scheme48-1.9/README000644 004306 005702 00000012400 12067075540 014703 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 ; Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. This is Scheme 48 1.9 "Tübingen Edition" a derivative of Scheme 48 0.58, put together by various volunteers around the Internet, with release management happening in Tübingen, Germany. Scheme 48 0.58 was developed by Richard Kelsey and Jonathan Rees and incorporates PreScheme 0.5 by Richard Kelsey. Please report bugs to scheme-48-bugs@s48.org, and include the version number in your message. Installation instructions in file INSTALL. A user's guide is in file doc/user-guide.txt. Recent changes are listed in file doc/news.txt. Known bugs and things to do in the future are listed in doc/todo.txt. The license conditions are explained in COPYING. Send mail to scheme-48-request@s48.org to be put on a mailing list for announcements, discussion, bug reports, and bug fixes. ----- The Scheme 48 root directory is organized as follows (not all files are listed here): README this file WINDOWS.txt notes on the Windows port INSTALL installation instructions COPYING notices and licenses COPYING.rtf copyright notice in RTF format configure configuration script Makefile.in input to configure doc/ some documentation scheme48.man a Unix-style manual page manual.ps manual in Postscript manual.pdf manual in PDF html/ manual in html (the root is html/index.html) src/ manual sources todo.txt list of improvements we hope to make someday news.txt list of improvements we have already made io.txt how the I/O system works deriving.txt how to create derived versions scheme/ scheme source files packages.scm meta-module definitions interfaces.scm system interface definitions more-interfaces.scm system interface definitions *-packages.scm module definitions bcomp/ the byte-code compiler vm/ virtual machine sources (written in Pre-Scheme) rts/ run-time system sources link/ static linker env/ development environment modules (debugger, etc.) big/ useful Scheme libraries and extensions ("Big Scheme") cml/ Concurrent ML libraries alt/ portable implementations of some Scheme 48 features opt/ optional code optimizer for the byte-code compiler prescheme/ code for running the VM using Scheme 48 debug/ debugging utilities, tests, etc. misc/ very miscellaneous things (e.g. AMB operator) posix/ interface to POSIX system calls srfi/ SRFI implementations sort/ sorting libraries ps-compiler/ Pre-Scheme -> C compiler c/ c source files sysdep.h.in input to configure scheme48vm.c most of the VM (generated by Pre-Scheme compiler) scheme48vm.h extern declarations for scheme48vm.c scheme48vm-prelude.h internal declarations for scheme48vm.c scheme48heap.c storage management (generated by Pre-Scheme compiler) scheme48heap.h extern declarations for scheme48heap.c scheme48read-image.c reading a heap from a file scheme48write-image.c writing a heap to a file scheme48image.h extern declarations for scheme48...-image.c scheme48write-barrier.h WRITE_BARRIER(...) macro main.c entry point for the VM prescheme.h part of the VM bignum.c large integers bignum.h declarations for large integers bignumint.h internal declarations for large integers external.c support for calling C and being called from C extension.c default definition of vm_extension() scheme48.h C declarations and macros for Scheme 48 data structures scheme48.h.in template for scheme48.h old-scheme48.h old version, included for compatibility c-mods.h minor additions to the C language event.h header file for OS interface io.h ditto fd-io.h ditto srfi-27.c C-side support for SRFI 27 (random bits) asm-glue.c support code for (upcoming) native code unix/ Unix-specific source files unix.h header file for unix/* files posix/ C half of interface to POSIX system calls fake/ C files for insufficiently POSIX-compliant systems build/ code for building the system filenames.make included by Makefile, generated automatically filenames.scm code for generating filenames.make initial.image an image file containing a minimal Scheme system initial.debug debugging database for same initial.scm script for creating initial.image build-usual-image script for creating scheme48.image load-linker.exec script for loading the external linker build-external-modules script for creating external-module initializer minor-version-number current version number generate-c-header.bat Windows batch file for generating c/scheme48.h build-usual-image.bat Windows batch file for creating scheme48.image build-initial-image.bat Windows batch file for creating build/initial.image i-know-what-i-am-doing.bat Windows batch file for compiling VM to C scheme48.wxs WiX script for generating scheme48.msi build/{UnicodeData.txt,PropList.txt,SpecialCasing.txt,CaseFolding.txt,CompositionExclusions.txt} Unicode data files emacs/ Emacs support scheme48-1.9/COPYING.rtf000644 004306 005702 00000003554 12067075540 015662 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 {\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0\deflang1031{\fonttbl{\f0\fswiss\fcharset0 Arial;}{\f1\fnil\fcharset0 Arial;}} {\*\generator Msftedit 5.41.21.2509;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\sb100\sa100\f0\fs20 Copyrig\f1 ht \lang1033\fs24\'a9\lang1031\fs20 19\f0 86-2001 Richard Kelsey and Jonathan Rees.\par \pard Copyright \lang1033\f1\fs24\'a9\lang1031\f0\fs20 2001-2007 Michael Sperber and Martin Gasbichler.\par Copyright \lang1033\f1\fs24\'a9\lang1031\f0\fs20 2007-2010 Michael Sperber and Marcus Crestani.\par All rights reserved.\par \par Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:\par \par 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.\par 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.\par 3. The name of the authors may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.\par \par THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.\par } scheme48-1.9/COPYING000644 004306 005702 00000007074 12067075540 015071 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 This collection of files constitutes the Scheme 48 1.9 distribution. It is distributed under the following terms: Copyright © 1986-2001 Richard Kelsey and Jonathan Rees. Copyright © 2001-2007 Michael Sperber and Martin Gasbichler. Copyright © 2007-2012 Michael Sperber and Marcus Crestani. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notices, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notices, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. The name of the authors may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Scheme 48 1.9 derives from Scheme 48 0.58, which was developed by Richard Kelsey and Jonathan Rees and incorporates PreScheme 0.5 by Richard Kelsey. The distribution includes a number of contributions by permission: - This distribution includes a bignum arithmetic implementation (files c/bignum.c, c/bignum.h, c/bignumint.h) obtained from MIT Scheme. See the file contents for license information. - This distribution contains code for printing floating-point numbers by Robert G. Burger, in file c/free.c. See the file contents for license information. - This distribution includes files 'configure', 'aclocal.m4', 'config.sub', 'sysdep.h.in' which are output of the 'autoconf' program. The Free Software Foundation gives unlimited permission to copy, distribute and modify 'autoconf' output. - This distribution includes file 'mkinstalldirs' by Noah Friedman, in the public domain. - File INSTALL includes text taken from the 'autoconf' distribution from the Free Software Foundation. See the file contents for license information. - File install-sh is part of X11R6 from the X Consortium. See the file contents for license information. - This distribution includes code from SRFI reference implementations in directory scheme/srfi and in file c/srfi-27.c, all under the public domain or available under open-source licenses; see the individual files from this directory for license information. - This distribution includes code for sorting in directory scheme/sort by Olin Shivers, under the public domain. - This distribution includes code for processing Unicode text contributed by Basis Technology Corporation, otherwise distributed under the license above. - This distributes includes code from the tex2page distribution by Dorai Sitaram. See the files doc/src/css.t2p and doc/src/manual.t2p for license information. scheme48-1.9/INSTALL000644 004306 005702 00000042313 12070060502 015044 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 Scheme 48 installation instructions for Unix -------------------------------------------- (for notes on Windows installation, check WINDOWS.txt) A typical installation would proceed as follows: download the .tgz file to your /tmp directory, and then issue the following shell commands: cd /usr/local/src gunzip configures Scheme 48 with a specific garbage collector (GC). Two GCs ship with the system "twospace" and "bibop"---the default is "bibop": The twospace GC is simple, but has inferior performance and requires a fixed limit on the heap size. The bibop GC is much more sophisticated and faster, and it allows specifying "-h 0" on the command line, meaning that the heap will expand as necessary to accomodate the program. Note that this means that a program with, say, infinite non-tail recursion will grow the heap indefinitely. --enable-universal-binary works only on Apple Macs and means that Scheme 48 will be built as a Universal Binary that can run on both PowerPC and Intel Macs. --enable-force-32bit forces configuration for a 32-bit executable on a 64-bit system. --enable-glib configures Scheme 48 to use the glib event loop. For more information on how to customize an installation of Scheme 48, see doc/install.txt. -------------------------------------------- Attached are the generic instructions for autoconf-based installation. Installation Instructions ************************* Copyright (C) 1994, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright notice and this notice are preserved. This file is offered as-is, without warranty of any kind. Basic Installation ================== Briefly, the shell commands `./configure; make; make install' should configure, build, and install this package. The following more-detailed instructions are generic; see the `README' file for instructions specific to this package. Some packages provide this `INSTALL' file but do not implement all of the features documented below. The lack of an optional feature in a given package is not necessarily a bug. More recommendations for GNU packages can be found in *note Makefile Conventions: (standards)Makefile Conventions. The `configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses those values to create a `Makefile' in each directory of the package. It may also create one or more `.h' files containing system-dependent definitions. Finally, it creates a shell script `config.status' that you can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, and a file `config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for debugging `configure'). It can also use an optional file (typically called `config.cache' and enabled with `--cache-file=config.cache' or simply `-C') that saves the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring. Caching is disabled by default to prevent problems with accidental use of stale cache files. If you need to do unusual things to compile the package, please try to figure out how `configure' could check whether to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to the address given in the `README' so they can be considered for the next release. If you are using the cache, and at some point `config.cache' contains results you don't want to keep, you may remove or edit it. The file `configure.ac' (or `configure.in') is used to create `configure' by a program called `autoconf'. You need `configure.ac' if you want to change it or regenerate `configure' using a newer version of `autoconf'. The simplest way to compile this package is: 1. `cd' to the directory containing the package's source code and type `./configure' to configure the package for your system. Running `configure' might take a while. While running, it prints some messages telling which features it is checking for. 2. Type `make' to compile the package. 3. Optionally, type `make check' to run any self-tests that come with the package, generally using the just-built uninstalled binaries. 4. Type `make install' to install the programs and any data files and documentation. When installing into a prefix owned by root, it is recommended that the package be configured and built as a regular user, and only the `make install' phase executed with root privileges. 5. Optionally, type `make installcheck' to repeat any self-tests, but this time using the binaries in their final installed location. This target does not install anything. Running this target as a regular user, particularly if the prior `make install' required root privileges, verifies that the installation completed correctly. 6. You can remove the program binaries and object files from the source code directory by typing `make clean'. To also remove the files that `configure' created (so you can compile the package for a different kind of computer), type `make distclean'. There is also a `make maintainer-clean' target, but that is intended mainly for the package's developers. If you use it, you may have to get all sorts of other programs in order to regenerate files that came with the distribution. 7. Often, you can also type `make uninstall' to remove the installed files again. In practice, not all packages have tested that uninstallation works correctly, even though it is required by the GNU Coding Standards. 8. Some packages, particularly those that use Automake, provide `make distcheck', which can by used by developers to test that all other targets like `make install' and `make uninstall' work correctly. This target is generally not run by end users. Compilers and Options ===================== Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that the `configure' script does not know about. Run `./configure --help' for details on some of the pertinent environment variables. You can give `configure' initial values for configuration parameters by setting variables in the command line or in the environment. Here is an example: ./configure CC=c99 CFLAGS=-g LIBS=-lposix *Note Defining Variables::, for more details. Compiling For Multiple Architectures ==================================== You can compile the package for more than one kind of computer at the same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their own directory. To do this, you can use GNU `make'. `cd' to the directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run the `configure' script. `configure' automatically checks for the source code in the directory that `configure' is in and in `..'. This is known as a "VPATH" build. With a non-GNU `make', it is safer to compile the package for one architecture at a time in the source code directory. After you have installed the package for one architecture, use `make distclean' before reconfiguring for another architecture. On MacOS X 10.5 and later systems, you can create libraries and executables that work on multiple system types--known as "fat" or "universal" binaries--by specifying multiple `-arch' options to the compiler but only a single `-arch' option to the preprocessor. Like this: ./configure CC="gcc -arch i386 -arch x86_64 -arch ppc -arch ppc64" \ CXX="g++ -arch i386 -arch x86_64 -arch ppc -arch ppc64" \ CPP="gcc -E" CXXCPP="g++ -E" This is not guaranteed to produce working output in all cases, you may have to build one architecture at a time and combine the results using the `lipo' tool if you have problems. Installation Names ================== By default, `make install' installs the package's commands under `/usr/local/bin', include files under `/usr/local/include', etc. You can specify an installation prefix other than `/usr/local' by giving `configure' the option `--prefix=PREFIX', where PREFIX must be an absolute file name. You can specify separate installation prefixes for architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. If you pass the option `--exec-prefix=PREFIX' to `configure', the package uses PREFIX as the prefix for installing programs and libraries. Documentation and other data files still use the regular prefix. In addition, if you use an unusual directory layout you can give options like `--bindir=DIR' to specify different values for particular kinds of files. Run `configure --help' for a list of the directories you can set and what kinds of files go in them. In general, the default for these options is expressed in terms of `${prefix}', so that specifying just `--prefix' will affect all of the other directory specifications that were not explicitly provided. The most portable way to affect installation locations is to pass the correct locations to `configure'; however, many packages provide one or both of the following shortcuts of passing variable assignments to the `make install' command line to change installation locations without having to reconfigure or recompile. The first method involves providing an override variable for each affected directory. For example, `make install prefix=/alternate/directory' will choose an alternate location for all directory configuration variables that were expressed in terms of `${prefix}'. Any directories that were specified during `configure', but not in terms of `${prefix}', must each be overridden at install time for the entire installation to be relocated. The approach of makefile variable overrides for each directory variable is required by the GNU Coding Standards, and ideally causes no recompilation. However, some platforms have known limitations with the semantics of shared libraries that end up requiring recompilation when using this method, particularly noticeable in packages that use GNU Libtool. The second method involves providing the `DESTDIR' variable. For example, `make install DESTDIR=/alternate/directory' will prepend `/alternate/directory' before all installation names. The approach of `DESTDIR' overrides is not required by the GNU Coding Standards, and does not work on platforms that have drive letters. On the other hand, it does better at avoiding recompilation issues, and works well even when some directory options were not specified in terms of `${prefix}' at `configure' time. Optional Features ================= If the package supports it, you can cause programs to be installed with an extra prefix or suffix on their names by giving `configure' the option `--program-prefix=PREFIX' or `--program-suffix=SUFFIX'. Some packages pay attention to `--enable-FEATURE' options to `configure', where FEATURE indicates an optional part of the package. They may also pay attention to `--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE is something like `gnu-as' or `x' (for the X Window System). The `README' should mention any `--enable-' and `--with-' options that the package recognizes. For packages that use the X Window System, `configure' can usually find the X include and library files automatically, but if it doesn't, you can use the `configure' options `--x-includes=DIR' and `--x-libraries=DIR' to specify their locations. Some packages offer the ability to configure how verbose the execution of `make' will be. For these packages, running `./configure --enable-silent-rules' sets the default to minimal output, which can be overridden with `make V=1'; while running `./configure --disable-silent-rules' sets the default to verbose, which can be overridden with `make V=0'. Particular systems ================== On HP-UX, the default C compiler is not ANSI C compatible. If GNU CC is not installed, it is recommended to use the following options in