \N gallium_63 62.9392941999999991 \N 62.9392942000 \N gallium_64 63.9368404000000012 \N 63.9368404000 \N gallium_65 64.9327345899999955 \N 64.9327345900 \N gallium_66 65.9315893999999929 \N 65.9315894000 \N gallium_67 66.9282024999999976 \N 66.9282025000 \N gallium_68 67.9279805000000039 \N 67.9279805000 \N gallium_69 68.9255734999999987 \N 68.9255735000 \N gallium_70 69.926021899999995 \N 69.9260219000 \N gallium_71 70.9247025800000017 \N 70.9247025800 \N gallium_72 71.9263674700000024 \N 71.9263674700 \N gallium_73 72.9251746999999995 \N 72.9251747000 \N gallium_74 73.9269457000000045 \N 73.9269457000 \N gallium_75 74.9265002000000067 \N 74.9265002000 \N gallium_76 75.9288276000000053 \N 75.9288276000 \N gallium_77 76.9291542999999933 \N 76.9291543000 \N gallium_78 77.9316088000000065 \N 77.9316088000 \N gallium_79 78.9328522999999933 \N 78.9328523000 \N gallium_80 79.9364207999999934 \N 79.9364208000 \N gallium_81 80.9381338000000028 \N 80.9381338000 \N gallium_82 81.943176500000007 \N 81.9431765000 \N gallium_83 82.9471202999999946 \N 82.9471203000 \N gallium_84 83.9524600000000021 \N 83.9524600000 \N gallium_85 84.9569900000000047 \N 84.9569900000 \N gallium_86 85.963009999999997 \N 85.9630100000 \N gallium_87 86.9682399999999944 \N 86.9682400000 \N gallium 69.7230660725935962 \N 0.60108000 gallium_69 + 0.39892000 gallium_71 \N germanium_58 57.9917200000000008 \N 57.9917200000 \N germanium_59 58.9824899999999985 \N 58.9824900000 \N germanium_60 59.9703599999999994 \N 59.9703600000 \N germanium_61 60.963790000000003 \N 60.9637900000 \N germanium_62 61.9550199999999975 \N 61.9550200000 \N germanium_63 62.949627999999997 \N 62.9496280000 \N germanium_64 63.9416899000000001 \N 63.9416899000 \N germanium_65 64.9393680999999958 \N 64.9393681000 \N germanium_66 65.9338620999999989 \N 65.9338621000 \N germanium_67 66.9327339000000023 \N 66.9327339000 \N germanium_68 67.9280952999999954 \N 67.9280953000 \N germanium_69 68.9279645000000016 \N 68.9279645000 \N germanium_70 69.9242487500000038 \N 69.9242487500 \N germanium_71 70.9249523299999964 \N 70.9249523300 \N germanium_72 71.9220758259999968 \N 71.9220758260 \N germanium_73 72.9234589560000046 \N 72.9234589560 \N germanium_74 73.9211777609999956 \N 73.9211777610 \N germanium_75 74.9228583700000001 \N 74.9228583700 \N germanium_76 75.9214027259999966 \N 75.9214027260 \N germanium_77 76.9235498430000035 \N 76.9235498430 \N germanium_78 77.9228528999999952 \N 77.9228529000 \N germanium_79 78.9253599999999977 \N 78.9253600000 \N germanium_80 79.9253508000000039 \N 79.9253508000 \N germanium_81 80.9288329000000033 \N 80.9288329000 \N germanium_82 81.9297739999999948 \N 81.9297740000 \N germanium_83 82.934539099999995 \N 82.9345391000 \N germanium_84 83.9375751000000037 \N 83.9375751000 \N germanium_85 84.9429697000000061 \N 84.9429697000 \N germanium_86 85.9465799999999973 \N 85.9465800000 \N germanium_87 86.9526800000000009 \N 86.9526800000 \N germanium_88 87.9569099999999935 \N 87.9569100000 \N germanium_89 88.963790000000003 \N 88.9637900000 \N germanium_90 89.9686300000000045 \N 89.9686300000 \N germanium 72.6275501646867951 \N 0.20570000 germanium_70 + 0.27450000 germanium_72 + 0.07750000 germanium_73 + 0.36500000 germanium_74 + 0.07730000 germanium_76 \N arsenic_60 59.9938799999999972 \N 59.9938800000 \N arsenic_61 60.9811199999999971 \N 60.9811200000 \N arsenic_62 61.9736100000000008 \N 61.9736100000 \N arsenic_63 62.9639000000000024 \N 62.9639000000 \N arsenic_64 63.9574300000000022 \N 63.9574300000 \N arsenic_65 64.9496110000000044 \N 64.9496110000 \N arsenic_66 65.9441487999999936 \N 65.9441488000 \N arsenic_67 66.9392511100000007 \N 66.9392511100 \N arsenic_68 67.9367740999999938 \N 67.9367741000 \N arsenic_69 68.9322460000000063 \N 68.9322460000 \N arsenic_70 69.9309259999999995 \N 69.9309260000 \N arsenic_71 70.9271138000000008 \N 70.9271138000 \N arsenic_72 71.926752300000004 \N 71.9267523000 \N arsenic_73 72.9238291000000061 \N 72.9238291000 \N arsenic_74 73.9239285999999964 \N 73.9239286000 \N arsenic_75 74.9215945699999963 \N 74.9215945700 \N arsenic_76 75.9223920200000038 \N 75.9223920200 \N arsenic_77 76.9206475999999952 \N 76.9206476000 \N arsenic_78 77.921828000000005 \N 77.9218280000 \N arsenic_79 78.9209484000000003 \N 78.9209484000 \N arsenic_80 79.922474600000001 \N 79.9224746000 \N arsenic_81 80.9221323000000012 \N 80.9221323000 \N arsenic_82 81.9247411999999997 \N 81.9247412000 \N arsenic_83 82.9252069000000063 \N 82.9252069000 \N arsenic_84 83.9293033000000008 \N 83.9293033000 \N arsenic_85 84.9321637000000038 \N 84.9321637000 \N arsenic_86 85.9367014999999981 \N 85.9367015000 \N arsenic_87 86.9402917000000031 \N 86.9402917000 \N arsenic_88 87.9455499999999972 \N 87.9455500000 \N arsenic_89 88.9497599999999977 \N 88.9497600000 \N arsenic_90 89.9556299999999993 \N 89.9556300000 \N arsenic_91 90.9603900000000039 \N 90.9603900000 \N arsenic_92 91.9667400000000015 \N 91.9667400000 \N arsenic 74.9215945699999963 \N arsenic_75 \N selenium_64 63.9710899999999967 \N 63.9710900000 \N selenium_65 64.9643999999999977 \N 64.9644000000 \N selenium_66 65.9555900000000008 \N 65.9555900000 \N selenium_67 66.9499940000000038 \N 66.9499940000 \N selenium_68 67.94182524 \N 67.9418252400 \N selenium_69 68.9394147999999944 \N 68.9394148000 \N selenium_70 69.9335154999999986 \N 69.9335155000 \N selenium_71 70.932209400000005 \N 70.9322094000 \N selenium_72 71.927140499999993 \N 71.9271405000 \N selenium_73 72.9267549000000059 \N 72.9267549000 \N selenium_74 73.9224759340000048 \N 73.9224759340 \N selenium_75 74.9225228699999946 \N 74.9225228700 \N selenium_76 75.9192137040000006 \N 75.9192137040 \N selenium_77 76.9199141539999971 \N 76.9199141540 \N selenium_78 77.9173092799999978 \N 77.9173092800 \N selenium_79 78.9184992899999997 \N 78.9184992900 \N selenium_80 79.9165217999999982 \N 79.9165218000 \N selenium_81 80.9179929999999956 \N 80.9179930000 \N selenium_82 81.9166994999999929 \N 81.9166995000 \N selenium_83 82.9191186000000044 \N 82.9191186000 \N selenium_84 83.9184668000000045 \N 83.9184668000 \N selenium_85 84.9222608000000037 \N 84.9222608000 \N selenium_86 85.9243117000000041 \N 85.9243117000 \N selenium_87 86.928688600000001 \N 86.9286886000 \N selenium_88 87.9314174999999949 \N 87.9314175000 \N selenium_89 88.9366691000000031 \N 88.9366691000 \N selenium_90 89.940100000000001 \N 89.9401000000 \N selenium_91 90.9459599999999995 \N 90.9459600000 \N selenium_92 91.9498399999999947 \N 91.9498400000 \N selenium_93 92.9562899999999956 \N 92.9562900000 \N selenium_94 93.960489999999993 \N 93.9604900000 \N selenium_95 94.9672999999999945 \N 94.9673000000 \N selenium 78.9593885570136109 \N 0.00890000 selenium_74 + 0.09370000 selenium_76 + 0.07630000 selenium_77 + 0.23770000 selenium_78 + 0.49610000 selenium_80 + 0.08730000 selenium_82 \N bromine_67 66.964650000000006 \N 66.9646500000 \N bromine_68 67.9587300000000027 \N 67.9587300000 \N bromine_69 68.9504969999999986 \N 68.9504970000 \N bromine_70 69.9447920000000067 \N 69.9447920000 \N bromine_71 70.9393421999999987 \N 70.9393422000 \N bromine_72 71.9365885999999932 \N 71.9365886000 \N bromine_73 72.9316714999999931 \N 72.9316715000 \N bromine_74 73.9299101999999948 \N 73.9299102000 \N bromine_75 74.9258104999999972 \N 74.9258105000 \N bromine_76 75.9245420000000024 \N 75.9245420000 \N bromine_77 76.9213792000000041 \N 76.9213792000 \N bromine_78 77.9211458999999991 \N 77.9211459000 \N bromine_79 78.918337600000001 \N 78.9183376000 \N bromine_80 79.9185298000000017 \N 79.9185298000 \N bromine_81 80.916289699999993 \N 80.9162897000 \N bromine_82 81.9168032000000039 \N 81.9168032000 \N bromine_83 82.9151755999999978 \N 82.9151756000 \N bromine_84 83.9164959999999951 \N 83.9164960000 \N bromine_85 84.915645799999993 \N 84.9156458000 \N bromine_86 85.9188053999999966 \N 85.9188054000 \N bromine_87 86.9206740000000053 \N 86.9206740000 \N bromine_88 87.9240833000000066 \N 87.9240833000 \N bromine_89 88.9267045999999937 \N 88.9267046000 \N bromine_90 89.9312927999999943 \N 89.9312928000 \N bromine_91 90.9343985999999944 \N 90.9343986000 \N bromine_92 91.9396315999999985 \N 91.9396316000 \N bromine_93 92.9431299999999965 \N 92.9431300000 \N bromine_94 93.9488999999999947 \N 93.9489000000 \N bromine_95 94.9530100000000061 \N 94.9530100000 \N bromine_96 95.9590299999999985 \N 95.9590300000 \N bromine_97 96.9634400000000056 \N 96.9634400000 \N bromine_98 97.969459999999998 \N 97.9694600000 \N bromine 79.9035277805099895 \N 0.50690000 bromine_79 + 0.49310000 bromine_81 \N krypton_69 68.9651800000000037 \N 68.9651800000 \N krypton_70 69.9560400000000016 \N 69.9560400000 \N krypton_71 70.9502700000000033 \N 70.9502700000 \N krypton_72 71.942092400000007 \N 71.9420924000 \N krypton_73 72.9392892000000046 \N 72.9392892000 \N krypton_74 73.9330839999999938 \N 73.9330840000 \N krypton_75 74.9309456999999952 \N 74.9309457000 \N krypton_76 75.9259102999999982 \N 75.9259103000 \N krypton_77 76.9246700000000061 \N 76.9246700000 \N krypton_78 77.9203649399999989 \N 77.9203649400 \N krypton_79 78.920082899999997 \N 78.9200829000 \N krypton_80 79.9163780800000012 \N 79.9163780800 \N krypton_81 80.9165911999999992 \N 80.9165912000 \N krypton_82 81.9134827299999984 \N 81.9134827300 \N krypton_83 82.9141271600000067 \N 82.9141271600 \N krypton_84 83.9114977282000041 \N 83.9114977282 \N krypton_85 84.9125272999999936 \N 84.9125273000 \N krypton_86 85.9106106268999952 \N 85.9106106269 \N krypton_87 86.9133547600000043 \N 86.9133547600 \N krypton_88 87.914447899999999 \N 87.9144479000 \N krypton_89 88.9178354999999954 \N 88.9178355000 \N krypton_90 89.9195279000000056 \N 89.9195279000 \N krypton_91 90.9238062999999954 \N 90.9238063000 \N krypton_92 91.9261730999999997 \N 91.9261731000 \N krypton_93 92.9311471999999981 \N 92.9311472000 \N krypton_94 93.9341399999999993 \N 93.9341400000 \N krypton_95 94.9397110000000026 \N 94.9397110000 \N krypton_96 95.9430169999999976 \N 95.9430170000 \N krypton_97 96.9490899999999982 \N 96.9490900000 \N krypton_98 97.9524300000000068 \N 97.9524300000 \N krypton_99 98.9583899999999943 \N 98.9583900000 \N krypton_100 99.9623700000000071 \N 99.9623700000 \N krypton_101 100.968729999999994 \N 100.9687300000 \N krypton 83.7979999953260943 \N 0.00355000 krypton_78 + 0.02286000 krypton_80 + 0.11593000 krypton_82 + 0.11500000 krypton_83 + 0.56987000 krypton_84 + 0.17279000 krypton_86 \N rubidium_71 70.9653200000000055 \N 70.9653200000 \N rubidium_72 71.9590800000000002 \N 71.9590800000 \N rubidium_73 72.9505300000000005 \N 72.9505300000 \N rubidium_74 73.9442659000000049 \N 73.9442659000 \N rubidium_75 74.9385731999999933 \N 74.9385732000 \N rubidium_76 75.9350730000000027 \N 75.9350730000 \N rubidium_77 76.9304015999999962 \N 76.9304016000 \N rubidium_78 77.9281419 \N 77.9281419000 \N rubidium_79 78.9239898999999951 \N 78.9239899000 \N rubidium_80 79.9225164000000063 \N 79.9225164000 \N rubidium_81 80.9189939000000038 \N 80.9189939000 \N rubidium_82 81.9182090000000045 \N 81.9182090000 \N rubidium_83 82.915114200000005 \N 82.9151142000 \N rubidium_84 83.9143751999999949 \N 83.9143752000 \N rubidium_85 84.9117897378999942 \N 84.9117897379 \N rubidium_86 85.9111674300000061 \N 85.9111674300 \N rubidium_87 86.9091805310000041 \N 86.9091805310 \N rubidium_88 87.911315590000001 \N 87.9113155900 \N rubidium_89 88.912278299999997 \N 88.9122783000 \N rubidium_90 89.9147985000000034 \N 89.9147985000 \N rubidium_91 90.9165371999999934 \N 90.9165372000 \N rubidium_92 91.9197283999999968 \N 91.9197284000 \N rubidium_93 92.9220392999999945 \N 92.9220393000 \N rubidium_94 93.9263947999999971 \N 93.9263948000 \N rubidium_95 94.9292599999999993 \N 94.9292600000 \N rubidium_96 95.9341333999999932 \N 95.9341334000 \N rubidium_97 96.9371770999999995 \N 96.9371771000 \N rubidium_98 97.9416868999999934 \N 97.9416869000 \N rubidium_99 98.9450300000000027 \N 98.9450300000 \N rubidium_100 99.9500299999999982 \N 99.9500300000 \N rubidium_101 100.954040000000006 \N 100.9540400000 \N rubidium_102 101.959519999999998 \N 101.9595200000 \N rubidium_103 102.963920000000002 \N 102.9639200000 \N rubidium 85.4676635956197259 \N 0.72170000 rubidium_85 + 0.27830000 rubidium_87 \N strontium_73 72.9656999999999982 \N 72.9657000000 \N strontium_74 73.9561700000000002 \N 73.9561700000 \N strontium_75 74.9499500000000012 \N 74.9499500000 \N strontium_76 75.9417629999999946 \N 75.9417630000 \N strontium_77 76.9379454999999979 \N 76.9379455000 \N strontium_78 77.9321800000000025 \N 77.9321800000 \N strontium_79 78.9297076999999945 \N 78.9297077000 \N strontium_80 79.9245174999999932 \N 79.9245175000 \N strontium_81 80.9232113999999996 \N 80.9232114000 \N strontium_82 81.9183998999999972 \N 81.9183999000 \N strontium_83 82.9175544000000002 \N 82.9175544000 \N strontium_84 83.9134190999999987 \N 83.9134191000 \N strontium_85 84.9129319999999979 \N 84.9129320000 \N strontium_86 85.9092605999999961 \N 85.9092606000 \N strontium_87 86.9088775000000027 \N 86.9088775000 \N strontium_88 87.9056125000000037 \N 87.9056125000 \N strontium_89 88.907451100000003 \N 88.9074511000 \N strontium_90 89.9077300000000008 \N 89.9077300000 \N strontium_91 90.9101954000000063 \N 90.9101954000 \N strontium_92 91.911038199999993 \N 91.9110382000 \N strontium_93 92.9140242000000001 \N 92.9140242000 \N strontium_94 93.915355599999998 \N 93.9153556000 \N strontium_95 94.9193529000000069 \N 94.9193529000 \N strontium_96 95.9217065999999932 \N 95.9217066000 \N strontium_97 96.9263739999999956 \N 96.9263740000 \N strontium_98 97.9286888000000033 \N 97.9286888000 \N strontium_99 98.9328907000000015 \N 98.9328907000 \N strontium_100 99.9357700000000051 \N 99.9357700000 \N strontium_101 100.940352000000004 \N 100.9403520000 \N strontium_102 101.943791000000004 \N 101.9437910000 \N strontium_103 102.949089999999998 \N 102.9490900000 \N strontium_104 103.952650000000006 \N 103.9526500000 \N strontium_105 104.958550000000002 \N 104.9585500000 \N strontium_106 105.962649999999996 \N 105.9626500000 \N strontium_107 106.968969999999999 \N 106.9689700000 \N strontium 87.6166444696199989 \N 0.00560000 strontium_84 + 0.09860000 strontium_86 + 0.07000000 strontium_87 + 0.82580000 strontium_88 \N yttrium_76 75.9585600000000056 \N 75.9585600000 \N yttrium_77 76.9497810000000015 \N 76.9497810000 \N yttrium_78 77.9436100000000067 \N 77.9436100000 \N yttrium_79 78.937349999999995 \N 78.9373500000 \N yttrium_80 79.9343561000000022 \N 79.9343561000 \N yttrium_81 80.9294555999999972 \N 80.9294556000 \N yttrium_82 81.9269314000000008 \N 81.9269314000 \N yttrium_83 82.9224849999999947 \N 82.9224850000 \N yttrium_84 83.9206721000000044 \N 83.9206721000 \N yttrium_85 84.9164329999999978 \N 84.9164330000 \N yttrium_86 85.9148859999999956 \N 85.9148860000 \N yttrium_87 86.9108760999999959 \N 86.9108761000 \N yttrium_88 87.9095015999999987 \N 87.9095016000 \N yttrium_89 88.9058402999999942 \N 88.9058403000 \N yttrium_90 89.9071438999999941 \N 89.9071439000 \N yttrium_91 90.9072974000000045 \N 90.9072974000 \N yttrium_92 91.9089450999999968 \N 91.9089451000 \N yttrium_93 92.9095779999999962 \N 92.9095780000 \N yttrium_94 93.9115905999999967 \N 93.9115906000 \N yttrium_95 94.9128161000000006 \N 94.9128161000 \N yttrium_96 95.9158967999999987 \N 95.9158968000 \N yttrium_97 96.918274100000005 \N 96.9182741000 \N yttrium_98 97.922382099999993 \N 97.9223821000 \N yttrium_99 98.9241480000000024 \N 98.9241480000 \N yttrium_100 99.9277150000000063 \N 99.9277150000 \N yttrium_101 100.930147700000006 \N 100.9301477000 \N yttrium_102 101.934327699999997 \N 101.9343277000 \N yttrium_103 102.937242999999995 \N 102.9372430000 \N yttrium_104 103.941959999999995 \N 103.9419600000 \N yttrium_105 104.945440000000005 \N 104.9454400000 \N yttrium_106 105.950559999999996 \N 105.9505600000 \N yttrium_107 106.954520000000002 \N 106.9545200000 \N yttrium_108 107.959959999999995 \N 107.9599600000 \N yttrium_109 108.964359999999999 \N 108.9643600000 \N yttrium 88.9058402999999942 \N yttrium_89 \N zirconium_78 77.9556599999999946 \N 77.9556600000 \N zirconium_79 78.9494799999999941 \N 78.9494800000 \N zirconium_80 79.9403999999999968 \N 79.9404000000 \N zirconium_81 80.9373099999999965 \N 80.9373100000 \N zirconium_82 81.9313499999999948 \N 81.9313500000 \N zirconium_83 82.9292420999999962 \N 82.9292421000 \N zirconium_84 83.9233269000000064 \N 83.9233269000 \N zirconium_85 84.9214443999999986 \N 84.9214444000 \N zirconium_86 85.9162972000000025 \N 85.9162972000 \N zirconium_87 86.9148179999999968 \N 86.9148180000 \N zirconium_88 87.9102213000000035 \N 87.9102213000 \N zirconium_89 88.9088813999999985 \N 88.9088814000 \N zirconium_90 89.9046976999999998 \N 89.9046977000 \N zirconium_91 90.9056396000000007 \N 90.9056396000 \N zirconium_92 91.9050347000000016 \N 91.9050347000 \N zirconium_93 92.9064699000000047 \N 92.9064699000 \N zirconium_94 93.9063108 \N 93.9063108000 \N zirconium_95 94.9080385000000035 \N 94.9080385000 \N zirconium_96 95.9082714000000038 \N 95.9082714000 \N zirconium_97 96.9109511999999995 \N 96.9109512000 \N zirconium_98 97.9127289000000047 \N 97.9127289000 \N zirconium_99 98.9166670000000039 \N 98.9166670000 \N zirconium_100 99.9180005999999992 \N 99.9180006000 \N zirconium_101 100.921447999999998 \N 100.9214480000 \N zirconium_102 101.923140900000007 \N 101.9231409000 \N zirconium_103 102.927190999999993 \N 102.9271910000 \N zirconium_104 103.929435999999995 \N 103.9294360000 \N zirconium_105 104.934008000000006 \N 104.9340080000 \N zirconium_106 105.936760000000007 \N 105.9367600000 \N zirconium_107 106.941739999999996 \N 106.9417400000 \N zirconium_108 107.944869999999995 \N 107.9448700000 \N zirconium_109 108.950410000000005 \N 108.9504100000 \N zirconium_110 109.953959999999995 \N 109.9539600000 \N zirconium_111 110.959680000000006 \N 110.9596800000 \N zirconium_112 111.963700000000003 \N 111.9637000000 \N zirconium 91.223641597059995 \N 0.51450000 zirconium_90 + 0.11220000 zirconium_91 + 0.17150000 zirconium_92 + 0.17380000 zirconium_94 + 0.02800000 zirconium_96 \N niobium_81 80.9496000000000038 \N 80.9496000000 \N niobium_82 81.9439600000000041 \N 81.9439600000 \N niobium_83 82.9372900000000044 \N 82.9372900000 \N niobium_84 83.9344899999999967 \N 83.9344900000 \N niobium_85 84.9288458000000048 \N 84.9288458000 \N niobium_86 85.9257827999999932 \N 85.9257828000 \N niobium_87 86.9206937000000011 \N 86.9206937000 \N niobium_88 87.9182220000000001 \N 87.9182220000 \N niobium_89 88.9134449999999958 \N 88.9134450000 \N niobium_90 89.9112583999999941 \N 89.9112584000 \N niobium_91 90.9069896999999969 \N 90.9069897000 \N niobium_92 91.9071880999999991 \N 91.9071881000 \N niobium_93 92.9063730000000021 \N 92.9063730000 \N niobium_94 93.9072788000000003 \N 93.9072788000 \N niobium_95 94.906832399999999 \N 94.9068324000 \N niobium_96 95.9080972999999943 \N 95.9080973000 \N niobium_97 96.9080959000000064 \N 96.9080959000 \N niobium_98 97.9103264999999965 \N 97.9103265000 \N niobium_99 98.9116130000000027 \N 98.9116130000 \N niobium_100 99.9143275999999929 \N 99.9143276000 \N niobium_101 100.915310300000002 \N 100.9153103000 \N niobium_102 101.918077199999999 \N 101.9180772000 \N niobium_103 102.919457199999997 \N 102.9194572000 \N niobium_104 103.922892500000003 \N 103.9228925000 \N niobium_105 104.924946500000004 \N 104.9249465000 \N niobium_106 105.928931700000007 \N 105.9289317000 \N niobium_107 106.931593699999993 \N 106.9315937000 \N niobium_108 107.9360748 \N 107.9360748000 \N niobium_109 108.939220000000006 \N 108.9392200000 \N niobium_110 109.944029999999998 \N 109.9440300000 \N niobium_111 110.94753 \N 110.9475300000 \N niobium_112 111.952470000000005 \N 111.9524700000 \N niobium_113 112.956509999999994 \N 112.9565100000 \N niobium_114 113.962010000000006 \N 113.9620100000 \N niobium_115 114.966340000000002 \N 114.9663400000 \N niobium 92.9063730000000021 \N niobium_93 \N molybdenum_83 82.9498799999999932 \N 82.9498800000 \N molybdenum_84 83.9414900000000017 \N 83.9414900000 \N molybdenum_85 84.9382609999999971 \N 84.9382610000 \N molybdenum_86 85.9311747999999938 \N 85.9311748000 \N molybdenum_87 86.9281962000000021 \N 86.9281962000 \N molybdenum_88 87.9219678000000044 \N 87.9219678000 \N molybdenum_89 88.9194681999999972 \N 88.9194682000 \N molybdenum_90 89.9139308999999969 \N 89.9139309000 \N molybdenum_91 90.9117453000000069 \N 90.9117453000 \N molybdenum_92 91.9068079599999948 \N 91.9068079600 \N molybdenum_93 92.9068095800000009 \N 92.9068095800 \N molybdenum_94 93.9050849000000056 \N 93.9050849000 \N molybdenum_95 94.9058387700000026 \N 94.9058387700 \N molybdenum_96 95.9046761200000049 \N 95.9046761200 \N molybdenum_97 96.9060181199999988 \N 96.9060181200 \N molybdenum_98 97.9054048200000011 \N 97.9054048200 \N molybdenum_99 98.9077085100000062 \N 98.9077085100 \N molybdenum_100 99.9074717999999962 \N 99.9074718000 \N molybdenum_101 100.910341399999993 \N 100.9103414000 \N molybdenum_102 101.910283399999997 \N 101.9102834000 \N molybdenum_103 102.913078999999996 \N 102.9130790000 \N molybdenum_104 103.913734399999996 \N 103.9137344000 \N molybdenum_105 104.916968999999995 \N 104.9169690000 \N molybdenum_106 105.918259000000006 \N 105.9182590000 \N molybdenum_107 106.922105999999999 \N 106.9221060000 \N molybdenum_108 107.924032999999994 \N 107.9240330000 \N molybdenum_109 108.928424000000007 \N 108.9284240000 \N molybdenum_110 109.930704000000006 \N 109.9307040000 \N molybdenum_111 110.935654 \N 110.9356540000 \N molybdenum_112 111.938310000000001 \N 111.9383100000 \N molybdenum_113 112.943349999999995 \N 112.9433500000 \N molybdenum_114 113.946529999999996 \N 113.9465300000 \N molybdenum_115 114.95196 \N 114.9519600000 \N molybdenum_116 115.955449999999999 \N 115.9554500000 \N molybdenum_117 116.961169999999996 \N 116.9611700000 \N molybdenum 95.9597885411880043 \N 0.14530000 molybdenum_92 + 0.09150000 molybdenum_94 + 0.15840000 molybdenum_95 + 0.16670000 molybdenum_96 + 0.09600000 molybdenum_97 + 0.24390000 molybdenum_98 + 0.09820000 molybdenum_100 \N technetium_85 84.9505800000000022 \N 84.9505800000 \N technetium_86 85.9449299999999994 \N 85.9449300000 \N technetium_87 86.9380672000000061 \N 86.9380672000 \N technetium_88 87.9337799999999987 \N 87.9337800000 \N technetium_89 88.927648700000006 \N 88.9276487000 \N technetium_90 89.9240738999999962 \N 89.9240739000 \N technetium_91 90.9184254000000038 \N 90.9184254000 \N technetium_92 91.9152698000000044 \N 91.9152698000 \N technetium_93 92.9102460000000008 \N 92.9102460000 \N technetium_94 93.9096535999999986 \N 93.9096536000 \N technetium_95 94.9076536000000033 \N 94.9076536000 \N technetium_96 95.9078679999999935 \N 95.9078680000 \N technetium_97 96.9063667000000066 \N 96.9063667000 \N technetium_98 97.9072124000000059 \N 97.9072124000 \N technetium_99 98.9062507999999951 \N 98.9062508000 \N technetium_100 99.9076538999999997 \N 99.9076539000 \N technetium_101 100.907308999999998 \N 100.9073090000 \N technetium_102 101.909209700000005 \N 101.9092097000 \N technetium_103 102.909176000000002 \N 102.9091760000 \N technetium_104 103.911424999999994 \N 103.9114250000 \N technetium_105 104.911654999999996 \N 104.9116550000 \N technetium_106 105.914357999999993 \N 105.9143580000 \N technetium_107 106.915460600000003 \N 106.9154606000 \N technetium_108 107.918495699999994 \N 107.9184957000 \N technetium_109 108.920255999999995 \N 108.9202560000 \N technetium_110 109.923743999999999 \N 109.9237440000 \N technetium_111 110.925900999999996 \N 110.9259010000 \N technetium_112 111.929945799999999 \N 111.9299458000 \N technetium_113 112.932569000000001 \N 112.9325690000 \N technetium_114 113.936909999999997 \N 113.9369100000 \N technetium_115 114.939980000000006 \N 114.9399800000 \N technetium_116 115.944760000000002 \N 115.9447600000 \N technetium_117 116.948059999999998 \N 116.9480600000 \N technetium_118 117.95299 \N 117.9529900000 \N technetium_119 118.956659999999999 \N 118.9566600000 \N technetium_120 119.961870000000005 \N 119.9618700000 \N technetium 97.9072124000000059 \N technetium_98 \N ruthenium_87 86.9506899999999945 \N 86.9506900000 \N ruthenium_88 87.941599999999994 \N 87.9416000000 \N ruthenium_89 88.9376199999999955 \N 88.9376200000 \N ruthenium_90 89.9303443999999956 \N 89.9303444000 \N ruthenium_91 90.9267418999999961 \N 90.9267419000 \N ruthenium_92 91.9202343999999982 \N 91.9202344000 \N ruthenium_93 92.9171043999999995 \N 92.9171044000 \N ruthenium_94 93.911342899999994 \N 93.9113429000 \N ruthenium_95 94.9104059999999947 \N 94.9104060000 \N ruthenium_96 95.9075902499999984 \N 95.9075902500 \N ruthenium_97 96.9075471000000022 \N 96.9075471000 \N ruthenium_98 97.9052867999999989 \N 97.9052868000 \N ruthenium_99 98.9059340999999961 \N 98.9059341000 \N ruthenium_100 99.9042143000000067 \N 99.9042143000 \N ruthenium_101 100.9055769 \N 100.9055769000 \N ruthenium_102 101.904344100000003 \N 101.9043441000 \N ruthenium_103 102.906318600000006 \N 102.9063186000 \N ruthenium_104 103.905427500000002 \N 103.9054275000 \N ruthenium_105 104.907747599999993 \N 104.9077476000 \N ruthenium_106 105.907329099999998 \N 105.9073291000 \N ruthenium_107 106.909971999999996 \N 106.9099720000 \N ruthenium_108 107.910188000000005 \N 107.9101880000 \N ruthenium_109 108.913325999999998 \N 108.9133260000 \N ruthenium_110 109.914040700000001 \N 109.9140407000 \N ruthenium_111 110.917569999999998 \N 110.9175700000 \N ruthenium_112 111.918808999999996 \N 111.9188090000 \N ruthenium_113 112.922843999999998 \N 112.9228440000 \N ruthenium_114 113.924613600000001 \N 113.9246136000 \N ruthenium_115 114.928820000000002 \N 114.9288200000 \N ruthenium_116 115.931219200000001 \N 115.9312192000 \N ruthenium_117 116.936099999999996 \N 116.9361000000 \N ruthenium_118 117.93853 \N 117.9385300000 \N ruthenium_119 118.943569999999994 \N 118.9435700000 \N ruthenium_120 119.946309999999997 \N 119.9463100000 \N ruthenium_121 120.951639999999998 \N 120.9516400000 \N ruthenium_122 121.954470000000001 \N 121.9544700000 \N ruthenium_123 122.959890000000001 \N 122.9598900000 \N ruthenium_124 123.963049999999996 \N 123.9630500000 \N ruthenium 101.064940139160001 \N 0.05540000 ruthenium_96 + 0.01870000 ruthenium_98 + 0.12760000 ruthenium_99 + 0.12600000 ruthenium_100 + 0.17060000 ruthenium_101 + 0.31550000 ruthenium_102 + 0.18620000 ruthenium_104 \N rhodium_89 88.9505800000000022 \N 88.9505800000 \N rhodium_90 89.9442200000000014 \N 89.9442200000 \N rhodium_91 90.9368800000000022 \N 90.9368800000 \N rhodium_92 91.9323677000000004 \N 91.9323677000 \N rhodium_93 92.9259128000000061 \N 92.9259128000 \N rhodium_94 93.9217304999999953 \N 93.9217305000 \N rhodium_95 94.9158979000000045 \N 94.9158979000 \N rhodium_96 95.9144529999999946 \N 95.9144530000 \N rhodium_97 96.9113289999999949 \N 96.9113290000 \N rhodium_98 97.9107079999999996 \N 97.9107080000 \N rhodium_99 98.9081281999999931 \N 98.9081282000 \N rhodium_100 99.9081170000000043 \N 99.9081170000 \N rhodium_101 100.906160600000007 \N 100.9061606000 \N rhodium_102 101.906837400000001 \N 101.9068374000 \N rhodium_103 102.905497999999994 \N 102.9054980000 \N rhodium_104 103.906649200000004 \N 103.9066492000 \N rhodium_105 104.905688499999997 \N 104.9056885000 \N rhodium_106 105.907286799999994 \N 105.9072868000 \N rhodium_107 106.906747999999993 \N 106.9067480000 \N rhodium_108 107.908714000000003 \N 107.9087140000 \N rhodium_109 108.908748799999998 \N 108.9087488000 \N rhodium_110 109.911079000000001 \N 109.9110790000 \N rhodium_111 110.911642299999997 \N 110.9116423000 \N rhodium_112 111.914402999999993 \N 111.9144030000 \N rhodium_113 112.915439300000003 \N 112.9154393000 \N rhodium_114 113.918717999999998 \N 113.9187180000 \N rhodium_115 114.920311600000005 \N 114.9203116000 \N rhodium_116 115.924059 \N 115.9240590000 \N rhodium_117 116.926035400000004 \N 116.9260354000 \N rhodium_118 117.930340000000001 \N 117.9303400000 \N rhodium_119 118.932557000000003 \N 118.9325570000 \N rhodium_120 119.936859999999996 \N 119.9368600000 \N rhodium_121 120.939419999999998 \N 120.9394200000 \N rhodium_122 121.943989999999999 \N 121.9439900000 \N rhodium_123 122.946849999999998 \N 122.9468500000 \N rhodium_124 123.951509999999999 \N 123.9515100000 \N rhodium_125 124.954689999999999 \N 124.9546900000 \N rhodium_126 125.959460000000007 \N 125.9594600000 \N rhodium 102.905497999999994 \N rhodium_103 \N palladium_91 90.9503200000000049 \N 90.9503200000 \N palladium_92 91.940880000000007 \N 91.9408800000 \N palladium_93 92.9365099999999984 \N 92.9365100000 \N palladium_94 93.9290376000000009 \N 93.9290376000 \N palladium_95 94.9248898000000025 \N 94.9248898000 \N palladium_96 95.9182150999999976 \N 95.9182151000 \N palladium_97 96.9164719999999988 \N 96.9164720000 \N palladium_98 97.9126983000000024 \N 97.9126983000 \N palladium_99 98.9117748000000034 \N 98.9117748000 \N palladium_100 99.9085050000000052 \N 99.9085050000 \N palladium_101 100.908286399999994 \N 100.9082864000 \N palladium_102 101.905602200000004 \N 101.9056022000 \N palladium_103 102.906080900000006 \N 102.9060809000 \N palladium_104 103.904030500000005 \N 103.9040305000 \N palladium_105 104.905079599999993 \N 104.9050796000 \N palladium_106 105.903480400000007 \N 105.9034804000 \N palladium_107 106.905128199999993 \N 106.9051282000 \N palladium_108 107.903891599999994 \N 107.9038916000 \N palladium_109 108.905950399999995 \N 108.9059504000 \N palladium_110 109.905172199999996 \N 109.9051722000 \N palladium_111 110.907689680000004 \N 110.9076896800 \N palladium_112 111.907329700000005 \N 111.9073297000 \N palladium_113 112.910261000000006 \N 112.9102610000 \N palladium_114 113.910368599999998 \N 113.9103686000 \N palladium_115 114.913658999999996 \N 114.9136590000 \N palladium_116 115.914297000000005 \N 115.9142970000 \N palladium_117 116.917954699999996 \N 116.9179547000 \N palladium_118 117.919066700000002 \N 117.9190667000 \N palladium_119 118.923340199999998 \N 118.9233402000 \N palladium_120 119.924551100000002 \N 119.9245511000 \N palladium_121 120.928950299999997 \N 120.9289503000 \N palladium_122 121.930632000000003 \N 121.9306320000 \N palladium_123 122.935140000000004 \N 122.9351400000 \N palladium_124 123.937139999999999 \N 123.9371400000 \N palladium_125 124.941789999999997 \N 124.9417900000 \N palladium_126 125.944159999999997 \N 125.9441600000 \N palladium_127 126.949070000000006 \N 126.9490700000 \N palladium_128 127.951830000000001 \N 127.9518300000 \N palladium 106.415327507339995 \N 0.01020000 palladium_102 + 0.11140000 palladium_104 + 0.22330000 palladium_105 + 0.27330000 palladium_106 + 0.26460000 palladium_108 + 0.11720000 palladium_110 \N silver_93 92.9503299999999939 \N 92.9503300000 \N silver_94 93.9437300000000022 \N 93.9437300000 \N silver_95 94.9360199999999992 \N 94.9360200000 \N silver_96 95.9307440000000042 \N 95.9307440000 \N silver_97 96.9239699999999971 \N 96.9239700000 \N silver_98 97.9215599999999995 \N 97.9215600000 \N silver_99 98.9176458000000025 \N 98.9176458000 \N silver_100 99.9161153999999954 \N 99.9161154000 \N silver_101 100.912683999999999 \N 100.9126840000 \N silver_102 101.911704700000001 \N 101.9117047000 \N silver_103 102.908963099999994 \N 102.9089631000 \N silver_104 103.908623899999995 \N 103.9086239000 \N silver_105 104.906525599999995 \N 104.9065256000 \N silver_106 105.906663600000002 \N 105.9066636000 \N silver_107 106.905091600000006 \N 106.9050916000 \N silver_108 107.905950300000001 \N 107.9059503000 \N silver_109 108.904755300000005 \N 108.9047553000 \N silver_110 109.906110200000001 \N 109.9061102000 \N silver_111 110.905295899999999 \N 110.9052959000 \N silver_112 111.907048599999996 \N 111.9070486000 \N silver_113 112.906572999999995 \N 112.9065730000 \N silver_114 113.908822999999998 \N 113.9088230000 \N silver_115 114.908766999999997 \N 114.9087670000 \N silver_116 115.911386800000002 \N 115.9113868000 \N silver_117 116.911773999999994 \N 116.9117740000 \N silver_118 117.914595500000004 \N 117.9145955000 \N silver_119 118.915570000000002 \N 118.9155700000 \N silver_120 119.918784799999997 \N 119.9187848000 \N silver_121 120.920124999999999 \N 120.9201250000 \N silver_122 121.923664000000002 \N 121.9236640000 \N silver_123 122.925336999999999 \N 122.9253370000 \N silver_124 123.928929999999994 \N 123.9289300000 \N silver_125 124.931049999999999 \N 124.9310500000 \N silver_126 125.934749999999994 \N 125.9347500000 \N silver_127 126.937110000000004 \N 126.9371100000 \N silver_128 127.941059999999993 \N 127.9410600000 \N silver_129 128.943950000000001 \N 128.9439500000 \N silver_130 129.950700000000012 \N 129.9507000000 \N silver 107.868149634557 \N 0.51839000 silver_107 + 0.48161000 silver_109 \N cadmium_95 94.949939999999998 \N 94.9499400000 \N cadmium_96 95.9403400000000062 \N 95.9403400000 \N cadmium_97 96.9351000000000056 \N 96.9351000000 \N cadmium_98 97.9273890000000051 \N 97.9273890000 \N cadmium_99 98.9249257999999969 \N 98.9249258000 \N cadmium_100 99.9203487999999993 \N 99.9203488000 \N cadmium_101 100.918586199999993 \N 100.9185862000 \N cadmium_102 101.914482000000007 \N 101.9144820000 \N cadmium_103 102.913416499999997 \N 102.9134165000 \N cadmium_104 103.909856399999995 \N 103.9098564000 \N cadmium_105 104.909463900000006 \N 104.9094639000 \N cadmium_106 105.906459900000002 \N 105.9064599000 \N cadmium_107 106.906612100000004 \N 106.9066121000 \N cadmium_108 107.904183399999994 \N 107.9041834000 \N cadmium_109 108.904986699999995 \N 108.9049867000 \N cadmium_110 109.903006610000006 \N 109.9030066100 \N cadmium_111 110.90418287 \N 110.9041828700 \N cadmium_112 111.902762870000004 \N 111.9027628700 \N cadmium_113 112.904408129999993 \N 112.9044081300 \N cadmium_114 113.903365089999994 \N 113.9033650900 \N cadmium_115 114.905437509999999 \N 114.9054375100 \N cadmium_116 115.904763149999994 \N 115.9047631500 \N cadmium_117 116.907225999999994 \N 116.9072260000 \N cadmium_118 117.906921999999994 \N 117.9069220000 \N cadmium_119 118.909846999999999 \N 118.9098470000 \N cadmium_120 119.909868099999997 \N 119.9098681000 \N cadmium_121 120.912963700000006 \N 120.9129637000 \N cadmium_122 121.913459099999997 \N 121.9134591000 \N cadmium_123 122.916892500000003 \N 122.9168925000 \N cadmium_124 123.917657399999996 \N 123.9176574000 \N cadmium_125 124.921257600000004 \N 124.9212576000 \N cadmium_126 125.922429100000002 \N 125.9224291000 \N cadmium_127 126.926472000000004 \N 126.9264720000 \N cadmium_128 127.927812900000006 \N 127.9278129000 \N cadmium_129 128.931819999999988 \N 128.9318200000 \N cadmium_130 129.933940000000007 \N 129.9339400000 \N cadmium_131 130.940599999999989 \N 130.9406000000 \N cadmium_132 131.946040000000011 \N 131.9460400000 \N cadmium_133 132.952850000000012 \N 132.9528500000 \N cadmium 112.411557818267994 \N 0.01250000 cadmium_106 + 0.00890000 cadmium_108 + 0.12490000 cadmium_110 + 0.12800000 cadmium_111 + 0.24130000 cadmium_112 + 0.12220000 cadmium_113 + 0.28730000 cadmium_114 + 0.07490000 cadmium_116 \N indium_97 96.9493400000000065 \N 96.9493400000 \N indium_98 97.9421399999999949 \N 97.9421400000 \N indium_99 98.934110000000004 \N 98.9341100000 \N indium_100 99.9309599999999989 \N 99.9309600000 \N indium_101 100.926339999999996 \N 100.9263400000 \N indium_102 101.924107100000001 \N 101.9241071000 \N indium_103 102.919881899999993 \N 102.9198819000 \N indium_104 103.918214500000005 \N 103.9182145000 \N indium_105 104.914501999999999 \N 104.9145020000 \N indium_106 105.913464000000005 \N 105.9134640000 \N indium_107 106.910290000000003 \N 106.9102900000 \N indium_108 107.909693500000003 \N 107.9096935000 \N indium_109 108.907151400000004 \N 108.9071514000 \N indium_110 109.907169999999994 \N 109.9071700000 \N indium_111 110.905108499999997 \N 110.9051085000 \N indium_112 111.905537699999996 \N 111.9055377000 \N indium_113 112.904061839999997 \N 112.9040618400 \N indium_114 113.904917909999995 \N 113.9049179100 \N indium_115 114.903878775999999 \N 114.9038787760 \N indium_116 115.905259990000005 \N 115.9052599900 \N indium_117 116.904515700000005 \N 116.9045157000 \N indium_118 117.906356599999995 \N 117.9063566000 \N indium_119 118.905850700000002 \N 118.9058507000 \N indium_120 119.907966999999999 \N 119.9079670000 \N indium_121 120.907850999999994 \N 120.9078510000 \N indium_122 121.910280999999998 \N 121.9102810000 \N indium_123 122.910433999999995 \N 122.9104340000 \N indium_124 123.913182000000006 \N 123.9131820000 \N indium_125 124.913605000000004 \N 124.9136050000 \N indium_126 125.916506999999996 \N 125.9165070000 \N indium_127 126.917445999999998 \N 126.9174460000 \N indium_128 127.920400000000001 \N 127.9204000000 \N indium_129 128.921805299999988 \N 128.9218053000 \N indium_130 129.924977000000013 \N 129.9249770000 \N indium_131 130.926971500000008 \N 130.9269715000 \N indium_132 131.93300099999999 \N 131.9330010000 \N indium_133 132.938310000000001 \N 132.9383100000 \N indium_134 133.944539999999989 \N 133.9445400000 \N indium_135 134.950050000000005 \N 134.9500500000 \N indium 114.818086629445588 \N 0.04290000 indium_113 + 0.95710000 indium_115 \N tin_99 98.9485300000000052 \N 98.9485300000 \N tin_100 99.9385000000000048 \N 99.9385000000 \N tin_101 100.93526 \N 100.9352600000 \N tin_102 101.930289999999999 \N 101.9302900000 \N tin_103 102.928105000000002 \N 102.9281050000 \N tin_104 103.923105199999995 \N 103.9231052000 \N tin_105 104.921268400000002 \N 104.9212684000 \N tin_106 105.916957400000001 \N 105.9169574000 \N tin_107 106.915713699999998 \N 106.9157137000 \N tin_108 107.9118943 \N 107.9118943000 \N tin_109 108.911292099999997 \N 108.9112921000 \N tin_110 109.907844999999995 \N 109.9078450000 \N tin_111 110.907740099999998 \N 110.9077401000 \N tin_112 111.904823870000001 \N 111.9048238700 \N tin_113 112.905175700000001 \N 112.9051757000 \N tin_114 113.902782700000003 \N 113.9027827000 \N tin_115 114.903344699000002 \N 114.9033446990 \N tin_116 115.901742799999994 \N 115.9017428000 \N tin_117 116.902953980000007 \N 116.9029539800 \N tin_118 117.901606569999998 \N 117.9016065700 \N tin_119 118.903311169999995 \N 118.9033111700 \N tin_120 119.902201629999993 \N 119.9022016300 \N tin_121 120.904242600000003 \N 120.9042426000 \N tin_122 121.903443800000005 \N 121.9034438000 \N tin_123 122.905725200000006 \N 122.9057252000 \N tin_124 123.905276599999993 \N 123.9052766000 \N tin_125 124.907786400000006 \N 124.9077864000 \N tin_126 125.907658999999995 \N 125.9076590000 \N tin_127 126.910390000000007 \N 126.9103900000 \N tin_128 127.910506999999996 \N 127.9105070000 \N tin_129 128.913465000000002 \N 128.9134650000 \N tin_130 129.913973800000008 \N 129.9139738000 \N tin_131 130.917045000000002 \N 130.9170450000 \N tin_132 131.917826700000006 \N 131.9178267000 \N tin_133 132.923913400000004 \N 132.9239134000 \N tin_134 133.928682100000003 \N 133.9286821000 \N tin_135 134.9349086 \N 134.9349086000 \N tin_136 135.939989999999995 \N 135.9399900000 \N tin_137 136.946550000000002 \N 136.9465500000 \N tin_138 137.951840000000004 \N 137.9518400000 \N tin 118.710112593010592 \N 0.00970000 tin_112 + 0.00660000 tin_114 + 0.00340000 tin_115 + 0.14540000 tin_116 + 0.07680000 tin_117 + 0.24220000 tin_118 + 0.08590000 tin_119 + 0.32580000 tin_120 + 0.04630000 tin_122 + 0.05790000 tin_124 \N antimony_103 102.939689999999999 \N 102.9396900000 \N antimony_104 103.936480000000003 \N 103.9364800000 \N antimony_105 104.931275999999997 \N 104.9312760000 \N antimony_106 105.928638000000007 \N 105.9286380000 \N antimony_107 106.924150600000004 \N 106.9241506000 \N antimony_108 107.922226699999996 \N 107.9222267000 \N antimony_109 108.9181411 \N 108.9181411000 \N antimony_110 109.916854299999997 \N 109.9168543000 \N antimony_111 110.913218200000003 \N 110.9132182000 \N antimony_112 111.912400000000005 \N 111.9124000000 \N antimony_113 112.909374999999997 \N 112.9093750000 \N antimony_114 113.909289999999999 \N 113.9092900000 \N antimony_115 114.906598000000002 \N 114.9065980000 \N antimony_116 115.906793100000002 \N 115.9067931000 \N antimony_117 116.904841500000003 \N 116.9048415000 \N antimony_118 117.905532100000002 \N 117.9055321000 \N antimony_119 118.903945500000006 \N 118.9039455000 \N antimony_120 119.905079400000005 \N 119.9050794000 \N antimony_121 120.903812000000002 \N 120.9038120000 \N antimony_122 121.905169900000004 \N 121.9051699000 \N antimony_123 122.904213200000001 \N 122.9042132000 \N antimony_124 123.905934999999999 \N 123.9059350000 \N antimony_125 124.905253000000002 \N 124.9052530000 \N antimony_126 125.907252999999997 \N 125.9072530000 \N antimony_127 126.9069243 \N 126.9069243000 \N antimony_128 127.909146000000007 \N 127.9091460000 \N antimony_129 128.90914699999999 \N 128.9091470000 \N antimony_130 129.911662000000007 \N 129.9116620000 \N antimony_131 130.911988799999989 \N 130.9119888000 \N antimony_132 131.914507700000001 \N 131.9145077000 \N antimony_133 132.915273200000001 \N 132.9152732000 \N antimony_134 133.920535699999988 \N 133.9205357000 \N antimony_135 134.925185099999993 \N 134.9251851000 \N antimony_136 135.930745900000005 \N 135.9307459000 \N antimony_137 136.935550000000006 \N 136.9355500000 \N antimony_138 137.941450000000003 \N 137.9414500000 \N antimony_139 138.946550000000002 \N 138.9465500000 \N antimony_140 139.952830000000006 \N 139.9528300000 \N antimony 121.759783673480001 \N 0.57210000 antimony_121 + 0.42790000 antimony_123 \N tellurium_105 104.943299999999994 \N 104.9433000000 \N tellurium_106 105.9375 \N 105.9375000000 \N tellurium_107 106.935012 \N 106.9350120000 \N tellurium_108 107.929380499999994 \N 107.9293805000 \N tellurium_109 108.927304500000005 \N 108.9273045000 \N tellurium_110 109.9224581 \N 109.9224581000 \N tellurium_111 110.921000599999999 \N 110.9210006000 \N tellurium_112 111.916727899999998 \N 111.9167279000 \N tellurium_113 112.915891000000002 \N 112.9158910000 \N tellurium_114 113.912088999999995 \N 113.9120890000 \N tellurium_115 114.911901999999998 \N 114.9119020000 \N tellurium_116 115.908460000000005 \N 115.9084600000 \N tellurium_117 116.908646000000005 \N 116.9086460000 \N tellurium_118 117.905854000000005 \N 117.9058540000 \N tellurium_119 118.906407099999996 \N 118.9064071000 \N tellurium_120 119.9040593 \N 119.9040593000 \N tellurium_121 120.904944 \N 120.9049440000 \N tellurium_122 121.903043499999995 \N 121.9030435000 \N tellurium_123 122.904269799999994 \N 122.9042698000 \N tellurium_124 123.902817099999993 \N 123.9028171000 \N tellurium_125 124.904429899999997 \N 124.9044299000 \N tellurium_126 125.903310899999994 \N 125.9033109000 \N tellurium_127 126.905225700000003 \N 126.9052257000 \N tellurium_128 127.904461280000007 \N 127.9044612800 \N tellurium_129 128.906596460000003 \N 128.9065964600 \N tellurium_130 129.906222748000005 \N 129.9062227480 \N tellurium_131 130.908522212999998 \N 130.9085222130 \N tellurium_132 131.908546699999988 \N 131.9085467000 \N tellurium_133 132.910968800000006 \N 132.9109688000 \N tellurium_134 133.911394000000001 \N 133.9113940000 \N tellurium_135 134.916555700000004 \N 134.9165557000 \N tellurium_136 135.920100600000012 \N 135.9201006000 \N tellurium_137 136.925598900000011 \N 136.9255989000 \N tellurium_138 137.929472199999992 \N 137.9294722000 \N tellurium_139 138.935367200000002 \N 138.9353672000 \N tellurium_140 139.939499000000012 \N 139.9394990000 \N tellurium_141 140.945799999999991 \N 140.9458000000 \N tellurium_142 141.950220000000002 \N 141.9502200000 \N tellurium_143 142.956760000000003 \N 142.9567600000 \N tellurium 127.603126484660393 \N 0.00090000 tellurium_120 + 0.02550000 tellurium_122 + 0.00890000 tellurium_123 + 0.04740000 tellurium_124 + 0.07070000 tellurium_125 + 0.18840000 tellurium_126 + 0.31740000 tellurium_128 + 0.34080000 tellurium_130 \N iodine_107 106.946780000000004 \N 106.9467800000 \N iodine_108 107.943479999999994 \N 107.9434800000 \N iodine_109 108.938085299999997 \N 108.9380853000 \N iodine_110 109.935089000000005 \N 109.9350890000 \N iodine_111 110.930269199999998 \N 110.9302692000 \N iodine_112 111.928004999999999 \N 111.9280050000 \N iodine_113 112.923650100000003 \N 112.9236501000 \N iodine_114 113.921850000000006 \N 113.9218500000 \N iodine_115 114.918047999999999 \N 114.9180480000 \N iodine_116 115.916809999999998 \N 115.9168100000 \N iodine_117 116.913647999999995 \N 116.9136480000 \N iodine_118 117.913073999999995 \N 117.9130740000 \N iodine_119 118.910073999999994 \N 118.9100740000 \N iodine_120 119.910087000000004 \N 119.9100870000 \N iodine_121 120.907405100000005 \N 120.9074051000 \N iodine_122 121.907588799999999 \N 121.9075888000 \N iodine_123 122.905588499999993 \N 122.9055885000 \N iodine_124 123.906209000000004 \N 123.9062090000 \N iodine_125 124.904629400000005 \N 124.9046294000 \N iodine_126 125.905623300000002 \N 125.9056233000 \N iodine_127 126.904471900000004 \N 126.9044719000 \N iodine_128 127.9058086 \N 127.9058086000 \N iodine_129 128.904983700000003 \N 128.9049837000 \N iodine_130 129.906670200000008 \N 129.9066702000 \N iodine_131 130.906126300000011 \N 130.9061263000 \N iodine_132 131.907993500000003 \N 131.9079935000 \N iodine_133 132.907796999999988 \N 132.9077970000 \N iodine_134 133.909758799999992 \N 133.9097588000 \N iodine_135 134.910048799999998 \N 134.9100488000 \N iodine_136 135.914603999999997 \N 135.9146040000 \N iodine_137 136.918028200000009 \N 136.9180282000 \N iodine_138 137.922726399999988 \N 137.9227264000 \N iodine_139 138.926505999999989 \N 138.9265060000 \N iodine_140 139.931729999999988 \N 139.9317300000 \N iodine_141 140.935689999999994 \N 140.9356900000 \N iodine_142 141.941200000000009 \N 141.9412000000 \N iodine_143 142.945650000000001 \N 142.9456500000 \N iodine_144 143.951390000000004 \N 143.9513900000 \N iodine_145 144.956050000000005 \N 144.9560500000 \N iodine 126.904471900000004 \N iodine_127 \N xenon_109 108.950429999999997 \N 108.9504300000 \N xenon_110 109.94426 \N 109.9442600000 \N xenon_111 110.941607000000005 \N 110.9416070000 \N xenon_112 111.935558999999998 \N 111.9355590000 \N xenon_113 112.933221700000004 \N 112.9332217000 \N xenon_114 113.927980000000005 \N 113.9279800000 \N xenon_115 114.926293999999999 \N 114.9262940000 \N xenon_116 115.921581000000003 \N 115.9215810000 \N xenon_117 116.920359000000005 \N 116.9203590000 \N xenon_118 117.916179 \N 117.9161790000 \N xenon_119 118.915411000000006 \N 118.9154110000 \N xenon_120 119.911783999999997 \N 119.9117840000 \N xenon_121 120.911452999999995 \N 120.9114530000 \N xenon_122 121.908367999999996 \N 121.9083680000 \N xenon_123 122.908482000000006 \N 122.9084820000 \N xenon_124 123.905891999999994 \N 123.9058920000 \N xenon_125 124.906394399999996 \N 124.9063944000 \N xenon_126 125.904298299999994 \N 125.9042983000 \N xenon_127 126.9051829 \N 126.9051829000 \N xenon_128 127.903531000000001 \N 127.9035310000 \N xenon_129 128.904780861099994 \N 128.9047808611 \N xenon_130 129.903509348999989 \N 129.9035093490 \N xenon_131 130.905084060000007 \N 130.9050840600 \N xenon_132 131.904155085599996 \N 131.9041550856 \N xenon_133 132.905910799999987 \N 132.9059108000 \N xenon_134 133.905394660000013 \N 133.9053946600 \N xenon_135 134.907227799999987 \N 134.9072278000 \N xenon_136 135.907214484000008 \N 135.9072144840 \N xenon_137 136.91155778000001 \N 136.9115577800 \N xenon_138 137.914146299999999 \N 137.9141463000 \N xenon_139 138.918792200000013 \N 138.9187922000 \N xenon_140 139.921645799999993 \N 139.9216458000 \N xenon_141 140.926787200000007 \N 140.9267872000 \N xenon_142 141.929973100000012 \N 141.9299731000 \N xenon_143 142.935369600000001 \N 142.9353696000 \N xenon_144 143.938945100000012 \N 143.9389451000 \N xenon_145 144.94471999999999 \N 144.9447200000 \N xenon_146 145.948518000000007 \N 145.9485180000 \N xenon_147 146.954260000000005 \N 146.9542600000 \N xenon_148 147.958130000000011 \N 147.9581300000 \N xenon 131.292761447790525 \N 0.00095200 xenon_124 + 0.00089000 xenon_126 + 0.01910200 xenon_128 + 0.26400600 xenon_129 + 0.04071000 xenon_130 + 0.21232400 xenon_131 + 0.26908600 xenon_132 + 0.10435700 xenon_134 + 0.08857300 xenon_136 \N caesium_112 111.950309000000004 \N 111.9503090000 \N caesium_113 112.944429099999994 \N 112.9444291000 \N caesium_114 113.941295999999994 \N 113.9412960000 \N caesium_115 114.935910000000007 \N 114.9359100000 \N caesium_116 115.933369999999996 \N 115.9333700000 \N caesium_117 116.928617000000003 \N 116.9286170000 \N caesium_118 117.926559999999995 \N 117.9265600000 \N caesium_119 118.922376999999997 \N 118.9223770000 \N caesium_120 119.920676999999998 \N 119.9206770000 \N caesium_121 120.917226999999997 \N 120.9172270000 \N caesium_122 121.916107999999994 \N 121.9161080000 \N caesium_123 122.912996000000007 \N 122.9129960000 \N caesium_124 123.912257800000006 \N 123.9122578000 \N caesium_125 124.909728000000001 \N 124.9097280000 \N caesium_126 125.909446000000003 \N 125.9094460000 \N caesium_127 126.9074174 \N 126.9074174000 \N caesium_128 127.907748699999999 \N 127.9077487000 \N caesium_129 128.906065699999999 \N 128.9060657000 \N caesium_130 129.906709299999989 \N 129.9067093000 \N caesium_131 130.905464899999998 \N 130.9054649000 \N caesium_132 131.906433899999996 \N 131.9064339000 \N caesium_133 132.905451961000011 \N 132.9054519610 \N caesium_134 133.906718503000008 \N 133.9067185030 \N caesium_135 134.905977000000007 \N 134.9059770000 \N caesium_136 135.907311399999998 \N 135.9073114000 \N caesium_137 136.907089229999997 \N 136.9070892300 \N caesium_138 137.911017100000009 \N 137.9110171000 \N caesium_139 138.913363800000013 \N 138.9133638000 \N caesium_140 139.917283099999992 \N 139.9172831000 \N caesium_141 140.920045499999986 \N 140.9200455000 \N caesium_142 141.924295999999998 \N 141.9242960000 \N caesium_143 142.927348999999992 \N 142.9273490000 \N caesium_144 143.932075999999995 \N 143.9320760000 \N caesium_145 144.935527000000008 \N 144.9355270000 \N caesium_146 145.94034400000001 \N 145.9403440000 \N caesium_147 146.944155999999992 \N 146.9441560000 \N caesium_148 147.94923 \N 147.9492300000 \N caesium_149 148.953020000000009 \N 148.9530200000 \N caesium_150 149.958329999999989 \N 149.9583300000 \N caesium_151 150.962580000000003 \N 150.9625800000 \N caesium 132.905451961000011 \N caesium_133 \N cesium_112 111.950309000000004 \N 111.9503090000 \N cesium_113 112.944429099999994 \N 112.9444291000 \N cesium_114 113.941295999999994 \N 113.9412960000 \N cesium_115 114.935910000000007 \N 114.9359100000 \N cesium_116 115.933369999999996 \N 115.9333700000 \N cesium_117 116.928617000000003 \N 116.9286170000 \N cesium_118 117.926559999999995 \N 117.9265600000 \N cesium_119 118.922376999999997 \N 118.9223770000 \N cesium_120 119.920676999999998 \N 119.9206770000 \N cesium_121 120.917226999999997 \N 120.9172270000 \N cesium_122 121.916107999999994 \N 121.9161080000 \N cesium_123 122.912996000000007 \N 122.9129960000 \N cesium_124 123.912257800000006 \N 123.9122578000 \N cesium_125 124.909728000000001 \N 124.9097280000 \N cesium_126 125.909446000000003 \N 125.9094460000 \N cesium_127 126.9074174 \N 126.9074174000 \N cesium_128 127.907748699999999 \N 127.9077487000 \N cesium_129 128.906065699999999 \N 128.9060657000 \N cesium_130 129.906709299999989 \N 129.9067093000 \N cesium_131 130.905464899999998 \N 130.9054649000 \N cesium_132 131.906433899999996 \N 131.9064339000 \N cesium_133 132.905451961000011 \N 132.9054519610 \N cesium_134 133.906718503000008 \N 133.9067185030 \N cesium_135 134.905977000000007 \N 134.9059770000 \N cesium_136 135.907311399999998 \N 135.9073114000 \N cesium_137 136.907089229999997 \N 136.9070892300 \N cesium_138 137.911017100000009 \N 137.9110171000 \N cesium_139 138.913363800000013 \N 138.9133638000 \N cesium_140 139.917283099999992 \N 139.9172831000 \N cesium_141 140.920045499999986 \N 140.9200455000 \N cesium_142 141.924295999999998 \N 141.9242960000 \N cesium_143 142.927348999999992 \N 142.9273490000 \N cesium_144 143.932075999999995 \N 143.9320760000 \N cesium_145 144.935527000000008 \N 144.9355270000 \N cesium_146 145.94034400000001 \N 145.9403440000 \N cesium_147 146.944155999999992 \N 146.9441560000 \N cesium_148 147.94923 \N 147.9492300000 \N cesium_149 148.953020000000009 \N 148.9530200000 \N cesium_150 149.958329999999989 \N 149.9583300000 \N cesium_151 150.962580000000003 \N 150.9625800000 \N cesium 132.905451961000011 \N cesium_133 \N barium_114 113.950659999999999 \N 113.9506600000 \N barium_115 114.947370000000006 \N 114.9473700000 \N barium_116 115.941280000000006 \N 115.9412800000 \N barium_117 116.938140000000004 \N 116.9381400000 \N barium_118 117.933059999999998 \N 117.9330600000 \N barium_119 118.930660000000003 \N 118.9306600000 \N barium_120 119.926050000000004 \N 119.9260500000 \N barium_121 120.924049999999994 \N 120.9240500000 \N barium_122 121.919904000000002 \N 121.9199040000 \N barium_123 122.918780999999996 \N 122.9187810000 \N barium_124 123.915093999999996 \N 123.9150940000 \N barium_125 124.914472000000004 \N 124.9144720000 \N barium_126 125.911249999999995 \N 125.9112500000 \N barium_127 126.911090999999999 \N 126.9110910000 \N barium_128 127.908342000000005 \N 127.9083420000 \N barium_129 128.908681000000001 \N 128.9086810000 \N barium_130 129.906320700000009 \N 129.9063207000 \N barium_131 130.906940999999989 \N 130.9069410000 \N barium_132 131.905061100000012 \N 131.9050611000 \N barium_133 132.906007399999993 \N 132.9060074000 \N barium_134 133.904508179999993 \N 133.9045081800 \N barium_135 134.905688379999987 \N 134.9056883800 \N barium_136 135.904575730000005 \N 135.9045757300 \N barium_137 136.905827140000014 \N 136.9058271400 \N barium_138 137.905247000000003 \N 137.9052470000 \N barium_139 138.908841099999989 \N 138.9088411000 \N barium_140 139.910605699999991 \N 139.9106057000 \N barium_141 140.914403300000004 \N 140.9144033000 \N barium_142 141.916432399999991 \N 141.9164324000 \N barium_143 142.920625300000012 \N 142.9206253000 \N barium_144 143.922954900000008 \N 143.9229549000 \N barium_145 144.927518399999997 \N 144.9275184000 \N barium_146 145.930284 \N 145.9302840000 \N barium_147 146.935304000000002 \N 146.9353040000 \N barium_148 147.938171000000011 \N 147.9381710000 \N barium_149 148.943080000000009 \N 148.9430800000 \N barium_150 149.946050000000014 \N 149.9460500000 \N barium_151 150.951269999999994 \N 150.9512700000 \N barium_152 151.954810000000009 \N 151.9548100000 \N barium_153 152.960360000000009 \N 152.9603600000 \N barium 137.326891628632211 \N 0.00106000 barium_130 + 0.00101000 barium_132 + 0.02417000 barium_134 + 0.06592000 barium_135 + 0.07854000 barium_136 + 0.11232000 barium_137 + 0.71698000 barium_138 \N lanthanum_116 115.956299999999999 \N 115.9563000000 \N lanthanum_117 116.94999 \N 116.9499900000 \N lanthanum_118 117.946730000000002 \N 117.9467300000 \N lanthanum_119 118.940989999999999 \N 118.9409900000 \N lanthanum_120 119.938069999999996 \N 119.9380700000 \N lanthanum_121 120.933149999999998 \N 120.9331500000 \N lanthanum_122 121.930710000000005 \N 121.9307100000 \N lanthanum_123 122.926299999999998 \N 122.9263000000 \N lanthanum_124 123.924574000000007 \N 123.9245740000 \N lanthanum_125 124.920816000000002 \N 124.9208160000 \N lanthanum_126 125.919512999999995 \N 125.9195130000 \N lanthanum_127 126.916375000000002 \N 126.9163750000 \N lanthanum_128 127.915592000000004 \N 127.9155920000 \N lanthanum_129 128.912693999999988 \N 128.9126940000 \N lanthanum_130 129.912369000000012 \N 129.9123690000 \N lanthanum_131 130.91006999999999 \N 130.9100700000 \N lanthanum_132 131.910119000000009 \N 131.9101190000 \N lanthanum_133 132.908218000000005 \N 132.9082180000 \N lanthanum_134 133.908513999999997 \N 133.9085140000 \N lanthanum_135 134.906983999999994 \N 134.9069840000 \N lanthanum_136 135.907634999999999 \N 135.9076350000 \N lanthanum_137 136.906450400000011 \N 136.9064504000 \N lanthanum_138 137.90711490000001 \N 137.9071149000 \N lanthanum_139 138.906356299999999 \N 138.9063563000 \N lanthanum_140 139.909480599999995 \N 139.9094806000 \N lanthanum_141 140.910966000000002 \N 140.9109660000 \N lanthanum_142 141.914090899999991 \N 141.9140909000 \N lanthanum_143 142.916079499999995 \N 142.9160795000 \N lanthanum_144 143.919646 \N 143.9196460000 \N lanthanum_145 144.921807999999999 \N 144.9218080000 \N lanthanum_146 145.925874999999991 \N 145.9258750000 \N lanthanum_147 146.928417999999994 \N 146.9284180000 \N lanthanum_148 147.932679000000007 \N 147.9326790000 \N lanthanum_149 148.93535 \N 148.9353500000 \N lanthanum_150 149.93947 \N 149.9394700000 \N lanthanum_151 150.942319999999995 \N 150.9423200000 \N lanthanum_152 151.946820000000002 \N 151.9468200000 \N lanthanum_153 152.950359999999989 \N 152.9503600000 \N lanthanum_154 153.95517000000001 \N 153.9551700000 \N lanthanum_155 154.959010000000006 \N 154.9590100000 \N lanthanum 138.905468873712664 \N 0.00088810 lanthanum_138 + 0.99911190 lanthanum_139 \N cerium_119 118.952709999999996 \N 118.9527100000 \N cerium_120 119.946539999999999 \N 119.9465400000 \N cerium_121 120.943349999999995 \N 120.9433500000 \N cerium_122 121.937870000000004 \N 121.9378700000 \N cerium_123 122.935280000000006 \N 122.9352800000 \N cerium_124 123.930310000000006 \N 123.9303100000 \N cerium_125 124.928439999999995 \N 124.9284400000 \N cerium_126 125.923970999999995 \N 125.9239710000 \N cerium_127 126.922726999999995 \N 126.9227270000 \N cerium_128 127.918910999999994 \N 127.9189110000 \N cerium_129 128.918102000000005 \N 128.9181020000 \N cerium_130 129.914736000000005 \N 129.9147360000 \N cerium_131 130.914429000000013 \N 130.9144290000 \N cerium_132 131.911463999999995 \N 131.9114640000 \N cerium_133 132.911519999999996 \N 132.9115200000 \N cerium_134 133.908928000000003 \N 133.9089280000 \N cerium_135 134.909161000000012 \N 134.9091610000 \N cerium_136 135.907129209999994 \N 135.9071292100 \N cerium_137 136.907762359999992 \N 136.9077623600 \N cerium_138 137.905991 \N 137.9059910000 \N cerium_139 138.906655099999995 \N 138.9066551000 \N cerium_140 139.905443100000014 \N 139.9054431000 \N cerium_141 140.908280700000006 \N 140.9082807000 \N cerium_142 141.909250399999991 \N 141.9092504000 \N cerium_143 142.912392100000005 \N 142.9123921000 \N cerium_144 143.913652899999988 \N 143.9136529000 \N cerium_145 144.917264999999986 \N 144.9172650000 \N cerium_146 145.918801999999999 \N 145.9188020000 \N cerium_147 146.922689899999995 \N 146.9226899000 \N cerium_148 147.924423999999988 \N 147.9244240000 \N cerium_149 148.928426999999999 \N 148.9284270000 \N cerium_150 149.930384000000004 \N 149.9303840000 \N cerium_151 150.934271999999993 \N 150.9342720000 \N cerium_152 151.936599999999999 \N 151.9366000000 \N cerium_153 152.940930000000009 \N 152.9409300000 \N cerium_154 153.94380000000001 \N 153.9438000000 \N cerium_155 154.948550000000012 \N 154.9485500000 \N cerium_156 155.951830000000001 \N 155.9518300000 \N cerium_157 156.95705000000001 \N 156.9570500000 \N cerium 140.115730737854506 \N 0.00185000 cerium_136 + 0.00251000 cerium_138 + 0.88450000 cerium_140 + 0.11114000 cerium_142 \N praseodymium_121 120.95532 \N 120.9553200000 \N praseodymium_122 121.951750000000004 \N 121.9517500000 \N praseodymium_123 122.945959999999999 \N 122.9459600000 \N praseodymium_124 123.942939999999993 \N 123.9429400000 \N praseodymium_125 124.937700000000007 \N 124.9377000000 \N praseodymium_126 125.935239999999993 \N 125.9352400000 \N praseodymium_127 126.930710000000005 \N 126.9307100000 \N praseodymium_128 127.928791000000004 \N 127.9287910000 \N praseodymium_129 128.925094999999999 \N 128.9250950000 \N praseodymium_130 129.92358999999999 \N 129.9235900000 \N praseodymium_131 130.920234999999991 \N 130.9202350000 \N praseodymium_132 131.919254999999993 \N 131.9192550000 \N praseodymium_133 132.916331000000014 \N 132.9163310000 \N praseodymium_134 133.915696999999994 \N 133.9156970000 \N praseodymium_135 134.913112000000012 \N 134.9131120000 \N praseodymium_136 135.912677000000002 \N 135.9126770000 \N praseodymium_137 136.910679200000004 \N 136.9106792000 \N praseodymium_138 137.910753999999997 \N 137.9107540000 \N praseodymium_139 138.908940800000011 \N 138.9089408000 \N praseodymium_140 139.909080299999999 \N 139.9090803000 \N praseodymium_141 140.907657599999993 \N 140.9076576000 \N praseodymium_142 141.910049600000008 \N 141.9100496000 \N praseodymium_143 142.910822800000005 \N 142.9108228000 \N praseodymium_144 143.913310899999999 \N 143.9133109000 \N praseodymium_145 144.914518200000003 \N 144.9145182000 \N praseodymium_146 145.91767999999999 \N 145.9176800000 \N praseodymium_147 146.919007999999991 \N 146.9190080000 \N praseodymium_148 147.92213000000001 \N 147.9221300000 \N praseodymium_149 148.923735999999991 \N 148.9237360000 \N praseodymium_150 149.926676500000013 \N 149.9266765000 \N praseodymium_151 150.928309000000013 \N 150.9283090000 \N praseodymium_152 151.931553000000008 \N 151.9315530000 \N praseodymium_153 152.933904000000013 \N 152.9339040000 \N praseodymium_154 153.93753000000001 \N 153.9375300000 \N praseodymium_155 154.940508999999992 \N 154.9405090000 \N praseodymium_156 155.944639999999993 \N 155.9446400000 \N praseodymium_157 156.947890000000001 \N 156.9478900000 \N praseodymium_158 157.952409999999986 \N 157.9524100000 \N praseodymium_159 158.955890000000011 \N 158.9558900000 \N praseodymium 140.907657599999993 \N praseodymium_141 \N neodymium_124 123.952200000000005 \N 123.9522000000 \N neodymium_125 124.948899999999995 \N 124.9489000000 \N neodymium_126 125.943110000000004 \N 125.9431100000 \N neodymium_127 126.940380000000005 \N 126.9403800000 \N neodymium_128 127.935249999999996 \N 127.9352500000 \N neodymium_129 128.933099999999996 \N 128.9331000000 \N neodymium_130 129.928505999999999 \N 129.9285060000 \N neodymium_131 130.927247999999992 \N 130.9272480000 \N neodymium_132 131.923320999999987 \N 131.9233210000 \N neodymium_133 132.922348 \N 132.9223480000 \N neodymium_134 133.918790000000001 \N 133.9187900000 \N neodymium_135 134.918181000000004 \N 134.9181810000 \N neodymium_136 135.914975999999996 \N 135.9149760000 \N neodymium_137 136.914561999999989 \N 136.9145620000 \N neodymium_138 137.91194999999999 \N 137.9119500000 \N neodymium_139 138.911954000000009 \N 138.9119540000 \N neodymium_140 139.909549999999996 \N 139.9095500000 \N neodymium_141 140.909614699999992 \N 140.9096147000 \N neodymium_142 141.907728999999989 \N 141.9077290000 \N neodymium_143 142.909819999999996 \N 142.9098200000 \N neodymium_144 143.910092999999989 \N 143.9100930000 \N neodymium_145 144.912579300000004 \N 144.9125793000 \N neodymium_146 145.913122600000008 \N 145.9131226000 \N neodymium_147 146.916106100000007 \N 146.9161061000 \N neodymium_148 147.916899300000011 \N 147.9168993000 \N neodymium_149 148.920154800000006 \N 148.9201548000 \N neodymium_150 149.9209022 \N 149.9209022000 \N neodymium_151 150.923840299999995 \N 150.9238403000 \N neodymium_152 151.924691999999993 \N 151.9246920000 \N neodymium_153 152.927717999999999 \N 152.9277180000 \N neodymium_154 153.929480000000012 \N 153.9294800000 \N neodymium_155 154.933135700000008 \N 154.9331357000 \N neodymium_156 155.935079999999999 \N 155.9350800000 \N neodymium_157 156.939386000000013 \N 156.9393860000 \N neodymium_158 157.941969999999998 \N 157.9419700000 \N neodymium_159 158.946529999999996 \N 158.9465300000 \N neodymium_160 159.949399999999997 \N 159.9494000000 \N neodymium_161 160.954280000000011 \N 160.9542800000 \N neodymium 144.241596031826987 \N 0.27152000 neodymium_142 + 0.12174000 neodymium_143 + 0.23798000 neodymium_144 + 0.08293000 neodymium_145 + 0.17189000 neodymium_146 + 0.05756000 neodymium_148 + 0.05638000 neodymium_150 \N promethium_126 125.957920000000001 \N 125.9579200000 \N promethium_127 126.951920000000001 \N 126.9519200000 \N promethium_128 127.948700000000002 \N 127.9487000000 \N promethium_129 128.94323 \N 128.9432300000 \N promethium_130 129.940529999999995 \N 129.9405300000 \N promethium_131 130.935669999999988 \N 130.9356700000 \N promethium_132 131.933840000000004 \N 131.9338400000 \N promethium_133 132.929781999999989 \N 132.9297820000 \N promethium_134 133.928352999999987 \N 133.9283530000 \N promethium_135 134.924823000000004 \N 134.9248230000 \N promethium_136 135.923585000000003 \N 135.9235850000 \N promethium_137 136.920479999999998 \N 136.9204800000 \N promethium_138 137.919547999999992 \N 137.9195480000 \N promethium_139 138.916799999999995 \N 138.9168000000 \N promethium_140 139.91604000000001 \N 139.9160400000 \N promethium_141 140.913555000000002 \N 140.9135550000 \N promethium_142 141.912890000000004 \N 141.9128900000 \N promethium_143 142.910938299999998 \N 142.9109383000 \N promethium_144 143.912596400000012 \N 143.9125964000 \N promethium_145 144.912755900000008 \N 144.9127559000 \N promethium_146 145.91470240000001 \N 145.9147024000 \N promethium_147 146.915144999999995 \N 146.9151450000 \N promethium_148 147.917481900000013 \N 147.9174819000 \N promethium_149 148.918342300000006 \N 148.9183423000 \N promethium_150 149.920990999999987 \N 149.9209910000 \N promethium_151 150.921217500000012 \N 150.9212175000 \N promethium_152 151.923506000000003 \N 151.9235060000 \N promethium_153 152.924156699999997 \N 152.9241567000 \N promethium_154 153.92647199999999 \N 153.9264720000 \N promethium_155 154.928136999999992 \N 154.9281370000 \N promethium_156 155.931117499999999 \N 155.9311175000 \N promethium_157 156.933121400000005 \N 156.9331214000 \N promethium_158 157.936565000000002 \N 157.9365650000 \N promethium_159 158.939287000000007 \N 158.9392870000 \N promethium_160 159.943099999999987 \N 159.9431000000 \N promethium_161 160.946069999999992 \N 160.9460700000 \N promethium_162 161.950220000000002 \N 161.9502200000 \N promethium_163 162.953570000000013 \N 162.9535700000 \N promethium 144.912755900000008 \N promethium_145 \N samarium_128 127.958420000000004 \N 127.9584200000 \N samarium_129 128.954759999999993 \N 128.9547600000 \N samarium_130 129.949000000000012 \N 129.9490000000 \N samarium_131 130.946179999999998 \N 130.9461800000 \N samarium_132 131.94086999999999 \N 131.9408700000 \N samarium_133 132.938559999999995 \N 132.9385600000 \N samarium_134 133.934110000000004 \N 133.9341100000 \N samarium_135 134.932520000000011 \N 134.9325200000 \N samarium_136 135.928276000000011 \N 135.9282760000 \N samarium_137 136.926971000000009 \N 136.9269710000 \N samarium_138 137.923244000000011 \N 137.9232440000 \N samarium_139 138.922296999999986 \N 138.9222970000 \N samarium_140 139.918994999999995 \N 139.9189950000 \N samarium_141 140.918481600000007 \N 140.9184816000 \N samarium_142 141.915204399999993 \N 141.9152044000 \N samarium_143 142.914635299999986 \N 142.9146353000 \N samarium_144 143.91200649999999 \N 143.9120065000 \N samarium_145 144.913417299999992 \N 144.9134173000 \N samarium_146 145.913047000000006 \N 145.9130470000 \N samarium_147 146.914904400000012 \N 146.9149044000 \N samarium_148 147.914829200000014 \N 147.9148292000 \N samarium_149 148.917192099999994 \N 148.9171921000 \N samarium_150 149.917282900000004 \N 149.9172829000 \N samarium_151 150.919939800000009 \N 150.9199398000 \N samarium_152 151.919739700000008 \N 151.9197397000 \N samarium_153 152.922104700000006 \N 152.9221047000 \N samarium_154 153.922216899999995 \N 153.9222169000 \N samarium_155 154.924647700000008 \N 154.9246477000 \N samarium_156 155.925535999999994 \N 155.9255360000 \N samarium_157 156.928418700000009 \N 156.9284187000 \N samarium_158 157.929950999999988 \N 157.9299510000 \N samarium_159 158.933217200000001 \N 158.9332172000 \N samarium_160 159.935335299999991 \N 159.9353353000 \N samarium_161 160.939160200000003 \N 160.9391602000 \N samarium_162 161.941460000000006 \N 161.9414600000 \N samarium_163 162.945549999999997 \N 162.9455500000 \N samarium_164 163.948360000000008 \N 163.9483600000 \N samarium_165 164.952969999999993 \N 164.9529700000 \N samarium 150.366355711929998 \N 0.03070000 samarium_144 + 0.14990000 samarium_147 + 0.11240000 samarium_148 + 0.13820000 samarium_149 + 0.07380000 samarium_150 + 0.26750000 samarium_152 + 0.22750000 samarium_154 \N europium_130 129.963690000000014 \N 129.9636900000 \N europium_131 130.957840000000004 \N 130.9578400000 \N europium_132 131.954669999999993 \N 131.9546700000 \N europium_133 132.949289999999991 \N 132.9492900000 \N europium_134 133.946400000000011 \N 133.9464000000 \N europium_135 134.941869999999994 \N 134.9418700000 \N europium_136 135.939619999999991 \N 135.9396200000 \N europium_137 136.935460000000006 \N 136.9354600000 \N europium_138 137.933708999999993 \N 137.9337090000 \N europium_139 138.929791999999992 \N 138.9297920000 \N europium_140 139.928088000000002 \N 139.9280880000 \N europium_141 140.924932000000013 \N 140.9249320000 \N europium_142 141.923441999999994 \N 141.9234420000 \N europium_143 142.920299 \N 142.9202990000 \N europium_144 143.918820000000011 \N 143.9188200000 \N europium_145 144.916272600000013 \N 144.9162726000 \N europium_146 145.917211000000009 \N 145.9172110000 \N europium_147 146.916752699999989 \N 146.9167527000 \N europium_148 147.918089000000009 \N 147.9180890000 \N europium_149 148.917937800000004 \N 148.9179378000 \N europium_150 149.919707700000004 \N 149.9197077000 \N europium_151 150.919857799999988 \N 150.9198578000 \N europium_152 151.921752199999986 \N 151.9217522000 \N europium_153 152.921237999999988 \N 152.9212380000 \N europium_154 153.922987000000006 \N 153.9229870000 \N europium_155 154.92290109999999 \N 154.9229011000 \N europium_156 155.924760499999991 \N 155.9247605000 \N europium_157 156.925433400000003 \N 156.9254334000 \N europium_158 157.927798999999993 \N 157.9277990000 \N europium_159 158.929100099999999 \N 158.9291001000 \N europium_160 159.931850999999995 \N 159.9318510000 \N europium_161 160.933663999999993 \N 160.9336640000 \N europium_162 161.936989000000011 \N 161.9369890000 \N europium_163 162.93919600000001 \N 162.9391960000 \N europium_164 163.942739999999986 \N 163.9427400000 \N europium_165 164.94559000000001 \N 164.9455900000 \N europium_166 165.94962000000001 \N 165.9496200000 \N europium_167 166.952889999999996 \N 166.9528900000 \N europium 151.964378126379984 \N 0.47810000 europium_151 + 0.52190000 europium_153 \N gadolinium_133 132.961330000000004 \N 132.9613300000 \N gadolinium_134 133.955659999999995 \N 133.9556600000 \N gadolinium_135 134.952449999999999 \N 134.9524500000 \N gadolinium_136 135.947300000000013 \N 135.9473000000 \N gadolinium_137 136.94502 \N 136.9450200000 \N gadolinium_138 137.940249999999992 \N 137.9402500000 \N gadolinium_139 138.938130000000001 \N 138.9381300000 \N gadolinium_140 139.933673999999996 \N 139.9336740000 \N gadolinium_141 140.932126000000011 \N 140.9321260000 \N gadolinium_142 141.928115999999989 \N 141.9281160000 \N gadolinium_143 142.926749999999998 \N 142.9267500000 \N gadolinium_144 143.92296300000001 \N 143.9229630000 \N gadolinium_145 144.921713000000011 \N 144.9217130000 \N gadolinium_146 145.918318800000009 \N 145.9183188000 \N gadolinium_147 146.919101399999988 \N 146.9191014000 \N gadolinium_148 147.918121500000012 \N 147.9181215000 \N gadolinium_149 148.919348100000008 \N 148.9193481000 \N gadolinium_150 149.918664400000011 \N 149.9186644000 \N gadolinium_151 150.920355999999998 \N 150.9203560000 \N gadolinium_152 151.919799500000011 \N 151.9197995000 \N gadolinium_153 152.921758000000011 \N 152.9217580000 \N gadolinium_154 153.920874099999992 \N 153.9208741000 \N gadolinium_155 154.922630499999997 \N 154.9226305000 \N gadolinium_156 155.922131199999995 \N 155.9221312000 \N gadolinium_157 156.923968599999995 \N 156.9239686000 \N gadolinium_158 157.92411229999999 \N 157.9241123000 \N gadolinium_159 158.926397000000009 \N 158.9263970000 \N gadolinium_160 159.927062400000011 \N 159.9270624000 \N gadolinium_161 160.929677499999997 \N 160.9296775000 \N gadolinium_162 161.930993000000001 \N 161.9309930000 \N gadolinium_163 162.934176900000011 \N 162.9341769000 \N gadolinium_164 163.93583000000001 \N 163.9358300000 \N gadolinium_165 164.939359999999994 \N 164.9393600000 \N gadolinium_166 165.941460000000006 \N 165.9414600000 \N gadolinium_167 166.945449999999994 \N 166.9454500000 \N gadolinium_168 167.948080000000004 \N 167.9480800000 \N gadolinium_169 168.95259999999999 \N 168.9526000000 \N gadolinium 157.252130646879976 \N 0.00200000 gadolinium_152 + 0.02180000 gadolinium_154 + 0.14800000 gadolinium_155 + 0.20470000 gadolinium_156 + 0.15650000 gadolinium_157 + 0.24840000 gadolinium_158 + 0.21860000 gadolinium_160 \N terbium_135 134.964760000000012 \N 134.9647600000 \N terbium_136 135.961289999999991 \N 135.9612900000 \N terbium_137 136.956019999999995 \N 136.9560200000 \N terbium_138 137.953120000000013 \N 137.9531200000 \N terbium_139 138.948329999999999 \N 138.9483300000 \N terbium_140 139.945809999999994 \N 139.9458100000 \N terbium_141 140.941450000000003 \N 140.9414500000 \N terbium_142 141.939279999999997 \N 141.9392800000 \N terbium_143 142.935136999999997 \N 142.9351370000 \N terbium_144 143.933044999999993 \N 143.9330450000 \N terbium_145 144.928820000000002 \N 144.9288200000 \N terbium_146 145.927253000000007 \N 145.9272530000 \N terbium_147 146.924054799999993 \N 146.9240548000 \N terbium_148 147.924282000000005 \N 147.9242820000 \N terbium_149 148.923253499999987 \N 148.9232535000 \N terbium_150 149.923664900000006 \N 149.9236649000 \N terbium_151 150.923109600000004 \N 150.9231096000 \N terbium_152 151.924082999999996 \N 151.9240830000 \N terbium_153 152.923442399999999 \N 152.9234424000 \N terbium_154 153.924685000000011 \N 153.9246850000 \N terbium_155 154.923510999999991 \N 154.9235110000 \N terbium_156 155.924755199999993 \N 155.9247552000 \N terbium_157 156.924033000000009 \N 156.9240330000 \N terbium_158 157.925420900000006 \N 157.9254209000 \N terbium_159 158.925354700000014 \N 158.9253547000 \N terbium_160 159.927175599999998 \N 159.9271756000 \N terbium_161 160.927577799999995 \N 160.9275778000 \N terbium_162 161.929495000000003 \N 161.9294950000 \N terbium_163 162.930654699999991 \N 162.9306547000 \N terbium_164 163.933359999999993 \N 163.9333600000 \N terbium_165 164.934979999999996 \N 164.9349800000 \N terbium_166 165.937860000000001 \N 165.9378600000 \N terbium_167 166.939960000000013 \N 166.9399600000 \N terbium_168 167.943399999999997 \N 167.9434000000 \N terbium_169 168.945969999999988 \N 168.9459700000 \N terbium_170 169.949839999999995 \N 169.9498400000 \N terbium_171 170.952730000000003 \N 170.9527300000 \N terbium 158.925354700000014 \N terbium_159 \N dysprosium_138 137.962500000000006 \N 137.9625000000 \N dysprosium_139 138.959589999999992 \N 138.9595900000 \N dysprosium_140 139.954020000000014 \N 139.9540200000 \N dysprosium_141 140.951279999999997 \N 140.9512800000 \N dysprosium_142 141.946190000000001 \N 141.9461900000 \N dysprosium_143 142.943994000000004 \N 142.9439940000 \N dysprosium_144 143.939269499999995 \N 143.9392695000 \N dysprosium_145 144.937474000000009 \N 144.9374740000 \N dysprosium_146 145.932844499999987 \N 145.9328445000 \N dysprosium_147 146.93108269999999 \N 146.9310827000 \N dysprosium_148 147.927156999999994 \N 147.9271570000 \N dysprosium_149 148.927322000000004 \N 148.9273220000 \N dysprosium_150 149.925593300000003 \N 149.9255933000 \N dysprosium_151 150.92619160000001 \N 150.9261916000 \N dysprosium_152 151.924725300000006 \N 151.9247253000 \N dysprosium_153 152.9257724 \N 152.9257724000 \N dysprosium_154 153.924429300000014 \N 153.9244293000 \N dysprosium_155 154.925758999999999 \N 154.9257590000 \N dysprosium_156 155.924284699999987 \N 155.9242847000 \N dysprosium_157 156.925470700000005 \N 156.9254707000 \N dysprosium_158 157.924415900000014 \N 157.9244159000 \N dysprosium_159 158.925747000000001 \N 158.9257470000 \N dysprosium_160 159.925204600000001 \N 159.9252046000 \N dysprosium_161 160.926940500000001 \N 160.9269405000 \N dysprosium_162 161.926805599999994 \N 161.9268056000 \N dysprosium_163 162.928738299999992 \N 162.9287383000 \N dysprosium_164 163.929181900000003 \N 163.9291819000 \N dysprosium_165 164.931710500000008 \N 164.9317105000 \N dysprosium_166 165.932813900000014 \N 165.9328139000 \N dysprosium_167 166.93566100000001 \N 166.9356610000 \N dysprosium_168 167.937129999999996 \N 167.9371300000 \N dysprosium_169 168.940310000000011 \N 168.9403100000 \N dysprosium_170 169.942389999999989 \N 169.9423900000 \N dysprosium_171 170.946120000000008 \N 170.9461200000 \N dysprosium_172 171.948460000000011 \N 171.9484600000 \N dysprosium_173 172.952830000000006 \N 172.9528300000 \N dysprosium 162.499472819424 \N 0.00056000 dysprosium_156 + 0.00095000 dysprosium_158 + 0.02329000 dysprosium_160 + 0.18889000 dysprosium_161 + 0.25475000 dysprosium_162 + 0.24896000 dysprosium_163 + 0.28260000 dysprosium_164 \N holmium_140 139.968590000000006 \N 139.9685900000 \N holmium_141 140.96311 \N 140.9631100000 \N holmium_142 141.960010000000011 \N 141.9600100000 \N holmium_143 142.954859999999996 \N 142.9548600000 \N holmium_144 143.952109699999994 \N 143.9521097000 \N holmium_145 144.947267399999987 \N 144.9472674000 \N holmium_146 145.94499350000001 \N 145.9449935000 \N holmium_147 146.940142299999991 \N 146.9401423000 \N holmium_148 147.937744000000009 \N 147.9377440000 \N holmium_149 148.933803000000012 \N 148.9338030000 \N holmium_150 149.933497999999986 \N 149.9334980000 \N holmium_151 150.931698299999994 \N 150.9316983000 \N holmium_152 151.931724000000003 \N 151.9317240000 \N holmium_153 152.930206400000003 \N 152.9302064000 \N holmium_154 153.930606799999993 \N 153.9306068000 \N holmium_155 154.929103999999995 \N 154.9291040000 \N holmium_156 155.92970600000001 \N 155.9297060000 \N holmium_157 156.92825400000001 \N 156.9282540000 \N holmium_158 157.928945999999996 \N 157.9289460000 \N holmium_159 158.927719700000011 \N 158.9277197000 \N holmium_160 159.928737000000012 \N 159.9287370000 \N holmium_161 160.927861500000006 \N 160.9278615000 \N holmium_162 161.929102300000011 \N 161.9291023000 \N holmium_163 162.928741000000002 \N 162.9287410000 \N holmium_164 163.930240300000008 \N 163.9302403000 \N holmium_165 164.930328800000012 \N 164.9303288000 \N holmium_166 165.932290899999998 \N 165.9322909000 \N holmium_167 166.933138500000013 \N 166.9331385000 \N holmium_168 167.935521999999992 \N 167.9355220000 \N holmium_169 168.936878000000007 \N 168.9368780000 \N holmium_170 169.939625000000007 \N 169.9396250000 \N holmium_171 170.94147000000001 \N 170.9414700000 \N holmium_172 171.944729999999993 \N 171.9447300000 \N holmium_173 172.947020000000009 \N 172.9470200000 \N holmium_174 173.950950000000006 \N 173.9509500000 \N holmium_175 174.953620000000001 \N 174.9536200000 \N holmium 164.930328800000012 \N holmium_165 \N erbium_142 141.970100000000002 \N 141.9701000000 \N erbium_143 142.966620000000006 \N 142.9666200000 \N erbium_144 143.960700000000003 \N 143.9607000000 \N erbium_145 144.958049999999986 \N 144.9580500000 \N erbium_146 145.952418399999999 \N 145.9524184000 \N erbium_147 146.949963999999994 \N 146.9499640000 \N erbium_148 147.944735000000009 \N 147.9447350000 \N erbium_149 148.942306000000002 \N 148.9423060000 \N erbium_150 149.937916000000001 \N 149.9379160000 \N erbium_151 150.937448999999987 \N 150.9374490000 \N erbium_152 151.935057 \N 151.9350570000 \N erbium_153 152.935079999999999 \N 152.9350800000 \N erbium_154 153.932790799999992 \N 153.9327908000 \N erbium_155 154.933215899999993 \N 154.9332159000 \N erbium_156 155.931067000000013 \N 155.9310670000 \N erbium_157 156.931949000000003 \N 156.9319490000 \N erbium_158 157.929892999999993 \N 157.9298930000 \N erbium_159 158.930691800000005 \N 158.9306918000 \N erbium_160 159.929077000000007 \N 159.9290770000 \N erbium_161 160.93000459999999 \N 160.9300046000 \N erbium_162 161.928788400000002 \N 161.9287884000 \N erbium_163 162.9300408 \N 162.9300408000 \N erbium_164 163.929208799999998 \N 163.9292088000 \N erbium_165 164.9307345 \N 164.9307345000 \N erbium_166 165.93029949999999 \N 165.9302995000 \N erbium_167 166.932054599999987 \N 166.9320546000 \N erbium_168 167.932376699999992 \N 167.9323767000 \N erbium_169 168.934596800000008 \N 168.9345968000 \N erbium_170 169.935470199999997 \N 169.9354702000 \N erbium_171 170.9380357 \N 170.9380357000 \N erbium_172 171.939361899999994 \N 171.9393619000 \N erbium_173 172.942399999999992 \N 172.9424000000 \N erbium_174 173.944230000000005 \N 173.9442300000 \N erbium_175 174.947769999999991 \N 174.9477700000 \N erbium_176 175.949939999999998 \N 175.9499400000 \N erbium_177 176.953990000000005 \N 176.9539900000 \N erbium 167.259082649669011 \N 0.00139000 erbium_162 + 0.01601000 erbium_164 + 0.33503000 erbium_166 + 0.22869000 erbium_167 + 0.26978000 erbium_168 + 0.14910000 erbium_170 \N thulium_144 143.976280000000003 \N 143.9762800000 \N thulium_145 144.970390000000009 \N 144.9703900000 \N thulium_146 145.966839999999991 \N 145.9668400000 \N thulium_147 146.961379899999997 \N 146.9613799000 \N thulium_148 147.958383999999995 \N 147.9583840000 \N thulium_149 148.952889999999996 \N 148.9528900000 \N thulium_150 149.950089999999989 \N 149.9500900000 \N thulium_151 150.945488000000012 \N 150.9454880000 \N thulium_152 151.944422000000003 \N 151.9444220000 \N thulium_153 152.942039999999992 \N 152.9420400000 \N thulium_154 153.941570000000013 \N 153.9415700000 \N thulium_155 154.939210000000003 \N 154.9392100000 \N thulium_156 155.938992000000013 \N 155.9389920000 \N thulium_157 156.936944000000011 \N 156.9369440000 \N thulium_158 157.936980000000005 \N 157.9369800000 \N thulium_159 158.934975000000009 \N 158.9349750000 \N thulium_160 159.935262999999992 \N 159.9352630000 \N thulium_161 160.933548999999999 \N 160.9335490000 \N thulium_162 161.934001999999992 \N 161.9340020000 \N thulium_163 162.932659199999989 \N 162.9326592000 \N thulium_164 163.933544000000012 \N 163.9335440000 \N thulium_165 164.9324431 \N 164.9324431000 \N thulium_166 165.933560999999997 \N 165.9335610000 \N thulium_167 166.932856200000003 \N 166.9328562000 \N thulium_168 167.93417740000001 \N 167.9341774000 \N thulium_169 168.934217899999993 \N 168.9342179000 \N thulium_170 169.935806000000014 \N 169.9358060000 \N thulium_171 170.936433899999997 \N 170.9364339000 \N thulium_172 171.938405499999988 \N 171.9384055000 \N thulium_173 172.939608399999997 \N 172.9396084000 \N thulium_174 173.942172999999997 \N 173.9421730000 \N thulium_175 174.943840999999992 \N 174.9438410000 \N thulium_176 175.947000000000003 \N 175.9470000000 \N thulium_177 176.949039999999997 \N 176.9490400000 \N thulium_178 177.952640000000002 \N 177.9526400000 \N thulium_179 178.955340000000007 \N 178.9553400000 \N thulium 168.934217899999993 \N thulium_169 \N ytterbium_148 147.967579999999998 \N 147.9675800000 \N ytterbium_149 148.964359999999999 \N 148.9643600000 \N ytterbium_150 149.958519999999993 \N 149.9585200000 \N ytterbium_151 150.955399999999997 \N 150.9554000000 \N ytterbium_152 151.950269999999989 \N 151.9502700000 \N ytterbium_153 152.94932 \N 152.9493200000 \N ytterbium_154 153.946395999999993 \N 153.9463960000 \N ytterbium_155 154.945783000000006 \N 154.9457830000 \N ytterbium_156 155.942824999999999 \N 155.9428250000 \N ytterbium_157 156.942644999999999 \N 156.9426450000 \N ytterbium_158 157.939870500000012 \N 157.9398705000 \N ytterbium_159 158.940055000000001 \N 158.9400550000 \N ytterbium_160 159.937556999999998 \N 159.9375570000 \N ytterbium_161 160.937906999999996 \N 160.9379070000 \N ytterbium_162 161.935774000000009 \N 161.9357740000 \N ytterbium_163 162.936340000000001 \N 162.9363400000 \N ytterbium_164 163.934494999999998 \N 163.9344950000 \N ytterbium_165 164.935270000000003 \N 164.9352700000 \N ytterbium_166 165.93387469999999 \N 165.9338747000 \N ytterbium_167 166.934953000000007 \N 166.9349530000 \N ytterbium_168 167.933889599999986 \N 167.9338896000 \N ytterbium_169 168.935182499999996 \N 168.9351825000 \N ytterbium_170 169.934766400000001 \N 169.9347664000 \N ytterbium_171 170.936330199999986 \N 170.9363302000 \N ytterbium_172 171.936385900000005 \N 171.9363859000 \N ytterbium_173 172.938215100000008 \N 172.9382151000 \N ytterbium_174 173.938866399999995 \N 173.9388664000 \N ytterbium_175 174.941280799999987 \N 174.9412808000 \N ytterbium_176 175.942576400000007 \N 175.9425764000 \N ytterbium_177 176.945265599999999 \N 176.9452656000 \N ytterbium_178 177.946651000000003 \N 177.9466510000 \N ytterbium_179 178.950040000000001 \N 178.9500400000 \N ytterbium_180 179.952120000000008 \N 179.9521200000 \N ytterbium_181 180.955890000000011 \N 180.9558900000 \N ytterbium 173.054150166317015 \N 0.00123000 ytterbium_168 + 0.02982000 ytterbium_170 + 0.14090000 ytterbium_171 + 0.21680000 ytterbium_172 + 0.16103000 ytterbium_173 + 0.32026000 ytterbium_174 + 0.12996000 ytterbium_176 \N lutetium_150 149.973549999999989 \N 149.9735500000 \N lutetium_151 150.967680000000001 \N 150.9676800000 \N lutetium_152 151.964120000000008 \N 151.9641200000 \N lutetium_153 152.958750000000009 \N 152.9587500000 \N lutetium_154 153.957359999999994 \N 153.9573600000 \N lutetium_155 154.954320999999993 \N 154.9543210000 \N lutetium_156 155.953033000000005 \N 155.9530330000 \N lutetium_157 156.950127000000009 \N 156.9501270000 \N lutetium_158 157.94931600000001 \N 157.9493160000 \N lutetium_159 158.946636000000012 \N 158.9466360000 \N lutetium_160 159.946033 \N 159.9460330000 \N lutetium_161 160.943571999999989 \N 160.9435720000 \N lutetium_162 161.943283000000008 \N 161.9432830000 \N lutetium_163 162.941179000000005 \N 162.9411790000 \N lutetium_164 163.941338999999999 \N 163.9413390000 \N lutetium_165 164.939406999999989 \N 164.9394070000 \N lutetium_166 165.939859000000013 \N 165.9398590000 \N lutetium_167 166.938269999999989 \N 166.9382700000 \N lutetium_168 167.938736000000006 \N 167.9387360000 \N lutetium_169 168.9376441 \N 168.9376441000 \N lutetium_170 169.938478000000003 \N 169.9384780000 \N lutetium_171 170.937916999999999 \N 170.9379170000 \N lutetium_172 171.93908909999999 \N 171.9390891000 \N lutetium_173 172.938933999999989 \N 172.9389340000 \N lutetium_174 173.940340899999995 \N 173.9403409000 \N lutetium_175 174.94077519999999 \N 174.9407752000 \N lutetium_176 175.942689699999988 \N 175.9426897000 \N lutetium_177 176.943761499999994 \N 176.9437615000 \N lutetium_178 177.94595799999999 \N 177.9459580000 \N lutetium_179 178.947330899999997 \N 178.9473309000 \N lutetium_180 179.949887999999987 \N 179.9498880000 \N lutetium_181 180.951909999999998 \N 180.9519100000 \N lutetium_182 181.955039999999997 \N 181.9550400000 \N lutetium_183 182.957362999999987 \N 182.9573630000 \N lutetium_184 183.960910000000013 \N 183.9609100000 \N lutetium_185 184.963619999999992 \N 184.9636200000 \N lutetium 174.966814957854979 \N 0.97401000 lutetium_175 + 0.02599000 lutetium_176 \N hafnium_153 152.970689999999991 \N 152.9706900000 \N hafnium_154 153.964859999999987 \N 153.9648600000 \N hafnium_155 154.96311 \N 154.9631100000 \N hafnium_156 155.959350000000001 \N 155.9593500000 \N hafnium_157 156.958239999999989 \N 156.9582400000 \N hafnium_158 157.954801000000003 \N 157.9548010000 \N hafnium_159 158.953995999999989 \N 158.9539960000 \N hafnium_160 159.950691000000006 \N 159.9506910000 \N hafnium_161 160.950277999999997 \N 160.9502780000 \N hafnium_162 161.947214800000012 \N 161.9472148000 \N hafnium_163 162.947113000000002 \N 162.9471130000 \N hafnium_164 163.94437099999999 \N 163.9443710000 \N hafnium_165 164.944567000000006 \N 164.9445670000 \N hafnium_166 165.942180000000008 \N 165.9421800000 \N hafnium_167 166.942599999999999 \N 166.9426000000 \N hafnium_168 167.940568000000013 \N 167.9405680000 \N hafnium_169 168.941259000000002 \N 168.9412590000 \N hafnium_170 169.93960899999999 \N 169.9396090000 \N hafnium_171 170.940492000000006 \N 170.9404920000 \N hafnium_172 171.939449999999994 \N 171.9394500000 \N hafnium_173 172.94051300000001 \N 172.9405130000 \N hafnium_174 173.940046099999989 \N 173.9400461000 \N hafnium_175 174.941509200000013 \N 174.9415092000 \N hafnium_176 175.941407599999991 \N 175.9414076000 \N hafnium_177 176.943227699999994 \N 176.9432277000 \N hafnium_178 177.943705800000004 \N 177.9437058000 \N hafnium_179 178.945823200000007 \N 178.9458232000 \N hafnium_180 179.946557000000013 \N 179.9465570000 \N hafnium_181 180.949108300000006 \N 180.9491083000 \N hafnium_182 181.95056120000001 \N 181.9505612000 \N hafnium_183 182.953530000000001 \N 182.9535300000 \N hafnium_184 183.955445999999995 \N 183.9554460000 \N hafnium_185 184.958862000000011 \N 184.9588620000 \N hafnium_186 185.960896999999989 \N 185.9608970000 \N hafnium_187 186.964769999999987 \N 186.9647700000 \N hafnium_188 187.966849999999994 \N 187.9668500000 \N hafnium_189 188.97084000000001 \N 188.9708400000 \N hafnium 178.48497872339999 \N 0.00160000 hafnium_174 + 0.05260000 hafnium_176 + 0.18600000 hafnium_177 + 0.27280000 hafnium_178 + 0.13620000 hafnium_179 + 0.35080000 hafnium_180 \N tantalum_155 154.974240000000009 \N 154.9742400000 \N tantalum_156 155.97202999999999 \N 155.9720300000 \N tantalum_157 156.96817999999999 \N 156.9681800000 \N tantalum_158 157.966540000000009 \N 157.9665400000 \N tantalum_159 158.963022999999993 \N 158.9630230000 \N tantalum_160 159.961488000000003 \N 159.9614880000 \N tantalum_161 160.958451999999994 \N 160.9584520000 \N tantalum_162 161.95729399999999 \N 161.9572940000 \N tantalum_163 162.95433700000001 \N 162.9543370000 \N tantalum_164 163.953533999999991 \N 163.9535340000 \N tantalum_165 164.950781000000006 \N 164.9507810000 \N tantalum_166 165.950512000000003 \N 165.9505120000 \N tantalum_167 166.948093 \N 166.9480930000 \N tantalum_168 167.948047000000003 \N 167.9480470000 \N tantalum_169 168.946010999999999 \N 168.9460110000 \N tantalum_170 169.946175000000011 \N 169.9461750000 \N tantalum_171 170.944476000000009 \N 170.9444760000 \N tantalum_172 171.944895000000002 \N 171.9448950000 \N tantalum_173 172.943749999999994 \N 172.9437500000 \N tantalum_174 173.944454000000007 \N 173.9444540000 \N tantalum_175 174.943736999999999 \N 174.9437370000 \N tantalum_176 175.944857000000013 \N 175.9448570000 \N tantalum_177 176.9444795 \N 176.9444795000 \N tantalum_178 177.945677999999987 \N 177.9456780000 \N tantalum_179 178.94593660000001 \N 178.9459366000 \N tantalum_180 179.947464800000006 \N 179.9474648000 \N tantalum_181 180.947995800000001 \N 180.9479958000 \N tantalum_182 181.950151900000009 \N 181.9501519000 \N tantalum_183 182.951372600000013 \N 182.9513726000 \N tantalum_184 183.954007999999988 \N 183.9540080000 \N tantalum_185 184.955558999999994 \N 184.9555590000 \N tantalum_186 185.958551 \N 185.9585510000 \N tantalum_187 186.960386 \N 186.9603860000 \N tantalum_188 187.963916000000012 \N 187.9639160000 \N tantalum_189 188.965830000000011 \N 188.9658300000 \N tantalum_190 189.969390000000004 \N 189.9693900000 \N tantalum_191 190.971560000000011 \N 190.9715600000 \N tantalum_192 191.97514000000001 \N 191.9751400000 \N tantalum 180.947875636226911 \N 0.00012010 tantalum_180 + 0.99987990 tantalum_181 \N tungsten_157 156.978839999999991 \N 156.9788400000 \N tungsten_158 157.974559999999997 \N 157.9745600000 \N tungsten_159 158.972640000000013 \N 158.9726400000 \N tungsten_160 159.968459999999993 \N 159.9684600000 \N tungsten_161 160.967199999999991 \N 160.9672000000 \N tungsten_162 161.963499000000013 \N 161.9634990000 \N tungsten_163 162.962524000000002 \N 162.9625240000 \N tungsten_164 163.958960999999988 \N 163.9589610000 \N tungsten_165 164.958280999999999 \N 164.9582810000 \N tungsten_166 165.955030999999991 \N 165.9550310000 \N tungsten_167 166.954804999999993 \N 166.9548050000 \N tungsten_168 167.951806000000005 \N 167.9518060000 \N tungsten_169 168.951778999999988 \N 168.9517790000 \N tungsten_170 169.949231999999995 \N 169.9492320000 \N tungsten_171 170.94945100000001 \N 170.9494510000 \N tungsten_172 171.947292000000004 \N 171.9472920000 \N tungsten_173 172.947688999999997 \N 172.9476890000 \N tungsten_174 173.946078999999997 \N 173.9460790000 \N tungsten_175 174.946717000000007 \N 174.9467170000 \N tungsten_176 175.945634000000013 \N 175.9456340000 \N tungsten_177 176.946642999999995 \N 176.9466430000 \N tungsten_178 177.945883000000009 \N 177.9458830000 \N tungsten_179 178.947077000000007 \N 178.9470770000 \N tungsten_180 179.946710800000005 \N 179.9467108000 \N tungsten_181 180.948197800000003 \N 180.9481978000 \N tungsten_182 181.948203940000013 \N 181.9482039400 \N tungsten_183 182.950222749999995 \N 182.9502227500 \N tungsten_184 183.95093091999999 \N 183.9509309200 \N tungsten_185 184.953418970000001 \N 184.9534189700 \N tungsten_186 185.954362800000013 \N 185.9543628000 \N tungsten_187 186.957158800000002 \N 186.9571588000 \N tungsten_188 187.95848620000001 \N 187.9584862000 \N tungsten_189 188.961762999999991 \N 188.9617630000 \N tungsten_190 189.963090999999991 \N 189.9630910000 \N tungsten_191 190.966531000000003 \N 190.9665310000 \N tungsten_192 191.968169999999986 \N 191.9681700000 \N tungsten_193 192.971779999999995 \N 192.9717800000 \N tungsten_194 193.973669999999998 \N 193.9736700000 \N tungsten 183.841777550513001 \N 0.00120000 tungsten_180 + 0.26500000 tungsten_182 + 0.14310000 tungsten_183 + 0.30640000 tungsten_184 + 0.28430000 tungsten_186 \N rhenium_159 158.984180000000009 \N 158.9841800000 \N rhenium_160 159.981819999999999 \N 159.9818200000 \N rhenium_161 160.977569999999986 \N 160.9775700000 \N rhenium_162 161.975840000000005 \N 161.9758400000 \N rhenium_163 162.972080000000005 \N 162.9720800000 \N rhenium_164 163.970452999999992 \N 163.9704530000 \N rhenium_165 164.967103000000009 \N 164.9671030000 \N rhenium_166 165.965760999999986 \N 165.9657610000 \N rhenium_167 166.962594999999993 \N 166.9625950000 \N rhenium_168 167.961572999999987 \N 167.9615730000 \N rhenium_169 168.958765999999997 \N 168.9587660000 \N rhenium_170 169.958220000000011 \N 169.9582200000 \N rhenium_171 170.955715999999995 \N 170.9557160000 \N rhenium_172 171.955420000000004 \N 171.9554200000 \N rhenium_173 172.953242999999986 \N 172.9532430000 \N rhenium_174 173.953114999999997 \N 173.9531150000 \N rhenium_175 174.951380999999998 \N 174.9513810000 \N rhenium_176 175.951623000000012 \N 175.9516230000 \N rhenium_177 176.950328000000013 \N 176.9503280000 \N rhenium_178 177.950988999999993 \N 177.9509890000 \N rhenium_179 178.949988999999988 \N 178.9499890000 \N rhenium_180 179.950792000000007 \N 179.9507920000 \N rhenium_181 180.950058000000013 \N 180.9500580000 \N rhenium_182 181.951210000000003 \N 181.9512100000 \N rhenium_183 182.950819599999988 \N 182.9508196000 \N rhenium_184 183.952522799999997 \N 183.9525228000 \N rhenium_185 184.952954500000004 \N 184.9529545000 \N rhenium_186 185.954985599999986 \N 185.9549856000 \N rhenium_187 186.955750099999989 \N 186.9557501000 \N rhenium_188 187.958111500000001 \N 187.9581115000 \N rhenium_189 188.959226000000001 \N 188.9592260000 \N rhenium_190 189.96174400000001 \N 189.9617440000 \N rhenium_191 190.963121999999998 \N 190.9631220000 \N rhenium_192 191.966088000000013 \N 191.9660880000 \N rhenium_193 192.967541000000011 \N 192.9675410000 \N rhenium_194 193.970760000000013 \N 193.9707600000 \N rhenium_195 194.972540000000009 \N 194.9725400000 \N rhenium_196 195.975799999999992 \N 195.9758000000 \N rhenium_197 196.977990000000005 \N 196.9779900000 \N rhenium_198 197.981599999999986 \N 197.9816000000 \N rhenium 186.206704545600019 \N 0.37400000 rhenium_185 + 0.62600000 rhenium_187 \N osmium_161 160.989030000000014 \N 160.9890300000 \N osmium_162 161.984430000000003 \N 161.9844300000 \N osmium_163 162.982409999999987 \N 162.9824100000 \N osmium_164 163.978019999999987 \N 163.9780200000 \N osmium_165 164.976599999999991 \N 164.9766000000 \N osmium_166 165.972691999999995 \N 165.9726920000 \N osmium_167 166.97154900000001 \N 166.9715490000 \N osmium_168 167.967807999999991 \N 167.9678080000 \N osmium_169 168.967017999999996 \N 168.9670180000 \N osmium_170 169.963578000000012 \N 169.9635780000 \N osmium_171 170.963174000000009 \N 170.9631740000 \N osmium_172 171.960016999999993 \N 171.9600170000 \N osmium_173 172.95980800000001 \N 172.9598080000 \N osmium_174 173.957064000000003 \N 173.9570640000 \N osmium_175 174.95694499999999 \N 174.9569450000 \N osmium_176 175.954805999999991 \N 175.9548060000 \N osmium_177 176.954966000000013 \N 176.9549660000 \N osmium_178 177.953253999999987 \N 177.9532540000 \N osmium_179 178.953816999999987 \N 178.9538170000 \N osmium_180 179.952374999999989 \N 179.9523750000 \N osmium_181 180.953247000000005 \N 180.9532470000 \N osmium_182 181.952110000000005 \N 181.9521100000 \N osmium_183 182.953125 \N 182.9531250000 \N osmium_184 183.952488499999987 \N 183.9524885000 \N osmium_185 184.954041700000005 \N 184.9540417000 \N osmium_186 185.953834999999998 \N 185.9538350000 \N osmium_187 186.955747400000007 \N 186.9557474000 \N osmium_188 187.955835199999996 \N 187.9558352000 \N osmium_189 188.958144199999992 \N 188.9581442000 \N osmium_190 189.958443700000004 \N 189.9584437000 \N osmium_191 190.960926400000005 \N 190.9609264000 \N osmium_192 191.961477000000002 \N 191.9614770000 \N osmium_193 192.9641479 \N 192.9641479000 \N osmium_194 193.965177199999999 \N 193.9651772000 \N osmium_195 194.968318000000011 \N 194.9683180000 \N osmium_196 195.969640999999996 \N 195.9696410000 \N osmium_197 196.972829999999988 \N 196.9728300000 \N osmium_198 197.974410000000006 \N 197.9744100000 \N osmium_199 198.978010000000012 \N 198.9780100000 \N osmium_200 199.979839999999996 \N 199.9798400000 \N osmium_201 200.983640000000008 \N 200.9836400000 \N osmium_202 201.985950000000003 \N 201.9859500000 \N osmium 190.224859628239983 \N 0.00020000 osmium_184 + 0.01590000 osmium_186 + 0.01960000 osmium_187 + 0.13240000 osmium_188 + 0.16150000 osmium_189 + 0.26260000 osmium_190 + 0.40780000 osmium_192 \N iridium_164 163.99190999999999 \N 163.9919100000 \N iridium_165 164.987500000000011 \N 164.9875000000 \N iridium_166 165.985659999999996 \N 165.9856600000 \N iridium_167 166.98166599999999 \N 166.9816660000 \N iridium_168 167.979906999999997 \N 167.9799070000 \N iridium_169 168.976298000000014 \N 168.9762980000 \N iridium_170 169.974921999999992 \N 169.9749220000 \N iridium_171 170.971640000000008 \N 170.9716400000 \N iridium_172 171.970607000000001 \N 171.9706070000 \N iridium_173 172.967505999999986 \N 172.9675060000 \N iridium_174 173.966860999999994 \N 173.9668610000 \N iridium_175 174.964149999999989 \N 174.9641500000 \N iridium_176 175.963650000000001 \N 175.9636500000 \N iridium_177 176.961300999999992 \N 176.9613010000 \N iridium_178 177.961082000000005 \N 177.9610820000 \N iridium_179 178.959120000000013 \N 178.9591200000 \N iridium_180 179.959228999999993 \N 179.9592290000 \N iridium_181 180.957625000000007 \N 180.9576250000 \N iridium_182 181.958076000000005 \N 181.9580760000 \N iridium_183 182.95684 \N 182.9568400000 \N iridium_184 183.957476000000014 \N 183.9574760000 \N iridium_185 184.956697999999989 \N 184.9566980000 \N iridium_186 185.957943999999998 \N 185.9579440000 \N iridium_187 186.957541999999989 \N 186.9575420000 \N iridium_188 187.958828000000011 \N 187.9588280000 \N iridium_189 188.958715000000012 \N 188.9587150000 \N iridium_190 189.960541199999994 \N 189.9605412000 \N iridium_191 190.960589300000009 \N 190.9605893000 \N iridium_192 191.962600199999997 \N 191.9626002000 \N iridium_193 192.962921599999987 \N 192.9629216000 \N iridium_194 193.965073499999988 \N 193.9650735000 \N iridium_195 194.965974700000004 \N 194.9659747000 \N iridium_196 195.96839700000001 \N 195.9683970000 \N iridium_197 196.969654999999989 \N 196.9696550000 \N iridium_198 197.972280000000012 \N 197.9722800000 \N iridium_199 198.973804999999999 \N 198.9738050000 \N iridium_200 199.976799999999997 \N 199.9768000000 \N iridium_201 200.978640000000013 \N 200.9786400000 \N iridium_202 201.981989999999996 \N 201.9819900000 \N iridium_203 202.984229999999997 \N 202.9842300000 \N iridium_204 203.989599999999996 \N 203.9896000000 \N iridium 192.216051652099992 \N 0.37300000 iridium_191 + 0.62700000 iridium_193 \N platinum_166 165.994859999999989 \N 165.9948600000 \N platinum_167 166.99269000000001 \N 166.9926900000 \N platinum_168 167.988130000000012 \N 167.9881300000 \N platinum_169 168.98657 \N 168.9865700000 \N platinum_170 169.982495999999998 \N 169.9824960000 \N platinum_171 170.981245000000001 \N 170.9812450000 \N platinum_172 171.977350999999999 \N 171.9773510000 \N platinum_173 172.976442999999989 \N 172.9764430000 \N platinum_174 173.972820000000013 \N 173.9728200000 \N platinum_175 174.972409999999996 \N 174.9724100000 \N platinum_176 175.968938000000009 \N 175.9689380000 \N platinum_177 176.968469999999996 \N 176.9684700000 \N platinum_178 177.965650000000011 \N 177.9656500000 \N platinum_179 178.965359000000007 \N 178.9653590000 \N platinum_180 179.963031999999998 \N 179.9630320000 \N platinum_181 180.963098000000002 \N 180.9630980000 \N platinum_182 181.961172000000005 \N 181.9611720000 \N platinum_183 182.961597000000012 \N 182.9615970000 \N platinum_184 183.959914999999995 \N 183.9599150000 \N platinum_185 184.960613999999993 \N 184.9606140000 \N platinum_186 185.959350999999998 \N 185.9593510000 \N platinum_187 186.960617000000013 \N 186.9606170000 \N platinum_188 187.959388899999993 \N 187.9593889000 \N platinum_189 188.960831000000013 \N 188.9608310000 \N platinum_190 189.959929700000004 \N 189.9599297000 \N platinum_191 190.961672899999996 \N 190.9616729000 \N platinum_192 191.961038699999989 \N 191.9610387000 \N platinum_193 192.962982399999987 \N 192.9629824000 \N platinum_194 193.962680900000009 \N 193.9626809000 \N platinum_195 194.964791700000006 \N 194.9647917000 \N platinum_196 195.964952089999997 \N 195.9649520900 \N platinum_197 196.967340689999986 \N 196.9673406900 \N platinum_198 197.967894900000005 \N 197.9678949000 \N platinum_199 198.970595199999991 \N 198.9705952000 \N platinum_200 199.971442999999994 \N 199.9714430000 \N platinum_201 200.974513000000002 \N 200.9745130000 \N platinum_202 201.975639000000001 \N 201.9756390000 \N platinum_203 202.978929999999991 \N 202.9789300000 \N platinum_204 203.980760000000004 \N 203.9807600000 \N platinum_205 204.986079999999987 \N 204.9860800000 \N platinum_206 205.989659999999986 \N 205.9896600000 \N platinum 195.084456864931013 \N 0.00012000 platinum_190 + 0.00782000 platinum_192 + 0.32860000 platinum_194 + 0.33780000 platinum_195 + 0.25210000 platinum_196 + 0.07356000 platinum_198 \N gold_169 168.998079999999987 \N 168.9980800000 \N gold_170 169.99597 \N 169.9959700000 \N gold_171 170.991875999999991 \N 170.9918760000 \N gold_172 171.989942000000013 \N 171.9899420000 \N gold_173 172.986241000000007 \N 172.9862410000 \N gold_174 173.984716999999989 \N 173.9847170000 \N gold_175 174.981303999999994 \N 174.9813040000 \N gold_176 175.980250000000012 \N 175.9802500000 \N gold_177 176.976869999999991 \N 176.9768700000 \N gold_178 177.976032000000004 \N 177.9760320000 \N gold_179 178.973174 \N 178.9731740000 \N gold_180 179.972522999999995 \N 179.9725230000 \N gold_181 180.970078999999998 \N 180.9700790000 \N gold_182 181.969617999999997 \N 181.9696180000 \N gold_183 182.967590999999999 \N 182.9675910000 \N gold_184 183.967452000000009 \N 183.9674520000 \N gold_185 184.965789999999998 \N 184.9657900000 \N gold_186 185.965953000000013 \N 185.9659530000 \N gold_187 186.964542999999992 \N 186.9645430000 \N gold_188 187.965349000000003 \N 187.9653490000 \N gold_189 188.963947999999988 \N 188.9639480000 \N gold_190 189.964697999999999 \N 189.9646980000 \N gold_191 190.963702000000012 \N 190.9637020000 \N gold_192 191.96481399999999 \N 191.9648140000 \N gold_193 192.964137300000004 \N 192.9641373000 \N gold_194 193.965417800000012 \N 193.9654178000 \N gold_195 194.965035199999988 \N 194.9650352000 \N gold_196 195.966569899999996 \N 195.9665699000 \N gold_197 196.966568789999997 \N 196.9665687900 \N gold_198 197.968242419999996 \N 197.9682424200 \N gold_199 198.968765280000014 \N 198.9687652800 \N gold_200 199.970755999999994 \N 199.9707560000 \N gold_201 200.971657499999992 \N 200.9716575000 \N gold_202 201.973856000000012 \N 201.9738560000 \N gold_203 202.975154400000008 \N 202.9751544000 \N gold_204 203.977830000000012 \N 203.9778300000 \N gold_205 204.979849999999999 \N 204.9798500000 \N gold_206 205.984739999999988 \N 205.9847400000 \N gold_207 206.988400000000013 \N 206.9884000000 \N gold_208 207.993449999999996 \N 207.9934500000 \N gold_209 208.997350000000012 \N 208.9973500000 \N gold_210 210.002499999999998 \N 210.0025000000 \N gold 196.966568789999997 \N gold_197 \N mercury_171 171.003530000000012 \N 171.0035300000 \N mercury_172 171.998809999999992 \N 171.9988100000 \N mercury_173 172.997089999999986 \N 172.9970900000 \N mercury_174 173.992864999999995 \N 173.9928650000 \N mercury_175 174.991441000000009 \N 174.9914410000 \N mercury_176 175.987360999999993 \N 175.9873610000 \N mercury_177 176.986277000000001 \N 176.9862770000 \N mercury_178 177.982483999999999 \N 177.9824840000 \N mercury_179 178.981831 \N 178.9818310000 \N mercury_180 179.978260000000006 \N 179.9782600000 \N mercury_181 180.977819000000011 \N 180.9778190000 \N mercury_182 181.974689000000012 \N 181.9746890000 \N mercury_183 182.974444799999986 \N 182.9744448000 \N mercury_184 183.971713999999992 \N 183.9717140000 \N mercury_185 184.971899000000008 \N 184.9718990000 \N mercury_186 185.96936199999999 \N 185.9693620000 \N mercury_187 186.969814000000014 \N 186.9698140000 \N mercury_188 187.967567000000003 \N 187.9675670000 \N mercury_189 188.968195000000009 \N 188.9681950000 \N mercury_190 189.966322999999988 \N 189.9663230000 \N mercury_191 190.967156999999986 \N 190.9671570000 \N mercury_192 191.965634999999992 \N 191.9656350000 \N mercury_193 192.966653000000008 \N 192.9666530000 \N mercury_194 193.965449100000001 \N 193.9654491000 \N mercury_195 194.966721000000007 \N 194.9667210000 \N mercury_196 195.965832599999999 \N 195.9658326000 \N mercury_197 196.967212799999999 \N 196.9672128000 \N mercury_198 197.966768599999995 \N 197.9667686000 \N mercury_199 198.968280639999989 \N 198.9682806400 \N mercury_200 199.968326590000004 \N 199.9683265900 \N mercury_201 200.970302839999988 \N 200.9703028400 \N mercury_202 201.9706434 \N 201.9706434000 \N mercury_203 202.972872800000005 \N 202.9728728000 \N mercury_204 203.973493980000001 \N 203.9734939800 \N mercury_205 204.97607339999999 \N 204.9760734000 \N mercury_206 205.977514000000014 \N 205.9775140000 \N mercury_207 206.982300000000009 \N 206.9823000000 \N mercury_208 207.985759000000002 \N 207.9857590000 \N mercury_209 208.99072000000001 \N 208.9907200000 \N mercury_210 209.994239999999991 \N 209.9942400000 \N mercury_211 210.999329999999986 \N 210.9993300000 \N mercury_212 212.002960000000002 \N 212.0029600000 \N mercury_213 213.008229999999998 \N 213.0082300000 \N mercury_214 214.012 \N 214.0120000000 \N mercury_215 215.017400000000009 \N 215.0174000000 \N mercury_216 216.021320000000003 \N 216.0213200000 \N mercury 200.599167034556018 \N 0.00150000 mercury_196 + 0.09970000 mercury_198 + 0.16870000 mercury_199 + 0.23100000 mercury_200 + 0.13180000 mercury_201 + 0.29860000 mercury_202 + 0.06870000 mercury_204 \N thallium_176 176.000623999999988 \N 176.0006240000 \N thallium_177 176.996431000000001 \N 176.9964310000 \N thallium_178 177.994850000000014 \N 177.9948500000 \N thallium_179 178.991110999999989 \N 178.9911110000 \N thallium_180 179.990057000000007 \N 179.9900570000 \N thallium_181 180.986259999999987 \N 180.9862600000 \N thallium_182 181.985713000000004 \N 181.9857130000 \N thallium_183 182.982192999999995 \N 182.9821930000 \N thallium_184 183.981886000000003 \N 183.9818860000 \N thallium_185 184.978789000000006 \N 184.9787890000 \N thallium_186 185.978651000000013 \N 185.9786510000 \N thallium_187 186.975906299999991 \N 186.9759063000 \N thallium_188 187.976021000000003 \N 187.9760210000 \N thallium_189 188.973588000000007 \N 188.9735880000 \N thallium_190 189.973827999999997 \N 189.9738280000 \N thallium_191 190.971784200000002 \N 190.9717842000 \N thallium_192 191.972225000000009 \N 191.9722250000 \N thallium_193 192.97050200000001 \N 192.9705020000 \N thallium_194 193.971080999999998 \N 193.9710810000 \N thallium_195 194.969774000000001 \N 194.9697740000 \N thallium_196 195.970481000000007 \N 195.9704810000 \N thallium_197 196.969575999999989 \N 196.9695760000 \N thallium_198 197.970483000000002 \N 197.9704830000 \N thallium_199 198.969876999999997 \N 198.9698770000 \N thallium_200 199.970963299999994 \N 199.9709633000 \N thallium_201 200.970821999999998 \N 200.9708220000 \N thallium_202 201.972102000000007 \N 201.9721020000 \N thallium_203 202.972344600000014 \N 202.9723446000 \N thallium_204 203.973863899999998 \N 203.9738639000 \N thallium_205 204.974427800000001 \N 204.9744278000 \N thallium_206 205.976110599999998 \N 205.9761106000 \N thallium_207 206.977419700000013 \N 206.9774197000 \N thallium_208 207.982019000000008 \N 207.9820190000 \N thallium_209 208.985359399999993 \N 208.9853594000 \N thallium_210 209.990073999999993 \N 209.9900740000 \N thallium_211 210.993474999999989 \N 210.9934750000 \N thallium_212 211.998340000000013 \N 211.9983400000 \N thallium_213 213.001914999999997 \N 213.0019150000 \N thallium_214 214.006939999999986 \N 214.0069400000 \N thallium_215 215.010639999999995 \N 215.0106400000 \N thallium_216 216.015800000000013 \N 216.0158000000 \N thallium_217 217.019659999999988 \N 217.0196600000 \N thallium_218 218.024789999999996 \N 218.0247900000 \N thallium 204.383412839360005 \N 0.29520000 thallium_203 + 0.70480000 thallium_205 \N lead_178 178.003830999999991 \N 178.0038310000 \N lead_179 179.002201000000014 \N 179.0022010000 \N lead_180 179.997928000000002 \N 179.9979280000 \N lead_181 180.996653000000009 \N 180.9966530000 \N lead_182 181.992671999999999 \N 181.9926720000 \N lead_183 182.991872000000001 \N 182.9918720000 \N lead_184 183.988135999999997 \N 183.9881360000 \N lead_185 184.987609999999989 \N 184.9876100000 \N lead_186 185.984238000000005 \N 185.9842380000 \N lead_187 186.983910900000012 \N 186.9839109000 \N lead_188 187.980874999999997 \N 187.9808750000 \N lead_189 188.980806999999999 \N 188.9808070000 \N lead_190 189.978082000000001 \N 189.9780820000 \N lead_191 190.978275999999994 \N 190.9782760000 \N lead_192 191.975774999999999 \N 191.9757750000 \N lead_193 192.976172999999989 \N 192.9761730000 \N lead_194 193.974011999999988 \N 193.9740120000 \N lead_195 194.974543000000011 \N 194.9745430000 \N lead_196 195.972773999999987 \N 195.9727740000 \N lead_197 196.973431199999993 \N 196.9734312000 \N lead_198 197.972034000000008 \N 197.9720340000 \N lead_199 198.972913000000005 \N 198.9729130000 \N lead_200 199.971819000000011 \N 199.9718190000 \N lead_201 200.972882999999996 \N 200.9728830000 \N lead_202 201.972151999999994 \N 201.9721520000 \N lead_203 202.973391099999986 \N 202.9733911000 \N lead_204 203.973043999999987 \N 203.9730440000 \N lead_205 204.974482200000011 \N 204.9744822000 \N lead_206 205.974465699999996 \N 205.9744657000 \N lead_207 206.975897300000014 \N 206.9758973000 \N lead_208 207.9766525 \N 207.9766525000 \N lead_209 208.981090499999993 \N 208.9810905000 \N lead_210 209.984188899999992 \N 209.9841889000 \N lead_211 210.988737100000009 \N 210.9887371000 \N lead_212 211.99189770000001 \N 211.9918977000 \N lead_213 212.996562899999986 \N 212.9965629000 \N lead_214 213.999805900000013 \N 213.9998059000 \N lead_215 215.004739999999998 \N 215.0047400000 \N lead_216 216.008029999999991 \N 216.0080300000 \N lead_217 217.013139999999993 \N 217.0131400000 \N lead_218 218.016590000000008 \N 218.0165900000 \N lead_219 219.021770000000004 \N 219.0217700000 \N lead_220 220.025409999999994 \N 220.0254100000 \N lead 207.216908063000005 \N 0.01400000 lead_204 + 0.24100000 lead_206 + 0.22100000 lead_207 + 0.52400000 lead_208 \N bismuth_184 184.001274999999993 \N 184.0012750000 \N bismuth_185 184.997600000000006 \N 184.9976000000 \N bismuth_186 185.996644000000003 \N 185.9966440000 \N bismuth_187 186.993146999999993 \N 186.9931470000 \N bismuth_188 187.992287000000005 \N 187.9922870000 \N bismuth_189 188.989194999999995 \N 188.9891950000 \N bismuth_190 189.988621999999992 \N 189.9886220000 \N bismuth_191 190.985786600000012 \N 190.9857866000 \N bismuth_192 191.985468999999995 \N 191.9854690000 \N bismuth_193 192.982959999999991 \N 192.9829600000 \N bismuth_194 193.982785000000007 \N 193.9827850000 \N bismuth_195 194.980648800000012 \N 194.9806488000 \N bismuth_196 195.980667000000011 \N 195.9806670000 \N bismuth_197 196.978865100000007 \N 196.9788651000 \N bismuth_198 197.979206000000005 \N 197.9792060000 \N bismuth_199 198.97767300000001 \N 198.9776730000 \N bismuth_200 199.978130999999991 \N 199.9781310000 \N bismuth_201 200.977010000000007 \N 200.9770100000 \N bismuth_202 201.977733999999998 \N 201.9777340000 \N bismuth_203 202.97689299999999 \N 202.9768930000 \N bismuth_204 203.97783609999999 \N 203.9778361000 \N bismuth_205 204.977386700000011 \N 204.9773867000 \N bismuth_206 205.97849930000001 \N 205.9784993000 \N bismuth_207 206.978471000000013 \N 206.9784710000 \N bismuth_208 207.979742499999986 \N 207.9797425000 \N bismuth_209 208.9803991 \N 208.9803991000 \N bismuth_210 209.984120700000005 \N 209.9841207000 \N bismuth_211 210.987269700000013 \N 210.9872697000 \N bismuth_212 211.991286000000002 \N 211.9912860000 \N bismuth_213 212.994385099999988 \N 212.9943851000 \N bismuth_214 213.998712000000012 \N 213.9987120000 \N bismuth_215 215.001769999999993 \N 215.0017700000 \N bismuth_216 216.006305999999995 \N 216.0063060000 \N bismuth_217 217.009372000000013 \N 217.0093720000 \N bismuth_218 218.01418799999999 \N 218.0141880000 \N bismuth_219 219.017480000000006 \N 219.0174800000 \N bismuth_220 220.022349999999989 \N 220.0223500000 \N bismuth_221 221.025869999999998 \N 221.0258700000 \N bismuth_222 222.030779999999993 \N 222.0307800000 \N bismuth_223 223.034500000000008 \N 223.0345000000 \N bismuth_224 224.039469999999994 \N 224.0394700000 \N bismuth 208.9803991 \N bismuth_209 \N polonium_186 186.004392999999993 \N 186.0043930000 \N polonium_187 187.003040999999996 \N 187.0030410000 \N polonium_188 187.999415999999997 \N 187.9994160000 \N polonium_189 188.99847299999999 \N 188.9984730000 \N polonium_190 189.995101000000005 \N 189.9951010000 \N polonium_191 190.994558500000011 \N 190.9945585000 \N polonium_192 191.99133599999999 \N 191.9913360000 \N polonium_193 192.991026000000005 \N 192.9910260000 \N polonium_194 193.988186000000013 \N 193.9881860000 \N polonium_195 194.988125999999994 \N 194.9881260000 \N polonium_196 195.985525999999993 \N 195.9855260000 \N polonium_197 196.985659999999996 \N 196.9856600000 \N polonium_198 197.983388999999988 \N 197.9833890000 \N polonium_199 198.983666999999997 \N 198.9836670000 \N polonium_200 199.981798999999995 \N 199.9817990000 \N polonium_201 200.982259800000008 \N 200.9822598000 \N polonium_202 201.980758000000009 \N 201.9807580000 \N polonium_203 202.98141609999999 \N 202.9814161000 \N polonium_204 203.980310000000003 \N 203.9803100000 \N polonium_205 204.981202999999994 \N 204.9812030000 \N polonium_206 205.980473999999987 \N 205.9804740000 \N polonium_207 206.981593800000013 \N 206.9815938000 \N polonium_208 207.981246099999993 \N 207.9812461000 \N polonium_209 208.982430800000003 \N 208.9824308000 \N polonium_210 209.982874100000004 \N 209.9828741000 \N polonium_211 210.986653600000011 \N 210.9866536000 \N polonium_212 211.988868400000001 \N 211.9888684000 \N polonium_213 212.992857600000008 \N 212.9928576000 \N polonium_214 213.995201699999996 \N 213.9952017000 \N polonium_215 214.999420100000009 \N 214.9994201000 \N polonium_216 216.001915200000013 \N 216.0019152000 \N polonium_217 217.00631820000001 \N 217.0063182000 \N polonium_218 218.008973499999996 \N 218.0089735000 \N polonium_219 219.01361399999999 \N 219.0136140000 \N polonium_220 220.016386000000011 \N 220.0163860000 \N polonium_221 221.021228000000008 \N 221.0212280000 \N polonium_222 222.024139999999989 \N 222.0241400000 \N polonium_223 223.02906999999999 \N 223.0290700000 \N polonium_224 224.032109999999989 \N 224.0321100000 \N polonium_225 225.03707 \N 225.0370700000 \N polonium_226 226.040310000000005 \N 226.0403100000 \N polonium_227 227.045389999999998 \N 227.0453900000 \N polonium 208.982430800000003 \N polonium_209 \N astatine_191 191.004147999999986 \N 191.0041480000 \N astatine_192 192.003152 \N 192.0031520000 \N astatine_193 192.999927000000014 \N 192.9999270000 \N astatine_194 193.999235999999996 \N 193.9992360000 \N astatine_195 194.996268500000014 \N 194.9962685000 \N astatine_196 195.995800000000003 \N 195.9958000000 \N astatine_197 196.993189000000001 \N 196.9931890000 \N astatine_198 197.992784 \N 197.9927840000 \N astatine_199 198.990527700000001 \N 198.9905277000 \N astatine_200 199.990351000000004 \N 199.9903510000 \N astatine_201 200.988417099999992 \N 200.9884171000 \N astatine_202 201.988630000000001 \N 201.9886300000 \N astatine_203 202.986942999999997 \N 202.9869430000 \N astatine_204 203.987250999999986 \N 203.9872510000 \N astatine_205 204.986075999999997 \N 204.9860760000 \N astatine_206 205.986657000000008 \N 205.9866570000 \N astatine_207 206.985800000000012 \N 206.9858000000 \N astatine_208 207.986613299999988 \N 207.9866133000 \N astatine_209 208.986170200000004 \N 208.9861702000 \N astatine_210 209.987147899999997 \N 209.9871479000 \N astatine_211 210.987496599999986 \N 210.9874966000 \N astatine_212 211.990737700000011 \N 211.9907377000 \N astatine_213 212.992937000000012 \N 212.9929370000 \N astatine_214 213.996372100000002 \N 213.9963721000 \N astatine_215 214.998652800000002 \N 214.9986528000 \N astatine_216 216.002423599999986 \N 216.0024236000 \N astatine_217 217.004719200000011 \N 217.0047192000 \N astatine_218 218.008694999999989 \N 218.0086950000 \N astatine_219 219.011161799999996 \N 219.0111618000 \N astatine_220 220.015433000000002 \N 220.0154330000 \N astatine_221 221.018016999999986 \N 221.0180170000 \N astatine_222 222.022493999999995 \N 222.0224940000 \N astatine_223 223.025150999999994 \N 223.0251510000 \N astatine_224 224.02974900000001 \N 224.0297490000 \N astatine_225 225.032630000000012 \N 225.0326300000 \N astatine_226 226.03716 \N 226.0371600000 \N astatine_227 227.040240000000011 \N 227.0402400000 \N astatine_228 228.044749999999993 \N 228.0447500000 \N astatine_229 229.048120000000011 \N 229.0481200000 \N astatine 209.987147899999997 \N astatine_210 \N radon_193 193.009707999999989 \N 193.0097080000 \N radon_194 194.006144000000006 \N 194.0061440000 \N radon_195 195.00542200000001 \N 195.0054220000 \N radon_196 196.002116000000001 \N 196.0021160000 \N radon_197 197.001585000000006 \N 197.0015850000 \N radon_198 197.99867900000001 \N 197.9986790000 \N radon_199 198.998390000000001 \N 198.9983900000 \N radon_200 199.995689999999996 \N 199.9956900000 \N radon_201 200.995628000000011 \N 200.9956280000 \N radon_202 201.993264000000011 \N 201.9932640000 \N radon_203 202.99338800000001 \N 202.9933880000 \N radon_204 203.991430000000008 \N 203.9914300000 \N radon_205 204.991718999999989 \N 204.9917190000 \N radon_206 205.990214000000009 \N 205.9902140000 \N radon_207 206.990730299999996 \N 206.9907303000 \N radon_208 207.989634999999993 \N 207.9896350000 \N radon_209 208.990415000000013 \N 208.9904150000 \N radon_210 209.989689099999993 \N 209.9896891000 \N radon_211 210.990601099999992 \N 210.9906011000 \N radon_212 211.9907039 \N 211.9907039000 \N radon_213 212.993883100000005 \N 212.9938831000 \N radon_214 213.995362999999998 \N 213.9953630000 \N radon_215 214.998745899999989 \N 214.9987459000 \N radon_216 216.000271900000001 \N 216.0002719000 \N radon_217 217.003928000000002 \N 217.0039280000 \N radon_218 218.005601600000006 \N 218.0056016000 \N radon_219 219.009480400000001 \N 219.0094804000 \N radon_220 220.01139409999999 \N 220.0113941000 \N radon_221 221.015537099999989 \N 221.0155371000 \N radon_222 222.017578200000003 \N 222.0175782000 \N radon_223 223.021889299999998 \N 223.0218893000 \N radon_224 224.024095999999986 \N 224.0240960000 \N radon_225 225.028485999999987 \N 225.0284860000 \N radon_226 226.030860999999987 \N 226.0308610000 \N radon_227 227.035303999999996 \N 227.0353040000 \N radon_228 228.037835000000001 \N 228.0378350000 \N radon_229 229.042257000000006 \N 229.0422570000 \N radon_230 230.045140000000004 \N 230.0451400000 \N radon_231 231.049869999999999 \N 231.0498700000 \N radon 222.017578200000003 \N radon_222 \N francium_199 199.007259000000005 \N 199.0072590000 \N francium_200 200.006585999999999 \N 200.0065860000 \N francium_201 201.003867000000014 \N 201.0038670000 \N francium_202 202.003320000000002 \N 202.0033200000 \N francium_203 203.000940700000001 \N 203.0009407000 \N francium_204 204.000652000000002 \N 204.0006520000 \N francium_205 204.998593900000003 \N 204.9985939000 \N francium_206 205.998665999999986 \N 205.9986660000 \N francium_207 206.996946000000008 \N 206.9969460000 \N francium_208 207.997138000000007 \N 207.9971380000 \N francium_209 208.995955000000009 \N 208.9959550000 \N francium_210 209.996421999999995 \N 209.9964220000 \N francium_211 210.995555999999993 \N 210.9955560000 \N francium_212 211.996225699999997 \N 211.9962257000 \N francium_213 212.996185999999994 \N 212.9961860000 \N francium_214 213.998971299999994 \N 213.9989713000 \N francium_215 215.000341800000001 \N 215.0003418000 \N francium_216 216.003189899999995 \N 216.0031899000 \N francium_217 217.004632299999997 \N 217.0046323000 \N francium_218 218.00757870000001 \N 218.0075787000 \N francium_219 219.009252400000008 \N 219.0092524000 \N francium_220 220.012327699999986 \N 220.0123277000 \N francium_221 221.014255200000008 \N 221.0142552000 \N francium_222 222.017551999999995 \N 222.0175520000 \N francium_223 223.019735999999995 \N 223.0197360000 \N francium_224 224.023397999999986 \N 224.0233980000 \N francium_225 225.025573000000009 \N 225.0255730000 \N francium_226 226.029565999999988 \N 226.0295660000 \N francium_227 227.031869 \N 227.0318690000 \N francium_228 228.035822999999993 \N 228.0358230000 \N francium_229 229.038297999999998 \N 229.0382980000 \N francium_230 230.042416000000003 \N 230.0424160000 \N francium_231 231.045157999999986 \N 231.0451580000 \N francium_232 232.04937000000001 \N 232.0493700000 \N francium_233 233.052639999999997 \N 233.0526400000 \N francium 223.019735999999995 \N francium_223 \N radium_201 201.012709999999998 \N 201.0127100000 \N radium_202 202.00976 \N 202.0097600000 \N radium_203 203.009303999999986 \N 203.0093040000 \N radium_204 204.006492000000009 \N 204.0064920000 \N radium_205 205.006268000000006 \N 205.0062680000 \N radium_206 206.003827999999999 \N 206.0038280000 \N radium_207 207.003798999999987 \N 207.0037990000 \N radium_208 208.001841000000013 \N 208.0018410000 \N radium_209 209.001990000000006 \N 209.0019900000 \N radium_210 210.000494000000003 \N 210.0004940000 \N radium_211 211.000893200000007 \N 211.0008932000 \N radium_212 211.999786999999998 \N 211.9997870000 \N radium_213 213.000383999999997 \N 213.0003840000 \N radium_214 214.000099699999993 \N 214.0000997000 \N radium_215 