order to use an ANSI C compiler: ./configure CC="cc -Ae -D_XOPEN_SOURCE=500" and if that doesn't work, install pre-built binaries of GCC for HP-UX. On OSF/1 a.k.a. Tru64, some versions of the default C compiler cannot parse its `' header file. The option `-nodtk' can be used as a workaround. If GNU CC is not installed, it is therefore recommended to try ./configure CC="cc" and if that doesn't work, try ./configure CC="cc -nodtk" On Solaris, don't put `/usr/ucb' early in your `PATH'. This directory contains several dysfunctional programs; working variants of these programs are available in `/usr/bin'. So, if you need `/usr/ucb' in your `PATH', put it _after_ `/usr/bin'. On Haiku, software installed for all users goes in `/boot/common', not `/usr/local'. It is recommended to use the following options: ./configure --prefix=/boot/common Specifying the System Type ========================== There may be some features `configure' cannot figure out automatically, but needs to determine by the type of machine the package will run on. Usually, assuming the package is built to be run on the _same_ architectures, `configure' can figure that out, but if it prints a message saying it cannot guess the machine type, give it the `--build=TYPE' option. TYPE can either be a short name for the system type, such as `sun4', or a canonical name which has the form: CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM where SYSTEM can have one of these forms: OS KERNEL-OS See the file `config.sub' for the possible values of each field. If `config.sub' isn't included in this package, then this package doesn't need to know the machine type. If you are _building_ compiler tools for cross-compiling, you should use the option `--target=TYPE' to select the type of system they will produce code for. If you want to _use_ a cross compiler, that generates code for a platform different from the build platform, you should specify the "host" platform (i.e., that on which the generated programs will eventually be run) with `--host=TYPE'. Sharing Defaults ================ If you want to set default values for `configure' scripts to share, you can create a site shell script called `config.site' that gives default values for variables like `CC', `cache_file', and `prefix'. `configure' looks for `PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then `PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the `CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script. A warning: not all `configure' scripts look for a site script. Defining Variables ================== Variables not defined in a site shell script can be set in the environment passed to `configure'. However, some packages may run configure again during the build, and the customized values of these variables may be lost. In order to avoid this problem, you should set them in the `configure' command line, using `VAR=value'. For example: ./configure CC=/usr/local2/bin/gcc causes the specified `gcc' to be used as the C compiler (unless it is overridden in the site shell script). Unfortunately, this technique does not work for `CONFIG_SHELL' due to an Autoconf bug. Until the bug is fixed you can use this workaround: CONFIG_SHELL=/bin/bash /bin/bash ./configure CONFIG_SHELL=/bin/bash `configure' Invocation ====================== `configure' recognizes the following options to control how it operates. `--help' `-h' Print a summary of all of the options to `configure', and exit. `--help=short' `--help=recursive' Print a summary of the options unique to this package's `configure', and exit. The `short' variant lists options used only in the top level, while the `recursive' variant lists options also present in any nested packages. `--version' `-V' Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the `configure' script, and exit. `--cache-file=FILE' Enable the cache: use and save the results of the tests in FILE, traditionally `config.cache'. FILE defaults to `/dev/null' to disable caching. `--config-cache' `-C' Alias for `--cache-file=config.cache'. `--quiet' `--silent' `-q' Do not print messages saying which checks are being made. To suppress all normal output, redirect it to `/dev/null' (any error messages will still be shown). `--srcdir=DIR' Look for the package's source code in directory DIR. Usually `configure' can determine that directory automatically. `--prefix=DIR' Use DIR as the installation prefix. *note Installation Names:: for more details, including other options available for fine-tuning the installation locations. `--no-create' `-n' Run the configure checks, but stop before creating any output files. `configure' also accepts some other, not widely useful, options. Run `configure --help' for more details. scheme48-1.9/WINDOWS.txt000644 004306 005702 00000011365 12067075540 015727 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 Scheme 48 Windows port ---------------------- Starting with version 1.3, Scheme 48 has a native Windows port, which works on Windows NT 4.0 and above (including Windows 2000, XP and Vista, but not Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows ME). Specifically, the following caveats apply to the Windows port: o The "old-style" interface to loading external code dynamically doesn't work. (But the new interface works---see doc\news.txt and the documentation.) o The Posix libraries don't work (and probably never will, at least not in the current form). Installing Scheme 48 from the installer --------------------------------------- To install Scheme 48, download the .msi file and double-click on it. This requires Windows Installer version 2.0 or greater to work. Building Scheme 48 from source ------------------------------ The Scheme 48 developers build the VM using Microsoft Visual C++ 2010 Express Edition, which can be downloaded for free from the Microsoft web site. In order to build Scheme 48 from scratch, the following steps are needed: - install a recent regular release of Scheme 48 - generate the various Unicode tables via build\generate-unicode-info.bat (see below) - generate the initial image via build\build-initial-image.bat (see below) - generate the C headers via build\generate-c-header.bat (see below) - generate the C code for the VM and the BIBOP GC (see below) - build the VM itself (see below) - build scheme48.image via build\build-usual-image.bat (see below) - generate a batch file to run Scheme 48 - run the test suite via build\check.bat To run the various batch files, you should be sitting in a shell in the root of the Scheme 48 source-code hierarchy. If you have Boo (or are willing to download it), you can use build\BuildS48.boo to perform the above steps with far less typing. Read the comments at the beginning of BuildS48.boo for instructions. You can then start Scheme 48 by saying: scheme48 build\generate-unicode-info.bat This builds the Unicode tables from source. build\generate-unicode-info.bat "C:\Program Files\Scheme 48\Scheme 48 1.8\scheme48" build\build-initial-image.bat This builds build\initial.image-32 from source. It requires a command-line argument specifying how to start up a Scheme 48 REPL. Before running it, you need to generate build\filenames.bat via -a batch < build\extract-filenames.scm where starts up a Scheme 48 REPL, for example "C:\Program Files\Scheme 48\Scheme 48 1.8\scheme48" -a batch < build\extract-filenames.scm build\build-initial-image.bat "C:\Program Files\Scheme 48\Scheme 48 1.8\scheme48" build\generate-c-header.bat This generates the c\scheme48.h header file needed for compiling various VM extensions. It requires a command-line argument specifying how to start up a Scheme 48 REPL. Example: build\generate-c-header.bat "C:\Program Files\Scheme 48\Scheme 48 1.8\scheme48" build\compile-vm.bat build\compile-bibop-gc.bat This builds the VM C sources from Scheme. It requires a command-line argument specifying how to start up a Scheme 48 REPL. build\compile-vm.bat "C:\Program Files\Scheme 48\Scheme 48 1.8\scheme48" build\compile-bibop-gc.bat "C:\Program Files\Scheme 48\Scheme 48 1.8\scheme48" building the VM and dependent DLLs: To compile the VM, load the scheme48.sln "solution" file into Visual C++, choose a configuration ("Win32 Debug" or "Win32 Release") and build the entire solution. build\build-usual-image.bat This generates the default scheme48.image from build\initial.image. It requires six command-line arguments: - the root directory of the Scheme 48 sources *with a trailing backslash* - the full path of the installed scheme/ subdirectory of the Scheme 48 sources - the full path of the directory containing external code - the name of the image file to be generated - the name of the VM executable - the filename of the initial image Example (supposing the Scheme 48 root directory sits at c:\src\s48): build\build-usual-image.bat ".\" "C:\src\s48\scheme" "C:\src\s48" scheme48.image scheme48vm.exe build\initial.image-32 build\generate-go.bat This generates a batch file to start Scheme 48. It requires three command-line arguments: - the name of the batch file to produce - the full path of the VM executable - the full path of the image file Example (supposing the Scheme 48 root directory sits at c:\src\s48): build\generate-go.bat scheme48.bat "c:\src\s48\scheme48vm.exe" "c:\src\s48\scheme48.image" build\check.bat This runs the test cases that should succeed on Windows. It requires a command-line argument specifying the Scheme 48 executable to check. Example (using scheme48.bat generated by build\generate-go.bat above): build\check.bat "C:\src\s48\scheme48.bat" scheme48-1.9/configure000755 004306 005702 00001037703 12067075735 015756 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 #! /bin/sh # Guess values for system-dependent variables and create Makefiles. # Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.61. # # Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, # 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This configure script is free software; the Free Software Foundation # gives unlimited permission to copy, distribute and modify it. ## --------------------- ## ## M4sh Initialization. ## ## --------------------- ## # Be more Bourne compatible DUALCASE=1; export DUALCASE # for MKS sh if test -n "${ZSH_VERSION+set}" && (emulate sh) >/dev/null 2>&1; then emulate sh NULLCMD=: # Zsh 3.x and 4.x performs word splitting on ${1+"$@"}, which # is contrary to our usage. Disable this feature. alias -g '${1+"$@"}'='"$@"' setopt NO_GLOB_SUBST else case `(set -o) 2>/dev/null` in *posix*) set -o posix ;; esac fi # PATH needs CR # Avoid depending upon Character Ranges. as_cr_letters='abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' as_cr_LETTERS='ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' as_cr_Letters=$as_cr_letters$as_cr_LETTERS as_cr_digits='0123456789' as_cr_alnum=$as_cr_Letters$as_cr_digits # The user is always right. if test "${PATH_SEPARATOR+set}" != set; then echo "#! /bin/sh" >conf$$.sh echo "exit 0" >>conf$$.sh chmod +x conf$$.sh if (PATH="/nonexistent;."; conf$$.sh) >/dev/null 2>&1; then PATH_SEPARATOR=';' else PATH_SEPARATOR=: fi rm -f conf$$.sh fi # Support unset when possible. if ( (MAIL=60; unset MAIL) || exit) >/dev/null 2>&1; then as_unset=unset else as_unset=false fi # IFS # We need space, tab and new line, in precisely that order. Quoting is # there to prevent editors from complaining about space-tab. # (If _AS_PATH_WALK were called with IFS unset, it would disable word # splitting by setting IFS to empty value.) as_nl=' ' IFS=" "" $as_nl" # Find who we are. 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echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { ac_try='./conftest$ac_exeext' { (case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_try") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); }; }; then : else echo "$as_me: program exited with status $ac_status" >&5 echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 fi rm -f core *.core core.conftest.* gmon.out bb.out conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi case "$target" in *-*-aix*) if test -z "$CC" ; then for ac_prog in cc_r xlc_r cc do # Extract the first word of "$ac_prog", so it can be a program name with args. set dummy $ac_prog; ac_word=$2 { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for $ac_word" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for $ac_word... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_prog_CC+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else if test -n "$CC"; then ac_cv_prog_CC="$CC" # Let the user override the test. else as_save_IFS=$IFS; IFS=$PATH_SEPARATOR for as_dir in $PATH do IFS=$as_save_IFS test -z "$as_dir" && as_dir=. for ac_exec_ext in '' $ac_executable_extensions; do if { test -f "$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext" && $as_test_x "$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext"; }; then ac_cv_prog_CC="$ac_prog" echo "$as_me:$LINENO: found $as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext" >&5 break 2 fi done done IFS=$as_save_IFS fi fi CC=$ac_cv_prog_CC if test -n "$CC"; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $CC" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$CC" >&6; } else { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: no" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}no" >&6; } fi test -n "$CC" && break done fi ;; esac # Check whether --enable-gc was given. if test "${enable_gc+set}" = set; then enableval=$enable_gc; case $enableval in twospace ) cat >>confdefs.h <<\_ACEOF #define S48_GC_TWOSPACE 1 _ACEOF GC_OBJS='${GC_TWOSPACE_OBJS}' ;; bibop ) cat >>confdefs.h <<\_ACEOF #define S48_GC_BIBOP 1 _ACEOF GC_OBJS='${GC_BIBOP_OBJS}' ;; * ) { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: Invalid argument to --enable-gc" >&5 echo "$as_me: error: Invalid argument to --enable-gc" >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } ;; esac else cat >>confdefs.h <<\_ACEOF #define S48_GC_BIBOP 1 _ACEOF GC_OBJS='${GC_BIBOP_OBJS}' fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking whether we must build a 32bit binary" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking whether we must build a 32bit binary... $ECHO_C" >&6; } # Check whether --enable-force-32bit was given. if test "${enable_force_32bit+set}" = set; then enableval=$enable_force_32bit; if test "$enable_force_32bit" != no; then S48_FORCE_32_P="1" BIT_SUFFIX="32" case "$host" in x86_64-*-linux-gnu ) CFLAGS="${CFLAGS} -m32"; LDFLAGS="${LDFLAGS} -m32"; ;; *darwin* ) ;; * ) { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: Don't know how to build a 32bit binary on this architecture" >&5 echo "$as_me: error: Don't know how to build a 32bit binary on this architecture" >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } ;; esac cat >>confdefs.h <<\_ACEOF #define BUILD_32BIT 1 _ACEOF { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: yes" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}yes" >&6; } else S48_FORCE_32_P="0" { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: no" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}no" >&6; } fi else S48_FORCE_32_P="0" { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: no" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}no" >&6; } fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking bits per byte" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking bits per byte... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_bits_per_byte+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else if test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: failed to compile test program" >&5 echo "$as_me: error: failed to compile test program" >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include #include main() { unsigned char c = 1; int i = 0; FILE *f=fopen("conftestval", "w"); if (!f) exit(1); while (c != 0) { i++; c = c << 1; } fprintf(f, "%d\n", i); exit(0); } _ACEOF rm -f conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { ac_try='./conftest$ac_exeext' { (case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_try") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); }; }; then ac_cv_bits_per_byte=`cat conftestval` else echo "$as_me: program exited with status $ac_status" >&5 echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ( exit $ac_status ) ac_cv_bits_per_byte=0 fi rm -f core *.core core.conftest.* gmon.out bb.out conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi fi if test "$ac_cv_bits_per_byte" = "0" -o "$ac_cv_bits_per_byte" = ""; then { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: Unable to determine bits per byte, see config.log for details." >&5 echo "$as_me: error: Unable to determine bits per byte, see config.log for details." >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; }; fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_bits_per_byte" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_bits_per_byte" >&6; } cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define BITS_PER_BYTE $ac_cv_bits_per_byte _ACEOF { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking size of void *" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking size of void *... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_sizeof_void_p+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else if test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: failed to compile test program" >&5 echo "$as_me: error: failed to compile test program" >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include #include main() { FILE *f=fopen("conftestval", "w"); if (!f) exit(1); fprintf(f, "%d\n", (int)sizeof(void *)); exit(0); } _ACEOF rm -f conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { ac_try='./conftest$ac_exeext' { (case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_try") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); }; }; then ac_cv_sizeof_void_p=`cat conftestval` else echo "$as_me: program exited with status $ac_status" >&5 echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ( exit $ac_status ) ac_cv_sizeof_void_p=0 fi rm -f core *.core core.conftest.* gmon.out bb.out conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi fi if test "$ac_cv_sizeof_void_p" = "0" -o "$ac_cv_sizeof_void_p" = ""; then { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: Unable to determine sizeof (void *), see config.log for details." >&5 echo "$as_me: error: Unable to determine sizeof (void *), see config.log for details." >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; }; fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_sizeof_void_p" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_sizeof_void_p" >&6; } cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define SIZEOF_VOID_P $ac_cv_sizeof_void_p _ACEOF { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for BIT_SUFFIX" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for BIT_SUFFIX... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test $BIT_SUFFIX; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: You forced BIT_SUFFIX to be $BIT_SUFFIX." >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}You forced BIT_SUFFIX to be $BIT_SUFFIX." >&6; } else BIT_SUFFIX=`expr $ac_cv_sizeof_void_p \* $ac_cv_bits_per_byte` { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $BIT_SUFFIX" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$BIT_SUFFIX" >&6; } fi cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define WORDSIZE $BIT_SUFFIX _ACEOF { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking whether we are building a Universal Binary" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking whether we are building a Universal Binary... $ECHO_C" >&6; } # Check whether --enable-universal-binary was given. if test "${enable_universal_binary+set}" = set; then enableval=$enable_universal_binary; if test "$enable_universal_binary" != no; then case $host in *darwin* ) S48_BUILD_UNIVERSAL_P="1" cat >>confdefs.h <<\_ACEOF #define BUILD_UNIVERSAL_BINARY 1 _ACEOF { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: yes" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}yes" >&6; } ;; * ) { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: --enable-universal-binary only works on Mac OS X" >&5 echo "$as_me: error: --enable-universal-binary only works on Mac OS X" >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } ;; esac else S48_BUILD_UNIVERSAL_P="0" { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: no" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}no" >&6; } fi else S48_BUILD_UNIVERSAL_P="0" { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: no" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}no" >&6; } fi build_universal="$S48_BUILD_UNIVERSAL_P" force_32="$S48_FORCE_32_P" if test "$build_universal" = 1 -a "$force_32" = 1; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for gcc argument i386" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for gcc argument i386... $ECHO_C" >&6; } save_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS" save_LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS" CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -arch i386" LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -arch i386" compiles=0 links=0 cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then compiles=1 else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 compiles=0 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest$ac_exeext && $as_test_x conftest$ac_exeext; then links=1 else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 links=0 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest_ipa8_conftest.oo \ conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext if test "$links" = "1" -a "$compiles" = "1"; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: OK" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}OK" >&6; } else CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS" LDFLAGS="$save_LDFLAGS" { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: failed" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}failed" >&6; } fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for gcc argument ppc" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for gcc argument ppc... $ECHO_C" >&6; } save_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS" save_LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS" CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -arch ppc" LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -arch ppc" compiles=0 links=0 cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then compiles=1 else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 compiles=0 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest$ac_exeext && $as_test_x conftest$ac_exeext; then links=1 else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 links=0 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest_ipa8_conftest.oo \ conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext if test "$links" = "1" -a "$compiles" = "1"; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: OK" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}OK" >&6; } else CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS" LDFLAGS="$save_LDFLAGS" { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: failed" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}failed" >&6; } fi elif test "$build_universal" = 1 -a "$force_32" = 0; then if test "$BIT_SUFFIX" = 32; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for gcc argument i386" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for gcc argument i386... $ECHO_C" >&6; } save_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS" save_LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS" CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -arch i386" LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -arch i386" compiles=0 links=0 cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then compiles=1 else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 compiles=0 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest$ac_exeext && $as_test_x conftest$ac_exeext; then links=1 else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 links=0 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest_ipa8_conftest.oo \ conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext if test "$links" = "1" -a "$compiles" = "1"; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: OK" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}OK" >&6; } else CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS" LDFLAGS="$save_LDFLAGS" { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: failed" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}failed" >&6; } fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for gcc argument ppc" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for gcc argument ppc... $ECHO_C" >&6; } save_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS" save_LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS" CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -arch ppc" LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -arch ppc" compiles=0 links=0 cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then compiles=1 else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 compiles=0 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest$ac_exeext && $as_test_x conftest$ac_exeext; then links=1 else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 links=0 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest_ipa8_conftest.oo \ conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext if test "$links" = "1" -a "$compiles" = "1"; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: OK" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}OK" >&6; } else CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS" LDFLAGS="$save_LDFLAGS" { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: failed" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}failed" >&6; } fi elif test "$BIT_SUFFIX" = 64; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for gcc argument x86_64" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for gcc argument x86_64... $ECHO_C" >&6; } save_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS" save_LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS" CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -arch x86_64" LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -arch x86_64" compiles=0 links=0 cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then compiles=1 else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 compiles=0 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest$ac_exeext && $as_test_x conftest$ac_exeext; then links=1 else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 links=0 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest_ipa8_conftest.oo \ conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext if test "$links" = "1" -a "$compiles" = "1"; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: OK" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}OK" >&6; } else CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS" LDFLAGS="$save_LDFLAGS" { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: failed" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}failed" >&6; } fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for gcc argument ppc64" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for gcc argument ppc64... $ECHO_C" >&6; } save_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS" save_LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS" CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -arch ppc64" LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -arch ppc64" compiles=0 links=0 cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then compiles=1 else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 compiles=0 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest$ac_exeext && $as_test_x conftest$ac_exeext; then links=1 else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 links=0 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest_ipa8_conftest.oo \ conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext if test "$links" = "1" -a "$compiles" = "1"; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: OK" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}OK" >&6; } else CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS" LDFLAGS="$save_LDFLAGS" { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: failed" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}failed" >&6; } fi fi fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking how to compile position independent code" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking how to compile position independent code... $ECHO_C" >&6; } case "$host_os" in solaris* ) if test "$GCC" = "yes"; then PIC="-fPIC" else # for SUN's compiler PIC="-KPIC" fi ;; darwin*|macosx* ) # Code on this platform is PIC by default PIC="" ;; *) PIC="-fPIC" ;; esac if test "$PIC" = ""; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: no extra option necessary" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}no extra option necessary" >&6; } else { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $PIC" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$PIC" >&6; } fi mkdir -p c/bibop mkdir -p c/unix mkdir -p c/net mkdir -p c/r6rs mkdir -p c/posix mkdir -p c/fake mkdir -p c/ffi-test { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking -rdynamic" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking -rdynamic... $ECHO_C" >&6; } oldLDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS" LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -rdynamic" if test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: no" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}no" >&6; } LDFLAGS="$oldLDFLAGS" else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main() { return 0;} _ACEOF rm -f conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { ac_try='./conftest$ac_exeext' { (case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_try") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); }; }; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: yes" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}yes" >&6; } else echo "$as_me: program exited with status $ac_status" >&5 echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ( exit $ac_status ) { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: no" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}no" >&6; } LDFLAGS="$oldLDFLAGS" fi rm -f core *.core core.conftest.* gmon.out bb.out conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking LDFLAGS_VM" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking LDFLAGS_VM... $ECHO_C" >&6; } case "$host_os" in aix* ) if test "$GCC" = "yes"; then LDFLAGS_VM="-Xlinker -brtl -Xlinker -bE:$srcdir/c/scheme48.exp" else LDFLAGS_VM="-brtl -bE:$srcdir/c/scheme48.exp" fi ;; * ) LDFLAGS_VM= ;; esac { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $LDFLAGS_VM" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$LDFLAGS_VM" >&6; } { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for library containing strerror" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for library containing strerror... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_search_strerror+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else ac_func_search_save_LIBS=$LIBS cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ /* Override any GCC internal prototype to avoid an error. Use char because int might match the return type of a GCC builtin and then its argument prototype would still apply. */ #ifdef __cplusplus extern "C" #endif char strerror (); int main () { return strerror (); ; return 0; } _ACEOF for ac_lib in '' cposix; do if test -z "$ac_lib"; then ac_res="none required" else ac_res=-l$ac_lib LIBS="-l$ac_lib $ac_func_search_save_LIBS" fi rm -f conftest.$ac_objext conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest$ac_exeext && $as_test_x conftest$ac_exeext; then ac_cv_search_strerror=$ac_res else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest_ipa8_conftest.oo \ conftest$ac_exeext if test "${ac_cv_search_strerror+set}" = set; then break fi done if test "${ac_cv_search_strerror+set}" = set; then : else ac_cv_search_strerror=no fi rm conftest.$ac_ext LIBS=$ac_func_search_save_LIBS fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_search_strerror" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_search_strerror" >&6; } ac_res=$ac_cv_search_strerror if test "$ac_res" != no; then test "$ac_res" = "none required" || LIBS="$ac_res $LIBS" fi # Check whether --enable-largefile was given. if test "${enable_largefile+set}" = set; then enableval=$enable_largefile; fi if test "$enable_largefile" != no; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for special C compiler options needed for large files" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for special C compiler options needed for large files... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_sys_largefile_CC+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else ac_cv_sys_largefile_CC=no if test "$GCC" != yes; then ac_save_CC=$CC while :; do # IRIX 6.2 and later do not support large files by default, # so use the C compiler's -n32 option if that helps. cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include /* Check that off_t can represent 2**63 - 1 correctly. We can't simply define LARGE_OFF_T to be 9223372036854775807, since some C++ compilers masquerading as C compilers incorrectly reject 9223372036854775807. */ #define LARGE_OFF_T (((off_t) 1 << 62) - 1 + ((off_t) 1 << 62)) int off_t_is_large[(LARGE_OFF_T % 2147483629 == 721 && LARGE_OFF_T % 2147483647 == 1) ? 1 : -1]; int main () { ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then break else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext CC="$CC -n32" rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then ac_cv_sys_largefile_CC=' -n32'; break else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext break done CC=$ac_save_CC rm -f conftest.$ac_ext fi fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_sys_largefile_CC" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_sys_largefile_CC" >&6; } if test "$ac_cv_sys_largefile_CC" != no; then CC=$CC$ac_cv_sys_largefile_CC fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for _FILE_OFFSET_BITS value needed for large files" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for _FILE_OFFSET_BITS value needed for large files... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_sys_file_offset_bits+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else while :; do cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include /* Check that off_t can represent 2**63 - 1 correctly. We can't simply define LARGE_OFF_T to be 9223372036854775807, since some C++ compilers masquerading as C compilers incorrectly reject 9223372036854775807. */ #define LARGE_OFF_T (((off_t) 1 << 62) - 1 + ((off_t) 1 << 62)) int off_t_is_large[(LARGE_OFF_T % 2147483629 == 721 && LARGE_OFF_T % 2147483647 == 1) ? 1 : -1]; int main () { ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then ac_cv_sys_file_offset_bits=no; break else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS 64 #include /* Check that off_t can represent 2**63 - 1 correctly. We can't simply define LARGE_OFF_T to be 9223372036854775807, since some C++ compilers masquerading as C compilers incorrectly reject 9223372036854775807. */ #define LARGE_OFF_T (((off_t) 1 << 62) - 1 + ((off_t) 1 << 62)) int off_t_is_large[(LARGE_OFF_T % 2147483629 == 721 && LARGE_OFF_T % 2147483647 == 1) ? 1 : -1]; int main () { ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then ac_cv_sys_file_offset_bits=64; break else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext ac_cv_sys_file_offset_bits=unknown break done fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_sys_file_offset_bits" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_sys_file_offset_bits" >&6; } case $ac_cv_sys_file_offset_bits in #( no | unknown) ;; *) cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS $ac_cv_sys_file_offset_bits _ACEOF ;; esac rm -f -r conftest* if test $ac_cv_sys_file_offset_bits = unknown; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for _LARGE_FILES value needed for large files" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for _LARGE_FILES value needed for large files... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_sys_large_files+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else while :; do cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include /* Check that off_t can represent 2**63 - 1 correctly. We can't simply define LARGE_OFF_T to be 9223372036854775807, since some C++ compilers masquerading as C compilers incorrectly reject 9223372036854775807. */ #define LARGE_OFF_T (((off_t) 1 << 62) - 1 + ((off_t) 1 << 62)) int off_t_is_large[(LARGE_OFF_T % 2147483629 == 721 && LARGE_OFF_T % 2147483647 == 1) ? 1 : -1]; int main () { ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then ac_cv_sys_large_files=no; break else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #define _LARGE_FILES 1 #include /* Check that off_t can represent 2**63 - 1 correctly. We can't simply define LARGE_OFF_T to be 9223372036854775807, since some C++ compilers masquerading as C compilers incorrectly reject 9223372036854775807. */ #define LARGE_OFF_T (((off_t) 1 << 62) - 1 + ((off_t) 1 << 62)) int off_t_is_large[(LARGE_OFF_T % 2147483629 == 721 && LARGE_OFF_T % 2147483647 == 1) ? 1 : -1]; int main () { ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then ac_cv_sys_large_files=1; break else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext ac_cv_sys_large_files=unknown break done fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_sys_large_files" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_sys_large_files" >&6; } case $ac_cv_sys_large_files in #( no | unknown) ;; *) cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define _LARGE_FILES $ac_cv_sys_large_files _ACEOF ;; esac rm -f -r conftest* fi fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for inline keyword" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for inline keyword... $ECHO_C" >&6; } cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include inline void f(void) { printf("inlined"); } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: yes" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}yes" >&6; } cat >>confdefs.h <<\_ACEOF #define HAVE_INLINE 1 _ACEOF else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: no" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}no" >&6; } fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext # Find a good install program. We prefer a C program (faster), # so one script is as good as another. But avoid the broken or # incompatible versions: # SysV /etc/install, /usr/sbin/install # SunOS /usr/etc/install # IRIX /sbin/install # AIX /bin/install # AmigaOS /C/install, which installs bootblocks on floppy discs # AIX 4 /usr/bin/installbsd, which doesn't work without a -g flag # AFS /usr/afsws/bin/install, which mishandles nonexistent args # SVR4 /usr/ucb/install, which tries to use the nonexistent group "staff" # OS/2's system install, which has a completely different semantic # ./install, which can be erroneously created by make from ./install.sh. { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for a BSD-compatible install" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for a BSD-compatible install... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test -z "$INSTALL"; then if test "${ac_cv_path_install+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else as_save_IFS=$IFS; IFS=$PATH_SEPARATOR for as_dir in $PATH do IFS=$as_save_IFS test -z "$as_dir" && as_dir=. # Account for people who put trailing slashes in PATH elements. case $as_dir/ in ./ | .// | /cC/* | \ /etc/* | /usr/sbin/* | /usr/etc/* | /sbin/* | /usr/afsws/bin/* | \ ?:\\/os2\\/install\\/* | ?:\\/OS2\\/INSTALL\\/* | \ /usr/ucb/* ) ;; *) # OSF1 and SCO ODT 3.0 have their own names for install. # Don't use installbsd from OSF since it installs stuff as root # by default. for ac_prog in ginstall scoinst install; do for ac_exec_ext in '' $ac_executable_extensions; do if { test -f "$as_dir/$ac_prog$ac_exec_ext" && $as_test_x "$as_dir/$ac_prog$ac_exec_ext"; }; then if test $ac_prog = install && grep dspmsg "$as_dir/$ac_prog$ac_exec_ext" >/dev/null 2>&1; then # AIX install. It has an incompatible calling convention. : elif test $ac_prog = install && grep pwplus "$as_dir/$ac_prog$ac_exec_ext" >/dev/null 2>&1; then # program-specific install script used by HP pwplus--don't use. : else ac_cv_path_install="$as_dir/$ac_prog$ac_exec_ext -c" break 3 fi fi done done ;; esac done IFS=$as_save_IFS fi if test "${ac_cv_path_install+set}" = set; then INSTALL=$ac_cv_path_install else # As a last resort, use the slow shell script. Don't cache a # value for INSTALL within a source directory, because that will # break other packages using the cache if that directory is # removed, or if the value is a relative name. INSTALL=$ac_install_sh fi fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $INSTALL" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$INSTALL" >&6; } # Use test -z because SunOS4 sh mishandles braces in ${var-val}. # It thinks the first close brace ends the variable substitution. test -z "$INSTALL_PROGRAM" && INSTALL_PROGRAM='${INSTALL}' test -z "$INSTALL_SCRIPT" && INSTALL_SCRIPT='${INSTALL}' test -z "$INSTALL_DATA" && INSTALL_DATA='${INSTALL} -m 644' { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for main in -lm" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for main in -lm... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_lib_m_main+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else ac_check_lib_save_LIBS=$LIBS LIBS="-lm $LIBS" cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { return main (); ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest$ac_exeext && $as_test_x conftest$ac_exeext; then ac_cv_lib_m_main=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_cv_lib_m_main=no fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest_ipa8_conftest.oo \ conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext LIBS=$ac_check_lib_save_LIBS fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_lib_m_main" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_lib_m_main" >&6; } if test $ac_cv_lib_m_main = yes; then cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define HAVE_LIBM 1 _ACEOF LIBS="-lm $LIBS" fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for main in -ldl" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for main in -ldl... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_lib_dl_main+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else ac_check_lib_save_LIBS=$LIBS LIBS="-ldl $LIBS" cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { return main (); ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest$ac_exeext && $as_test_x conftest$ac_exeext; then ac_cv_lib_dl_main=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_cv_lib_dl_main=no fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest_ipa8_conftest.oo \ conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext LIBS=$ac_check_lib_save_LIBS fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_lib_dl_main" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_lib_dl_main" >&6; } if test $ac_cv_lib_dl_main = yes; then cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define HAVE_LIBDL 1 _ACEOF LIBS="-ldl $LIBS" fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for main in -lmld" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for main in -lmld... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_lib_mld_main+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else ac_check_lib_save_LIBS=$LIBS LIBS="-lmld $LIBS" cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { return main (); ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest$ac_exeext && $as_test_x conftest$ac_exeext; then ac_cv_lib_mld_main=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_cv_lib_mld_main=no fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest_ipa8_conftest.oo \ conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext LIBS=$ac_check_lib_save_LIBS fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_lib_mld_main" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_lib_mld_main" >&6; } if test $ac_cv_lib_mld_main = yes; then cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define HAVE_LIBMLD 1 _ACEOF LIBS="-lmld $LIBS" fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for main in -lnsl" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for main in -lnsl... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_lib_nsl_main+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else ac_check_lib_save_LIBS=$LIBS LIBS="-lnsl $LIBS" cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { return main (); ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest$ac_exeext && $as_test_x conftest$ac_exeext; then ac_cv_lib_nsl_main=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_cv_lib_nsl_main=no fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest_ipa8_conftest.oo \ conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext LIBS=$ac_check_lib_save_LIBS fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_lib_nsl_main" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_lib_nsl_main" >&6; } if test $ac_cv_lib_nsl_main = yes; then cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define HAVE_LIBNSL 1 _ACEOF LIBS="-lnsl $LIBS" fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for main in -lgen" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for main in -lgen... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_lib_gen_main+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else ac_check_lib_save_LIBS=$LIBS LIBS="-lgen $LIBS" cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { return main (); ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest$ac_exeext && $as_test_x conftest$ac_exeext; then ac_cv_lib_gen_main=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_cv_lib_gen_main=no fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest_ipa8_conftest.oo \ conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext LIBS=$ac_check_lib_save_LIBS fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_lib_gen_main" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_lib_gen_main" >&6; } if test $ac_cv_lib_gen_main = yes; then cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define HAVE_LIBGEN 1 _ACEOF LIBS="-lgen $LIBS" fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for main in -lsocket" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for main in -lsocket... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_lib_socket_main+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else ac_check_lib_save_LIBS=$LIBS LIBS="-lsocket $LIBS" cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { return main (); ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest$ac_exeext && $as_test_x conftest$ac_exeext; then ac_cv_lib_socket_main=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_cv_lib_socket_main=no fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest_ipa8_conftest.oo \ conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext LIBS=$ac_check_lib_save_LIBS fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_lib_socket_main" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_lib_socket_main" >&6; } if test $ac_cv_lib_socket_main = yes; then cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define HAVE_LIBSOCKET 1 _ACEOF LIBS="-lsocket $LIBS" fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for getpwnam in -lsun" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for getpwnam in -lsun... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_lib_sun_getpwnam+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else ac_check_lib_save_LIBS=$LIBS LIBS="-lsun $LIBS" cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ /* Override any GCC internal prototype to avoid an error. Use char because int might match the return type of a GCC builtin and then its argument prototype would still apply. */ #ifdef __cplusplus extern "C" #endif char getpwnam (); int main () { return getpwnam (); ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest$ac_exeext && $as_test_x conftest$ac_exeext; then ac_cv_lib_sun_getpwnam=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_cv_lib_sun_getpwnam=no fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest_ipa8_conftest.oo \ conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext LIBS=$ac_check_lib_save_LIBS fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_lib_sun_getpwnam" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_lib_sun_getpwnam" >&6; } if test $ac_cv_lib_sun_getpwnam = yes; then cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define HAVE_LIBSUN 1 _ACEOF LIBS="-lsun $LIBS" fi echo checking for RISC/OS POSIX library lossage if test -f /usr/posix/usr/lib/libc.a; then LIBS="${LIBS} /usr/posix/usr/lib/libc.a" fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for struct tm.tm_gmtoff" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for struct tm.tm_gmtoff... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include int main () { static struct tm ac_aggr; if (ac_aggr.tm_gmtoff) return 0; ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then ac_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include int main () { static struct tm ac_aggr; if (sizeof ac_aggr.tm_gmtoff) return 0; ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then ac_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff=no fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff" >&6; } if test $ac_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff = yes; then cat >>confdefs.h <<\_ACEOF #define HAVE_TM_GMTOFF 1 _ACEOF fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for an ANSI C-conforming const" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for an ANSI C-conforming const... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_c_const+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { /* FIXME: Include the comments suggested by Paul. */ #ifndef __cplusplus /* Ultrix mips cc rejects this. */ typedef int charset[2]; const charset cs; /* SunOS 4.1.1 cc rejects this. */ char const *const *pcpcc; char **ppc; /* NEC SVR4.0.2 mips cc rejects this. */ struct point {int x, y;}; static struct point const zero = {0,0}; /* AIX XL C 1.02.0.0 rejects this. It does not let you subtract one const X* pointer from another in an arm of an if-expression whose if-part is not a constant expression */ const char *g = "string"; pcpcc = &g + (g ? g-g : 0); /* HPUX 7.0 cc rejects these. */ ++pcpcc; ppc = (char**) pcpcc; pcpcc = (char const *const *) ppc; { /* SCO 3.2v4 cc rejects this. */ char *t; char const *s = 0 ? (char *) 0 : (char const *) 0; *t++ = 0; if (s) return 0; } { /* Someone thinks the Sun supposedly-ANSI compiler will reject this. */ int x[] = {25, 17}; const int *foo = &x[0]; ++foo; } { /* Sun SC1.0 ANSI compiler rejects this -- but not the above. */ typedef const int *iptr; iptr p = 0; ++p; } { /* AIX XL C 1.02.0.0 rejects this saying "k.c", line 2.27: 1506-025 (S) Operand must be a modifiable lvalue. */ struct s { int j; const int *ap[3]; }; struct s *b; b->j = 5; } { /* ULTRIX-32 V3.1 (Rev 9) vcc rejects this */ const int foo = 10; if (!foo) return 0; } return !cs[0] && !zero.x; #endif ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then ac_cv_c_const=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_cv_c_const=no fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_c_const" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_c_const" >&6; } if test $ac_cv_c_const = no; then cat >>confdefs.h <<\_ACEOF #define const _ACEOF fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for socklen_t" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for socklen_t... $ECHO_C" >&6; } cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include #include socklen_t x; int main () { ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: yes" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}yes" >&6; } else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include #include int accept (int, struct sockaddr *, size_t *); int main () { ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: size_t" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}size_t" >&6; } cat >>confdefs.h <<\_ACEOF #define socklen_t size_t _ACEOF else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: int" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}int" >&6; } cat >>confdefs.h <<\_ACEOF #define socklen_t int _ACEOF fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking return type of signal handlers" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking return type of signal handlers... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_type_signal+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include #include int main () { return *(signal (0, 0)) (0) == 1; ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then ac_cv_type_signal=int else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_cv_type_signal=void fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_type_signal" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_type_signal" >&6; } cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define RETSIGTYPE $ac_cv_type_signal _ACEOF ac_ext=c ac_cpp='$CPP $CPPFLAGS' ac_compile='$CC -c $CFLAGS $CPPFLAGS conftest.$ac_ext >&5' ac_link='$CC -o conftest$ac_exeext $CFLAGS $CPPFLAGS $LDFLAGS conftest.$ac_ext $LIBS >&5' ac_compiler_gnu=$ac_cv_c_compiler_gnu { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking how to run the C preprocessor" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking how to run the C preprocessor... $ECHO_C" >&6; } # On Suns, sometimes $CPP names a directory. if test -n "$CPP" && test -d "$CPP"; then CPP= fi if test -z "$CPP"; then if test "${ac_cv_prog_CPP+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else # Double quotes because CPP needs to be expanded for CPP in "$CC -E" "$CC -E -traditional-cpp" "/lib/cpp" do ac_preproc_ok=false for ac_c_preproc_warn_flag in '' yes do # Use a header file that comes with gcc, so configuring glibc # with a fresh cross-compiler works. # Prefer to if __STDC__ is defined, since # exists even on freestanding compilers. # On the NeXT, cc -E runs the code through the compiler's parser, # not just through cpp. "Syntax error" is here to catch this case. cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #ifdef __STDC__ # include #else # include #endif Syntax error _ACEOF if { (ac_try="$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } >/dev/null && { test -z "$ac_c_preproc_warn_flag$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err }; then : else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 # Broken: fails on valid input. continue fi rm -f conftest.err conftest.$ac_ext # OK, works on sane cases. Now check whether nonexistent headers # can be detected and how. cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include _ACEOF if { (ac_try="$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } >/dev/null && { test -z "$ac_c_preproc_warn_flag$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err }; then # Broken: success on invalid input. continue else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 # Passes both tests. ac_preproc_ok=: break fi rm -f conftest.err conftest.$ac_ext done # Because of `break', _AC_PREPROC_IFELSE's cleaning code was skipped. rm -f conftest.err conftest.$ac_ext if $ac_preproc_ok; then break fi done ac_cv_prog_CPP=$CPP fi CPP=$ac_cv_prog_CPP else ac_cv_prog_CPP=$CPP fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $CPP" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$CPP" >&6; } ac_preproc_ok=false for ac_c_preproc_warn_flag in '' yes do # Use a header file that comes with gcc, so configuring glibc # with a fresh cross-compiler works. # Prefer to if __STDC__ is defined, since # exists even on freestanding compilers. # On the NeXT, cc -E runs the code through the compiler's parser, # not just through cpp. "Syntax error" is here to catch this case. cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #ifdef __STDC__ # include #else # include #endif Syntax error _ACEOF if { (ac_try="$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } >/dev/null && { test -z "$ac_c_preproc_warn_flag$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err }; then : else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 # Broken: fails on valid input. continue fi rm -f conftest.err conftest.$ac_ext # OK, works on sane cases. Now check whether nonexistent headers # can be detected and how. cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include _ACEOF if { (ac_try="$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } >/dev/null && { test -z "$ac_c_preproc_warn_flag$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err }; then # Broken: success on invalid input. continue else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 # Passes both tests. ac_preproc_ok=: break fi rm -f conftest.err conftest.$ac_ext done # Because of `break', _AC_PREPROC_IFELSE's cleaning code was skipped. rm -f conftest.err conftest.$ac_ext if $ac_preproc_ok; then : else { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: C preprocessor \"$CPP\" fails sanity check See \`config.log' for more details." >&5 echo "$as_me: error: C preprocessor \"$CPP\" fails sanity check See \`config.log' for more details." >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } fi ac_ext=c ac_cpp='$CPP $CPPFLAGS' ac_compile='$CC -c $CFLAGS $CPPFLAGS conftest.$ac_ext >&5' ac_link='$CC -o conftest$ac_exeext $CFLAGS $CPPFLAGS $LDFLAGS conftest.$ac_ext $LIBS >&5' ac_compiler_gnu=$ac_cv_c_compiler_gnu { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for grep that handles long lines and -e" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_path_GREP+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else # Extract the first word of "grep ggrep" to use in msg output if test -z "$GREP"; then set dummy grep ggrep; ac_prog_name=$2 if test "${ac_cv_path_GREP+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else ac_path_GREP_found=false # Loop through the user's path and test for each of PROGNAME-LIST as_save_IFS=$IFS; IFS=$PATH_SEPARATOR for as_dir in $PATH$PATH_SEPARATOR/usr/xpg4/bin do IFS=$as_save_IFS test -z "$as_dir" && as_dir=. for ac_prog in grep ggrep; do for ac_exec_ext in '' $ac_executable_extensions; do ac_path_GREP="$as_dir/$ac_prog$ac_exec_ext" { test -f "$ac_path_GREP" && $as_test_x "$ac_path_GREP"; } || continue # Check for GNU ac_path_GREP and select it if it is found. # Check for GNU $ac_path_GREP case `"$ac_path_GREP" --version 2>&1` in *GNU*) ac_cv_path_GREP="$ac_path_GREP" ac_path_GREP_found=:;; *) ac_count=0 echo $ECHO_N "0123456789$ECHO_C" >"conftest.in" while : do cat "conftest.in" "conftest.in" >"conftest.tmp" mv "conftest.tmp" "conftest.in" cp "conftest.in" "conftest.nl" echo 'GREP' >> "conftest.nl" "$ac_path_GREP" -e 'GREP$' -e '-(cannot match)-' < "conftest.nl" >"conftest.out" 2>/dev/null || break diff "conftest.out" "conftest.nl" >/dev/null 2>&1 || break ac_count=`expr $ac_count + 1` if test $ac_count -gt ${ac_path_GREP_max-0}; then # Best one so far, save it but keep looking for a better one ac_cv_path_GREP="$ac_path_GREP" ac_path_GREP_max=$ac_count fi # 10*(2^10) chars as input seems more than enough test $ac_count -gt 10 && break done rm -f conftest.in conftest.tmp conftest.nl conftest.out;; esac $ac_path_GREP_found && break 3 done done done IFS=$as_save_IFS fi GREP="$ac_cv_path_GREP" if test -z "$GREP"; then { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: no acceptable $ac_prog_name could be found in $PATH$PATH_SEPARATOR/usr/xpg4/bin" >&5 echo "$as_me: error: no acceptable $ac_prog_name could be found in $PATH$PATH_SEPARATOR/usr/xpg4/bin" >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } fi else ac_cv_path_GREP=$GREP fi fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_path_GREP" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_path_GREP" >&6; } GREP="$ac_cv_path_GREP" { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for egrep" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for egrep... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_path_EGREP+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else if echo a | $GREP -E '(a|b)' >/dev/null 2>&1 then ac_cv_path_EGREP="$GREP -E" else # Extract the first word of "egrep" to use in msg output if test -z "$EGREP"; then set dummy egrep; ac_prog_name=$2 if test "${ac_cv_path_EGREP+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else ac_path_EGREP_found=false # Loop through the user's path and test for each of PROGNAME-LIST as_save_IFS=$IFS; IFS=$PATH_SEPARATOR for as_dir in $PATH$PATH_SEPARATOR/usr/xpg4/bin do IFS=$as_save_IFS test -z "$as_dir" && as_dir=. for ac_prog in egrep; do for ac_exec_ext in '' $ac_executable_extensions; do ac_path_EGREP="$as_dir/$ac_prog$ac_exec_ext" { test -f "$ac_path_EGREP" && $as_test_x "$ac_path_EGREP"; } || continue # Check for GNU ac_path_EGREP and select it if it is found. # Check for GNU $ac_path_EGREP case `"$ac_path_EGREP" --version 2>&1` in *GNU*) ac_cv_path_EGREP="$ac_path_EGREP" ac_path_EGREP_found=:;; *) ac_count=0 echo $ECHO_N "0123456789$ECHO_C" >"conftest.in" while : do cat "conftest.in" "conftest.in" >"conftest.tmp" mv "conftest.tmp" "conftest.in" cp "conftest.in" "conftest.nl" echo 'EGREP' >> "conftest.nl" "$ac_path_EGREP" 'EGREP$' < "conftest.nl" >"conftest.out" 2>/dev/null || break diff "conftest.out" "conftest.nl" >/dev/null 2>&1 || break ac_count=`expr $ac_count + 1` if test $ac_count -gt ${ac_path_EGREP_max-0}; then # Best one so far, save it but keep looking for a better one ac_cv_path_EGREP="$ac_path_EGREP" ac_path_EGREP_max=$ac_count fi # 10*(2^10) chars as input seems more than enough test $ac_count -gt 10 && break done rm -f conftest.in conftest.tmp conftest.nl conftest.out;; esac $ac_path_EGREP_found && break 3 done done done IFS=$as_save_IFS fi EGREP="$ac_cv_path_EGREP" if test -z "$EGREP"; then { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: no acceptable $ac_prog_name could be found in $PATH$PATH_SEPARATOR/usr/xpg4/bin" >&5 echo "$as_me: error: no acceptable $ac_prog_name could be found in $PATH$PATH_SEPARATOR/usr/xpg4/bin" >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } fi else ac_cv_path_EGREP=$EGREP fi fi fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_path_EGREP" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_path_EGREP" >&6; } EGREP="$ac_cv_path_EGREP" { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for ANSI C header files" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for ANSI C header files... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_header_stdc+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include #include #include #include int main () { ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then ac_cv_header_stdc=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_cv_header_stdc=no fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext if test $ac_cv_header_stdc = yes; then # SunOS 4.x string.h does not declare mem*, contrary to ANSI. cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include _ACEOF if (eval "$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext") 2>&5 | $EGREP "memchr" >/dev/null 2>&1; then : else ac_cv_header_stdc=no fi rm -f -r conftest* fi if test $ac_cv_header_stdc = yes; then # ISC 2.0.2 stdlib.h does not declare free, contrary to ANSI. cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include _ACEOF if (eval "$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext") 2>&5 | $EGREP "free" >/dev/null 2>&1; then : else ac_cv_header_stdc=no fi rm -f -r conftest* fi if test $ac_cv_header_stdc = yes; then # /bin/cc in Irix-4.0.5 gets non-ANSI ctype macros unless using -ansi. if test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then : else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include #include #if ((' ' & 0x0FF) == 0x020) # define ISLOWER(c) ('a' <= (c) && (c) <= 'z') # define TOUPPER(c) (ISLOWER(c) ? 'A' + ((c) - 'a') : (c)) #else # define ISLOWER(c) \ (('a' <= (c) && (c) <= 'i') \ || ('j' <= (c) && (c) <= 'r') \ || ('s' <= (c) && (c) <= 'z')) # define TOUPPER(c) (ISLOWER(c) ? ((c) | 0x40) : (c)) #endif #define XOR(e, f) (((e) && !(f)) || (!(e) && (f))) int main () { int i; for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) if (XOR (islower (i), ISLOWER (i)) || toupper (i) != TOUPPER (i)) return 2; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { ac_try='./conftest$ac_exeext' { (case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_try") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); }; }; then : else echo "$as_me: program exited with status $ac_status" >&5 echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ( exit $ac_status ) ac_cv_header_stdc=no fi rm -f core *.core core.conftest.* gmon.out bb.out conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi fi fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_header_stdc" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_header_stdc" >&6; } if test $ac_cv_header_stdc = yes; then cat >>confdefs.h <<\_ACEOF #define STDC_HEADERS 1 _ACEOF fi # On IRIX 5.3, sys/types and inttypes.h are conflicting. for ac_header in sys/types.h sys/stat.h stdlib.h string.h memory.h strings.h \ inttypes.h stdint.h unistd.h do as_ac_Header=`echo "ac_cv_header_$ac_header" | $as_tr_sh` { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for $ac_header" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for $ac_header... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if { as_var=$as_ac_Header; eval "test \"\${$as_var+set}\" = set"; }; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ $ac_includes_default #include <$ac_header> _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then eval "$as_ac_Header=yes" else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 eval "$as_ac_Header=no" fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi ac_res=`eval echo '${'$as_ac_Header'}'` { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_res" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_res" >&6; } if test `eval echo '${'$as_ac_Header'}'` = yes; then cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define `echo "HAVE_$ac_header" | $as_tr_cpp` 1 _ACEOF fi done { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for uintptr_t" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for uintptr_t... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_type_uintptr_t+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ $ac_includes_default typedef uintptr_t ac__type_new_; int main () { if ((ac__type_new_ *) 0) return 0; if (sizeof (ac__type_new_)) return 0; ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then ac_cv_type_uintptr_t=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_cv_type_uintptr_t=no fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_type_uintptr_t" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_type_uintptr_t" >&6; } if test $ac_cv_type_uintptr_t = yes; then cat >>confdefs.h <<\_ACEOF #define HAVE_UINTPTR_T 1 _ACEOF else for ac_type in 'unsigned int' 'unsigned long int' \ 'unsigned long long int'; do cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ $ac_includes_default int main () { static int test_array [1 - 2 * !(sizeof (void *) <= sizeof ($ac_type))]; test_array [0] = 0 ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define uintptr_t $ac_type _ACEOF ac_type= else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext test -z "$ac_type" && break done fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for uint16_t" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for uint16_t... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_c_uint16_t+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else ac_cv_c_uint16_t=no for ac_type in 'uint16_t' 'unsigned int' 'unsigned long int' \ 'unsigned long long int' 'unsigned short int' 'unsigned char'; do cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ $ac_includes_default int main () { static int test_array [1 - 2 * !(($ac_type) -1 >> (16 - 1) == 1)]; test_array [0] = 0 ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then case $ac_type in uint16_t) ac_cv_c_uint16_t=yes ;; *) ac_cv_c_uint16_t=$ac_type ;; esac else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext test "$ac_cv_c_uint16_t" != no && break done fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_c_uint16_t" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_c_uint16_t" >&6; } case $ac_cv_c_uint16_t in #( no|yes) ;; #( *) cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define uint16_t $ac_cv_c_uint16_t _ACEOF ;; esac for ac_header in libgen.h sys/timeb.h posix/time.h do as_ac_Header=`echo "ac_cv_header_$ac_header" | $as_tr_sh` if { as_var=$as_ac_Header; eval "test \"\${$as_var+set}\" = set"; }; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for $ac_header" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for $ac_header... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if { as_var=$as_ac_Header; eval "test \"\${$as_var+set}\" = set"; }; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 fi ac_res=`eval echo '${'$as_ac_Header'}'` { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_res" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_res" >&6; } else # Is the header compilable? { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking $ac_header usability" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking $ac_header usability... $ECHO_C" >&6; } cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ $ac_includes_default #include <$ac_header> _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then ac_header_compiler=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_header_compiler=no fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_header_compiler" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_header_compiler" >&6; } # Is the header present? { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking $ac_header presence" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking $ac_header presence... $ECHO_C" >&6; } cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include <$ac_header> _ACEOF if { (ac_try="$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } >/dev/null && { test -z "$ac_c_preproc_warn_flag$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err }; then ac_header_preproc=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_header_preproc=no fi rm -f conftest.err conftest.$ac_ext { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_header_preproc" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_header_preproc" >&6; } # So? What about this header? case $ac_header_compiler:$ac_header_preproc:$ac_c_preproc_warn_flag in yes:no: ) { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: accepted by the compiler, rejected by the preprocessor!" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: accepted by the compiler, rejected by the preprocessor!" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: proceeding with the compiler's result" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: proceeding with the compiler's result" >&2;} ac_header_preproc=yes ;; no:yes:* ) { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: present but cannot be compiled" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: present but cannot be compiled" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: check for missing prerequisite headers?" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: check for missing prerequisite headers?" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: see the Autoconf documentation" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: see the Autoconf documentation" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: section \"Present But Cannot Be Compiled\"" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: section \"Present But Cannot Be Compiled\"" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: proceeding with the preprocessor's result" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: proceeding with the preprocessor's result" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: in the future, the compiler will take precedence" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: in the future, the compiler will take precedence" >&2;} ;; esac { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for $ac_header" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for $ac_header... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if { as_var=$as_ac_Header; eval "test \"\${$as_var+set}\" = set"; }; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else eval "$as_ac_Header=\$ac_header_preproc" fi ac_res=`eval echo '${'$as_ac_Header'}'` { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_res" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_res" >&6; } fi if test `eval echo '${'$as_ac_Header'}'` = yes; then cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define `echo "HAVE_$ac_header" | $as_tr_cpp` 1 _ACEOF fi done for ac_header in sys/select.h do as_ac_Header=`echo "ac_cv_header_$ac_header" | $as_tr_sh` if { as_var=$as_ac_Header; eval "test \"\${$as_var+set}\" = set"; }; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for $ac_header" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for $ac_header... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if { as_var=$as_ac_Header; eval "test \"\${$as_var+set}\" = set"; }; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 fi ac_res=`eval echo '${'$as_ac_Header'}'` { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_res" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_res" >&6; } else # Is the header compilable? { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking $ac_header usability" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking $ac_header usability... $ECHO_C" >&6; } cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ $ac_includes_default #include <$ac_header> _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then ac_header_compiler=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_header_compiler=no fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_header_compiler" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_header_compiler" >&6; } # Is the header present? { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking $ac_header presence" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking $ac_header presence... $ECHO_C" >&6; } cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include <$ac_header> _ACEOF if { (ac_try="$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } >/dev/null && { test -z "$ac_c_preproc_warn_flag$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err }; then ac_header_preproc=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_header_preproc=no fi rm -f conftest.err conftest.$ac_ext { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_header_preproc" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_header_preproc" >&6; } # So? What about this header? case $ac_header_compiler:$ac_header_preproc:$ac_c_preproc_warn_flag in yes:no: ) { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: accepted by the compiler, rejected by the preprocessor!" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: accepted by the compiler, rejected by the preprocessor!" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: proceeding with the compiler's result" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: proceeding with the compiler's result" >&2;} ac_header_preproc=yes ;; no:yes:* ) { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: present but cannot be compiled" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: present but cannot be compiled" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: check for missing prerequisite headers?" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: check for missing prerequisite headers?" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: see the Autoconf documentation" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: see the Autoconf documentation" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: section \"Present But Cannot Be Compiled\"" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: section \"Present But Cannot Be Compiled\"" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: proceeding with the preprocessor's result" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: proceeding with the preprocessor's result" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: in the future, the compiler will take precedence" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: in the future, the compiler will take precedence" >&2;} ;; esac { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for $ac_header" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for $ac_header... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if { as_var=$as_ac_Header; eval "test \"\${$as_var+set}\" = set"; }; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else eval "$as_ac_Header=\$ac_header_preproc" fi ac_res=`eval echo '${'$as_ac_Header'}'` { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_res" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_res" >&6; } fi if test `eval echo '${'$as_ac_Header'}'` = yes; then cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define `echo "HAVE_$ac_header" | $as_tr_cpp` 1 _ACEOF fi done for ac_header in sysexits.h do as_ac_Header=`echo "ac_cv_header_$ac_header" | $as_tr_sh` if { as_var=$as_ac_Header; eval "test \"\${$as_var+set}\" = set"; }; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for $ac_header" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for $ac_header... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if { as_var=$as_ac_Header; eval "test \"\${$as_var+set}\" = set"; }; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 fi ac_res=`eval echo '${'$as_ac_Header'}'` { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_res" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_res" >&6; } else # Is the header compilable? { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking $ac_header usability" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking $ac_header usability... $ECHO_C" >&6; } cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ $ac_includes_default #include <$ac_header> _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then ac_header_compiler=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_header_compiler=no fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_header_compiler" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_header_compiler" >&6; } # Is the header present? { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking $ac_header presence" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking $ac_header presence... $ECHO_C" >&6; } cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include <$ac_header> _ACEOF if { (ac_try="$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } >/dev/null && { test -z "$ac_c_preproc_warn_flag$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err }; then ac_header_preproc=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_header_preproc=no fi rm -f conftest.err conftest.$ac_ext { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_header_preproc" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_header_preproc" >&6; } # So? What about this header? case $ac_header_compiler:$ac_header_preproc:$ac_c_preproc_warn_flag in yes:no: ) { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: accepted by the compiler, rejected by the preprocessor!" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: accepted by the compiler, rejected by the preprocessor!" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: proceeding with the compiler's result" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: proceeding with the compiler's result" >&2;} ac_header_preproc=yes ;; no:yes:* ) { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: present but cannot be compiled" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: present but cannot be compiled" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: check for missing prerequisite headers?" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: check for missing prerequisite headers?" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: see the Autoconf documentation" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: see the Autoconf documentation" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: section \"Present But Cannot Be Compiled\"" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: section \"Present But Cannot Be Compiled\"" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: proceeding with the preprocessor's result" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: proceeding with the preprocessor's result" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: in the future, the compiler will take precedence" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: in the future, the compiler will take precedence" >&2;} ;; esac { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for $ac_header" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for $ac_header... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if { as_var=$as_ac_Header; eval "test \"\${$as_var+set}\" = set"; }; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else eval "$as_ac_Header=\$ac_header_preproc" fi ac_res=`eval echo '${'$as_ac_Header'}'` { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_res" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_res" >&6; } fi if test `eval echo '${'$as_ac_Header'}'` = yes; then cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define `echo "HAVE_$ac_header" | $as_tr_cpp` 1 _ACEOF fi done for ac_header in langinfo.h do as_ac_Header=`echo "ac_cv_header_$ac_header" | $as_tr_sh` if { as_var=$as_ac_Header; eval "test \"\${$as_var+set}\" = set"; }; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for $ac_header" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for $ac_header... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if { as_var=$as_ac_Header; eval "test \"\${$as_var+set}\" = set"; }; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 fi ac_res=`eval echo '${'$as_ac_Header'}'` { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_res" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_res" >&6; } else # Is the header compilable? { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking $ac_header usability" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking $ac_header usability... $ECHO_C" >&6; } cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ $ac_includes_default #include <$ac_header> _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then ac_header_compiler=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_header_compiler=no fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_header_compiler" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_header_compiler" >&6; } # Is the header present? { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking $ac_header presence" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking $ac_header presence... $ECHO_C" >&6; } cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include <$ac_header> _ACEOF if { (ac_try="$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } >/dev/null && { test -z "$ac_c_preproc_warn_flag$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err }; then ac_header_preproc=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_header_preproc=no fi rm -f conftest.err conftest.$ac_ext { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_header_preproc" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_header_preproc" >&6; } # So? What about this header? case $ac_header_compiler:$ac_header_preproc:$ac_c_preproc_warn_flag in yes:no: ) { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: accepted by the compiler, rejected by the preprocessor!" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: accepted by the compiler, rejected by the preprocessor!" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: proceeding with the compiler's result" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: proceeding with the compiler's result" >&2;} ac_header_preproc=yes ;; no:yes:* ) { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: present but cannot be compiled" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: present but cannot be compiled" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: check for missing prerequisite headers?" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: check for missing prerequisite headers?" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: see the Autoconf documentation" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: see the Autoconf documentation" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: section \"Present But Cannot Be Compiled\"" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: section \"Present But Cannot Be Compiled\"" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: proceeding with the preprocessor's result" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: proceeding with the preprocessor's result" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: in the future, the compiler will take precedence" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: in the future, the compiler will take precedence" >&2;} ;; esac { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for $ac_header" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for $ac_header... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if { as_var=$as_ac_Header; eval "test \"\${$as_var+set}\" = set"; }; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else eval "$as_ac_Header=\$ac_header_preproc" fi ac_res=`eval echo '${'$as_ac_Header'}'` { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_res" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_res" >&6; } fi if test `eval echo '${'$as_ac_Header'}'` = yes; then cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define `echo "HAVE_$ac_header" | $as_tr_cpp` 1 _ACEOF fi done { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for nl_langinfo" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for nl_langinfo... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_func_nl_langinfo+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ /* Define nl_langinfo to an innocuous variant, in case declares nl_langinfo. 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Some functions are actually named something starting with __ and the normal name is an alias. */ #if defined __stub_$ac_func || defined __stub___$ac_func choke me #endif int main () { return $ac_func (); ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest$ac_exeext && $as_test_x conftest$ac_exeext; then eval "$as_ac_var=yes" else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 eval "$as_ac_var=no" fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest_ipa8_conftest.oo \ conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext fi ac_res=`eval echo '${'$as_ac_var'}'` { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_res" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_res" >&6; } if test `eval echo '${'$as_ac_var'}'` = yes; then cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define `echo "HAVE_$ac_func" | $as_tr_cpp` 1 _ACEOF fi done { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for strerror" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for strerror... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_func_strerror+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ /* Define strerror to an innocuous variant, in case declares strerror. For example, HP-UX 11i declares gettimeofday. */ #define strerror innocuous_strerror /* System header to define __stub macros and hopefully few prototypes, which can conflict with char strerror (); below. Prefer to if __STDC__ is defined, since exists even on freestanding compilers. */ #ifdef __STDC__ # include #else # include #endif #undef strerror /* Override any GCC internal prototype to avoid an error. Use char because int might match the return type of a GCC builtin and then its argument prototype would still apply. */ #ifdef __cplusplus extern "C" #endif char strerror (); /* The GNU C library defines this for functions which it implements to always fail with ENOSYS. Some functions are actually named something starting with __ and the normal name is an alias. */ #if defined __stub_strerror || defined __stub___strerror choke me #endif int main () { return strerror (); ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest$ac_exeext && $as_test_x conftest$ac_exeext; then ac_cv_func_strerror=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_cv_func_strerror=no fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest_ipa8_conftest.oo \ conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_cv_func_strerror" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_cv_func_strerror" >&6; } if test $ac_cv_func_strerror = yes; then cat >>confdefs.h <<\_ACEOF #define HAVE_STRERROR 1 _ACEOF else case " $LIBOBJS " in *" c/fake/strerror.o.$ac_objext "* ) ;; *) LIBOBJS="$LIBOBJS c/fake/strerror.o.$ac_objext" ;; esac fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking environ" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking environ... $ECHO_C" >&6; } cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { extern char **environ; if (environ) return 0; else return 1; ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest$ac_exeext && $as_test_x conftest$ac_exeext; then cat >>confdefs.h <<\_ACEOF #define ENVIRON_NAME environ _ACEOF { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: using environ" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}using environ" >&6; } else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ int main () { extern char **__environ; if (__environ) return 0; else return 1; ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest$ac_exeext && $as_test_x conftest$ac_exeext; then cat >>confdefs.h <<\_ACEOF #define ENVIRON_NAME __environ _ACEOF { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: using __environ" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}using __environ" >&6; } else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: no environ variable found" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: no environ variable found" >&2;} case " $LIBOBJS " in *" c/fake/environ.o.$ac_objext "* ) ;; *) LIBOBJS="$LIBOBJS c/fake/environ.o.$ac_objext" ;; esac fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest_ipa8_conftest.oo \ conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest_ipa8_conftest.oo \ conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext build_universal="$S48_BUILD_UNIVERSAL_P" { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking IEEE floating-point endianness" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking IEEE floating-point endianness... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "$build_universal" = "1"; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: building Universal Binary; using compiler defined macros instead" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}building Universal Binary; using compiler defined macros instead" >&6; } else if test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then ieee_endianness="least first" else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include #include typedef uint32_t word32_t; typedef union { double d; word32_t word[2]; } double_overlay; #define DOUBLE_WORD0(x) ((double_overlay*)&(x))->word[0] #define DOUBLE_WORD1(x) ((double_overlay*)&(x))->word[1] int main(void) { double n = 0.3; /* least significant byte first */ if ((DOUBLE_WORD0(n) == 0x33333333) && (DOUBLE_WORD1(n) == 0x3fd33333)) return 0; /* most significant byte first */ else if ((DOUBLE_WORD1(n) == 0x33333333) && (DOUBLE_WORD0(n) == 0x3fd33333)) return 1; else { fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: unknown IEEE format; assuming IEEE with least significant byte first\n"); return 0; } } _ACEOF rm -f conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { ac_try='./conftest$ac_exeext' { (case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_try") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); }; }; then ieee_endianness="least first" else echo "$as_me: program exited with status $ac_status" >&5 echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ( exit $ac_status ) ieee_endianness="most first" fi rm -f core *.core core.conftest.* gmon.out bb.out conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ieee_endianness" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ieee_endianness" >&6; } if test "$ieee_endianness" = "most first"; then cat >>confdefs.h <<\_ACEOF #define IEEE_MOST_FIRST 1 _ACEOF fi fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking native-code compiler support" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking native-code compiler support... $ECHO_C" >&6; } # Check whether --enable-native-code was given. if test "${enable_native_code+set}" = set; then enableval=$enable_native_code; if test "$enable_native_code" != no; then case $GC_OBJS in '${GC_TWOSPACE_OBJS}' ) case `uname -m` in i?86 ) { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: x86" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}x86" >&6; } ASM_OBJECTS='${X86_ASM_OBJECTS}' for ac_func in sigaltstack do as_ac_var=`echo "ac_cv_func_$ac_func" | $as_tr_sh` { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for $ac_func" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for $ac_func... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if { as_var=$as_ac_var; eval "test \"\${$as_var+set}\" = set"; }; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ /* Define $ac_func to an innocuous variant, in case declares $ac_func. For example, HP-UX 11i declares gettimeofday. */ #define $ac_func innocuous_$ac_func /* System header to define __stub macros and hopefully few prototypes, which can conflict with char $ac_func (); below. Prefer to if __STDC__ is defined, since exists even on freestanding compilers. */ #ifdef __STDC__ # include #else # include #endif #undef $ac_func /* Override any GCC internal prototype to avoid an error. Use char because int might match the return type of a GCC builtin and then its argument prototype would still apply. */ #ifdef __cplusplus extern "C" #endif char $ac_func (); /* The GNU C library defines this for functions which it implements to always fail with ENOSYS. Some functions are actually named something starting with __ and the normal name is an alias. */ #if defined __stub_$ac_func || defined __stub___$ac_func choke me #endif int main () { return $ac_func (); ; return 0; } _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest$ac_exeext && $as_test_x conftest$ac_exeext; then eval "$as_ac_var=yes" else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 eval "$as_ac_var=no" fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest_ipa8_conftest.oo \ conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext fi ac_res=`eval echo '${'$as_ac_var'}'` { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_res" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_res" >&6; } if test `eval echo '${'$as_ac_var'}'` = yes; then cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define `echo "HAVE_$ac_func" | $as_tr_cpp` 1 _ACEOF HAVE_SIGALTSTACK=1 else HAVE_SIGALTSTACK=0 fi done if test "$HAVE_SIGALTSTACK" = 0; then { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: Your system lacks sigaltstack" >&5 echo "$as_me: error: Your system lacks sigaltstack" >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking assembler style" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking assembler style... $ECHO_C" >&6; } case `uname` in Darwin ) { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: Darwin" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}Darwin" >&6; } ASM_STYLE='darwin' ;; * ) { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: GNU(hopefully)" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}GNU(hopefully)" >&6; } ASM_STYLE='gnu' ;; esac ;; * ) { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: no" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}no" >&6; } ASM_OBJECTS='${FAKE_ASM_OBJECTS}' esac;; * ) { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: no (picked GC not compatible)" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}no (picked GC not compatible)" >&6; } ASM_OBJECTS='${FAKE_ASM_OBJECTS}' esac else { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: no" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}no" >&6; } ASM_OBJECTS='${FAKE_ASM_OBJECTS}' fi else { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: no" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}no" >&6; } ASM_OBJECTS='${FAKE_ASM_OBJECTS}' fi for ac_prog in ld cc gcc do # Extract the first word of "$ac_prog", so it can be a program name with args. set dummy $ac_prog; ac_word=$2 { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for $ac_word" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for $ac_word... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "${ac_cv_prog_LD+set}" = set; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else if test -n "$LD"; then ac_cv_prog_LD="$LD" # Let the user override the test. else as_save_IFS=$IFS; IFS=$PATH_SEPARATOR for as_dir in $PATH do IFS=$as_save_IFS test -z "$as_dir" && as_dir=. for ac_exec_ext in '' $ac_executable_extensions; do if { test -f "$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext" && $as_test_x "$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext"; }; then ac_cv_prog_LD="$ac_prog" echo "$as_me:$LINENO: found $as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext" >&5 break 2 fi done done IFS=$as_save_IFS fi fi LD=$ac_cv_prog_LD if test -n "$LD"; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $LD" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$LD" >&6; } else { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: no" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}no" >&6; } fi test -n "$LD" && break done { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking compile and link flags for dynamic externals" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking compile and link flags for dynamic externals... $ECHO_C" >&6; } DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS_IN_PLACE="" case "$host_os" in hpux* ) DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_CFLAGS='+z -D_HPUX_SOURCE' DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS='-b' ;; aix* ) DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_CFLAGS='' DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS='-bM:SRE -brtl -bI:\$(incdir)/scheme48.exp -bnoentry -bE:\$(incdir)/scheme48-external.exp -lc' DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS_IN_PLACE='-bM:SRE -brtl -bI:\$(srcdir)/c/scheme48.exp -bnoentry -bE:\$(srcdir)/c/scheme48-external.exp -lc' ;; darwin*|macosx* ) DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_CFLAGS='-fno-common' DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS="$CFLAGS $LDFLAGS -bundle -flat_namespace -undefined suppress" LD="$CC" ;; solaris* ) DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_CFLAGS="$PIC" DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -G" LD="$CC" ;; linux* ) LD="$CC" DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_CFLAGS="$PIC" DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS="-shared $LDFLAGS" ;; cygwin* ) LD="$CC" DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_CFLAGS="" DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS='-shared $(bindir)/scheme48vm.a' DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS_IN_PLACE='-shared $(srcdir)/scheme48vm.a' ;; * ) DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_CFLAGS="$PIC" DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS='-shared' ;; esac if test -z "$DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS_IN_PLACE"; then DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS_IN_PLACE="$DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS" fi { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_CFLAGS, $DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_CFLAGS, $DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS" >&6; } for ac_header in pthread.h do as_ac_Header=`echo "ac_cv_header_$ac_header" | $as_tr_sh` if { as_var=$as_ac_Header; eval "test \"\${$as_var+set}\" = set"; }; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for $ac_header" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for $ac_header... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if { as_var=$as_ac_Header; eval "test \"\${$as_var+set}\" = set"; }; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 fi ac_res=`eval echo '${'$as_ac_Header'}'` { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_res" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_res" >&6; } else # Is the header compilable? { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking $ac_header usability" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking $ac_header usability... $ECHO_C" >&6; } cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ $ac_includes_default #include <$ac_header> _ACEOF rm -f conftest.$ac_objext if { (ac_try="$ac_compile" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_compile") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { test -z "$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err } && test -s conftest.$ac_objext; then ac_header_compiler=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_header_compiler=no fi rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_header_compiler" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_header_compiler" >&6; } # Is the header present? { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking $ac_header presence" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking $ac_header presence... $ECHO_C" >&6; } cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include <$ac_header> _ACEOF if { (ac_try="$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext") 2>conftest.er1 ac_status=$? grep -v '^ *+' conftest.er1 >conftest.err rm -f conftest.er1 cat conftest.err >&5 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } >/dev/null && { test -z "$ac_c_preproc_warn_flag$ac_c_werror_flag" || test ! -s conftest.err }; then ac_header_preproc=yes else echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ac_header_preproc=no fi rm -f conftest.err conftest.$ac_ext { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_header_preproc" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_header_preproc" >&6; } # So? What about this header? case $ac_header_compiler:$ac_header_preproc:$ac_c_preproc_warn_flag in yes:no: ) { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: accepted by the compiler, rejected by the preprocessor!" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: accepted by the compiler, rejected by the preprocessor!" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: proceeding with the compiler's result" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: proceeding with the compiler's result" >&2;} ac_header_preproc=yes ;; no:yes:* ) { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: present but cannot be compiled" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: present but cannot be compiled" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: check for missing prerequisite headers?" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: check for missing prerequisite headers?" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: see the Autoconf documentation" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: see the Autoconf documentation" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: section \"Present But Cannot Be Compiled\"" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: section \"Present But Cannot Be Compiled\"" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: proceeding with the preprocessor's result" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: proceeding with the preprocessor's result" >&2;} { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: $ac_header: in the future, the compiler will take precedence" >&5 echo "$as_me: WARNING: $ac_header: in the future, the compiler will take precedence" >&2;} ;; esac { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for $ac_header" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking for $ac_header... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if { as_var=$as_ac_Header; eval "test \"\${$as_var+set}\" = set"; }; then echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 else eval "$as_ac_Header=\$ac_header_preproc" fi ac_res=`eval echo '${'$as_ac_Header'}'` { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_res" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_res" >&6; } fi if test `eval echo '${'$as_ac_Header'}'` = yes; then cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF #define `echo "HAVE_$ac_header" | $as_tr_cpp` 1 _ACEOF pthreads_done="no" { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking Pthreads support" >&5 echo $ECHO_N "checking Pthreads support... $ECHO_C" >&6; } if test "$pthreads_done" = "no"; then flags_result="" oldCFLAGS="$CFLAGS" CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -mt" if test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: cannot run test program while cross compiling See \`config.log' for more details." >&5 echo "$as_me: error: cannot run test program while cross compiling See \`config.log' for more details." >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include int main(void) { pthread_kill(pthread_self(), 0); } _ACEOF rm -f conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { ac_try='./conftest$ac_exeext' { (case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_try") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); }; }; then flags_result="-mt (compile)" else echo "$as_me: program exited with status $ac_status" >&5 echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ( exit $ac_status ) CFLAGS="$oldCFLAGS" fi rm -f core *.core core.conftest.* gmon.out bb.out conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi oldLDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS" LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -mt" if test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: cannot run test program while cross compiling See \`config.log' for more details." >&5 echo "$as_me: error: cannot run test program while cross compiling See \`config.log' for more details." >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include int main(void) { pthread_kill(pthread_self(), 0); } _ACEOF rm -f conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { ac_try='./conftest$ac_exeext' { (case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_try") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); }; }; then flags_result="$flags_result -mt (link)" pthreads_done="yes" else echo "$as_me: program exited with status $ac_status" >&5 echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ( exit $ac_status ) LDFLAGS="$oldLDFLAGS" fi rm -f core *.core core.conftest.* gmon.out bb.out conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi if test -n "$flags_result"; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $flags_result" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$flags_result" >&6; } fi fi if test "$pthreads_done" = "no"; then flags_result="" oldCFLAGS="$CFLAGS" CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -pthread" if test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: cannot run test program while cross compiling See \`config.log' for more details." >&5 echo "$as_me: error: cannot run test program while cross compiling See \`config.log' for more details." >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include int main(void) { pthread_kill(pthread_self(), 0); } _ACEOF rm -f conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { ac_try='./conftest$ac_exeext' { (case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_try") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); }; }; then flags_result="-pthread (compile)" else echo "$as_me: program exited with status $ac_status" >&5 echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ( exit $ac_status ) CFLAGS="$oldCFLAGS" fi rm -f core *.core core.conftest.* gmon.out bb.out conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi oldLDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS" LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -pthread" if test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: cannot run test program while cross compiling See \`config.log' for more details." >&5 echo "$as_me: error: cannot run test program while cross compiling See \`config.log' for more details." >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include int main(void) { pthread_kill(pthread_self(), 0); } _ACEOF rm -f conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { ac_try='./conftest$ac_exeext' { (case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_try") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); }; }; then flags_result="$flags_result -pthread (link)" pthreads_done="yes" else echo "$as_me: program exited with status $ac_status" >&5 echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ( exit $ac_status ) LDFLAGS="$oldLDFLAGS" fi rm -f core *.core core.conftest.* gmon.out bb.out conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi if test -n "$flags_result"; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $flags_result" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$flags_result" >&6; } fi fi if test "$pthreads_done" = "no"; then flags_result="" oldCFLAGS="$CFLAGS" CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -pthreads" if test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: cannot run test program while cross compiling See \`config.log' for more details." >&5 echo "$as_me: error: cannot run test program while cross compiling See \`config.log' for more details." >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include int main(void) { pthread_kill(pthread_self(), 0); } _ACEOF rm -f conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { ac_try='./conftest$ac_exeext' { (case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_try") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); }; }; then flags_result="-pthreads (compile)" else echo "$as_me: program exited with status $ac_status" >&5 echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ( exit $ac_status ) CFLAGS="$oldCFLAGS" fi rm -f core *.core core.conftest.* gmon.out bb.out conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi oldLDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS" LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -pthreads" if test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: cannot run test program while cross compiling See \`config.log' for more details." >&5 echo "$as_me: error: cannot run test program while cross compiling See \`config.log' for more details." >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include int main(void) { pthread_kill(pthread_self(), 0); } _ACEOF rm -f conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { ac_try='./conftest$ac_exeext' { (case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_try") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); }; }; then flags_result="$flags_result -pthreads (link)" pthreads_done="yes" else echo "$as_me: program exited with status $ac_status" >&5 echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ( exit $ac_status ) LDFLAGS="$oldLDFLAGS" fi rm -f core *.core core.conftest.* gmon.out bb.out conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi if test -n "$flags_result"; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $flags_result" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$flags_result" >&6; } fi fi if test "$pthreads_done" = "no"; then flags_result="" oldCFLAGS="$CFLAGS" CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -mthreads" if test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: cannot run test program while cross compiling See \`config.log' for more details." >&5 echo "$as_me: error: cannot run test program while cross compiling See \`config.log' for more details." >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include int main(void) { pthread_kill(pthread_self(), 0); } _ACEOF rm -f conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { ac_try='./conftest$ac_exeext' { (case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_try") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); }; }; then flags_result="-mthreads (compile)" else echo "$as_me: program exited with status $ac_status" >&5 echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ( exit $ac_status ) CFLAGS="$oldCFLAGS" fi rm -f core *.core core.conftest.* gmon.out bb.out conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi oldLDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS" LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -mthreads" if test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: cannot run test program while cross compiling See \`config.log' for more details." >&5 echo "$as_me: error: cannot run test program while cross compiling See \`config.log' for more details." >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include int main(void) { pthread_kill(pthread_self(), 0); } _ACEOF rm -f conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { ac_try='./conftest$ac_exeext' { (case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_try") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); }; }; then flags_result="$flags_result -mthreads (link)" pthreads_done="yes" else echo "$as_me: program exited with status $ac_status" >&5 echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ( exit $ac_status ) LDFLAGS="$oldLDFLAGS" fi rm -f core *.core core.conftest.* gmon.out bb.out conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi if test -n "$flags_result"; then { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $flags_result" >&5 echo "${ECHO_T}$flags_result" >&6; } fi fi if test "$pthreads_done" = "no"; then flags_result="" oldCFLAGS="$CFLAGS" CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -thread" if test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: cannot run test program while cross compiling See \`config.log' for more details." >&5 echo "$as_me: error: cannot run test program while cross compiling See \`config.log' for more details." >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include int main(void) { pthread_kill(pthread_self(), 0); } _ACEOF rm -f conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); } && { ac_try='./conftest$ac_exeext' { (case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_try") 2>&5 ac_status=$? echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 (exit $ac_status); }; }; then flags_result="-thread (compile)" else echo "$as_me: program exited with status $ac_status" >&5 echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 ( exit $ac_status ) CFLAGS="$oldCFLAGS" fi rm -f core *.core core.conftest.* gmon.out bb.out conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext fi oldLDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS" LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -thread" if test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then { { echo "$as_me:$LINENO: error: cannot run test program while cross compiling See \`config.log' for more details." >&5 echo "$as_me: error: cannot run test program while cross compiling See \`config.log' for more details." >&2;} { (exit 1); exit 1; }; } else cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* confdefs.h. */ _ACEOF cat confdefs.h >>conftest.$ac_ext cat >>conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF /* end confdefs.h. */ #include int main(void) { pthread_kill(pthread_self(), 0); } _ACEOF rm -f conftest$ac_exeext if { (ac_try="$ac_link" case "(($ac_try" in *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; esac eval "echo \"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"") >&5 (eval "$ac_link") 2>&5 ac_status=$? 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See file COPYING for notices and license. dnl dnl Authors: Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees, Mike Sperber, Marcus dnl Crestani, Eric Knauel, David Frese, Ivan Shmakov, Taylor Campbell, dnl Will Noble dnl dnl Process this file with autoconf >= 2.60 to produce a configure script. dnl To do this, run: dnl env ACLOCAL="aclocal -I m4" autoreconf -v -i dnl AC_PREREQ([2.60])dnl dnl dnl We might want AC_WORDS_BIGENDIAN in the future. dnl We might want AC_CHAR_UNSIGNED in the future. dnl dnl dnl dnl AC_INIT(c/prescheme.h) AC_CONFIG_HEADER(c/sysdep.h) AC_CONFIG_HEADER(c/scheme48arch.h) AC_CANONICAL_HOST dnl set the cross-compile flag before we try anything. 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It does not imply ALL GNU software can. # # This file is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by # the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or # (at your option) any later version. # # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the # GNU General Public License for more details. # # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software # Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street - Fifth Floor, Boston, MA # 02110-1301, USA. # # As a special exception to the GNU General Public License, if you # distribute this file as part of a program that contains a # configuration script generated by Autoconf, you may include it under # the same distribution terms that you use for the rest of that program. # Please send patches to . Submit a context # diff and a properly formatted ChangeLog entry. # # Configuration subroutine to validate and canonicalize a configuration type. # Supply the specified configuration type as an argument. # If it is invalid, we print an error message on stderr and exit with code 1. # Otherwise, we print the canonical config type on stdout and succeed. # This file is supposed to be the same for all GNU packages # and recognize all the CPU types, system types and aliases # that are meaningful with *any* GNU software. # Each package is responsible for reporting which valid configurations # it does not support. The user should be able to distinguish # a failure to support a valid configuration from a meaningless # configuration. # The goal of this file is to map all the various variations of a given # machine specification into a single specification in the form: # CPU_TYPE-MANUFACTURER-OPERATING_SYSTEM # or in some cases, the newer four-part form: # CPU_TYPE-MANUFACTURER-KERNEL-OPERATING_SYSTEM # It is wrong to echo any other type of specification. me=`echo "$0" | sed -e 's,.