215.002720399999987 \N 215.0027204000 \N radium_216 216.003533400000009 \N 216.0035334000 \N radium_217 217.006320700000003 \N 217.0063207000 \N radium_218 218.00714099999999 \N 218.0071410000 \N radium_219 219.010085500000002 \N 219.0100855000 \N radium_220 220.011025899999993 \N 220.0110259000 \N radium_221 221.013917700000007 \N 221.0139177000 \N radium_222 222.015374799999989 \N 222.0153748000 \N radium_223 223.018502299999994 \N 223.0185023000 \N radium_224 224.020211999999987 \N 224.0202120000 \N radium_225 225.023611899999992 \N 225.0236119000 \N radium_226 226.025410300000004 \N 226.0254103000 \N radium_227 227.029178300000012 \N 227.0291783000 \N radium_228 228.031070699999987 \N 228.0310707000 \N radium_229 229.034942000000001 \N 229.0349420000 \N radium_230 230.037055000000009 \N 230.0370550000 \N radium_231 231.041027000000014 \N 231.0410270000 \N radium_232 232.043475300000011 \N 232.0434753000 \N radium_233 233.047582000000006 \N 233.0475820000 \N radium_234 234.050342000000001 \N 234.0503420000 \N radium_235 235.054969999999997 \N 235.0549700000 \N radium 226.025410300000004 \N radium_226 \N actinium_206 206.014452000000006 \N 206.0144520000 \N actinium_207 207.011966000000001 \N 207.0119660000 \N actinium_208 208.01155 \N 208.0115500000 \N actinium_209 209.009494999999987 \N 209.0094950000 \N actinium_210 210.009435999999994 \N 210.0094360000 \N actinium_211 211.007732000000004 \N 211.0077320000 \N actinium_212 212.007812999999999 \N 212.0078130000 \N actinium_213 213.006608999999997 \N 213.0066090000 \N actinium_214 214.006918000000013 \N 214.0069180000 \N actinium_215 215.006474999999995 \N 215.0064750000 \N actinium_216 216.00874300000001 \N 216.0087430000 \N actinium_217 217.009343999999999 \N 217.0093440000 \N actinium_218 218.011641999999995 \N 218.0116420000 \N actinium_219 219.012420999999989 \N 219.0124210000 \N actinium_220 220.014754900000014 \N 220.0147549000 \N actinium_221 221.015591999999998 \N 221.0155920000 \N actinium_222 222.017844200000013 \N 222.0178442000 \N actinium_223 223.019137699999987 \N 223.0191377000 \N actinium_224 224.021723199999997 \N 224.0217232000 \N actinium_225 225.023230000000012 \N 225.0232300000 \N actinium_226 226.026098399999995 \N 226.0260984000 \N actinium_227 227.027752300000003 \N 227.0277523000 \N actinium_228 228.031021500000008 \N 228.0310215000 \N actinium_229 229.032956000000013 \N 229.0329560000 \N actinium_230 230.036327 \N 230.0363270000 \N actinium_231 231.038393000000013 \N 231.0383930000 \N actinium_232 232.042034000000001 \N 232.0420340000 \N actinium_233 233.04434599999999 \N 233.0443460000 \N actinium_234 234.048138999999992 \N 234.0481390000 \N actinium_235 235.050839999999994 \N 235.0508400000 \N actinium_236 236.054988000000009 \N 236.0549880000 \N actinium_237 237.058269999999993 \N 237.0582700000 \N actinium 227.027752300000003 \N actinium_227 \N thorium_208 208.017899999999997 \N 208.0179000000 \N thorium_209 209.017752999999999 \N 209.0177530000 \N thorium_210 210.015094000000005 \N 210.0150940000 \N thorium_211 211.014928999999995 \N 211.0149290000 \N thorium_212 212.012988000000007 \N 212.0129880000 \N thorium_213 213.013009000000011 \N 213.0130090000 \N thorium_214 214.011500000000012 \N 214.0115000000 \N thorium_215 215.011724799999996 \N 215.0117248000 \N thorium_216 216.011055999999996 \N 216.0110560000 \N thorium_217 217.013116999999994 \N 217.0131170000 \N thorium_218 218.013275999999991 \N 218.0132760000 \N thorium_219 219.015536999999995 \N 219.0155370000 \N thorium_220 220.015748000000002 \N 220.0157480000 \N thorium_221 221.018183999999991 \N 221.0181840000 \N thorium_222 222.01846900000001 \N 222.0184690000 \N thorium_223 223.020811900000012 \N 223.0208119000 \N thorium_224 224.021464000000009 \N 224.0214640000 \N thorium_225 225.023951399999987 \N 225.0239514000 \N thorium_226 226.024903399999999 \N 226.0249034000 \N thorium_227 227.027704199999988 \N 227.0277042000 \N thorium_228 228.028741300000007 \N 228.0287413000 \N thorium_229 229.031762700000002 \N 229.0317627000 \N thorium_230 230.033134100000012 \N 230.0331341000 \N thorium_231 231.036304599999994 \N 231.0363046000 \N thorium_232 232.038055799999995 \N 232.0380558000 \N thorium_233 233.041582299999988 \N 233.0415823000 \N thorium_234 234.0436014 \N 234.0436014000 \N thorium_235 235.047255000000007 \N 235.0472550000 \N thorium_236 236.049656999999996 \N 236.0496570000 \N thorium_237 237.053629000000001 \N 237.0536290000 \N thorium_238 238.0565 \N 238.0565000000 \N thorium_239 239.060769999999991 \N 239.0607700000 \N thorium 232.038055799999995 \N thorium_232 \N protactinium_212 212.023202999999995 \N 212.0232030000 \N protactinium_213 213.021108999999996 \N 213.0211090000 \N protactinium_214 214.020917999999995 \N 214.0209180000 \N protactinium_215 215.019182999999998 \N 215.0191830000 \N protactinium_216 216.019108999999986 \N 216.0191090000 \N protactinium_217 217.018325000000004 \N 217.0183250000 \N protactinium_218 218.020059000000003 \N 218.0200590000 \N protactinium_219 219.019903999999997 \N 219.0199040000 \N protactinium_220 220.021704999999997 \N 220.0217050000 \N protactinium_221 221.021874999999994 \N 221.0218750000 \N protactinium_222 222.023784000000006 \N 222.0237840000 \N protactinium_223 223.023963000000009 \N 223.0239630000 \N protactinium_224 224.025617600000004 \N 224.0256176000 \N protactinium_225 225.026130999999992 \N 225.0261310000 \N protactinium_226 226.027948000000009 \N 226.0279480000 \N protactinium_227 227.02880540000001 \N 227.0288054000 \N protactinium_228 228.031051700000006 \N 228.0310517000 \N protactinium_229 229.03209720000001 \N 229.0320972000 \N protactinium_230 230.03454099999999 \N 230.0345410000 \N protactinium_231 231.035884199999998 \N 231.0358842000 \N protactinium_232 232.038591700000012 \N 232.0385917000 \N protactinium_233 233.04024720000001 \N 233.0402472000 \N protactinium_234 234.043307199999987 \N 234.0433072000 \N protactinium_235 235.045399000000003 \N 235.0453990000 \N protactinium_236 236.048667999999992 \N 236.0486680000 \N protactinium_237 237.051022999999986 \N 237.0510230000 \N protactinium_238 238.054637000000014 \N 238.0546370000 \N protactinium_239 239.057260000000014 \N 239.0572600000 \N protactinium_240 240.060980000000001 \N 240.0609800000 \N protactinium_241 241.06407999999999 \N 241.0640800000 \N protactinium 231.035884199999998 \N protactinium_231 \N uranium_217 217.024660000000011 \N 217.0246600000 \N uranium_218 218.023523000000012 \N 218.0235230000 \N uranium_219 219.024999000000008 \N 219.0249990000 \N uranium_220 220.024619999999999 \N 220.0246200000 \N uranium_221 221.026280000000014 \N 221.0262800000 \N uranium_222 222.02600000000001 \N 222.0260000000 \N uranium_223 223.027738999999997 \N 223.0277390000 \N uranium_224 224.027604999999994 \N 224.0276050000 \N uranium_225 225.029391000000004 \N 225.0293910000 \N uranium_226 226.029338999999993 \N 226.0293390000 \N uranium_227 227.031157000000007 \N 227.0311570000 \N uranium_228 228.031371000000007 \N 228.0313710000 \N uranium_229 229.033506299999999 \N 229.0335063000 \N uranium_230 230.033940099999995 \N 230.0339401000 \N uranium_231 231.036293900000004 \N 231.0362939000 \N uranium_232 232.037156299999992 \N 232.0371563000 \N uranium_233 233.039635500000003 \N 233.0396355000 \N uranium_234 234.040952299999987 \N 234.0409523000 \N uranium_235 235.043930100000011 \N 235.0439301000 \N uranium_236 236.045568199999991 \N 236.0455682000 \N uranium_237 237.048730400000011 \N 237.0487304000 \N uranium_238 238.050788399999988 \N 238.0507884000 \N uranium_239 239.0542935 \N 239.0542935000 \N uranium_240 240.056593399999997 \N 240.0565934000 \N uranium_241 241.060329999999993 \N 241.0603300000 \N uranium_242 242.062929999999994 \N 242.0629300000 \N uranium_243 243.066990000000004 \N 243.0669900000 \N uranium 238.028910461657404 \N 0.00005400 uranium_234 + 0.00720400 uranium_235 + 0.99274200 uranium_238 \N neptunium_219 219.03143 \N 219.0314300000 \N neptunium_220 220.032540000000012 \N 220.0325400000 \N neptunium_221 221.032039999999995 \N 221.0320400000 \N neptunium_222 222.033299999999997 \N 222.0333000000 \N neptunium_223 223.032849999999996 \N 223.0328500000 \N neptunium_224 224.034220000000005 \N 224.0342200000 \N neptunium_225 225.033910999999989 \N 225.0339110000 \N neptunium_226 226.035188000000005 \N 226.0351880000 \N neptunium_227 227.034956999999991 \N 227.0349570000 \N neptunium_228 228.036067000000003 \N 228.0360670000 \N neptunium_229 229.036263999999989 \N 229.0362640000 \N neptunium_230 230.03782799999999 \N 230.0378280000 \N neptunium_231 231.038244999999989 \N 231.0382450000 \N neptunium_232 232.040109999999999 \N 232.0401100000 \N neptunium_233 233.040740999999997 \N 233.0407410000 \N neptunium_234 234.042895299999998 \N 234.0428953000 \N neptunium_235 235.044063499999993 \N 235.0440635000 \N neptunium_236 236.046570000000003 \N 236.0465700000 \N neptunium_237 237.048173600000013 \N 237.0481736000 \N neptunium_238 238.050946600000003 \N 238.0509466000 \N neptunium_239 239.052939199999997 \N 239.0529392000 \N neptunium_240 240.056164999999993 \N 240.0561650000 \N neptunium_241 241.058253000000008 \N 241.0582530000 \N neptunium_242 242.061640000000011 \N 242.0616400000 \N neptunium_243 243.064279999999997 \N 243.0642800000 \N neptunium_244 244.067849999999993 \N 244.0678500000 \N neptunium_245 245.070799999999991 \N 245.0708000000 \N neptunium 237.048173600000013 \N neptunium_237 \N plutonium_228 228.03873200000001 \N 228.0387320000 \N plutonium_229 229.040143999999998 \N 229.0401440000 \N plutonium_230 230.039649999999995 \N 230.0396500000 \N plutonium_231 231.041101999999995 \N 231.0411020000 \N plutonium_232 232.041185000000013 \N 232.0411850000 \N plutonium_233 233.042998000000011 \N 233.0429980000 \N plutonium_234 234.043317400000007 \N 234.0433174000 \N plutonium_235 235.045286000000004 \N 235.0452860000 \N plutonium_236 236.04605810000001 \N 236.0460581000 \N plutonium_237 237.048409800000002 \N 237.0484098000 \N plutonium_238 238.049560100000008 \N 238.0495601000 \N plutonium_239 239.0521636 \N 239.0521636000 \N plutonium_240 240.0538138 \N 240.0538138000 \N plutonium_241 241.05685170000001 \N 241.0568517000 \N plutonium_242 242.058742800000005 \N 242.0587428000 \N plutonium_243 243.062003599999997 \N 243.0620036000 \N plutonium_244 244.064205299999998 \N 244.0642053000 \N plutonium_245 245.067825999999997 \N 245.0678260000 \N plutonium_246 246.070204999999987 \N 246.0702050000 \N plutonium_247 247.074189999999987 \N 247.0741900000 \N plutonium 244.064205299999998 \N plutonium_244 \N americium_230 230.046089999999992 \N 230.0460900000 \N americium_231 231.045559999999995 \N 231.0455600000 \N americium_232 232.046449999999993 \N 232.0464500000 \N americium_233 233.04643999999999 \N 233.0464400000 \N americium_234 234.047730000000001 \N 234.0477300000 \N americium_235 235.047908000000007 \N 235.0479080000 \N americium_236 236.049430000000001 \N 236.0494300000 \N americium_237 237.049995999999993 \N 237.0499960000 \N americium_238 238.051985000000002 \N 238.0519850000 \N americium_239 239.053024700000009 \N 239.0530247000 \N americium_240 240.055299999999988 \N 240.0553000000 \N americium_241 241.056829300000004 \N 241.0568293000 \N americium_242 242.059549400000009 \N 242.0595494000 \N americium_243 243.061381299999994 \N 243.0613813000 \N americium_244 244.064285100000006 \N 244.0642851000 \N americium_245 245.066454800000002 \N 245.0664548000 \N americium_246 246.069774999999993 \N 246.0697750000 \N americium_247 247.072090000000003 \N 247.0720900000 \N americium_248 248.075749999999999 \N 248.0757500000 \N americium_249 249.078480000000013 \N 249.0784800000 \N curium_232 232.049820000000011 \N 232.0498200000 \N curium_233 233.05077 \N 233.0507700000 \N curium_234 234.050160000000005 \N 234.0501600000 \N curium_235 235.051539999999989 \N 235.0515400000 \N curium_236 236.05137400000001 \N 236.0513740000 \N curium_237 237.052868999999987 \N 237.0528690000 \N curium_238 238.053080999999992 \N 238.0530810000 \N curium_239 239.054910000000007 \N 239.0549100000 \N curium_240 240.055529699999994 \N 240.0555297000 \N curium_241 241.057653200000004 \N 241.0576532000 \N curium_242 242.058836000000014 \N 242.0588360000 \N curium_243 243.061389300000002 \N 243.0613893000 \N curium_244 244.062752799999998 \N 244.0627528000 \N curium_245 245.065491500000007 \N 245.0654915000 \N curium_246 246.067223799999994 \N 246.0672238000 \N curium_247 247.070354100000003 \N 247.0703541000 \N curium_248 248.072349900000006 \N 248.0723499000 \N curium_249 249.075954800000005 \N 249.0759548000 \N curium_250 250.078358000000009 \N 250.0783580000 \N curium_251 251.082286000000011 \N 251.0822860000 \N curium_252 252.084869999999995 \N 252.0848700000 \N berkelium_234 234.057269999999988 \N 234.0572700000 \N berkelium_235 235.056579999999997 \N 235.0565800000 \N berkelium_236 236.057479999999998 \N 236.0574800000 \N berkelium_237 237.057099999999991 \N 237.0571000000 \N berkelium_238 238.058199999999999 \N 238.0582000000 \N berkelium_239 239.058240000000012 \N 239.0582400000 \N berkelium_240 240.059760000000011 \N 240.0597600000 \N berkelium_241 241.060159999999996 \N 241.0601600000 \N berkelium_242 242.061980000000005 \N 242.0619800000 \N berkelium_243 243.063007800000008 \N 243.0630078000 \N berkelium_244 244.065180999999995 \N 244.0651810000 \N berkelium_245 245.06636180000001 \N 245.0663618000 \N berkelium_246 246.06867299999999 \N 246.0686730000 \N berkelium_247 247.070307299999996 \N 247.0703073000 \N berkelium_248 248.073088000000013 \N 248.0730880000 \N berkelium_249 249.074987700000008 \N 249.0749877000 \N berkelium_250 250.078316699999988 \N 250.0783167000 \N berkelium_251 251.080761999999993 \N 251.0807620000 \N berkelium_252 252.084309999999988 \N 252.0843100000 \N berkelium_253 253.086880000000008 \N 253.0868800000 \N berkelium_254 254.090599999999995 \N 254.0906000000 \N californium_237 237.062197999999995 \N 237.0621980000 \N californium_238 238.061489999999992 \N 238.0614900000 \N californium_239 239.06253000000001 \N 239.0625300000 \N californium_240 240.062255999999991 \N 240.0622560000 \N californium_241 241.063690000000008 \N 241.0636900000 \N californium_242 242.063753999999989 \N 242.0637540000 \N californium_243 243.065480000000008 \N 243.0654800000 \N californium_244 244.066000800000012 \N 244.0660008000 \N californium_245 245.068048699999991 \N 245.0680487000 \N californium_246 246.068805499999996 \N 246.0688055000 \N californium_247 247.070965000000001 \N 247.0709650000 \N californium_248 248.072185100000013 \N 248.0721851000 \N californium_249 249.074853899999994 \N 249.0748539000 \N californium_250 250.076406200000008 \N 250.0764062000 \N californium_251 251.079588599999994 \N 251.0795886000 \N californium_252 252.081627200000014 \N 252.0816272000 \N californium_253 253.085134500000009 \N 253.0851345000 \N californium_254 254.087323999999995 \N 254.0873240000 \N californium_255 255.091049999999996 \N 255.0910500000 \N californium_256 256.093439999999987 \N 256.0934400000 \N einsteinium_239 239.06823 \N 239.0682300000 \N einsteinium_240 240.068919999999991 \N 240.0689200000 \N einsteinium_241 241.068559999999991 \N 241.0685600000 \N einsteinium_242 242.069569999999999 \N 242.0695700000 \N einsteinium_243 243.069510000000008 \N 243.0695100000 \N einsteinium_244 244.070879999999988 \N 244.0708800000 \N einsteinium_245 245.071249999999992 \N 245.0712500000 \N einsteinium_246 246.072900000000004 \N 246.0729000000 \N einsteinium_247 247.073622 \N 247.0736220000 \N einsteinium_248 248.075470999999993 \N 248.0754710000 \N einsteinium_249 249.076411000000007 \N 249.0764110000 \N einsteinium_250 250.078609999999998 \N 250.0786100000 \N einsteinium_251 251.079993599999995 \N 251.0799936000 \N einsteinium_252 252.082979999999992 \N 252.0829800000 \N einsteinium_253 253.08482570000001 \N 253.0848257000 \N einsteinium_254 254.088022200000012 \N 254.0880222000 \N einsteinium_255 255.090274999999991 \N 255.0902750000 \N einsteinium_256 256.093599999999981 \N 256.0936000000 \N einsteinium_257 257.095979999999997 \N 257.0959800000 \N einsteinium_258 258.099519999999984 \N 258.0995200000 \N fermium_241 241.074209999999994 \N 241.0742100000 \N fermium_242 242.073430000000002 \N 242.0734300000 \N fermium_243 243.074459999999988 \N 243.0744600000 \N fermium_244 244.074039999999997 \N 244.0740400000 \N fermium_245 245.075349999999986 \N 245.0753500000 \N fermium_246 246.075349999999986 \N 246.0753500000 \N fermium_247 247.076940000000008 \N 247.0769400000 \N fermium_248 248.07718650000001 \N 248.0771865000 \N fermium_249 249.078927499999992 \N 249.0789275000 \N fermium_250 250.079521 \N 250.0795210000 \N fermium_251 251.08153999999999 \N 251.0815400000 \N fermium_252 252.082467100000002 \N 252.0824671000 \N fermium_253 253.085184599999991 \N 253.0851846000 \N fermium_254 254.086854399999993 \N 254.0868544000 \N fermium_255 255.089964000000009 \N 255.0899640000 \N fermium_256 256.091774499999985 \N 256.0917745000 \N fermium_257 257.09510610000001 \N 257.0951061000 \N fermium_258 258.097080000000005 \N 258.0970800000 \N fermium_259 259.100599999999986 \N 259.1006000000 \N fermium_260 260.102809999999977 \N 260.1028100000 \N mendelevium_245 245.080810000000014 \N 245.0808100000 \N mendelevium_246 246.081709999999987 \N 246.0817100000 \N mendelevium_247 247.081520000000012 \N 247.0815200000 \N mendelevium_248 248.082819999999998 \N 248.0828200000 \N mendelevium_249 249.082909999999998 \N 249.0829100000 \N mendelevium_250 250.084409999999991 \N 250.0844100000 \N mendelevium_251 251.08477400000001 \N 251.0847740000 \N mendelevium_252 252.086430000000007 \N 252.0864300000 \N mendelevium_253 253.087143999999995 \N 253.0871440000 \N mendelevium_254 254.089589999999987 \N 254.0895900000 \N mendelevium_255 255.091084099999989 \N 255.0910841000 \N mendelevium_256 256.093889999999988 \N 256.0938900000 \N mendelevium_257 257.095542399999999 \N 257.0955424000 \N mendelevium_258 258.098431500000004 \N 258.0984315000 \N mendelevium_259 259.100509999999986 \N 259.1005100000 \N mendelevium_260 260.103650000000016 \N 260.1036500000 \N mendelevium_261 261.105830000000026 \N 261.1058300000 \N mendelevium_262 262.109100000000012 \N 262.1091000000 \N nobelium_248 248.086549999999988 \N 248.0865500000 \N nobelium_249 249.087799999999987 \N 249.0878000000 \N nobelium_250 250.087559999999996 \N 250.0875600000 \N nobelium_251 251.088940000000008 \N 251.0889400000 \N nobelium_252 252.088966999999997 \N 252.0889670000 \N nobelium_253 253.090564099999995 \N 253.0905641000 \N nobelium_254 254.090956000000006 \N 254.0909560000 \N nobelium_255 255.09319099999999 \N 255.0931910000 \N nobelium_256 256.094282899999996 \N 256.0942829000 \N nobelium_257 257.09688779999999 \N 257.0968878000 \N nobelium_258 258.098209999999995 \N 258.0982100000 \N nobelium_259 259.10102999999998 \N 259.1010300000 \N nobelium_260 260.102640000000008 \N 260.1026400000 \N nobelium_261 261.105700000000013 \N 261.1057000000 \N nobelium_262 262.107460000000003 \N 262.1074600000 \N nobelium_263 263.110709999999983 \N 263.1107100000 \N nobelium_264 264.112729999999999 \N 264.1127300000 \N lawrencium_251 251.094179999999994 \N 251.0941800000 \N lawrencium_252 252.095259999999996 \N 252.0952600000 \N lawrencium_253 253.095089999999999 \N 253.0950900000 \N lawrencium_254 254.096480000000014 \N 254.0964800000 \N lawrencium_255 255.096562000000006 \N 255.0965620000 \N lawrencium_256 256.098494000000017 \N 256.0984940000 \N lawrencium_257 257.099418000000014 \N 257.0994180000 \N lawrencium_258 258.101760000000013 \N 258.1017600000 \N lawrencium_259 259.102901999999972 \N 259.1029020000 \N lawrencium_260 260.105500000000006 \N 260.1055000000 \N lawrencium_261 261.10687999999999 \N 261.1068800000 \N lawrencium_262 262.109609999999975 \N 262.1096100000 \N lawrencium_263 263.111359999999991 \N 263.1113600000 \N lawrencium_264 264.114199999999983 \N 264.1142000000 \N lawrencium_265 265.116190000000017 \N 265.1161900000 \N lawrencium_266 266.119829999999979 \N 266.1198300000 \N rutherfordium_253 253.100439999999992 \N 253.1004400000 \N rutherfordium_254 254.10005000000001 \N 254.1000500000 \N rutherfordium_255 255.10127 \N 255.1012700000 \N rutherfordium_256 256.101152000000013 \N 256.1011520000 \N rutherfordium_257 257.102917999999988 \N 257.1029180000 \N rutherfordium_258 258.103428000000008 \N 258.1034280000 \N rutherfordium_259 259.105595999999991 \N 259.1055960000 \N rutherfordium_260 260.106440000000021 \N 260.1064400000 \N rutherfordium_261 261.108772999999985 \N 261.1087730000 \N rutherfordium_262 262.109919999999988 \N 262.1099200000 \N rutherfordium_263 263.11248999999998 \N 263.1124900000 \N rutherfordium_264 264.113879999999995 \N 264.1138800000 \N rutherfordium_265 265.116679999999974 \N 265.1166800000 \N rutherfordium_266 266.118170000000021 \N 266.1181700000 \N rutherfordium_267 267.121789999999976 \N 267.1217900000 \N rutherfordium_268 268.123969999999986 \N 268.1239700000 \N dubnium_255 255.107069999999993 \N 255.1070700000 \N dubnium_256 256.107889999999998 \N 256.1078900000 \N dubnium_257 257.107579999999984 \N 257.1075800000 \N dubnium_258 258.109280000000012 \N 258.1092800000 \N dubnium_259 259.109491999999989 \N 259.1094920000 \N dubnium_260 260.111300000000028 \N 260.1113000000 \N dubnium_261 261.111919999999998 \N 261.1119200000 \N dubnium_262 262.114070000000027 \N 262.1140700000 \N dubnium_263 263.114989999999977 \N 263.1149900000 \N dubnium_264 264.117410000000007 \N 264.1174100000 \N dubnium_265 265.11860999999999 \N 265.1186100000 \N dubnium_266 266.121030000000019 \N 266.1210300000 \N dubnium_267 267.122470000000021 \N 267.1224700000 \N dubnium_268 268.125670000000014 \N 268.1256700000 \N dubnium_269 269.127909999999986 \N 269.1279100000 \N dubnium_270 270.131359999999972 \N 270.1313600000 \N seaborgium_258 258.112979999999993 \N 258.1129800000 \N seaborgium_259 259.114399999999989 \N 259.1144000000 \N seaborgium_260 260.114383999999973 \N 260.1143840000 \N seaborgium_261 261.115949000000001 \N 261.1159490000 \N seaborgium_262 262.116336999999987 \N 262.1163370000 \N seaborgium_263 263.118290000000002 \N 263.1182900000 \N seaborgium_264 264.118929999999978 \N 264.1189300000 \N seaborgium_265 265.121089999999981 \N 265.1210900000 \N seaborgium_266 266.121980000000008 \N 266.1219800000 \N seaborgium_267 267.124360000000024 \N 267.1243600000 \N seaborgium_268 268.125389999999982 \N 268.1253900000 \N seaborgium_269 269.128629999999987 \N 269.1286300000 \N seaborgium_270 270.13042999999999 \N 270.1304300000 \N seaborgium_271 271.133930000000021 \N 271.1339300000 \N seaborgium_272 272.135890000000018 \N 272.1358900000 \N seaborgium_273 273.139580000000024 \N 273.1395800000 \N bohrium_260 260.12166000000002 \N 260.1216600000 \N bohrium_261 261.121449999999982 \N 261.1214500000 \N bohrium_262 262.122970000000009 \N 262.1229700000 \N bohrium_263 263.122920000000022 \N 263.1229200000 \N bohrium_264 264.124590000000012 \N 264.1245900000 \N bohrium_265 265.12491 \N 265.1249100000 \N bohrium_266 266.126790000000028 \N 266.1267900000 \N bohrium_267 267.127499999999998 \N 267.1275000000 \N bohrium_268 268.129689999999982 \N 268.1296900000 \N bohrium_269 269.130420000000015 \N 269.1304200000 \N bohrium_270 270.133359999999982 \N 270.1333600000 \N bohrium_271 271.135260000000017 \N 271.1352600000 \N bohrium_272 272.138260000000002 \N 272.1382600000 \N bohrium_273 273.140240000000006 \N 273.1402400000 \N bohrium_274 274.143550000000005 \N 274.1435500000 \N bohrium_275 275.145669999999996 \N 275.1456700000 \N hassium_263 263.12851999999998 \N 263.1285200000 \N hassium_264 264.128356999999994 \N 264.1283570000 \N hassium_265 265.129793000000006 \N 265.1297930000 \N hassium_266 266.130045999999993 \N 266.1300460000 \N hassium_267 267.131669999999986 \N 267.1316700000 \N hassium_268 268.131860000000017 \N 268.1318600000 \N hassium_269 269.13375000000002 \N 269.1337500000 \N hassium_270 270.134290000000021 \N 270.1342900000 \N hassium_271 271.137170000000026 \N 271.1371700000 \N hassium_272 272.138500000000022 \N 272.1385000000 \N hassium_273 273.141680000000008 \N 273.1416800000 \N hassium_274 274.143300000000011 \N 274.1433000000 \N hassium_275 275.146669999999972 \N 275.1466700000 \N hassium_276 276.14846 \N 276.1484600000 \N hassium_277 277.151900000000012 \N 277.1519000000 \N meitnerium_265 265.136000000000024 \N 265.1360000000 \N meitnerium_266 266.137369999999976 \N 266.1373700000 \N meitnerium_267 267.137189999999975 \N 267.1371900000 \N meitnerium_268 268.138649999999984 \N 268.1386500000 \N meitnerium_269 269.13882000000001 \N 269.1388200000 \N meitnerium_270 270.140330000000006 \N 270.1403300000 \N meitnerium_271 271.140739999999994 \N 271.1407400000 \N meitnerium_272 272.143410000000017 \N 272.1434100000 \N meitnerium_273 273.144400000000019 \N 273.1444000000 \N meitnerium_274 274.147240000000011 \N 274.1472400000 \N meitnerium_275 275.148820000000001 \N 275.1488200000 \N meitnerium_276 276.151589999999999 \N 276.1515900000 \N meitnerium_277 277.15327000000002 \N 277.1532700000 \N meitnerium_278 278.156310000000019 \N 278.1563100000 \N meitnerium_279 279.158079999999984 \N 279.1580800000 \N darmstadtium_267 267.143770000000018 \N 267.1437700000 \N darmstadtium_268 268.143480000000011 \N 268.1434800000 \N darmstadtium_269 269.144751999999983 \N 269.1447520000 \N darmstadtium_270 270.144584000000009 \N 270.1445840000 \N darmstadtium_271 271.145950000000028 \N 271.1459500000 \N darmstadtium_272 272.146020000000021 \N 272.1460200000 \N darmstadtium_273 273.148559999999975 \N 273.1485600000 \N darmstadtium_274 274.149409999999989 \N 274.1494100000 \N darmstadtium_275 275.152030000000025 \N 275.1520300000 \N darmstadtium_276 276.153030000000001 \N 276.1530300000 \N darmstadtium_277 277.155910000000006 \N 277.1559100000 \N darmstadtium_278 278.157039999999995 \N 278.1570400000 \N darmstadtium_279 279.1601 \N 279.1601000000 \N darmstadtium_280 280.161310000000014 \N 280.1613100000 \N darmstadtium_281 281.164510000000007 \N 281.1645100000 \N roentgenium_272 272.15327000000002 \N 272.1532700000 \N roentgenium_273 273.153129999999976 \N 273.1531300000 \N roentgenium_274 274.155250000000024 \N 274.1552500000 \N roentgenium_275 275.155939999999987 \N 275.1559400000 \N roentgenium_276 276.158329999999978 \N 276.1583300000 \N roentgenium_277 277.159069999999986 \N 277.1590700000 \N roentgenium_278 278.161490000000015 \N 278.1614900000 \N roentgenium_279 279.162719999999979 \N 279.1627200000 \N roentgenium_280 280.165140000000008 \N 280.1651400000 \N roentgenium_281 281.166359999999997 \N 281.1663600000 \N roentgenium_282 282.169120000000021 \N 282.1691200000 \N roentgenium_283 283.170540000000017 \N 283.1705400000 \N copernicium_276 276.161409999999989 \N 276.1614100000 \N copernicium_277 277.163639999999987 \N 277.1636400000 \N copernicium_278 278.164159999999981 \N 278.1641600000 \N copernicium_279 279.166539999999998 \N 279.1665400000 \N copernicium_280 280.167149999999992 \N 280.1671500000 \N copernicium_281 281.169750000000022 \N 281.1697500000 \N copernicium_282 282.170500000000004 \N 282.1705000000 \N copernicium_283 283.173270000000002 \N 283.1732700000 \N copernicium_284 284.174159999999972 \N 284.1741600000 \N copernicium_285 285.177120000000002 \N 285.1771200000 \N nihonium_278 278.170579999999973 \N 278.1705800000 \N nihonium_279 279.170950000000005 \N 279.1709500000 \N nihonium_280 280.172930000000008 \N 280.1729300000 \N nihonium_281 281.173479999999984 \N 281.1734800000 \N nihonium_282 282.175670000000025 \N 282.1756700000 \N nihonium_283 283.176570000000027 \N 283.1765700000 \N nihonium_284 284.178729999999973 \N 284.1787300000 \N nihonium_285 285.179730000000006 \N 285.1797300000 \N nihonium_286 286.182209999999998 \N 286.1822100000 \N nihonium_287 287.183389999999974 \N 287.1833900000 \N flerovium_285 285.183640000000025 \N 285.1836400000 \N flerovium_286 286.184230000000014 \N 286.1842300000 \N flerovium_287 287.186779999999999 \N 287.1867800000 \N flerovium_288 288.187569999999994 \N 288.1875700000 \N flerovium_289 289.190420000000017 \N 289.1904200000 \N moscovium_287 287.190699999999993 \N 287.1907000000 \N moscovium_288 288.192740000000015 \N 288.1927400000 \N moscovium_289 289.193629999999985 \N 289.1936300000 \N moscovium_290 290.19598000000002 \N 290.1959800000 \N moscovium_291 291.197069999999997 \N 291.1970700000 \N livermorium_289 289.198159999999973 \N 289.1981600000 \N livermorium_290 290.198640000000012 \N 290.1986400000 \N livermorium_291 291.20107999999999 \N 291.2010800000 \N livermorium_292 292.201739999999972 \N 292.2017400000 \N livermorium_293 293.204490000000021 \N 293.2044900000 \N tennessine_291 291.20553000000001 \N 291.2055300000 \N tennessine_292 292.207460000000026 \N 292.2074600000 \N tennessine_293 293.208239999999989 \N 293.2082400000 \N tennessine_294 294.210460000000012 \N 294.2104600000 \N oganesson_293 293.213559999999973 \N 293.2135600000 \N oganesson_294 294.213919999999973 \N 294.2139200000 \N oganesson_295 295.216240000000028 \N 295.2162400000 \N nu_133Cs 9192631770 s^-1 \N 9192631770 Hz \N K_cd 683 s^3*cd/m^2*kg \N 683 lumen/W \N twoscore 40 \N two score \N threescore 60 \N three score \N fourscore 80 \N four score \N fivescore 100 \N five score \N sixscore 120 \N six score \N sevenscore 140 \N seven score \N eightscore 160 \N eight score \N ninescore 180 \N nine score \N tenscore 200 \N ten score \N twelvescore 240 \N twelve score \N TORQUE 1 m^2*kg/s^2 \N FORCE DISTANCE \N VELOCITY 1 m/s \N DISPLACEMENT / TIME \N SPEED 1 m/s \N DISTANCE / TIME \N ACCELERATION 1 m/s^2 \N VELOCITY / TIME \N MOMENTUM 1 m*kg/s \N MASS VELOCITY \N IMPULSE 1 m*kg/s \N FORCE TIME \N VISCOSITY 1 kg/m*s \N FORCE TIME / AREA \N KINEMATIC_VISCOSITY 1 m^2/s \N VISCOSITY / DENSITY \N E_FIELD 1 m*kg/s^3*A \N ELECTRIC_POTENTIAL / LENGTH \N MAGNETIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT 1 m^2*A \N TORQUE / B_FIELD \N MAGNETIZATION 1 A/m \N MAGNETIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT / VOLUME \N E_FLUX 1 m^3*kg/s^3*A \N E_FIELD AREA \N Ah 3600 s*A \N amp hour \N xunit 1.00207697000000001e-13 m \N xunit_cu \N siegbahn 1.00207697000000001e-13 m \N xunit \N shake 1.00000000000000002e-08 s \N 1e-8 sec \N pyron 697.799999999999955 kg/s^3 \N cal_IT / cm^2 min \N katal 1 mol/s \N mol/sec \N kat 1 mol/s \N katal \N solarirradiance 1361.16369462234866 kg/s^3 \N solarluminosity / (4 pi sundist^2) \N solarconstant 1361.16369462234866 kg/s^3 \N solarirradiance \N TSI 1361.16369462234866 kg/s^3 \N solarirradiance \N stremma 1000 m^2 \N decare \N dunam 1000 m^2 \N decare \N dulum 1000 m^2 \N decare \N donum 1000 m^2 \N decare \N dönüm 1000 m^2 \N decare \N mål 1000 m^2 \N decare \N cron 31556925974678.4023 s \N 1e6 years \N coulombconst 8987551786.1301384 m^3*kg/s^4*A^2 \N alpha hbar c / e^2 \N k_C 8987551786.1301384 m^3*kg/s^4*A^2 \N coulombconst \N k_C_SI 8987551786.1301384 \N alpha hbar_SI c_SI / e_SI^2 \N epsilon0_SI 8.85418781884005728e-12 \N 1 / 4 pi k_C_SI \N epsilon0 8.85418781884005728e-12 s^4*A^2/m^3*kg \N 1 / 4 pi k_C \N mu0_SI 1.25663706126281509e-06 \N 1 / epsilon0_SI c_SI^2 \N mu0 1.25663706126281509e-06 m*kg/s^2*A^2 \N 1 / epsilon0 c^2 \N Z0 376.730313409875919 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2 \N 4 pi k_C / c \N molarvolume 0.0224139695450141369 m^3/mol \N R stdtemp / atm \N V_m 0.0224139695450141369 m^3/mol \N molarvolume \N loschmidt 2.68678011179844392e+25 m^-3 \N avogadro / molarvolume \N n0 2.68678011179844392e+25 m^-3 \N loschmidt \N R_H 10967758.3402773645 m^-1 \N Rinfinity m_p / (m_e + m_p) \N bohrradius 5.29177210545399463e-11 m \N hbar / alpha m_e c \N a0 5.29177210545399463e-11 m \N bohrradius \N prout 2.97203765606999975e-14 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 185.5 keV \N circulationquantum 0.000363694754666690377 m^2/s \N h / 2 m_e \N electronradius 2.81794032043960076e-15 m \N alpha^2 bohrradius \N thomsoncrosssection 6.65245870495249835e-29 m^2 \N 8|3 pi electronradius^2 \N electronmass_SI 9.10938371392308095e-31 \N electronmass_u atomicmassunit_SI \N fermicoupling 454379566261215.938 s^4/m^4*kg^2 \N 1.1663787e-5 / GeV^2 \N lightyear 9460730472580800 m \N c julianyear \N ly 9460730472580800 m \N lightyear \N amagat 2.68678011179844392e+25 m^-3 \N N_A / molarvolume \N amagatvolume 0.0224139695450141369 m^3 \N mol molarvolume \N kcal_mol 6.94769545705537413e-21 m^2*kg/s^2 \N kcal_th / mol N_A \N statcoulomb 3.33564095221126343e-10 s*A \N sqrt(dyne cm^2/k_C) \N esu 3.33564095221126343e-10 s*A \N statcoulomb \N statcoul 3.33564095221126343e-10 s*A \N statcoulomb \N statC 3.33564095221126343e-10 s*A \N statcoulomb \N stC 3.33564095221126343e-10 s*A \N statcoulomb \N franklin 3.33564095221126343e-10 s*A \N statcoulomb \N Fr 3.33564095221126343e-10 s*A \N franklin \N statampere 3.33564095221126343e-10 A \N statcoulomb / s \N statamp 3.33564095221126343e-10 A \N statampere \N statA 3.33564095221126343e-10 A \N statampere \N stA 3.33564095221126343e-10 A \N statampere \N statvolt 299.792457979351752 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N dyne cm / statamp sec \N statV 299.792457979351752 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N statvolt \N stV 299.792457979351752 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N statvolt \N statfarad 1.11265005620688638e-12 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg \N statamp sec / statvolt \N statF 1.11265005620688638e-12 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg \N statfarad \N stF 1.11265005620688638e-12 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg \N statfarad \N cmcapacitance 1.11265005620688638e-12 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg \N statfarad \N stathenry 898755178613.013794 m^2*kg/s^2*A^2 \N statvolt sec / statamp \N statH 898755178613.013794 m^2*kg/s^2*A^2 \N stathenry \N stH 898755178613.013794 m^2*kg/s^2*A^2 \N stathenry \N statohm 898755178613.013794 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2 \N statvolt / statamp \N stohm 898755178613.013794 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2 \N statohm \N statmho 1.11265005620688638e-12 s^3*A^2/m^2*kg \N /statohm \N stmho 1.11265005620688638e-12 s^3*A^2/m^2*kg \N statmho \N statweber 299.792457979351752 m^2*kg/s^2*A \N statvolt sec \N statWb 299.792457979351752 m^2*kg/s^2*A \N statweber \N stWb 299.792457979351752 m^2*kg/s^2*A \N statweber \N stattesla 2997924.57979351748 kg/s^2*A \N statWb/cm^2 \N statT 2997924.57979351748 kg/s^2*A \N stattesla \N stT 2997924.57979351748 kg/s^2*A \N stattesla \N debye 3.33564095221126363e-30 m*s*A \N 1e-10 statC angstrom \N helmholtz 3.33564095221126343e-10 s*A/m \N debye/angstrom^2 \N jar 1.11265005620688631e-09 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg \N 1000 statfarad \N abfarad 1000000000 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg \N abampere sec / abvolt \N abF 1000000000 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg \N abfarad \N abhenry 1.00000000000000006e-09 m^2*kg/s^2*A^2 \N abvolt sec / abamp \N abH 1.00000000000000006e-09 m^2*kg/s^2*A^2 \N abhenry \N oersted 79.5774715569094866 A/m \N gauss / mu0 \N Oe 79.5774715569094866 A/m \N oersted \N gilbert 0.795774715569094848 A \N gauss cm / mu0 \N Gb 0.795774715569094848 A \N gilbert \N Gi 0.795774715569094848 A \N gilbert \N hlu_charge 9.40966939846457003e-11 s*A \N statcoulomb / sqrt(4 pi) \N hlu_current 9.40966939846457003e-11 A \N hlu_charge / sec \N hlu_volt 1062.73659323586412 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N erg / hlu_charge \N hlu_efield 106273.659323586413 m*kg/s^3*A \N hlu_volt / cm \N planckcharge 5.2908176917023991e-19 s*A \N sqrt(epsilon0 hbar c) \N planckcurrent 9.81371885412023835e+24 A \N planckcharge / plancktime \N planckvolt 3.69712537962912595e+27 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N planckenergy / planckcharge \N planckEfield 2.28746412154070724e+62 m*kg/s^3*A \N planckvolt / plancklength \N planckBfield 7.63015899999961682e+53 kg/s^2*A \N planckEfield / c \N planckcharge_red 5.2908176917023991e-19 s*A \N sqrt(epsilon0 hbar c) \N planckcurrent_red 1.95755368944063146e+24 A \N planckcharge_red / plancktime_red \N planckvolt_red 7.3746981493962795e+26 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N planckenergy_red / planckcharge_red \N planckEfield_red 9.10153055221409099e+60 m*kg/s^3*A \N planckvolt_red / plancklength_red \N planckBfield_red 3.03594380356763047e+52 kg/s^2*A \N planckEfield_red /c \N ouncecopper 3.43252786584860234e-05 m \N oz / ft^2 copperdensity \N ozcu 3.43252786584860234e-05 m \N ouncecopper \N LUMINOUS_FLUX 1 cd \N lumen \N LUMINOUS_ENERGY 1 s*cd \N talbot \N ILLUMINANCE 1 cd/m^2 \N lux \N EXITANCE 1 cd/m^2 \N lux \N skot 0.000318309886183790701 cd/m^2 \N 1e-3 apostilb \N LUMINANCE 1 cd/m^2 \N nit \N saros 568971744.399999976 s \N 223 synodicmonth \N mercuryday 5067360 s \N mercuryday_sidereal \N venusday 20997360 s \N venusday_sidereal \N earthday 86164.0905400000047 s \N earthday_sidereal \N marsday 88642.4400000000023 s \N marsday_sidereal \N jupiterday 35730 s \N jupiterday_sidereal \N saturnday 38361.5999999999985 s \N saturnday_sidereal \N uranusday 62063.9999999999927 s \N uranusday_sidereal \N neptuneday 57996 s \N neptuneday_sidereal \N plutoday 551854.079999999958 s \N plutoday_sidereal \N earthsundist_min 147095000000 m \N sundist_min \N earthsundist_max 152100000000 m \N sundist_max \N earthflattening 0.00335281969789619303 \N IERS_earthflattening \N earthradius_equatorial 6378136.59999999963 m \N IERS_earthradius_equatorial \N earthradius_polar 6356751.85797164682 m \N (1-earthflattening) earthradius_equatorial \N lunarparallax 0.0165932083670966672 \N asin(earthradius_equatorial / moondist) \N moonhp 0.0165932083670966672 \N lunarparallax \N intacrefoot 1233.48183754752017 m^3 \N acre foot \N acrefoot 1233.48183754752017 m^3 \N intacrefoot \N cableslength 219.456000000000017 m \N cable \N cablelength 219.456000000000017 m \N cable \N navycablelength 219.456000000000017 m \N cable \N brcable 185.318400000000025 m \N 1|10 brnauticalmile \N admiraltycable 185.318400000000025 m \N brcable \N geographicalmile 1853.1840000000002 m \N brnauticalmile \N cwt 45.3592370000000003 kg \N hundredweight \N uston 907.184740000000033 kg \N shortton \N quarterweight 226.796185000000008 kg \N 1|4 uston \N usassayton 0.0291666666666666637 kg \N mg uston / troyounce \N brassayton 0.0326666666666666702 kg \N mg brton / troyounce \N fluiddram 3.69669119531250141e-06 m^3 \N 1|8 usfloz \N minimvolume 6.16115199218750165e-08 m^3 \N 1|60 fluiddram \N floz 2.95735295625000113e-05 m^3 \N fluidounce \N fldr 3.69669119531250141e-06 m^3 \N fluiddram \N usbeerbarrel 0.11734776530400004 m^3 \N 2 beerkegs \N bu 0.0352390701668800141 m^3 \N bushel \N peck 0.00880976754172000352 m^3 \N 1|4 bushel \N brpeck 0.00909218000000000352 m^3 \N 1|4 brbushel \N pk 0.00880976754172000352 m^3 \N peck \N reputedquart 0.000757681666666666924 m^3 \N 1|6 brgallon \N reputedpint 0.000378840833333333462 m^3 \N 1|2 reputedquart \N brwinebottle 0.000757681666666666924 m^3 \N reputedquart \N alcoholunitus 1.77372355251488662e-05 m^3 \N 14 g / ethanoldensity \N alcoholunitca 1.72304573672874716e-05 m^3 \N 13.6 g / ethanoldensity \N alcoholunituk 1.01355631572279248e-05 m^3 \N 8 g / ethanoldensity \N alcoholunitau 1.26694539465349047e-05 m^3 \N 10 g / ethanoldensity \N clarkdegree 0.0142537675233002387 kg/m^3 \N grains/brgallon \N footballfield 91.4400000000000119 m \N usfootballfield \N UK 0.999998261154855572 \N UKlength_SJJ \N brquarterweight 12.7005863600000009 kg \N 1|4 brhundredweight \N brquart 0.00113652250000000044 m^3 \N 1|4 brgallon \N kilderkin 0.0818296200000000334 m^3 \N 2 brfirkin \N imperialquart 0.00113652250000000044 m^3 \N brquart \N barleycorn 0.00846665194444444491 m \N 1|3 UKinch \N nail 0.0571499006249999997 m \N 1|16 UKyard \N UKpole 5.02919125500000064 m \N 16.5 UKft \N rope 6.09598940000000056 m \N 20 UKft \N englishell 1.1429980125000001 m \N 45 UKinch \N flemishell 0.685798807499999996 m \N 27 UKinch \N ell 1.1429980125000001 m \N englishell \N span 0.228599602499999999 m \N 9 UKinch \N goad 1.37159761499999999 m \N 4.5 UKft \N sulphur 32.0647874061270599 \N sulfur \N palmwidth 0.10160000000000001 m \N hand \N tbl 1.47867647812500057e-05 m^3 \N tablespoon \N tbsp 1.47867647812500057e-05 m^3 \N tablespoon \N tblsp 1.47867647812500057e-05 m^3 \N tablespoon \N Tb 1.47867647812500057e-05 m^3 \N tablespoon \N tsp 4.92892159375000132e-06 m^3 \N teaspoon \N saltspoon 1.23223039843750033e-06 m^3 \N 1|4 tsp \N wood_mod_beech 11858982544.2495785 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.720e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_birchyellow 13858462159.2684021 kg/m*s^2 \N 2.010e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_birch 13858462159.2684021 kg/m*s^2 \N wood_mod_birchyellow \N wood_mod_cherry 10273188366.8208561 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.490e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_hardmaple 12617405846.4980984 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.830e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_bigleafmaple 9997398075.09412193 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.450e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_boxeldermaple 7239495157.82677841 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.050e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_redmaple 11307401960.7961102 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.640e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_silvermaple 7860023314.21193027 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.140e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_softmaple 9101079626.98223495 kg/m*s^2 \N (wood_mod_bigleafmaple + wood_mod_boxeldermaple + wood_mod_redmaple + wood_mod_silvermaple) / 4 \N wood_mod_redoak 12141667593.2694817 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.761e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_whiteoak 12148562350.5626507 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.762e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_poplar 10893716523.206007 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.580e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_blackwalnut 11583192252.5228443 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.680e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_walnut 11583192252.5228443 kg/m*s^2 \N wood_mod_blackwalnut \N wood_mod_jeffreypine 8549499043.52876663 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.240e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_ocotepine 15230518860.6089077 kg/m*s^2 \N 2.209e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_ponderosapine 8894236908.18718338 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.290e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_loblollypine 12341615554.7713642 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.790e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_longleafpine 13651619440.4733524 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.980e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_shortleafpine 12065825263.0446281 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.750e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_slashpine 13651619440.4733524 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.980e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_yellowpine 12927669924.6906738 kg/m*s^2 \N (wood_mod_loblollypine + wood_mod_longleafpine + wood_mod_shortleafpine + wood_mod_slashpine) / 4 \N wood_mod_redpine 11238454387.8644257 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.630e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_easternwhitepine 8549499043.52876663 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.240e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_westernwhitepine 10066345648.0258045 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.460e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_whitepine 9307922345.77728653 kg/m*s^2 \N (wood_mod_easternwhitepine + wood_mod_westernwhitepine) / 2 \N wood_mod_douglasfir 12169246622.4421558 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.765e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_blackspruce 10500715357.4954109 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.523e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_englemannspruce 9438922734.34748459 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.369e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_redspruce 10755821377.3426418 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.560e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_sitkaspruce 11031611669.069376 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.600e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_whitespruce 9066605840.51639366 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.315e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_spruce 10158735395.754261 kg/m*s^2 \N (wood_mod_blackspruce + wood_mod_englemannspruce + wood_mod_redspruce + wood_mod_sitkaspruce + wood_mod_whitespruce) / 5 \N wood_mod_balsa 3709379423.7245779 kg/m*s^2 \N 0.538e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_basswood 10066345648.0258045 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.460e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_blackwood 17947053234.1172409 kg/m*s^2 \N 2.603e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_bubinga 18409001972.7595215 kg/m*s^2 \N 2.670e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_cocobolo 18698581779.0725937 kg/m*s^2 \N 2.712e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_ebony_gaboon 16885260610.9693127 kg/m*s^2 \N 2.449e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_ebony_macassar 17340314592.3184242 kg/m*s^2 \N 2.515e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_blackironwood 20449850131.5373535 kg/m*s^2 \N 2.966e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_koa 10362820211.6320457 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.503e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_lignumvitae 14085989149.9429588 kg/m*s^2 \N 2.043e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_mahogany 10052556133.4394684 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.458e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_rosewood_brazilian 13927409732.2000847 kg/m*s^2 \N 2.020e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_rosewood_honduran 21994275765.2070694 kg/m*s^2 \N 3.190e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_rosewood_indian 11500455165.0048256 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.668e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_snakewood 23193963534.2183609 kg/m*s^2 \N 3.364e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_teak 12279562739.1328487 kg/m*s^2 \N 1.781e6 lbf/in^2 \N wood_mod_zebrawood 16368153813.9816875 kg/m*s^2 \N 2.374e6 lbf/in^2 \N area_us 9833516900000 m^2 \N area_unitedstates \N slug 14.5939029372063622 kg \N lbf s^2 / ft \N slugf 143.117298239154763 m*kg/s^2 \N slug force \N slinch 175.126835246476361 kg \N lbf s^2 / inch \N slinchf 1717.40757886985739 m*kg/s^2 \N slinch force \N geepound 14.5939029372063622 kg \N slug \N calorie 4.18400000000000016 m^2*kg/s^2 \N cal_th \N cal 4.18400000000000016 m^2*kg/s^2 \N calorie \N Calorie 4184 m^2*kg/s^2 \N kilocalorie \N btu 1055.05585262000022 m^2*kg/s^2 \N btu_IT \N britishthermalunit 1055.05585262000022 m^2*kg/s^2 \N btu \N quad 1.05505585262000026e+18 m^2*kg/s^2 \N quadrillion btu \N specificheat_water 4184 m^2/s^2*K \N calorie / g K \N water_specificheat 4184 m^2/s^2*K \N specificheat_water \N barreloil 6119323945.19600105 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 5.8 Mbtu \N naturalgas_HHV 38264937.344642736 kg/m*s^2 \N 1027 btu/ft3 \N naturalgas_LHV 34650819.6012830958 kg/m*s^2 \N 930 btu/ft3 \N naturalgas 38264937.344642736 kg/m*s^2 \N naturalgas_HHV \N coal_US 24250848.8403365314 m^2/s^2 \N 22 GJ / uston \N ethanol_HHV 23412166674.8845291 kg/m*s^2 \N 84000 btu/usgallon \N ethanol_LHV 21098821634.3899841 kg/m*s^2 \N 75700 btu/usgallon \N diesel 36372473227.052742 kg/m*s^2 \N 130500 btu/usgallon \N gasoline_LHV 32052371042.9966736 kg/m*s^2 \N 115000 btu/usgallon \N gasoline_HHV 34839533742.3876877 kg/m*s^2 \N 125000 btu/usgallon \N gasoline 34839533742.3876877 kg/m*s^2 \N gasoline_HHV \N mpg_e 1.32640330058566524e-05 s^2/m*kg \N miles / gallon gasoline_LHV \N MPGe 1.32640330058566524e-05 s^2/m*kg \N mpg_e \N celsiusheatunit 1897.83047608000015 m^2*kg/s^2 \N cal lb (degC) / gram K \N chu 1897.83047608000015 m^2*kg/s^2 \N celsiusheatunit \N Rvalue 0.176110183682305826 s^3*K/kg \N degF ft^2 hr / btu \N Uvalue 5.67826334111348796 kg/s^3*K \N 1/Rvalue \N clausius 4184 m^2*kg/s^2*K \N 1e3 cal/K \N tonrefrigeration 3516.85284206666756 m^2*kg/s^3 \N uston 144 btu / lb day \N tonref 3516.85284206666756 m^2*kg/s^3 \N tonrefrigeration \N olddidotpoint 0.000375971510382829216 m \N 1|72 frenchinch \N frenchprinterspoint 0.000375971510382829216 m \N olddidotpoint \N majorsecond 1.125 \N musicalfifth^2 / octave \N pythagoreanthird 1.265625 \N majorsecond musicalfifth^2 / octave \N syntoniccomma 1.01249999999999996 \N pythagoreanthird / majorthird \N denier 1.11111111111111096e-07 kg/m \N 1|9 tex \N air_2023 28.9687010877862363 \N 78.08% nitrogen 2 + 20.95% oxygen 2 + 9340 ppm argon + 419 ppm (carbon + oxygen 2) + 18.18 ppm neon + 5.24 ppm helium + 1.92 ppm (carbon + 4 hydrogen) + 1.14 ppm krypton + 0.55 ppm hydrogen 2 + 0.34 ppm (nitrogen 2 + oxygen) \N air_2015 28.9678464127114523 \N 78.08% nitrogen 2 + 20.95% oxygen 2 + 9340 ppm argon + 400 ppm (carbon + oxygen 2) + 18.18 ppm neon + 5.24 ppm helium + 1.7 ppm (carbon + 4 hydrogen) + 1.14 ppm krypton + 0.55 ppm hydrogen 2 \N air 28.9687010877862363 \N air_2023 \N mbh 293.071070172222278 m^2*kg/s^3 \N 1e3 btu/hour \N oe 79.5774715569094866 A/m \N Oe \N hd 0.2384809423920001 m^3 \N hogshead \N RADIATION_DOSE 1 m^2/s^2 \N gray \N Denz 999.972000783977819 kg/m^3 \N Maz/Volm \N Mag 253.241945744048564 m*kg/s^2 \N Maz gravity \N Dz 999.972000783977819 kg/m^3 \N Denz \N gou_area 0.330578512396694224 m^2 \N 1|10 tsubo \N gou_volume 0.000180390683696468905 m^3 \N 1|10 shou \N gou 0.000180390683696468905 m^3 \N gou_volume \N bu_weight 0.000375000000000000008 kg \N 1|10 monme \N fun 0.000375000000000000008 kg \N 1|10 monme \N switzerlandklafter 1.80000000000000004 m \N metricklafter \N switzerlandfoot 0.299999999999999989 m \N 1|6 switzerlandklafter \N swissklafter 1.80000000000000004 m \N switzerlandklafter \N swissfoot 0.299999999999999989 m \N 1|6 swissklafter \N dessiatine 10925.3975040000041 m^2 \N 2400 sazhen^2 \N dessjatine 10925.3975040000041 m^2 \N dessiatine \N scotsinch 0.025537129310809481 m \N 1.00540054 UKinch \N scotsfoot 0.306445551729713772 m \N 12 scotsinch \N scotsfeet 0.306445551729713772 m \N scotsfoot \N scotsell 0.944873784499950853 m \N 37 scotsinch \N scotsfall 5.66924270699970556 m \N 6 scotsell \N scotschain 22.6769708279988222 m \N 4 scotsfall \N scotsfurlong 226.769708279988208 m \N 10 scotschain \N scotsmile 1814.15766623990567 m \N 8 scotsfurlong \N scotsrood 1285.61251483477417 m^2 \N 40 scotsfall^2 \N scotsacre 5142.4500593390967 m^2 \N 4 scotsrood \N irishinch 0.0253999558333333347 m \N UKinch \N irishpalm 0.0761998675000000042 m \N 3 irishinch \N irishspan 0.228599602499999999 m \N 3 irishpalm \N irishfoot 0.304799470000000017 m \N 12 irishinch \N irishfeet 0.304799470000000017 m \N irishfoot \N irishcubit 0.457199204999999997 m \N 18 irishinch \N irishyard 0.914398409999999995 m \N 3 irishfeet \N irishpace 1.52399735000000014 m \N 5 irishfeet \N irishfathom 1.82879681999999999 m \N 6 irishfeet \N irishpole 6.40078886999999952 m \N 7 irishyard \N irishperch 6.40078886999999952 m \N irishpole \N irishchain 25.6031554799999981 m \N 4 irishperch \N irishlink 0.256031554800000005 m \N 1|100 irishchain \N irishfurlong 256.031554799999981 m \N 10 irishchain \N irishmile 2048.25243839999985 m \N 8 irishfurlong \N irishrood 1638.80392633263477 m^2 \N 40 irishpole^2 \N irishacre 6555.21570533053909 m^2 \N 4 irishrood \N winegallon 0.00378539203729963717 m^3 \N 231 UKinch^3 \N winerundlet 0.06813705667139347 m^3 \N 18 winegallon \N winebarrel 0.119239849174938572 m^3 \N 31.5 winegallon \N winetierce 0.158986465566584773 m^3 \N 42 winegallon \N winehogshead 0.238479698349877145 m^3 \N 2 winebarrel \N winepuncheon 0.317972931133169545 m^3 \N 2 winetierce \N winebutt 0.47695939669975429 m^3 \N 2 winehogshead \N winepipe 0.47695939669975429 m^3 \N winebutt \N winetun 0.95391879339950858 m^3 \N 2 winebutt \N beergallon 0.00462112794163851807 m^3 \N 282 UKinch^3 \N beerbarrel 0.166360605898986658 m^3 \N 36 beergallon \N beerhogshead 0.249540908848479986 m^3 \N 1.5 beerbarrel \N alegallon 0.00462112794163851807 m^3 \N beergallon \N alebarrel 0.157118350015709618 m^3 \N 34 alegallon \N alehogshead 0.235677525023564427 m^3 \N 1.5 alebarrel \N scotsgallon 0.0135558330121188456 m^3 \N 827.232 UKinch^3 \N scotsbarrel 0.108446664096950765 m^3 \N 8 scotsgallon \N scotswheatlippy 0.00225047292059944205 m^3 \N 137.333 UKinch^3 \N scotswheatlippies 0.00225047292059944205 m^3 \N scotswheatlippy \N scotswheatpeck 0.00900189168239776821 m^3 \N 4 scotswheatlippy \N scotswheatfirlot 0.0360075667295910729 m^3 \N 4 scotswheatpeck \N scotswheatboll 0.144030266918364291 m^3 \N 4 scotswheatfirlot \N scotswheatchalder 2.30448427069382866 m^3 \N 16 scotswheatboll \N scotsoatlippy 0.00328304921087790424 m^3 \N 200.345 UKinch^3 \N scotsoatlippies 0.00328304921087790424 m^3 \N scotsoatlippy \N scotsoatpeck 0.013132196843511617 m^3 \N 4 scotsoatlippy \N scotsoatfirlot 0.0525287873740464678 m^3 \N 4 scotsoatpeck \N scotsoatboll 0.210115149496185871 m^3 \N 4 scotsoatfirlot \N scotsoatchalder 3.36184239193897394 m^3 \N 16 scotsoatboll \N tronounce 0.030844281160000004 kg \N 1|20 tronpound \N irishgallon 0.00356580652517922555 m^3 \N 217.6 UKinch^3 \N irishrundlet 0.0641845174532260643 m^3 \N 18 irishgallon \N irishbarrel 0.112322905543145599 m^3 \N 31.5 irishgallon \N irishtierce 0.149763874057527474 m^3 \N 42 irishgallon \N irishhogshead 0.224645811086291197 m^3 \N 2 irishbarrel \N irishpuncheon 0.299527748115054948 m^3 \N 2 irishtierce \N irishpipe 0.449291622172582394 m^3 \N 2 irishhogshead \N irishtun 0.898583244345164789 m^3 \N 2 irishpipe \N irishpeck 0.0071316130503584511 m^3 \N 2 irishgallon \N irishbushel 0.0285264522014338044 m^3 \N 4 irishpeck \N irishstrike 0.0570529044028676088 m^3 \N 2 irishbushel \N irishdrybarrel 0.114105808805735218 m^3 \N 2 irishstrike \N irishquarter 0.224645811086291197 m^3 \N 2 irishbarrel \N ton 907.184740000000033 kg \N uston \N quarter 226.796185000000008 kg \N quarterweight \N minim 6.16115199218750165e-08 m^3 \N minimvolume \N Z₀ 376.730313409875919 m^2*kg/s^3*A^2 \N Z0 \N a₀ 5.29177210545399463e-11 m \N a0 \N n₀ 2.68678011179844392e+25 m^-3 \N n0 \N ε₀ 8.85418781884005728e-12 s^4*A^2/m^3*kg \N epsilon0 \N μ₀ 1.25663706126281509e-06 m*kg/s^2*A^2 \N mu0 \N ν_133Cs 9192631770 s^-1 \N nu_133Cs \N ㎈ 4.18400000000000016 m^2*kg/s^2 \N cal \N ㎉ 4184 m^2*kg/s^2 \N kcal \N ELECTRIC_PERMITTIVITY 1 s^4*A^2/m^3*kg \N epsilon0 / epsilon0_SI \N MAGNETIC_PERMEABILITY 1 m*kg/s^2*A^2 \N mu0 / mu0_SI \N D_FIELD 1 s*A/m^2 \N E_FIELD ELECTRIC_PERMITTIVITY \N H_FIELD 1 A/m \N B_FIELD / MAGNETIC_PERMEABILITY \N D_FLUX 1 s*A \N D_FIELD AREA \N H_FLUX 1 m*A \N H_FIELD AREA \N assayton 0.0291666666666666637 kg \N mg ton / troyounce \N brpint 0.00056826125000000022 m^3 \N 1|2 brquart \N imperialpint 0.00056826125000000022 m^3 \N brpint \N brcup 0.00028413062500000011 m^3 \N 1|2 brpint \N brteacup 0.000189420416666666731 m^3 \N 1|3 brpint \N tsi 13789514.5863367189 kg/m*s^2 \N ton force / inch^2 \N tonf 8896.44323052099935 m*kg/s^2 \N ton force \N refrigeration 3.87666666666666737 m^2/s^3 \N tonref / ton \N tnt 4612070.52490763925 m^2/s^2 \N 1e9 cal_th / ton \N davycrocket 41840000000.0000076 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 10 ton tnt \N hiroshima 64852000000000 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 15.5 kiloton tnt \N nagasaki 87864000000000 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 21 kiloton tnt \N fatman 87864000000000 m^2*kg/s^2 \N nagasaki \N littleboy 64852000000000 m^2*kg/s^2 \N hiroshima \N ivyking 2092000000000000 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 500 kiloton tnt \N castlebravo 62760000000000000 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 15 megaton tnt \N tsarbomba 209200000000000000 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 50 megaton tnt \N b53bomb 37656000000000000 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 9 megaton tnt \N trinity 75312000000000 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 18 kiloton tnt \N gadget 75312000000000 m^2*kg/s^2 \N trinity \N shaku_volume 1.80390683696468898e-05 m^3 \N 1|10 gou_volume \N rin_weight 3.75000000000000035e-05 kg \N 1|10 bu_weight \N scotslink 0.226769708279988214 m \N 1|100 scotschain \N winequart 0.000946348009324909293 m^3 \N 1|4 winegallon \N beerquart 0.00115528198540962952 m^3 \N 1|4 beergallon \N alequart 0.00115528198540962952 m^3 \N 1|4 alegallon \N scotsquart 0.00338895825302971141 m^3 \N 1|4 scotsgallon \N trondrop 0.00192776757250000025 kg \N 1|16 tronounce \N irishpottle 0.00178290326258961278 m^3 \N 1|2 irishgallon \N brfluidounce 2.84130625000000117e-05 m^3 \N 1|20 brpint \N brfloz 2.84130625000000117e-05 m^3 \N brfluidounce \N brgill 0.000142065312500000055 m^3 \N 1|4 brpint \N noggin 0.000142065312500000055 m^3 \N brgill \N imperialfluidounce 2.84130625000000117e-05 m^3 \N brfluidounce \N imperialfloz 2.84130625000000117e-05 m^3 \N brfloz \N imperialgill 0.000142065312500000055 m^3 \N brgill \N winepint 0.000473174004662454647 m^3 \N 1|2 winequart \N beerpint 0.000577640992704814759 m^3 \N 1|2 beerquart \N alepint 0.000577640992704814759 m^3 \N 1|2 alequart \N scotspint 0.0016944791265148557 m^3 \N 1|2 scotsquart \N jug 0.0016944791265148557 m^3 \N scotspint \N irishquart 0.000891451631294806388 m^3 \N 1|2 irishpottle \N brdram 3.55163281250000146e-06 m^3 \N 1|8 brfloz \N imperialdram 3.55163281250000146e-06 m^3 \N brdram \N choppin 0.000847239563257427852 m^3 \N 1|2 scotspint \N irishpint 0.000445725815647403194 m^3 \N 1|2 irishquart \N brminim 5.91938802083333537e-08 m^3 \N 1|60 brdram \N brscruple 1.18387760416666715e-06 m^3 \N 1|3 brdram \N fluidscruple 1.18387760416666715e-06 m^3 \N brscruple \N imperialminim 5.91938802083333537e-08 m^3 \N brminim \N imperialscruple 1.18387760416666715e-06 m^3 \N brscruple \N mutchkin 0.000423619781628713926 m^3 \N 1|2 choppin \N irishnoggin 0.000111431453911850799 m^3 \N 1|4 irishpint \N scotsgill 0.000105904945407178481 m^3 \N 1|4 mutchkin \N postgresql-unit-7.10/unitparse.l000066400000000000000000000252031472555243500170260ustar00rootroot00000000000000/* Copyright (C) 2016-2018 Christoph Berg This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. */ %{ #include "unit.h" #include "unitparse.tab.h" #include #include /* CStringGetTextDatum */ #include /* TEXTOID */ #include /* INFINITY, NAN */ #define when(x) if (!strcmp(yytext, x)) %} %option prefix="yyunit" %option noyywrap %option nounput %option noinput /* UTF-8 support, see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9611682/flexlexer-support-for-unicode */ U [\x80-\xbf] /* 2-byte UTF-8: \xc2-\xdf excluding SUPER_2, SUPER_3 and SUPER_1 */ U2_1 \xc2[\x80-\xb1] U2_2 \xc2[\xb4-\xb8] U2_3 \xc2[\xba-\xbf] U2_4 [\xc3-\xdf]{U} /* 3-byte UTF-8: \xe0-\xef excluding SUPER_0 .. SUPER_MINUS */ U3_1 [\xe0-\xe1]{U}{U} U3_2 \xe2\x80{U} U3_3 \xe2\x81[\x80-\xaf] U3_4 \xe2\x81[\xbc-\xbf] U3_5 \xe2[\x82-\xbf]{U} U3_6 [\xe3-\xef]{U}{U} /* 4-byte UTF-8: \xf0-\xf4 */ U4 [\xf0-\xf4]{U}{U}{U} UTF8 {U2_1}|{U2_2}|{U2_3}|{U2_4}|{U3_1}|{U3_2}|{U3_3}|{U3_4}|{U3_5}|{U3_6}|{U4} ALPHA [a-zA-Z$%'"_]|{UTF8} ALNUM [a-zA-Z$%'"_0-9]|{UTF8} DOUBLE_R [0-9]*\.?[0-9]+([eE][\-+]?[0-9]+)? TIME_R [0-9]+:[0-9]+:[0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)? UNIT_R {ALPHA}{ALNUM}* EXP_R \^[\-+]?[0-9]+ SUPER_PLUS \xe2\x81\xba SUPER_MINUS \xe2\x81\xbb SUPER_0 \xe2\x81\xb0 SUPER_1 \xc2\xb9 SUPER_2 \xc2\xb2 SUPER_3 \xc2\xb3 SUPER_4 \xe2\x81\xb4 SUPER_5 \xe2\x81\xb5 SUPER_6 \xe2\x81\xb6 SUPER_7 \xe2\x81\xb7 SUPER_8 \xe2\x81\xb8 SUPER_9 \xe2\x81\xb9 %% {DOUBLE_R} { yyunitlval.DOUBLE = atof(yytext); return DOUBLE; } [Ii][Nn][Ff]([Ii][Nn][Ii][Tt][Yy])? { yyunitlval.DOUBLE = INFINITY; return DOUBLE; } [Nn][Aa][Nn] { yyunitlval.DOUBLE = NAN; return DOUBLE; } sqrt { yyunitlval.FUNCTION = FUNCTION_SQRT; return FUNCTION; } exp { yyunitlval.FUNCTION = FUNCTION_EXP; return FUNCTION; } ln { yyunitlval.FUNCTION = FUNCTION_LN; return FUNCTION; } log2 { yyunitlval.FUNCTION = FUNCTION_LOG2; return FUNCTION; } asin { yyunitlval.FUNCTION = FUNCTION_ASIN; return FUNCTION; } tan { yyunitlval.FUNCTION = FUNCTION_TAN; return FUNCTION; } {TIME_R} { /* hh:mm:ss[.sss] */ char *colon; yyunitlval.DOUBLE = TIME_HOUR * atoi(yytext); /* hh */ colon = strchr(yytext, ':'); yyunitlval.DOUBLE += TIME_MINUTE * atoi(colon + 1); /* mm */ colon = strchr(colon + 1, ':'); yyunitlval.DOUBLE += atof(colon + 1); /* ss[.sss] */ return DOUBLE; } {UNIT_R} { unit_names_t *name; int ret; Oid argtypes[1]; Datum values[1]; size_t yytext_len; /* Check if it's a predefined or previously seen unit */ name = hash_search(unit_names, yytext, HASH_FIND, NULL); if (name) { elog(DEBUG1, "unit %s found in unit_names hash table", name->name); yyunitlval.UNIT_SHIFT = name->unit_shift; return UNIT_SHIFT; } SPI_connect(); argtypes[0] = TEXTOID; values[0] = CStringGetTextDatum(yytext); /* look up unit definition without prefix first */ ret = SPI_execute_with_args("SELECT unit, shift " "FROM unit_units WHERE " "name = $1", 1, /* nargs */ argtypes, values, NULL, /* nulls */ true, /* read only */ 0); /* limit */ if (ret != SPI_OK_SELECT) elog(ERROR, "internal error determining definition of unit \"%s\"", yytext); if (SPI_processed == 1) /* found definition */ { Unit *unitp; Datum shift; bool is_null; unitp = (Unit *) DatumGetPointer(SPI_getbinval(SPI_tuptable->vals[0], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 1, &is_null)); if (is_null) elog(ERROR, "unit \"%s\" definition is NULL", yytext); yyunitlval.UNIT_SHIFT.unit = *unitp; shift = SPI_getbinval(SPI_tuptable->vals[0], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 2, &is_null); yyunitlval.UNIT_SHIFT.shift = is_null ? 0.0 : DatumGetFloat8(shift); elog(DEBUG1, "unit %s (value %g)", SPI_getvalue(SPI_tuptable->vals[0], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 1), unitp->value); goto found; } /* look up definition with prefix */ ret = SPI_execute_with_args("SELECT prefix, factor, name, unit, shift " "FROM unit_prefixes CROSS JOIN unit_units WHERE " "prefix||name = $1 AND " "$1 LIKE prefix||'%' AND " "$1 LIKE '%'||name " "ORDER BY prefix", 1, /* nargs */ argtypes, values, NULL, /* nulls */ true, /* read only */ 0); /* limit */ if (ret != SPI_OK_SELECT) elog(ERROR, "internal error determining definition of unit \"%s\"", yytext); if (SPI_processed > 2) { long processed = SPI_processed; /* SPI_processed was uint32 before 9.6 */ ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION), errmsg("unit \"%s\" is ambiguous, %lu prefix/name combinations found", yytext, processed))); } if (SPI_processed == 2) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION), errmsg("unit \"%s\" is ambiguous, \"%s-%s\" vs. \"%s-%s\"", yytext, SPI_getvalue(SPI_tuptable->vals[0], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 1), SPI_getvalue(SPI_tuptable->vals[0], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 3), SPI_getvalue(SPI_tuptable->vals[1], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 1), SPI_getvalue(SPI_tuptable->vals[1], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 3)))); if (SPI_processed == 1) /* found definition */ { double factor; Unit *unitp; Datum shift; bool is_null; factor = DatumGetFloat8(SPI_getbinval(SPI_tuptable->vals[0], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 2, &is_null)); /* we discard is_null here */ unitp = (Unit *) DatumGetPointer(SPI_getbinval(SPI_tuptable->vals[0], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 4, &is_null)); if (is_null) elog(ERROR, "unit \"%s\" definition is NULL", yytext); yyunitlval.UNIT_SHIFT.unit = *unitp; yyunitlval.UNIT_SHIFT.unit.value *= factor; shift = SPI_getbinval(SPI_tuptable->vals[0], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 5, &is_null); yyunitlval.UNIT_SHIFT.shift = is_null ? 0.0 : DatumGetFloat8(shift); goto found; } /* if unit is long enough, look up unit definition with plural 's' removed */ yytext_len = strlen(yytext); if (yytext_len >= MIN_PLURAL_LENGTH && yytext[yytext_len - 1] == 's') { ret = SPI_execute_with_args("SELECT unit, shift " "FROM unit_units WHERE " "name = substring($1 for length($1) - 1)", 1, /* nargs */ argtypes, values, NULL, /* nulls */ true, /* read only */ 0); /* limit */ if (ret != SPI_OK_SELECT) elog(ERROR, "internal error determining definition of unit \"%s\"", yytext); if (SPI_processed == 1) /* found definition */ { Unit *unitp; Datum shift; bool is_null; unitp = (Unit *) DatumGetPointer(SPI_getbinval(SPI_tuptable->vals[0], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 1, &is_null)); if (is_null) elog(ERROR, "unit \"%s\" definition is NULL", yytext); yyunitlval.UNIT_SHIFT.unit = *unitp; shift = SPI_getbinval(SPI_tuptable->vals[0], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 2, &is_null); yyunitlval.UNIT_SHIFT.shift = is_null ? 0.0 : DatumGetFloat8(shift); elog(DEBUG1, "unit %s (value %g)", SPI_getvalue(SPI_tuptable->vals[0], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 1), unitp->value); goto found; } /* look up definition with prefix */ ret = SPI_execute_with_args("SELECT prefix, factor, name, unit, shift " "FROM unit_prefixes CROSS JOIN unit_units WHERE " "prefix||name = substring($1 for length($1) - 1) AND " "substring($1 for length($1) - 1) LIKE prefix||'%' AND " "substring($1 for length($1) - 1) LIKE '%'||name " "ORDER BY prefix", 1, /* nargs */ argtypes, values, NULL, /* nulls */ true, /* read only */ 0); /* limit */ if (ret != SPI_OK_SELECT) elog(ERROR, "internal error determining definition of unit \"%s\"", yytext); if (SPI_processed > 2) { long processed = SPI_processed; /* SPI_processed was uint32 before 9.6 */ ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION), errmsg("unit \"%s\" is ambiguous, %lu prefix/name combinations found", yytext, processed))); } if (SPI_processed == 2) ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION), errmsg("unit \"%s\" is ambiguous, \"%s-%s\" vs. \"%s-%s\"", yytext, SPI_getvalue(SPI_tuptable->vals[0], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 1), SPI_getvalue(SPI_tuptable->vals[0], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 3), SPI_getvalue(SPI_tuptable->vals[1], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 1), SPI_getvalue(SPI_tuptable->vals[1], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 3)))); if (SPI_processed == 1) /* found definition */ { double factor; Unit *unitp; Datum shift; bool is_null; factor = DatumGetFloat8(SPI_getbinval(SPI_tuptable->vals[0], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 2, &is_null)); /* we discard is_null here */ unitp = (Unit *) DatumGetPointer(SPI_getbinval(SPI_tuptable->vals[0], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 4, &is_null)); if (is_null) elog(ERROR, "unit \"%s\" definition is NULL", yytext); yyunitlval.UNIT_SHIFT.unit = *unitp; yyunitlval.UNIT_SHIFT.unit.value *= factor; shift = SPI_getbinval(SPI_tuptable->vals[0], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 5, &is_null); yyunitlval.UNIT_SHIFT.shift = is_null ? 0.0 : DatumGetFloat8(shift); goto found; } } /* nothing found, error out */ ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION), errmsg("unit \"%s\" is not known", yytext))); found: SPI_finish(); /* store computed unit in hash table */ name = hash_search(unit_names, yytext, HASH_ENTER, NULL); strlcpy(name->name, yytext, UNIT_NAME_LENGTH); name->unit_shift = yyunitlval.UNIT_SHIFT; return UNIT_SHIFT; } {EXP_R} { yyunitlval.EXPONENT = atoi(yytext+1); return EXPONENT; } {SUPER_PLUS} { yyunitlval.SUPER_SIGN = 1; return SUPER_SIGN; } {SUPER_MINUS} { yyunitlval.SUPER_SIGN = -1; return SUPER_SIGN; } {SUPER_0} { yyunitlval.SUPER = 0; return SUPER; } {SUPER_1} { yyunitlval.SUPER = 1; return SUPER; } {SUPER_2} { yyunitlval.SUPER = 2; return SUPER; } {SUPER_3} { yyunitlval.SUPER = 3; return SUPER; } {SUPER_4} { yyunitlval.SUPER = 4; return SUPER; } {SUPER_5} { yyunitlval.SUPER = 5; return SUPER; } {SUPER_6} { yyunitlval.SUPER = 6; return SUPER; } {SUPER_7} { yyunitlval.SUPER = 7; return SUPER; } {SUPER_8} { yyunitlval.SUPER = 8; return SUPER; } {SUPER_9} { yyunitlval.SUPER = 9; return SUPER; } \+ return '+'; - return '-'; \/ return '/'; \* return '*'; \| return '|'; \( return '('; \) return ')'; [ \t\n]* /* eat whitespace */ . return ERR; postgresql-unit-7.10/unitparse.tab.c000066400000000000000000001612151472555243500175660ustar00rootroot00000000000000/* A Bison parser, made by GNU Bison 3.8.2. */ /* Bison implementation for Yacc-like parsers in C Copyright (C) 1984, 1989-1990, 2000-2015, 2018-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see . */ /* As a special exception, you may create a larger work that contains part or all of the Bison parser skeleton and distribute that work under terms of your choice, so long as that work isn't itself a parser generator using the skeleton or a modified version thereof as a parser skeleton. Alternatively, if you modify or redistribute the parser skeleton itself, you may (at your option) remove this special exception, which will cause the skeleton and the resulting Bison output files to be licensed under the GNU General Public License without this special exception. This special exception was added by the Free Software Foundation in version 2.2 of Bison. */ /* C LALR(1) parser skeleton written by Richard Stallman, by simplifying the original so-called "semantic" parser. */ /* DO NOT RELY ON FEATURES THAT ARE NOT DOCUMENTED in the manual, especially those whose name start with YY_ or yy_. They are private implementation details that can be changed or removed. */ /* All symbols defined below should begin with yy or YY, to avoid infringing on user name space. This should be done even for local variables, as they might otherwise be expanded by user macros. There are some unavoidable exceptions within include files to define necessary library symbols; they are noted "INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE" below. */ /* Identify Bison output, and Bison version. */ #define YYBISON 30802 /* Bison version string. */ #define YYBISON_VERSION "3.8.2" /* Skeleton name. */ #define YYSKELETON_NAME "yacc.c" /* Pure parsers. */ #define YYPURE 0 /* Push parsers. */ #define YYPUSH 0 /* Pull parsers. */ #define YYPULL 1 /* Substitute the type names. */ #define YYSTYPE YYUNITSTYPE /* Substitute the variable and function names. */ #define yyparse yyunitparse #define yylex yyunitlex #define yyerror yyuniterror #define yydebug yyunitdebug #define yynerrs yyunitnerrs #define yylval yyunitlval #define yychar yyunitchar /* First part of user prologue. */ #line 15 "unitparse.y" #include /* bzero */ #include /* pow */ #include "unit.h" /* flex/bison prototypes */ int yylex (void); struct yyunit_buffer_state *yyunit_scan_string(char *str); void yyunit_delete_buffer(struct yyunit_buffer_state *buffer); void yyerror (char const *s); static UnitShift *unit_parse_result; /* parsing result gets stored here */ #line 93 "unitparse.tab.c" # ifndef YY_CAST # ifdef __cplusplus # define YY_CAST(Type, Val) static_cast (Val) # define YY_REINTERPRET_CAST(Type, Val) reinterpret_cast (Val) # else # define YY_CAST(Type, Val) ((Type) (Val)) # define YY_REINTERPRET_CAST(Type, Val) ((Type) (Val)) # endif # endif # ifndef YY_NULLPTR # if defined __cplusplus # if 201103L <= __cplusplus # define YY_NULLPTR nullptr # else # define YY_NULLPTR 0 # endif # else # define YY_NULLPTR ((void*)0) # endif # endif #include "unitparse.tab.h" /* Symbol kind. */ enum yysymbol_kind_t { YYSYMBOL_YYEMPTY = -2, YYSYMBOL_YYEOF = 0, /* "end of file" */ YYSYMBOL_YYerror = 1, /* error */ YYSYMBOL_YYUNDEF = 2, /* "invalid token" */ YYSYMBOL_DOUBLE = 3, /* DOUBLE */ YYSYMBOL_UNIT_SHIFT = 4, /* UNIT_SHIFT */ YYSYMBOL_EXPONENT = 5, /* EXPONENT */ YYSYMBOL_SUPER_SIGN = 6, /* SUPER_SIGN */ YYSYMBOL_SUPER = 7, /* SUPER */ YYSYMBOL_FUNCTION = 8, /* FUNCTION */ YYSYMBOL_ERR = 9, /* ERR */ YYSYMBOL_10_ = 10, /* '+' */ YYSYMBOL_11_ = 11, /* '-' */ YYSYMBOL_12_ = 12, /* '/' */ YYSYMBOL_13_ = 13, /* '*' */ YYSYMBOL_UMINUS = 14, /* UMINUS */ YYSYMBOL_15_ = 15, /* '(' */ YYSYMBOL_16_ = 16, /* ')' */ YYSYMBOL_17_ = 17, /* '|' */ YYSYMBOL_YYACCEPT = 18, /* $accept */ YYSYMBOL_input = 19, /* input */ YYSYMBOL_expr = 20, /* expr */ YYSYMBOL_simple_expr = 21, /* simple_expr */ YYSYMBOL_number = 22, /* number */ YYSYMBOL_exponent = 23, /* exponent */ YYSYMBOL_super = 24 /* super */ }; typedef enum yysymbol_kind_t yysymbol_kind_t; #ifdef short # undef short #endif /* On compilers that do not define __PTRDIFF_MAX__ etc., make sure and (if available) are included so that the code can choose integer types of a good width. */ #ifndef __PTRDIFF_MAX__ # include /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */ # if defined __STDC_VERSION__ && 199901 <= __STDC_VERSION__ # include /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */ # define YY_STDINT_H # endif #endif /* Narrow types that promote to a signed type and that can represent a signed or unsigned integer of at least N bits. In tables they can save space and decrease cache pressure. Promoting to a signed type helps avoid bugs in integer arithmetic. */ #ifdef __INT_LEAST8_MAX__ typedef __INT_LEAST8_TYPE__ yytype_int8; #elif defined YY_STDINT_H typedef int_least8_t yytype_int8; #else typedef signed char yytype_int8; #endif #ifdef __INT_LEAST16_MAX__ typedef __INT_LEAST16_TYPE__ yytype_int16; #elif defined YY_STDINT_H typedef int_least16_t yytype_int16; #else typedef short yytype_int16; #endif /* Work around bug in HP-UX 11.23, which defines these macros incorrectly for preprocessor constants. This workaround can likely be removed in 2023, as HPE has promised support for HP-UX 11.23 (aka HP-UX 11i v2) only through the end of 2022; see Table 2 of . */ #ifdef __hpux # undef UINT_LEAST8_MAX # undef UINT_LEAST16_MAX # define UINT_LEAST8_MAX 255 # define UINT_LEAST16_MAX 65535 #endif #if defined __UINT_LEAST8_MAX__ && __UINT_LEAST8_MAX__ <= __INT_MAX__ typedef __UINT_LEAST8_TYPE__ yytype_uint8; #elif (!defined __UINT_LEAST8_MAX__ && defined YY_STDINT_H \ && UINT_LEAST8_MAX <= INT_MAX) typedef uint_least8_t yytype_uint8; #elif !defined __UINT_LEAST8_MAX__ && UCHAR_MAX <= INT_MAX typedef unsigned char yytype_uint8; #else typedef short yytype_uint8; #endif #if defined __UINT_LEAST16_MAX__ && __UINT_LEAST16_MAX__ <= __INT_MAX__ typedef __UINT_LEAST16_TYPE__ yytype_uint16; #elif (!defined __UINT_LEAST16_MAX__ && defined YY_STDINT_H \ && UINT_LEAST16_MAX <= INT_MAX) typedef uint_least16_t yytype_uint16; #elif !defined __UINT_LEAST16_MAX__ && USHRT_MAX <= INT_MAX typedef unsigned short yytype_uint16; #else typedef int yytype_uint16; #endif #ifndef YYPTRDIFF_T # if defined __PTRDIFF_TYPE__ && defined __PTRDIFF_MAX__ # define YYPTRDIFF_T __PTRDIFF_TYPE__ # define YYPTRDIFF_MAXIMUM __PTRDIFF_MAX__ # elif defined PTRDIFF_MAX # ifndef ptrdiff_t # include /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */ # endif # define YYPTRDIFF_T ptrdiff_t # define YYPTRDIFF_MAXIMUM PTRDIFF_MAX # else # define YYPTRDIFF_T long # define YYPTRDIFF_MAXIMUM LONG_MAX # endif #endif #ifndef YYSIZE_T # ifdef __SIZE_TYPE__ # define YYSIZE_T __SIZE_TYPE__ # elif defined size_t # define YYSIZE_T size_t # elif defined __STDC_VERSION__ && 199901 <= __STDC_VERSION__ # include /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */ # define YYSIZE_T size_t # else # define YYSIZE_T unsigned # endif #endif #define YYSIZE_MAXIMUM \ YY_CAST (YYPTRDIFF_T, \ (YYPTRDIFF_MAXIMUM < YY_CAST (YYSIZE_T, -1) \ ? YYPTRDIFF_MAXIMUM \ : YY_CAST (YYSIZE_T, -1))) #define YYSIZEOF(X) YY_CAST (YYPTRDIFF_T, sizeof (X)) /* Stored state numbers (used for stacks). */ typedef yytype_int8 yy_state_t; /* State numbers in computations. */ typedef int yy_state_fast_t; #ifndef YY_ # if defined YYENABLE_NLS && YYENABLE_NLS # if ENABLE_NLS # include /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */ # define YY_(Msgid) dgettext ("bison-runtime", Msgid) # endif # endif # ifndef YY_ # define YY_(Msgid) Msgid # endif #endif #ifndef YY_ATTRIBUTE_PURE # if defined __GNUC__ && 2 < __GNUC__ + (96 <= __GNUC_MINOR__) # define YY_ATTRIBUTE_PURE __attribute__ ((__pure__)) # else # define YY_ATTRIBUTE_PURE # endif #endif #ifndef YY_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED # if defined __GNUC__ && 2 < __GNUC__ + (7 <= __GNUC_MINOR__) # define YY_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__)) # else # define YY_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED # endif #endif /* Suppress unused-variable warnings by "using" E. */ #if ! defined lint || defined __GNUC__ # define YY_USE(E) ((void) (E)) #else # define YY_USE(E) /* empty */ #endif /* Suppress an incorrect diagnostic about yylval being uninitialized. */ #if defined __GNUC__ && ! defined __ICC && 406 <= __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ # if __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ < 407 # define YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_BEGIN \ _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic push") \ _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wuninitialized\"") # else # define YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_BEGIN \ _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic push") \ _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wuninitialized\"") \ _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wmaybe-uninitialized\"") # endif # define YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_END \ _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic pop") #else # define YY_INITIAL_VALUE(Value) Value #endif #ifndef YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_BEGIN # define YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_BEGIN # define YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_END #endif #ifndef YY_INITIAL_VALUE # define YY_INITIAL_VALUE(Value) /* Nothing. */ #endif #if defined __cplusplus && defined __GNUC__ && ! defined __ICC && 6 <= __GNUC__ # define YY_IGNORE_USELESS_CAST_BEGIN \ _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic push") \ _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wuseless-cast\"") # define YY_IGNORE_USELESS_CAST_END \ _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic pop") #endif #ifndef YY_IGNORE_USELESS_CAST_BEGIN # define YY_IGNORE_USELESS_CAST_BEGIN # define YY_IGNORE_USELESS_CAST_END #endif #define YY_ASSERT(E) ((void) (0 && (E))) #if 1 /* The parser invokes alloca or malloc; define the necessary symbols. */ # ifdef YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA # if YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA # ifdef __GNUC__ # define YYSTACK_ALLOC __builtin_alloca # elif defined __BUILTIN_VA_ARG_INCR # include /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */ # elif defined _AIX # define YYSTACK_ALLOC __alloca # elif defined _MSC_VER # include /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */ # define alloca _alloca # else # define YYSTACK_ALLOC alloca # if ! defined _ALLOCA_H && ! defined EXIT_SUCCESS # include /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */ /* Use EXIT_SUCCESS as a witness for stdlib.h. */ # ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS # define EXIT_SUCCESS 0 # endif # endif # endif # endif # endif # ifdef YYSTACK_ALLOC /* Pacify GCC's 'empty if-body' warning. */ # define YYSTACK_FREE(Ptr) do { /* empty */; } while (0) # ifndef YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM /* The OS might guarantee only one guard page at the bottom of the stack, and a page size can be as small as 4096 bytes. So we cannot safely invoke alloca (N) if N exceeds 4096. Use a slightly smaller number to allow for a few compiler-allocated temporary stack slots. */ # define YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM 4032 /* reasonable circa 2006 */ # endif # else # define YYSTACK_ALLOC YYMALLOC # define YYSTACK_FREE YYFREE # ifndef YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM # define YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM YYSIZE_MAXIMUM # endif # if (defined __cplusplus && ! defined EXIT_SUCCESS \ && ! ((defined YYMALLOC || defined malloc) \ && (defined YYFREE || defined free))) # include /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */ # ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS # define EXIT_SUCCESS 0 # endif # endif # ifndef YYMALLOC # define YYMALLOC malloc # if ! defined malloc && ! defined EXIT_SUCCESS void *malloc (YYSIZE_T); /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */ # endif # endif # ifndef YYFREE # define YYFREE free # if ! defined free && ! defined EXIT_SUCCESS void free (void *); /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */ # endif # endif # endif #endif /* 1 */ #if (! defined yyoverflow \ && (! defined __cplusplus \ || (defined YYUNITSTYPE_IS_TRIVIAL && YYUNITSTYPE_IS_TRIVIAL))) /* A type that is properly aligned for any stack member. */ union yyalloc { yy_state_t yyss_alloc; YYSTYPE yyvs_alloc; }; /* The size of the maximum gap between one aligned stack and the next. */ # define YYSTACK_GAP_MAXIMUM (YYSIZEOF (union yyalloc) - 1) /* The size of an array large to enough to hold all stacks, each with N elements. */ # define YYSTACK_BYTES(N) \ ((N) * (YYSIZEOF (yy_state_t) + YYSIZEOF (YYSTYPE)) \ + YYSTACK_GAP_MAXIMUM) # define YYCOPY_NEEDED 1 /* Relocate STACK from its old location to the new one. The local variables YYSIZE and YYSTACKSIZE give the old and new number of elements in the stack, and YYPTR gives the new location of the stack. Advance YYPTR to a properly aligned location for the next stack. */ # define YYSTACK_RELOCATE(Stack_alloc, Stack) \ do \ { \ YYPTRDIFF_T yynewbytes; \ YYCOPY (&yyptr->Stack_alloc, Stack, yysize); \ Stack = &yyptr->Stack_alloc; \ yynewbytes = yystacksize * YYSIZEOF (*Stack) + YYSTACK_GAP_MAXIMUM; \ yyptr += yynewbytes / YYSIZEOF (*yyptr); \ } \ while (0) #endif #if defined YYCOPY_NEEDED && YYCOPY_NEEDED /* Copy COUNT objects from SRC to DST. The source and destination do not overlap. */ # ifndef YYCOPY # if defined __GNUC__ && 1 < __GNUC__ # define YYCOPY(Dst, Src, Count) \ __builtin_memcpy (Dst, Src, YY_CAST (YYSIZE_T, (Count)) * sizeof (*(Src))) # else # define YYCOPY(Dst, Src, Count) \ do \ { \ YYPTRDIFF_T yyi; \ for (yyi = 0; yyi < (Count); yyi++) \ (Dst)[yyi] = (Src)[yyi]; \ } \ while (0) # endif # endif #endif /* !YYCOPY_NEEDED */ /* YYFINAL -- State number of the termination state. */ #define YYFINAL 18 /* YYLAST -- Last index in YYTABLE. */ #define YYLAST 111 /* YYNTOKENS -- Number of terminals. */ #define YYNTOKENS 18 /* YYNNTS -- Number of nonterminals. */ #define YYNNTS 7 /* YYNRULES -- Number of rules. */ #define YYNRULES 23 /* YYNSTATES -- Number of states. */ #define YYNSTATES 41 /* YYMAXUTOK -- Last valid token kind. */ #define YYMAXUTOK 265 /* YYTRANSLATE(TOKEN-NUM) -- Symbol number corresponding to TOKEN-NUM as returned by yylex, with out-of-bounds checking. */ #define YYTRANSLATE(YYX) \ (0 <= (YYX) && (YYX) <= YYMAXUTOK \ ? YY_CAST (yysymbol_kind_t, yytranslate[YYX]) \ : YYSYMBOL_YYUNDEF) /* YYTRANSLATE[TOKEN-NUM] -- Symbol number corresponding to TOKEN-NUM as returned by yylex. */ static const yytype_int8 yytranslate[] = { 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 15, 16, 13, 10, 2, 11, 2, 12, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 17, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14 }; #if YYUNITDEBUG /* YYRLINE[YYN] -- Source line where rule number YYN was defined. */ static const yytype_uint8 yyrline[] = { 0, 50, 50, 56, 59, 63, 68, 79, 83, 87, 93, 97, 101, 109, 114, 115, 137, 143, 144, 149, 150, 151, 155, 156 }; #endif /** Accessing symbol of state STATE. */ #define YY_ACCESSING_SYMBOL(State) YY_CAST (yysymbol_kind_t, yystos[State]) #if 1 /* The user-facing name of the symbol whose (internal) number is YYSYMBOL. No bounds checking. */ static const char *yysymbol_name (yysymbol_kind_t yysymbol) YY_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED; /* YYTNAME[SYMBOL-NUM] -- String name of the symbol SYMBOL-NUM. First, the terminals, then, starting at YYNTOKENS, nonterminals. */ static const char *const yytname[] = { "\"end of file\"", "error", "\"invalid token\"", "DOUBLE", "UNIT_SHIFT", "EXPONENT", "SUPER_SIGN", "SUPER", "FUNCTION", "ERR", "'+'", "'-'", "'/'", "'*'", "UMINUS", "'('", "')'", "'|'", "$accept", "input", "expr", "simple_expr", "number", "exponent", "super", YY_NULLPTR }; static const char * yysymbol_name (yysymbol_kind_t yysymbol) { return yytname[yysymbol]; } #endif #define YYPACT_NINF (-18) #define yypact_value_is_default(Yyn) \ ((Yyn) == YYPACT_NINF) #define YYTABLE_NINF (-1) #define yytable_value_is_error(Yyn) \ 0 /* YYPACT[STATE-NUM] -- Index in YYTABLE of the portion describing STATE-NUM. */ static const yytype_int8 yypact[] = { 6, -12, -18, -7, 96, 96, 6, 6, 11, 51, -18, -18, 9, 6, -18, -18, 77, 23, -18, -18, 8, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 90, -18, -18, -18, 37, -18, -18, -18, 64, -18, 64, -18, 77, 90, -18 }; /* YYDEFACT[STATE-NUM] -- Default reduction number in state STATE-NUM. Performed when YYTABLE does not specify something else to do. Zero means the default is an error. */ static const yytype_int8 yydefact[] = { 0, 17, 14, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3, 13, 0, 0, 4, 5, 12, 0, 1, 19, 0, 22, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 6, 21, 18, 0, 16, 20, 23, 7, 3, 8, 3, 11, 10, 15 }; /* YYPGOTO[NTERM-NUM]. */ static const yytype_int8 yypgoto[] = { -18, -18, 0, -3, -18, -18, -17 }; /* YYDEFGOTO[NTERM-NUM]. */ static const yytype_int8 yydefgoto[] = { 0, 8, 26, 10, 11, 27, 28 }; /* YYTABLE[YYPACT[STATE-NUM]] -- What to do in state STATE-NUM. If positive, shift that token. If negative, reduce the rule whose number is the opposite. If YYTABLE_NINF, syntax error. */ static const yytype_int8 yytable[] = { 9, 14, 15, 32, 33, 12, 16, 17, 13, 1, 2, 18, 29, 30, 3, 21, 4, 5, 6, 35, 37, 7, 34, 36, 38, 39, 1, 2, 19, 20, 21, 3, 0, 22, 23, 24, 25, 0, 7, 31, 1, 2, 19, 20, 21, 3, 0, 22, 23, 24, 25, 0, 7, 40, 1, 2, 19, 20, 21, 3, 0, 22, 23, 24, 25, 0, 7, 1, 2, 19, 20, 21, 3, 0, 0, 0, 24, 25, 0, 7, 1, 2, 19, 20, 21, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 25, 0, 7, 1, 2, 19, 20, 21, 3, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 3, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7 }; static const yytype_int8 yycheck[] = { 0, 4, 5, 20, 21, 17, 6, 7, 15, 3, 4, 0, 3, 13, 8, 7, 10, 11, 12, 22, 23, 15, 22, 23, 24, 25, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, -1, 10, 11, 12, 13, -1, 15, 16, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, -1, 10, 11, 12, 13, -1, 15, 16, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, -1, 10, 11, 12, 13, -1, 15, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, -1, -1, -1, 12, 13, -1, 15, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, -1, -1, -1, -1, 13, -1, 15, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 3, 4, -1, -1, -1, 8, 15, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 15 }; /* YYSTOS[STATE-NUM] -- The symbol kind of the accessing symbol of state STATE-NUM. */ static const yytype_int8 yystos[] = { 0, 3, 4, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 17, 15, 21, 21, 20, 20, 0, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 20, 23, 24, 3, 20, 16, 24, 24, 20, 21, 20, 21, 20, 20, 16 }; /* YYR1[RULE-NUM] -- Symbol kind of the left-hand side of rule RULE-NUM. */ static const yytype_int8 yyr1[] = { 0, 18, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 21, 22, 22, 23, 23, 23, 24, 24 }; /* YYR2[RULE-NUM] -- Number of symbols on the right-hand side of rule RULE-NUM. */ static const yytype_int8 yyr2[] = { 0, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1, 1, 4, 3, 1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2 }; enum { YYENOMEM = -2 }; #define yyerrok (yyerrstatus = 0) #define yyclearin (yychar = YYUNITEMPTY) #define YYACCEPT goto yyacceptlab #define YYABORT goto yyabortlab #define YYERROR goto yyerrorlab #define YYNOMEM goto yyexhaustedlab #define YYRECOVERING() (!!yyerrstatus) #define YYBACKUP(Token, Value) \ do \ if (yychar == YYUNITEMPTY) \ { \ yychar = (Token); \ yylval = (Value); \ YYPOPSTACK (yylen); \ yystate = *yyssp; \ goto yybackup; \ } \ else \ { \ yyerror (YY_("syntax error: cannot back up")); \ YYERROR; \ } \ while (0) /* Backward compatibility with an undocumented macro. Use YYUNITerror or YYUNITUNDEF. */ #define YYERRCODE YYUNITUNDEF /* Enable debugging if requested. */ #if YYUNITDEBUG # ifndef YYFPRINTF # include /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */ # define YYFPRINTF fprintf # endif # define YYDPRINTF(Args) \ do { \ if (yydebug) \ YYFPRINTF Args; \ } while (0) # define YY_SYMBOL_PRINT(Title, Kind, Value, Location) \ do { \ if (yydebug) \ { \ YYFPRINTF (stderr, "%s ", Title); \ yy_symbol_print (stderr, \ Kind, Value); \ YYFPRINTF (stderr, "\n"); \ } \ } while (0) /*-----------------------------------. | Print this symbol's value on YYO. | `-----------------------------------*/ static void yy_symbol_value_print (FILE *yyo, yysymbol_kind_t yykind, YYSTYPE const * const yyvaluep) { FILE *yyoutput = yyo; YY_USE (yyoutput); if (!yyvaluep) return; YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_BEGIN YY_USE (yykind); YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_END } /*---------------------------. | Print this symbol on YYO. | `---------------------------*/ static void yy_symbol_print (FILE *yyo, yysymbol_kind_t yykind, YYSTYPE const * const yyvaluep) { YYFPRINTF (yyo, "%s %s (", yykind < YYNTOKENS ? "token" : "nterm", yysymbol_name (yykind)); yy_symbol_value_print (yyo, yykind, yyvaluep); YYFPRINTF (yyo, ")"); } /*------------------------------------------------------------------. | yy_stack_print -- Print the state stack from its BOTTOM up to its | | TOP (included). | `------------------------------------------------------------------*/ static void yy_stack_print (yy_state_t *yybottom, yy_state_t *yytop) { YYFPRINTF (stderr, "Stack now"); for (; yybottom <= yytop; yybottom++) { int yybot = *yybottom; YYFPRINTF (stderr, " %d", yybot); } YYFPRINTF (stderr, "\n"); } # define YY_STACK_PRINT(Bottom, Top) \ do { \ if (yydebug) \ yy_stack_print ((Bottom), (Top)); \ } while (0) /*------------------------------------------------. | Report that the YYRULE is going to be reduced. | `------------------------------------------------*/ static void yy_reduce_print (yy_state_t *yyssp, YYSTYPE *yyvsp, int yyrule) { int yylno = yyrline[yyrule]; int yynrhs = yyr2[yyrule]; int yyi; YYFPRINTF (stderr, "Reducing stack by rule %d (line %d):\n", yyrule - 1, yylno); /* The symbols being reduced. */ for (yyi = 0; yyi < yynrhs; yyi++) { YYFPRINTF (stderr, " $%d = ", yyi + 1); yy_symbol_print (stderr, YY_ACCESSING_SYMBOL (+yyssp[yyi + 1 - yynrhs]), &yyvsp[(yyi + 1) - (yynrhs)]); YYFPRINTF (stderr, "\n"); } } # define YY_REDUCE_PRINT(Rule) \ do { \ if (yydebug) \ yy_reduce_print (yyssp, yyvsp, Rule); \ } while (0) /* Nonzero means print parse trace. It is left uninitialized so that multiple parsers can coexist. */ int yydebug; #else /* !YYUNITDEBUG */ # define YYDPRINTF(Args) ((void) 0) # define YY_SYMBOL_PRINT(Title, Kind, Value, Location) # define YY_STACK_PRINT(Bottom, Top) # define YY_REDUCE_PRINT(Rule) #endif /* !YYUNITDEBUG */ /* YYINITDEPTH -- initial size of the parser's stacks. */ #ifndef YYINITDEPTH # define YYINITDEPTH 200 #endif /* YYMAXDEPTH -- maximum size the stacks can grow to (effective only if the built-in stack extension method is used). Do not make this value too large; the results are undefined if YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM < YYSTACK_BYTES (YYMAXDEPTH) evaluated with infinite-precision integer arithmetic. */ #ifndef YYMAXDEPTH # define YYMAXDEPTH 10000 #endif /* Context of a parse error. */ typedef struct { yy_state_t *yyssp; yysymbol_kind_t yytoken; } yypcontext_t; /* Put in YYARG at most YYARGN of the expected tokens given the current YYCTX, and return the number of tokens stored in YYARG. If YYARG is null, return the number of expected tokens (guaranteed to be less than YYNTOKENS). Return YYENOMEM on memory exhaustion. Return 0 if there are more than YYARGN expected tokens, yet fill YYARG up to YYARGN. */ static int yypcontext_expected_tokens (const yypcontext_t *yyctx, yysymbol_kind_t yyarg[], int yyargn) { /* Actual size of YYARG. */ int yycount = 0; int yyn = yypact[+*yyctx->yyssp]; if (!yypact_value_is_default (yyn)) { /* Start YYX at -YYN if negative to avoid negative indexes in YYCHECK. In other words, skip the first -YYN actions for this state because they are default actions. */ int yyxbegin = yyn < 0 ? -yyn : 0; /* Stay within bounds of both yycheck and yytname. */ int yychecklim = YYLAST - yyn + 1; int yyxend = yychecklim < YYNTOKENS ? yychecklim : YYNTOKENS; int yyx; for (yyx = yyxbegin; yyx < yyxend; ++yyx) if (yycheck[yyx + yyn] == yyx && yyx != YYSYMBOL_YYerror && !yytable_value_is_error (yytable[yyx + yyn])) { if (!yyarg) ++yycount; else if (yycount == yyargn) return 0; else yyarg[yycount++] = YY_CAST (yysymbol_kind_t, yyx); } } if (yyarg && yycount == 0 && 0 < yyargn) yyarg[0] = YYSYMBOL_YYEMPTY; return yycount; } #ifndef yystrlen # if defined __GLIBC__ && defined _STRING_H # define yystrlen(S) (YY_CAST (YYPTRDIFF_T, strlen (S))) # else /* Return the length of YYSTR. */ static YYPTRDIFF_T yystrlen (const char *yystr) { YYPTRDIFF_T yylen; for (yylen = 0; yystr[yylen]; yylen++) continue; return yylen; } # endif #endif #ifndef yystpcpy # if defined __GLIBC__ && defined _STRING_H && defined _GNU_SOURCE # define yystpcpy stpcpy # else /* Copy YYSRC to YYDEST, returning the address of the terminating '\0' in YYDEST. */ static char * yystpcpy (char *yydest, const char *yysrc) { char *yyd = yydest; const char *yys = yysrc; while ((*yyd++ = *yys++) != '\0') continue; return yyd - 1; } # endif #endif #ifndef yytnamerr /* Copy to YYRES the contents of YYSTR after stripping away unnecessary quotes and backslashes, so that it's suitable for yyerror. The heuristic is that double-quoting is unnecessary unless the string contains an apostrophe, a comma, or backslash (other than backslash-backslash). YYSTR is taken from yytname. If YYRES is null, do not copy; instead, return the length of what the result would have been. */ static YYPTRDIFF_T yytnamerr (char *yyres, const char *yystr) { if (*yystr == '"') { YYPTRDIFF_T yyn = 0; char const *yyp = yystr; for (;;) switch (*++yyp) { case '\'': case ',': goto do_not_strip_quotes; case '\\': if (*++yyp != '\\') goto do_not_strip_quotes; else goto append; append: default: if (yyres) yyres[yyn] = *yyp; yyn++; break; case '"': if (yyres) yyres[yyn] = '\0'; return yyn; } do_not_strip_quotes: ; } if (yyres) return yystpcpy (yyres, yystr) - yyres; else return yystrlen (yystr); } #endif static int yy_syntax_error_arguments (const yypcontext_t *yyctx, yysymbol_kind_t yyarg[], int yyargn) { /* Actual size of YYARG. */ int yycount = 0; /* There are many possibilities here to consider: - If this state is a consistent state with a default action, then the only way this function was invoked is if the default action is an error action. In that case, don't check for expected tokens because there are none. - The only way there can be no lookahead present (in yychar) is if this state is a consistent state with a default action. Thus, detecting the absence of a lookahead is sufficient to determine that there is no unexpected or expected token to report. In that case, just report a simple "syntax error". - Don't assume there isn't a lookahead just because this state is a consistent state with a default action. There might have been a previous inconsistent state, consistent state with a non-default action, or user semantic action that manipulated yychar. - Of course, the expected token list depends on states to have correct lookahead information, and it depends on the parser not to perform extra reductions after fetching a lookahead from the scanner and before detecting a syntax error. Thus, state merging (from LALR or IELR) and default reductions corrupt the expected token list. However, the list is correct for canonical LR with one exception: it will still contain any token that will not be accepted due to an error action in a later state. */ if (yyctx->yytoken != YYSYMBOL_YYEMPTY) { int yyn; if (yyarg) yyarg[yycount] = yyctx->yytoken; ++yycount; yyn = yypcontext_expected_tokens (yyctx, yyarg ? yyarg + 1 : yyarg, yyargn - 1); if (yyn == YYENOMEM) return YYENOMEM; else yycount += yyn; } return yycount; } /* Copy into *YYMSG, which is of size *YYMSG_ALLOC, an error message about the unexpected token YYTOKEN for the state stack whose top is YYSSP. Return 0 if *YYMSG was successfully written. Return -1 if *YYMSG is not large enough to hold the message. In that case, also set *YYMSG_ALLOC to the required number of bytes. Return YYENOMEM if the required number of bytes is too large to store. */ static int yysyntax_error (YYPTRDIFF_T *yymsg_alloc, char **yymsg, const yypcontext_t *yyctx) { enum { YYARGS_MAX = 5 }; /* Internationalized format string. */ const char *yyformat = YY_NULLPTR; /* Arguments of yyformat: reported tokens (one for the "unexpected", one per "expected"). */ yysymbol_kind_t yyarg[YYARGS_MAX]; /* Cumulated lengths of YYARG. */ YYPTRDIFF_T yysize = 0; /* Actual size of YYARG. */ int yycount = yy_syntax_error_arguments (yyctx, yyarg, YYARGS_MAX); if (yycount == YYENOMEM) return YYENOMEM; switch (yycount) { #define YYCASE_(N, S) \ case N: \ yyformat = S; \ break default: /* Avoid compiler warnings. */ YYCASE_(0, YY_("syntax error")); YYCASE_(1, YY_("syntax error, unexpected %s")); YYCASE_(2, YY_("syntax error, unexpected %s, expecting %s")); YYCASE_(3, YY_("syntax error, unexpected %s, expecting %s or %s")); YYCASE_(4, YY_("syntax error, unexpected %s, expecting %s or %s or %s")); YYCASE_(5, YY_("syntax error, unexpected %s, expecting %s or %s or %s or %s")); #undef YYCASE_ } /* Compute error message size. Don't count the "%s"s, but reserve room for the terminator. */ yysize = yystrlen (yyformat) - 2 * yycount + 1; { int yyi; for (yyi = 0; yyi < yycount; ++yyi) { YYPTRDIFF_T yysize1 = yysize + yytnamerr (YY_NULLPTR, yytname[yyarg[yyi]]); if (yysize <= yysize1 && yysize1 <= YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM) yysize = yysize1; else return YYENOMEM; } } if (*yymsg_alloc < yysize) { *yymsg_alloc = 2 * yysize; if (! (yysize <= *yymsg_alloc && *yymsg_alloc <= YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM)) *yymsg_alloc = YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM; return -1; } /* Avoid sprintf, as that infringes on the user's name space. Don't have undefined behavior even if the translation produced a string with the wrong number of "%s"s. */ { char *yyp = *yymsg; int yyi = 0; while ((*yyp = *yyformat) != '\0') if (*yyp == '%' && yyformat[1] == 's' && yyi < yycount) { yyp += yytnamerr (yyp, yytname[yyarg[yyi++]]); yyformat += 2; } else { ++yyp; ++yyformat; } } return 0; } /*-----------------------------------------------. | Release the memory associated to this symbol. | `-----------------------------------------------*/ static void yydestruct (const char *yymsg, yysymbol_kind_t yykind, YYSTYPE *yyvaluep) { YY_USE (yyvaluep); if (!yymsg) yymsg = "Deleting"; YY_SYMBOL_PRINT (yymsg, yykind, yyvaluep, yylocationp); YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_BEGIN YY_USE (yykind); YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_END } /* Lookahead token kind. */ int yychar; /* The semantic value of the lookahead symbol. */ YYSTYPE yylval; /* Number of syntax errors so far. */ int yynerrs; /*----------. | yyparse. | `----------*/ int yyparse (void) { yy_state_fast_t yystate = 0; /* Number of tokens to shift before error messages enabled. */ int yyerrstatus = 0; /* Refer to the stacks through separate pointers, to allow yyoverflow to reallocate them elsewhere. */ /* Their size. */ YYPTRDIFF_T yystacksize = YYINITDEPTH; /* The state stack: array, bottom, top. */ yy_state_t yyssa[YYINITDEPTH]; yy_state_t *yyss = yyssa; yy_state_t *yyssp = yyss; /* The semantic value stack: array, bottom, top. */ YYSTYPE yyvsa[YYINITDEPTH]; YYSTYPE *yyvs = yyvsa; YYSTYPE *yyvsp = yyvs; int yyn; /* The return value of yyparse. */ int yyresult; /* Lookahead symbol kind. */ yysymbol_kind_t yytoken = YYSYMBOL_YYEMPTY; /* The variables used to return semantic value and location from the action routines. */ YYSTYPE yyval; /* Buffer for error messages, and its allocated size. */ char yymsgbuf[128]; char *yymsg = yymsgbuf; YYPTRDIFF_T yymsg_alloc = sizeof yymsgbuf; #define YYPOPSTACK(N) (yyvsp -= (N), yyssp -= (N)) /* The number of symbols on the RHS of the reduced rule. Keep to zero when no symbol should be popped. */ int yylen = 0; YYDPRINTF ((stderr, "Starting parse\n")); yychar = YYUNITEMPTY; /* Cause a token to be read. */ goto yysetstate; /*------------------------------------------------------------. | yynewstate -- push a new state, which is found in yystate. | `------------------------------------------------------------*/ yynewstate: /* In all cases, when you get here, the value and location stacks have just been pushed. So pushing a state here evens the stacks. */ yyssp++; /*--------------------------------------------------------------------. | yysetstate -- set current state (the top of the stack) to yystate. | `--------------------------------------------------------------------*/ yysetstate: YYDPRINTF ((stderr, "Entering state %d\n", yystate)); YY_ASSERT (0 <= yystate && yystate < YYNSTATES); YY_IGNORE_USELESS_CAST_BEGIN *yyssp = YY_CAST (yy_state_t, yystate); YY_IGNORE_USELESS_CAST_END YY_STACK_PRINT (yyss, yyssp); if (yyss + yystacksize - 1 <= yyssp) #if !defined yyoverflow && !defined YYSTACK_RELOCATE YYNOMEM; #else { /* Get the current used size of the three stacks, in elements. */ YYPTRDIFF_T yysize = yyssp - yyss + 1; # if defined yyoverflow { /* Give user a chance to reallocate the stack. Use copies of these so that the &'s don't force the real ones into memory. */ yy_state_t *yyss1 = yyss; YYSTYPE *yyvs1 = yyvs; /* Each stack pointer address is followed by the size of the data in use in that stack, in bytes. This used to be a conditional around just the two extra args, but that might be undefined if yyoverflow is a macro. */ yyoverflow (YY_("memory exhausted"), &yyss1, yysize * YYSIZEOF (*yyssp), &yyvs1, yysize * YYSIZEOF (*yyvsp), &yystacksize); yyss = yyss1; yyvs = yyvs1; } # else /* defined YYSTACK_RELOCATE */ /* Extend the stack our own way. */ if (YYMAXDEPTH <= yystacksize) YYNOMEM; yystacksize *= 2; if (YYMAXDEPTH < yystacksize) yystacksize = YYMAXDEPTH; { yy_state_t *yyss1 = yyss; union yyalloc *yyptr = YY_CAST (union yyalloc *, YYSTACK_ALLOC (YY_CAST (YYSIZE_T, YYSTACK_BYTES (yystacksize)))); if (! yyptr) YYNOMEM; YYSTACK_RELOCATE (yyss_alloc, yyss); YYSTACK_RELOCATE (yyvs_alloc, yyvs); # undef YYSTACK_RELOCATE if (yyss1 != yyssa) YYSTACK_FREE (yyss1); } # endif yyssp = yyss + yysize - 1; yyvsp = yyvs + yysize - 1; YY_IGNORE_USELESS_CAST_BEGIN YYDPRINTF ((stderr, "Stack size increased to %ld\n", YY_CAST (long, yystacksize))); YY_IGNORE_USELESS_CAST_END if (yyss + yystacksize - 1 <= yyssp) YYABORT; } #endif /* !defined yyoverflow && !defined YYSTACK_RELOCATE */ if (yystate == YYFINAL) YYACCEPT; goto yybackup; /*-----------. | yybackup. | `-----------*/ yybackup: /* Do appropriate processing given the current state. Read a lookahead token if we need one and don't already have one. */ /* First try to decide what to do without reference to lookahead token. */ yyn = yypact[yystate]; if (yypact_value_is_default (yyn)) goto yydefault; /* Not known => get a lookahead token if don't already have one. */ /* YYCHAR is either empty, or end-of-input, or a valid lookahead. */ if (yychar == YYUNITEMPTY) { YYDPRINTF ((stderr, "Reading a token\n")); yychar = yylex (); } if (yychar <= YYUNITEOF) { yychar = YYUNITEOF; yytoken = YYSYMBOL_YYEOF; YYDPRINTF ((stderr, "Now at end of input.\n")); } else if (yychar == YYUNITerror) { /* The scanner already issued an error message, process directly to error recovery. But do not keep the error token as lookahead, it is too special and may lead us to an endless loop in error recovery. */ yychar = YYUNITUNDEF; yytoken = YYSYMBOL_YYerror; goto yyerrlab1; } else { yytoken = YYTRANSLATE (yychar); YY_SYMBOL_PRINT ("Next token is", yytoken, &yylval, &yylloc); } /* If the proper action on seeing token YYTOKEN is to reduce or to detect an error, take that action. */ yyn += yytoken; if (yyn < 0 || YYLAST < yyn || yycheck[yyn] != yytoken) goto yydefault; yyn = yytable[yyn]; if (yyn <= 0) { if (yytable_value_is_error (yyn)) goto yyerrlab; yyn = -yyn; goto yyreduce; } /* Count tokens shifted since error; after three, turn off error status. */ if (yyerrstatus) yyerrstatus--; /* Shift the lookahead token. */ YY_SYMBOL_PRINT ("Shifting", yytoken, &yylval, &yylloc); yystate = yyn; YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_BEGIN *++yyvsp = yylval; YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_END /* Discard the shifted token. */ yychar = YYUNITEMPTY; goto yynewstate; /*-----------------------------------------------------------. | yydefault -- do the default action for the current state. | `-----------------------------------------------------------*/ yydefault: yyn = yydefact[yystate]; if (yyn == 0) goto yyerrlab; goto yyreduce; /*-----------------------------. | yyreduce -- do a reduction. | `-----------------------------*/ yyreduce: /* yyn is the number of a rule to reduce with. */ yylen = yyr2[yyn]; /* If YYLEN is nonzero, implement the default value of the action: '$$ = $1'. Otherwise, the following line sets YYVAL to garbage. This behavior is undocumented and Bison users should not rely upon it. Assigning to YYVAL unconditionally makes the parser a bit smaller, and it avoids a GCC warning that YYVAL may be used uninitialized. */ yyval = yyvsp[1-yylen]; YY_REDUCE_PRINT (yyn); switch (yyn) { case 2: /* input: expr */ #line 50 "unitparse.y" { *unit_parse_result = (yyvsp[0].expr); } #line 1405 "unitparse.tab.c" break; case 4: /* expr: '+' simple_expr */ #line 59 "unitparse.y" { (yyval.expr) = (yyvsp[0].simple_expr); (yyval.expr).shift = 0.0; } #line 1414 "unitparse.tab.c" break; case 5: /* expr: '-' simple_expr */ #line 63 "unitparse.y" { (yyval.expr) = (yyvsp[0].simple_expr); (yyval.expr).unit.value = -(yyval.expr).unit.value; (yyval.expr).shift = 0.0; } #line 1424 "unitparse.tab.c" break; case 6: /* expr: expr exponent */ #line 68 "unitparse.y" { int i; if ((yyvsp[0].exponent) != 1) { (yyval.expr).unit.value = pow((yyvsp[-1].expr).unit.value, (yyvsp[0].exponent)); for (i = 0; i < N_UNITS; i++) (yyval.expr).unit.units[i] = (yyvsp[-1].expr).unit.units[i] * (yyvsp[0].exponent); } else { (yyval.expr) = (yyvsp[-1].expr); } (yyval.expr).shift = 0.0; } #line 1440 "unitparse.tab.c" break; case 7: /* expr: expr '+' expr */ #line 79 "unitparse.y" { unit_add_internal(&(yyvsp[-2].expr).unit, &(yyvsp[0].expr).unit, &(yyval.expr).unit); (yyval.expr).shift = 0.0; } #line 1449 "unitparse.tab.c" break; case 8: /* expr: expr '-' expr */ #line 83 "unitparse.y" { unit_sub_internal(&(yyvsp[-2].expr).unit, &(yyvsp[0].expr).unit, &(yyval.expr).unit); (yyval.expr).shift = 0.0; } #line 1458 "unitparse.tab.c" break; case 9: /* expr: expr expr */ #line 87 "unitparse.y" { unit_mult_internal(&(yyvsp[-1].expr).unit, &(yyvsp[0].expr).unit, &(yyval.expr).unit); if ((yyvsp[0].expr).shift != 0.0) /* avoid shift to not destroy -0 */ (yyval.expr).unit.value += (yyvsp[0].expr).shift; /* shift is evaluated exactly here */ (yyval.expr).shift = 0.0; } #line 1469 "unitparse.tab.c" break; case 10: /* expr: expr '*' expr */ #line 93 "unitparse.y" { unit_mult_internal(&(yyvsp[-2].expr).unit, &(yyvsp[0].expr).unit, &(yyval.expr).unit); (yyval.expr).shift = 0.0; } #line 1478 "unitparse.tab.c" break; case 11: /* expr: expr '/' expr */ #line 97 "unitparse.y" { unit_div_internal(&(yyvsp[-2].expr).unit, &(yyvsp[0].expr).unit, &(yyval.expr).unit); (yyval.expr).shift = 0.0; } #line 1487 "unitparse.tab.c" break; case 12: /* expr: '/' expr */ #line 101 "unitparse.y" { Unit nominator = { 1.0, {0} }; unit_div_internal(&nominator, &(yyvsp[0].expr).unit, &(yyval.expr).unit); (yyval.expr).shift = 0.0; } #line 1497 "unitparse.tab.c" break; case 13: /* simple_expr: number */ #line 109 "unitparse.y" { (yyval.simple_expr).unit.value = (yyvsp[0].number); memset(&(yyval.simple_expr).unit.units, 0, N_UNITS); (yyval.simple_expr).shift = 0.0; } #line 1507 "unitparse.tab.c" break; case 15: /* simple_expr: FUNCTION '(' expr ')' */ #line 115 "unitparse.y" { switch ((yyvsp[-3].FUNCTION)) { case FUNCTION_SQRT: unit_sqrt_internal(&(yyvsp[-1].expr).unit, &(yyval.simple_expr).unit); break; case FUNCTION_EXP: unit_exp_internal(&(yyvsp[-1].expr).unit, &(yyval.simple_expr).unit); break; case FUNCTION_LN: unit_ln_internal(&(yyvsp[-1].expr).unit, &(yyval.simple_expr).unit); break; case FUNCTION_LOG2: unit_log2_internal(&(yyvsp[-1].expr).unit, &(yyval.simple_expr).unit); break; case FUNCTION_ASIN: unit_asin_internal(&(yyvsp[-1].expr).unit, &(yyval.simple_expr).unit); break; case FUNCTION_TAN: unit_tan_internal(&(yyvsp[-1].expr).unit, &(yyval.simple_expr).unit); break; } } #line 1534 "unitparse.tab.c" break; case 16: /* simple_expr: '(' expr ')' */ #line 137 "unitparse.y" { (yyval.simple_expr) = (yyvsp[-1].expr); (yyval.simple_expr).shift = 0.0; } #line 1543 "unitparse.tab.c" break; case 18: /* number: DOUBLE '|' DOUBLE */ #line 144 "unitparse.y" { (yyval.number) = (yyvsp[-2].DOUBLE) / (yyvsp[0].DOUBLE); } #line 1551 "unitparse.tab.c" break; case 20: /* exponent: SUPER_SIGN super */ #line 150 "unitparse.y" { (yyval.exponent) = (yyvsp[-1].SUPER_SIGN) * (yyvsp[0].super); } #line 1557 "unitparse.tab.c" break; case 23: /* super: SUPER super */ #line 156 "unitparse.y" { (yyval.super) = 10 * (yyvsp[-1].SUPER) + (yyvsp[0].super); } #line 1563 "unitparse.tab.c" break; #line 1567 "unitparse.tab.c" default: break; } /* User semantic actions sometimes alter yychar, and that requires that yytoken be updated with the new translation. We take the approach of translating immediately before every use of yytoken. One alternative is translating here after every semantic action, but that translation would be missed if the semantic action invokes YYABORT, YYACCEPT, or YYERROR immediately after altering yychar or if it invokes YYBACKUP. In the case of YYABORT or YYACCEPT, an incorrect destructor might then be invoked immediately. In the case of YYERROR or YYBACKUP, subsequent parser actions might lead to an incorrect destructor call or verbose syntax error message before the lookahead is translated. */ YY_SYMBOL_PRINT ("-> $$ =", YY_CAST (yysymbol_kind_t, yyr1[yyn]), &yyval, &yyloc); YYPOPSTACK (yylen); yylen = 0; *++yyvsp = yyval; /* Now 'shift' the result of the reduction. Determine what state that goes to, based on the state we popped back to and the rule number reduced by. */ { const int yylhs = yyr1[yyn] - YYNTOKENS; const int yyi = yypgoto[yylhs] + *yyssp; yystate = (0 <= yyi && yyi <= YYLAST && yycheck[yyi] == *yyssp ? yytable[yyi] : yydefgoto[yylhs]); } goto yynewstate; /*--------------------------------------. | yyerrlab -- here on detecting error. | `--------------------------------------*/ yyerrlab: /* Make sure we have latest lookahead translation. See comments at user semantic actions for why this is necessary. */ yytoken = yychar == YYUNITEMPTY ? YYSYMBOL_YYEMPTY : YYTRANSLATE (yychar); /* If not already recovering from an error, report this error. */ if (!yyerrstatus) { ++yynerrs; { yypcontext_t yyctx = {yyssp, yytoken}; char const *yymsgp = YY_("syntax error"); int yysyntax_error_status; yysyntax_error_status = yysyntax_error (&yymsg_alloc, &yymsg, &yyctx); if (yysyntax_error_status == 0) yymsgp = yymsg; else if (yysyntax_error_status == -1) { if (yymsg != yymsgbuf) YYSTACK_FREE (yymsg); yymsg = YY_CAST (char *, YYSTACK_ALLOC (YY_CAST (YYSIZE_T, yymsg_alloc))); if (yymsg) { yysyntax_error_status = yysyntax_error (&yymsg_alloc, &yymsg, &yyctx); yymsgp = yymsg; } else { yymsg = yymsgbuf; yymsg_alloc = sizeof yymsgbuf; yysyntax_error_status = YYENOMEM; } } yyerror (yymsgp); if (yysyntax_error_status == YYENOMEM) YYNOMEM; } } if (yyerrstatus == 3) { /* If just tried and failed to reuse lookahead token after an error, discard it. */ if (yychar <= YYUNITEOF) { /* Return failure if at end of input. */ if (yychar == YYUNITEOF) YYABORT; } else { yydestruct ("Error: discarding", yytoken, &yylval); yychar = YYUNITEMPTY; } } /* Else will try to reuse lookahead token after shifting the error token. */ goto yyerrlab1; /*---------------------------------------------------. | yyerrorlab -- error raised explicitly by YYERROR. | `---------------------------------------------------*/ yyerrorlab: /* Pacify compilers when the user code never invokes YYERROR and the label yyerrorlab therefore never appears in user code. */ if (0) YYERROR; ++yynerrs; /* Do not reclaim the symbols of the rule whose action triggered this YYERROR. */ YYPOPSTACK (yylen); yylen = 0; YY_STACK_PRINT (yyss, yyssp); yystate = *yyssp; goto yyerrlab1; /*-------------------------------------------------------------. | yyerrlab1 -- common code for both syntax error and YYERROR. | `-------------------------------------------------------------*/ yyerrlab1: yyerrstatus = 3; /* Each real token shifted decrements this. */ /* Pop stack until we find a state that shifts the error token. */ for (;;) { yyn = yypact[yystate]; if (!yypact_value_is_default (yyn)) { yyn += YYSYMBOL_YYerror; if (0 <= yyn && yyn <= YYLAST && yycheck[yyn] == YYSYMBOL_YYerror) { yyn = yytable[yyn]; if (0 < yyn) break; } } /* Pop the current state because it cannot handle the error token. */ if (yyssp == yyss) YYABORT; yydestruct ("Error: popping", YY_ACCESSING_SYMBOL (yystate), yyvsp); YYPOPSTACK (1); yystate = *yyssp; YY_STACK_PRINT (yyss, yyssp); } YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_BEGIN *++yyvsp = yylval; YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_END /* Shift the error token. */ YY_SYMBOL_PRINT ("Shifting", YY_ACCESSING_SYMBOL (yyn), yyvsp, yylsp); yystate = yyn; goto yynewstate; /*-------------------------------------. | yyacceptlab -- YYACCEPT comes here. | `-------------------------------------*/ yyacceptlab: yyresult = 0; goto yyreturnlab; /*-----------------------------------. | yyabortlab -- YYABORT comes here. | `-----------------------------------*/ yyabortlab: yyresult = 1; goto yyreturnlab; /*-----------------------------------------------------------. | yyexhaustedlab -- YYNOMEM (memory exhaustion) comes here. | `-----------------------------------------------------------*/ yyexhaustedlab: yyerror (YY_("memory exhausted")); yyresult = 2; goto yyreturnlab; /*----------------------------------------------------------. | yyreturnlab -- parsing is finished, clean up and return. | `----------------------------------------------------------*/ yyreturnlab: if (yychar != YYUNITEMPTY) { /* Make sure we have latest lookahead translation. See comments at user semantic actions for why this is necessary. */ yytoken = YYTRANSLATE (yychar); yydestruct ("Cleanup: discarding lookahead", yytoken, &yylval); } /* Do not reclaim the symbols of the rule whose action triggered this YYABORT or YYACCEPT. */ YYPOPSTACK (yylen); YY_STACK_PRINT (yyss, yyssp); while (yyssp != yyss) { yydestruct ("Cleanup: popping", YY_ACCESSING_SYMBOL (+*yyssp), yyvsp); YYPOPSTACK (1); } #ifndef yyoverflow if (yyss != yyssa) YYSTACK_FREE (yyss); #endif if (yymsg != yymsgbuf) YYSTACK_FREE (yymsg); return yyresult; } #line 159 "unitparse.y" /* parse a given string and return the result via the second argument */ int unit_parse (char *s, UnitShift *unit_shift) { struct yyunit_buffer_state *buf; int ret; unit_parse_result = unit_shift; buf = yyunit_scan_string(s); ret = yyunitparse(); yyunit_delete_buffer(buf); return ret; } postgresql-unit-7.10/unitparse.tab.h000066400000000000000000000075331472555243500175750ustar00rootroot00000000000000/* A Bison parser, made by GNU Bison 3.8.2. */ /* Bison interface for Yacc-like parsers in C Copyright (C) 1984, 1989-1990, 2000-2015, 2018-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see . */ /* As a special exception, you may create a larger work that contains part or all of the Bison parser skeleton and distribute that work under terms of your choice, so long as that work isn't itself a parser generator using the skeleton or a modified version thereof as a parser skeleton. Alternatively, if you modify or redistribute the parser skeleton itself, you may (at your option) remove this special exception, which will cause the skeleton and the resulting Bison output files to be licensed under the GNU General Public License without this special exception. This special exception was added by the Free Software Foundation in version 2.2 of Bison. */ /* DO NOT RELY ON FEATURES THAT ARE NOT DOCUMENTED in the manual, especially those whose name start with YY_ or yy_. They are private implementation details that can be changed or removed. */ #ifndef YY_YYUNIT_UNITPARSE_TAB_H_INCLUDED # define YY_YYUNIT_UNITPARSE_TAB_H_INCLUDED /* Debug traces. */ #ifndef YYUNITDEBUG # if defined YYDEBUG #if YYDEBUG # define YYUNITDEBUG 1 # else # define YYUNITDEBUG 0 # endif # else /* ! defined YYDEBUG */ # define YYUNITDEBUG 0 # endif /* ! defined YYDEBUG */ #endif /* ! defined YYUNITDEBUG */ #if YYUNITDEBUG extern int yyunitdebug; #endif /* Token kinds. */ #ifndef YYUNITTOKENTYPE # define YYUNITTOKENTYPE enum yyunittokentype { YYUNITEMPTY = -2, YYUNITEOF = 0, /* "end of file" */ YYUNITerror = 256, /* error */ YYUNITUNDEF = 257, /* "invalid token" */ DOUBLE = 258, /* DOUBLE */ UNIT_SHIFT = 259, /* UNIT_SHIFT */ EXPONENT = 260, /* EXPONENT */ SUPER_SIGN = 261, /* SUPER_SIGN */ SUPER = 262, /* SUPER */ FUNCTION = 263, /* FUNCTION */ ERR = 264, /* ERR */ UMINUS = 265 /* UMINUS */ }; typedef enum yyunittokentype yyunittoken_kind_t; #endif /* Value type. */ #if ! defined YYUNITSTYPE && ! defined YYUNITSTYPE_IS_DECLARED union YYUNITSTYPE { UnitShift UNIT_SHIFT; /* UNIT_SHIFT */ UnitShift input; /* input */ UnitShift expr; /* expr */ UnitShift simple_expr; /* simple_expr */ double DOUBLE; /* DOUBLE */ double number; /* number */ enum parser_function FUNCTION; /* FUNCTION */ int EXPONENT; /* EXPONENT */ int SUPER_SIGN; /* SUPER_SIGN */ int SUPER; /* SUPER */ int exponent; /* exponent */ int super; /* super */ #line 95 "unitparse.tab.h" }; typedef union YYUNITSTYPE YYUNITSTYPE; # define YYUNITSTYPE_IS_TRIVIAL 1 # define YYUNITSTYPE_IS_DECLARED 1 #endif extern YYUNITSTYPE yyunitlval; int yyunitparse (void); #endif /* !YY_YYUNIT_UNITPARSE_TAB_H_INCLUDED */ postgresql-unit-7.10/unitparse.y000066400000000000000000000072051472555243500170450ustar00rootroot00000000000000/* Copyright (C) 2016-2018 Christoph Berg This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. */ %{ #include /* bzero */ #include /* pow */ #include "unit.h" /* flex/bison prototypes */ int yylex (void); struct yyunit_buffer_state *yyunit_scan_string(char *str); void yyunit_delete_buffer(struct yyunit_buffer_state *buffer); void yyerror (char const *s); static UnitShift *unit_parse_result; /* parsing result gets stored here */ %} %define parse.error verbose %define api.prefix {yyunit} %define api.value.type union %token DOUBLE %token UNIT_SHIFT %token EXPONENT SUPER_SIGN SUPER %token FUNCTION %token ERR %type input expr simple_expr %type number %type exponent super %left '+' '-' %left '/' %left '*' /* * binds stronger than / */ %left UMINUS /* unary minus */ %% input: expr { *unit_parse_result = $1; } ; expr: simple_expr /* accept only simple expressions after unary sign to disambiguate * (-N)N from -(NN): (-273.15)°C is not the same as -(273.15°C) */ | '+' simple_expr %prec UMINUS { $$ = $2; $$.shift = 0.0; } | '-' simple_expr %prec UMINUS { $$ = $2; $$.unit.value = -$$.unit.value; $$.shift = 0.0; } | expr exponent { int i; if ($2 != 1) { $$.unit.value = pow($1.unit.value, $2); for (i = 0; i < N_UNITS; i++) $$.unit.units[i] = $1.unit.units[i] * $2; } else { $$ = $1; } $$.shift = 0.0; } | expr '+' expr { unit_add_internal(&$1.unit, &$3.unit, &$$.unit); $$.shift = 0.0; } | expr '-' expr { unit_sub_internal(&$1.unit, &$3.unit, &$$.unit); $$.shift = 0.0; } | expr expr %prec '*' { unit_mult_internal(&$1.unit, &$2.unit, &$$.unit); if ($2.shift != 0.0) /* avoid shift to not destroy -0 */ $$.unit.value += $2.shift; /* shift is evaluated exactly here */ $$.shift = 0.0; } | expr '*' expr { unit_mult_internal(&$1.unit, &$3.unit, &$$.unit); $$.shift = 0.0; } | expr '/' expr { unit_div_internal(&$1.unit, &$3.unit, &$$.unit); $$.shift = 0.0; } | '/' expr { Unit nominator = { 1.0, {0} }; unit_div_internal(&nominator, &$2.unit, &$$.unit); $$.shift = 0.0; } ; simple_expr: number { $$.unit.value = $1; memset(&$$.unit.units, 0, N_UNITS); $$.shift = 0.0; } | UNIT_SHIFT | FUNCTION '(' expr ')' { switch ($1) { case FUNCTION_SQRT: unit_sqrt_internal(&$3.unit, &$$.unit); break; case FUNCTION_EXP: unit_exp_internal(&$3.unit, &$$.unit); break; case FUNCTION_LN: unit_ln_internal(&$3.unit, &$$.unit); break; case FUNCTION_LOG2: unit_log2_internal(&$3.unit, &$$.unit); break; case FUNCTION_ASIN: unit_asin_internal(&$3.unit, &$$.unit); break; case FUNCTION_TAN: unit_tan_internal(&$3.unit, &$$.unit); break; } } | '(' expr ')' { $$ = $2; $$.shift = 0.0; } number: DOUBLE | DOUBLE '|' DOUBLE { $$ = $1 / $3; } exponent: EXPONENT | SUPER_SIGN super { $$ = $1 * $2; } | super ; super: SUPER | SUPER super { $$ = 10 * $1 + $2; } ; %% /* parse a given string and return the result via the second argument */ int unit_parse (char *s, UnitShift *unit_shift) { struct yyunit_buffer_state *buf; int ret; unit_parse_result = unit_shift; buf = yyunit_scan_string(s); ret = yyunitparse(); yyunit_delete_buffer(buf); return ret; }