*/,,'` usage="\ Usage: $0 [OPTION] CPU-MFR-OPSYS $0 [OPTION] ALIAS Canonicalize a configuration name. Operation modes: -h, --help print this help, then exit -t, --time-stamp print date of last modification, then exit -v, --version print version number, then exit Report bugs and patches to ." version="\ GNU config.sub ($timestamp) Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE." help=" Try \`$me --help' for more information." # Parse command line while test $# -gt 0 ; do case $1 in --time-stamp | --time* | -t ) echo "$timestamp" ; exit ;; --version | -v ) echo "$version" ; exit ;; --help | --h* | -h ) echo "$usage"; exit ;; -- ) # Stop option processing shift; break ;; - ) # Use stdin as input. break ;; -* ) echo "$me: invalid option $1$help" exit 1 ;; *local*) # First pass through any local machine types. echo $1 exit ;; * ) break ;; esac done case $# in 0) echo "$me: missing argument$help" >&2 exit 1;; 1) ;; *) echo "$me: too many arguments$help" >&2 exit 1;; esac # Separate what the user gave into CPU-COMPANY and OS or KERNEL-OS (if any). # Here we must recognize all the valid KERNEL-OS combinations. maybe_os=`echo $1 | sed 's/^\(.*\)-\([^-]*-[^-]*\)$/\2/'` case $maybe_os in nto-qnx* | linux-gnu* | linux-dietlibc | linux-newlib* | linux-uclibc* | \ uclinux-uclibc* | uclinux-gnu* | kfreebsd*-gnu* | knetbsd*-gnu* | netbsd*-gnu* | \ storm-chaos* | os2-emx* | rtmk-nova*) os=-$maybe_os basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed 's/^\(.*\)-\([^-]*-[^-]*\)$/\1/'` ;; *) basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed 's/-[^-]*$//'` if [ $basic_machine != $1 ] then os=`echo $1 | sed 's/.*-/-/'` else os=; fi ;; esac ### Let's recognize common machines as not being operating systems so ### that things like config.sub decstation-3100 work. We also ### recognize some manufacturers as not being operating systems, so we ### can provide default operating systems below. case $os in -sun*os*) # Prevent following clause from handling this invalid input. ;; -dec* | -mips* | -sequent* | -encore* | -pc532* | -sgi* | -sony* | \ -att* | -7300* | -3300* | -delta* | -motorola* | -sun[234]* | \ -unicom* | -ibm* | -next | -hp | -isi* | -apollo | -altos* | \ -convergent* | -ncr* | -news | -32* | -3600* | -3100* | -hitachi* |\ -c[123]* | -convex* | -sun | -crds | -omron* | -dg | -ultra | -tti* | \ -harris | -dolphin | -highlevel | -gould | -cbm | -ns | -masscomp | \ -apple | -axis | -knuth | -cray) os= basic_machine=$1 ;; -sim | -cisco | -oki | -wec | -winbond) os= basic_machine=$1 ;; -scout) ;; -wrs) os=-vxworks basic_machine=$1 ;; -chorusos*) os=-chorusos basic_machine=$1 ;; -chorusrdb) os=-chorusrdb basic_machine=$1 ;; -hiux*) os=-hiuxwe2 ;; -sco6) os=-sco5v6 basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-pc/'` ;; -sco5) os=-sco3.2v5 basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-pc/'` ;; -sco4) os=-sco3.2v4 basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-pc/'` ;; -sco3.2.[4-9]*) os=`echo $os | sed -e 's/sco3.2./sco3.2v/'` basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-pc/'` ;; -sco3.2v[4-9]*) # Don't forget version if it is 3.2v4 or newer. basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-pc/'` ;; -sco5v6*) # Don't forget version if it is 3.2v4 or newer. basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-pc/'` ;; -sco*) os=-sco3.2v2 basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-pc/'` ;; -udk*) basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-pc/'` ;; -isc) os=-isc2.2 basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-pc/'` ;; -clix*) basic_machine=clipper-intergraph ;; -isc*) basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-pc/'` ;; -lynx*) os=-lynxos ;; -ptx*) basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86-.*/86-sequent/'` ;; -windowsnt*) os=`echo $os | sed -e 's/windowsnt/winnt/'` ;; -psos*) os=-psos ;; -mint | -mint[0-9]*) basic_machine=m68k-atari os=-mint ;; esac # Decode aliases for certain CPU-COMPANY combinations. case $basic_machine in # Recognize the basic CPU types without company name. # Some are omitted here because they have special meanings below. 1750a | 580 \ | a29k \ | alpha | alphaev[4-8] | alphaev56 | alphaev6[78] | alphapca5[67] \ | alpha64 | alpha64ev[4-8] | alpha64ev56 | alpha64ev6[78] | alpha64pca5[67] \ | am33_2.0 \ | arc | arm | arm[bl]e | arme[lb] | armv[2345] | armv[345][lb] | avr | avr32 \ | bfin \ | c4x | clipper \ | d10v | d30v | dlx | dsp16xx \ | fr30 | frv \ | h8300 | h8500 | hppa | hppa1.[01] | hppa2.0 | hppa2.0[nw] | hppa64 \ | i370 | i860 | i960 | ia64 \ | ip2k | iq2000 \ | m32c | m32r | m32rle | m68000 | m68k | m88k \ | maxq | mb | microblaze | mcore \ | mips | mipsbe | mipseb | mipsel | mipsle \ | mips16 \ | mips64 | mips64el \ | mips64vr | mips64vrel \ | mips64orion | mips64orionel \ | mips64vr4100 | mips64vr4100el \ | mips64vr4300 | mips64vr4300el \ | mips64vr5000 | mips64vr5000el \ | mips64vr5900 | mips64vr5900el \ | mipsisa32 | mipsisa32el \ | mipsisa32r2 | mipsisa32r2el \ | mipsisa64 | mipsisa64el \ | mipsisa64r2 | mipsisa64r2el \ | mipsisa64sb1 | mipsisa64sb1el \ | mipsisa64sr71k | mipsisa64sr71kel \ | mipstx39 | mipstx39el \ | mn10200 | mn10300 \ | mt \ | msp430 \ | nios | nios2 \ | ns16k | ns32k \ | or32 \ | pdp10 | pdp11 | pj | pjl \ | powerpc | powerpc64 | powerpc64le | powerpcle | ppcbe \ | pyramid \ | score \ | sh | sh[1234] | sh[24]a | sh[23]e | sh[34]eb | sheb | shbe | shle | sh[1234]le | sh3ele \ | sh64 | sh64le \ | sparc | sparc64 | sparc64b | sparc64v | sparc86x | sparclet | sparclite \ | sparcv8 | sparcv9 | sparcv9b | sparcv9v \ | spu | strongarm \ | tahoe | thumb | tic4x | tic80 | tron \ | v850 | v850e \ | we32k \ | x86 | xc16x | xscale | xscalee[bl] | xstormy16 | xtensa \ | z8k) basic_machine=$basic_machine-unknown ;; m6811 | m68hc11 | m6812 | m68hc12) # Motorola 68HC11/12. basic_machine=$basic_machine-unknown os=-none ;; m88110 | m680[12346]0 | m683?2 | m68360 | m5200 | v70 | w65 | z8k) ;; ms1) basic_machine=mt-unknown ;; # We use `pc' rather than `unknown' # because (1) that's what they normally are, and # (2) the word "unknown" tends to confuse beginning users. i*86 | x86_64) basic_machine=$basic_machine-pc ;; # Object if more than one company name word. *-*-*) echo Invalid configuration \`$1\': machine \`$basic_machine\' not recognized 1>&2 exit 1 ;; # Recognize the basic CPU types with company name. 580-* \ | a29k-* \ | alpha-* | alphaev[4-8]-* | alphaev56-* | alphaev6[78]-* \ | alpha64-* | alpha64ev[4-8]-* | alpha64ev56-* | alpha64ev6[78]-* \ | alphapca5[67]-* | alpha64pca5[67]-* | arc-* \ | arm-* | armbe-* | armle-* | armeb-* | armv*-* \ | avr-* | avr32-* \ | bfin-* | bs2000-* \ | c[123]* | c30-* | [cjt]90-* | c4x-* | c54x-* | c55x-* | c6x-* \ | clipper-* | craynv-* | cydra-* \ | d10v-* | d30v-* | dlx-* \ | elxsi-* \ | f30[01]-* | f700-* | fr30-* | frv-* | fx80-* \ | h8300-* | h8500-* \ | hppa-* | hppa1.[01]-* | hppa2.0-* | hppa2.0[nw]-* | hppa64-* \ | i*86-* | i860-* | i960-* | ia64-* \ | ip2k-* | iq2000-* \ | m32c-* | m32r-* | m32rle-* \ | m68000-* | m680[012346]0-* | m68360-* | m683?2-* | m68k-* \ | m88110-* | m88k-* | maxq-* | mcore-* \ | mips-* | mipsbe-* | mipseb-* | mipsel-* | mipsle-* \ | mips16-* \ | mips64-* | mips64el-* \ | mips64vr-* | mips64vrel-* \ | mips64orion-* | mips64orionel-* \ | mips64vr4100-* | mips64vr4100el-* \ | mips64vr4300-* | mips64vr4300el-* \ | mips64vr5000-* | mips64vr5000el-* \ | mips64vr5900-* | mips64vr5900el-* \ | mipsisa32-* | mipsisa32el-* \ | mipsisa32r2-* | mipsisa32r2el-* \ | mipsisa64-* | mipsisa64el-* \ | mipsisa64r2-* | mipsisa64r2el-* \ | mipsisa64sb1-* | mipsisa64sb1el-* \ | mipsisa64sr71k-* | mipsisa64sr71kel-* \ | mipstx39-* | mipstx39el-* \ | mmix-* \ | mt-* \ | msp430-* \ | nios-* | nios2-* \ | none-* | np1-* | ns16k-* | ns32k-* \ | orion-* \ | pdp10-* | pdp11-* | pj-* | pjl-* | pn-* | power-* \ | powerpc-* | powerpc64-* | powerpc64le-* | powerpcle-* | ppcbe-* \ | pyramid-* \ | romp-* | rs6000-* \ | sh-* | sh[1234]-* | sh[24]a-* | sh[23]e-* | sh[34]eb-* | sheb-* | shbe-* \ | shle-* | sh[1234]le-* | sh3ele-* | sh64-* | sh64le-* \ | sparc-* | sparc64-* | sparc64b-* | sparc64v-* | sparc86x-* | sparclet-* \ | sparclite-* \ | sparcv8-* | sparcv9-* | sparcv9b-* | sparcv9v-* | strongarm-* | sv1-* | sx?-* \ | tahoe-* | thumb-* \ | tic30-* | tic4x-* | tic54x-* | tic55x-* | tic6x-* | tic80-* \ | tron-* \ | v850-* | v850e-* | vax-* \ | we32k-* \ | x86-* | x86_64-* | xc16x-* | xps100-* | xscale-* | xscalee[bl]-* \ | xstormy16-* | xtensa-* \ | ymp-* \ | z8k-*) ;; # Recognize the various machine names and aliases which stand # for a CPU type and a company and sometimes even an OS. 386bsd) basic_machine=i386-unknown os=-bsd ;; 3b1 | 7300 | 7300-att | att-7300 | pc7300 | safari | unixpc) basic_machine=m68000-att ;; 3b*) basic_machine=we32k-att ;; a29khif) basic_machine=a29k-amd os=-udi ;; abacus) basic_machine=abacus-unknown ;; adobe68k) basic_machine=m68010-adobe os=-scout ;; alliant | fx80) basic_machine=fx80-alliant ;; altos | altos3068) basic_machine=m68k-altos ;; am29k) basic_machine=a29k-none os=-bsd ;; amd64) basic_machine=x86_64-pc ;; amd64-*) basic_machine=x86_64-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'` ;; amdahl) basic_machine=580-amdahl os=-sysv ;; amiga | amiga-*) basic_machine=m68k-unknown ;; amigaos | amigados) basic_machine=m68k-unknown os=-amigaos ;; amigaunix | amix) basic_machine=m68k-unknown os=-sysv4 ;; apollo68) basic_machine=m68k-apollo os=-sysv ;; apollo68bsd) basic_machine=m68k-apollo os=-bsd ;; aux) basic_machine=m68k-apple os=-aux ;; balance) basic_machine=ns32k-sequent os=-dynix ;; c90) basic_machine=c90-cray os=-unicos ;; convex-c1) basic_machine=c1-convex os=-bsd ;; convex-c2) basic_machine=c2-convex os=-bsd ;; convex-c32) basic_machine=c32-convex os=-bsd ;; convex-c34) basic_machine=c34-convex os=-bsd ;; convex-c38) basic_machine=c38-convex os=-bsd ;; cray | j90) basic_machine=j90-cray os=-unicos ;; craynv) basic_machine=craynv-cray os=-unicosmp ;; cr16c) basic_machine=cr16c-unknown os=-elf ;; crds | unos) basic_machine=m68k-crds ;; crisv32 | crisv32-* | etraxfs*) basic_machine=crisv32-axis ;; cris | cris-* | etrax*) basic_machine=cris-axis ;; crx) basic_machine=crx-unknown os=-elf ;; da30 | da30-*) basic_machine=m68k-da30 ;; decstation | decstation-3100 | pmax | pmax-* | pmin | dec3100 | decstatn) basic_machine=mips-dec ;; decsystem10* | dec10*) basic_machine=pdp10-dec os=-tops10 ;; decsystem20* | dec20*) basic_machine=pdp10-dec os=-tops20 ;; delta | 3300 | motorola-3300 | motorola-delta \ | 3300-motorola | delta-motorola) basic_machine=m68k-motorola ;; delta88) basic_machine=m88k-motorola os=-sysv3 ;; djgpp) basic_machine=i586-pc os=-msdosdjgpp ;; dpx20 | dpx20-*) basic_machine=rs6000-bull os=-bosx ;; dpx2* | dpx2*-bull) basic_machine=m68k-bull os=-sysv3 ;; ebmon29k) basic_machine=a29k-amd os=-ebmon ;; elxsi) basic_machine=elxsi-elxsi os=-bsd ;; encore | umax | mmax) basic_machine=ns32k-encore ;; es1800 | OSE68k | ose68k | ose | OSE) basic_machine=m68k-ericsson os=-ose ;; fx2800) basic_machine=i860-alliant ;; genix) basic_machine=ns32k-ns ;; gmicro) basic_machine=tron-gmicro os=-sysv ;; go32) basic_machine=i386-pc os=-go32 ;; h3050r* | hiux*) basic_machine=hppa1.1-hitachi os=-hiuxwe2 ;; h8300hms) basic_machine=h8300-hitachi os=-hms ;; h8300xray) basic_machine=h8300-hitachi os=-xray ;; h8500hms) basic_machine=h8500-hitachi os=-hms ;; harris) basic_machine=m88k-harris os=-sysv3 ;; hp300-*) basic_machine=m68k-hp ;; hp300bsd) basic_machine=m68k-hp os=-bsd ;; hp300hpux) basic_machine=m68k-hp os=-hpux ;; hp3k9[0-9][0-9] | hp9[0-9][0-9]) basic_machine=hppa1.0-hp ;; hp9k2[0-9][0-9] | hp9k31[0-9]) basic_machine=m68000-hp ;; hp9k3[2-9][0-9]) basic_machine=m68k-hp ;; hp9k6[0-9][0-9] | hp6[0-9][0-9]) basic_machine=hppa1.0-hp ;; hp9k7[0-79][0-9] | hp7[0-79][0-9]) basic_machine=hppa1.1-hp ;; hp9k78[0-9] | hp78[0-9]) # FIXME: really hppa2.0-hp basic_machine=hppa1.1-hp ;; hp9k8[67]1 | hp8[67]1 | hp9k80[24] | hp80[24] | hp9k8[78]9 | hp8[78]9 | hp9k893 | hp893) # FIXME: really hppa2.0-hp basic_machine=hppa1.1-hp ;; hp9k8[0-9][13679] | hp8[0-9][13679]) basic_machine=hppa1.1-hp ;; hp9k8[0-9][0-9] | hp8[0-9][0-9]) basic_machine=hppa1.0-hp ;; hppa-next) os=-nextstep3 ;; hppaosf) basic_machine=hppa1.1-hp os=-osf ;; hppro) basic_machine=hppa1.1-hp os=-proelf ;; i370-ibm* | ibm*) basic_machine=i370-ibm ;; # I'm not sure what "Sysv32" means. Should this be sysv3.2? i*86v32) basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86.*/86-pc/'` os=-sysv32 ;; i*86v4*) basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86.*/86-pc/'` os=-sysv4 ;; i*86v) basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86.*/86-pc/'` os=-sysv ;; i*86sol2) basic_machine=`echo $1 | sed -e 's/86.*/86-pc/'` os=-solaris2 ;; i386mach) basic_machine=i386-mach os=-mach ;; i386-vsta | vsta) basic_machine=i386-unknown os=-vsta ;; iris | iris4d) basic_machine=mips-sgi case $os in -irix*) ;; *) os=-irix4 ;; esac ;; isi68 | isi) basic_machine=m68k-isi os=-sysv ;; m88k-omron*) basic_machine=m88k-omron ;; magnum | m3230) basic_machine=mips-mips os=-sysv ;; merlin) basic_machine=ns32k-utek os=-sysv ;; mingw32) basic_machine=i386-pc os=-mingw32 ;; miniframe) basic_machine=m68000-convergent ;; *mint | -mint[0-9]* | *MiNT | *MiNT[0-9]*) basic_machine=m68k-atari os=-mint ;; mips3*-*) basic_machine=`echo $basic_machine | sed -e 's/mips3/mips64/'` ;; mips3*) basic_machine=`echo $basic_machine | sed -e 's/mips3/mips64/'`-unknown ;; monitor) basic_machine=m68k-rom68k os=-coff ;; morphos) basic_machine=powerpc-unknown os=-morphos ;; msdos) basic_machine=i386-pc os=-msdos ;; ms1-*) basic_machine=`echo $basic_machine | sed -e 's/ms1-/mt-/'` ;; mvs) basic_machine=i370-ibm os=-mvs ;; ncr3000) basic_machine=i486-ncr os=-sysv4 ;; netbsd386) basic_machine=i386-unknown os=-netbsd ;; netwinder) basic_machine=armv4l-rebel os=-linux ;; news | news700 | news800 | news900) basic_machine=m68k-sony os=-newsos ;; news1000) basic_machine=m68030-sony os=-newsos ;; news-3600 | risc-news) basic_machine=mips-sony os=-newsos ;; necv70) basic_machine=v70-nec os=-sysv ;; next | m*-next ) basic_machine=m68k-next case $os in -nextstep* ) ;; -ns2*) os=-nextstep2 ;; *) os=-nextstep3 ;; esac ;; nh3000) basic_machine=m68k-harris os=-cxux ;; nh[45]000) basic_machine=m88k-harris os=-cxux ;; nindy960) basic_machine=i960-intel os=-nindy ;; mon960) basic_machine=i960-intel os=-mon960 ;; nonstopux) basic_machine=mips-compaq os=-nonstopux ;; np1) basic_machine=np1-gould ;; nsr-tandem) basic_machine=nsr-tandem ;; op50n-* | op60c-*) basic_machine=hppa1.1-oki os=-proelf ;; openrisc | openrisc-*) basic_machine=or32-unknown ;; os400) basic_machine=powerpc-ibm os=-os400 ;; OSE68000 | ose68000) basic_machine=m68000-ericsson os=-ose ;; os68k) basic_machine=m68k-none os=-os68k ;; pa-hitachi) basic_machine=hppa1.1-hitachi os=-hiuxwe2 ;; paragon) basic_machine=i860-intel os=-osf ;; pbd) basic_machine=sparc-tti ;; pbb) basic_machine=m68k-tti ;; pc532 | pc532-*) basic_machine=ns32k-pc532 ;; pc98) basic_machine=i386-pc ;; pc98-*) basic_machine=i386-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'` ;; pentium | p5 | k5 | k6 | nexgen | viac3) basic_machine=i586-pc ;; pentiumpro | p6 | 6x86 | athlon | athlon_*) basic_machine=i686-pc ;; pentiumii | pentium2 | pentiumiii | pentium3) basic_machine=i686-pc ;; pentium4) basic_machine=i786-pc ;; pentium-* | p5-* | k5-* | k6-* | nexgen-* | viac3-*) basic_machine=i586-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'` ;; pentiumpro-* | p6-* | 6x86-* | athlon-*) basic_machine=i686-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'` ;; pentiumii-* | pentium2-* | pentiumiii-* | pentium3-*) basic_machine=i686-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'` ;; pentium4-*) basic_machine=i786-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'` ;; pn) basic_machine=pn-gould ;; power) basic_machine=power-ibm ;; ppc) basic_machine=powerpc-unknown ;; ppc-*) basic_machine=powerpc-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'` ;; ppcle | powerpclittle | ppc-le | powerpc-little) basic_machine=powerpcle-unknown ;; ppcle-* | powerpclittle-*) basic_machine=powerpcle-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'` ;; ppc64) basic_machine=powerpc64-unknown ;; ppc64-*) basic_machine=powerpc64-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'` ;; ppc64le | powerpc64little | ppc64-le | powerpc64-little) basic_machine=powerpc64le-unknown ;; ppc64le-* | powerpc64little-*) basic_machine=powerpc64le-`echo $basic_machine | sed 's/^[^-]*-//'` ;; ps2) basic_machine=i386-ibm ;; pw32) basic_machine=i586-unknown os=-pw32 ;; rdos) basic_machine=i386-pc os=-rdos ;; rom68k) basic_machine=m68k-rom68k os=-coff ;; rm[46]00) basic_machine=mips-siemens ;; rtpc | rtpc-*) basic_machine=romp-ibm ;; s390 | s390-*) basic_machine=s390-ibm ;; s390x | s390x-*) basic_machine=s390x-ibm ;; sa29200) basic_machine=a29k-amd os=-udi ;; sb1) basic_machine=mipsisa64sb1-unknown ;; sb1el) basic_machine=mipsisa64sb1el-unknown ;; sde) basic_machine=mipsisa32-sde os=-elf ;; sei) basic_machine=mips-sei os=-seiux ;; sequent) basic_machine=i386-sequent ;; sh) basic_machine=sh-hitachi os=-hms ;; sh5el) basic_machine=sh5le-unknown ;; sh64) basic_machine=sh64-unknown ;; sparclite-wrs | simso-wrs) basic_machine=sparclite-wrs os=-vxworks ;; sps7) basic_machine=m68k-bull os=-sysv2 ;; spur) basic_machine=spur-unknown ;; st2000) basic_machine=m68k-tandem ;; stratus) basic_machine=i860-stratus os=-sysv4 ;; sun2) basic_machine=m68000-sun ;; sun2os3) basic_machine=m68000-sun os=-sunos3 ;; sun2os4) basic_machine=m68000-sun os=-sunos4 ;; sun3os3) basic_machine=m68k-sun os=-sunos3 ;; sun3os4) basic_machine=m68k-sun os=-sunos4 ;; sun4os3) basic_machine=sparc-sun os=-sunos3 ;; sun4os4) basic_machine=sparc-sun os=-sunos4 ;; sun4sol2) basic_machine=sparc-sun os=-solaris2 ;; sun3 | sun3-*) basic_machine=m68k-sun ;; sun4) basic_machine=sparc-sun ;; sun386 | sun386i | roadrunner) basic_machine=i386-sun ;; sv1) basic_machine=sv1-cray os=-unicos ;; symmetry) basic_machine=i386-sequent os=-dynix ;; t3e) basic_machine=alphaev5-cray os=-unicos ;; t90) basic_machine=t90-cray os=-unicos ;; tic54x | c54x*) basic_machine=tic54x-unknown os=-coff ;; tic55x | c55x*) basic_machine=tic55x-unknown os=-coff ;; tic6x | c6x*) basic_machine=tic6x-unknown os=-coff ;; tx39) basic_machine=mipstx39-unknown ;; tx39el) basic_machine=mipstx39el-unknown ;; toad1) basic_machine=pdp10-xkl os=-tops20 ;; tower | tower-32) basic_machine=m68k-ncr ;; tpf) basic_machine=s390x-ibm os=-tpf ;; udi29k) basic_machine=a29k-amd os=-udi ;; ultra3) basic_machine=a29k-nyu os=-sym1 ;; v810 | necv810) basic_machine=v810-nec os=-none ;; vaxv) basic_machine=vax-dec os=-sysv ;; vms) basic_machine=vax-dec os=-vms ;; 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See the GNU # General Public License for more details. # # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software # Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street - Fifth Floor, Boston, MA # 02110-1301, USA. # # As a special exception to the GNU General Public License, if you # distribute this file as part of a program that contains a # configuration script generated by Autoconf, you may include it under # the same distribution terms that you use for the rest of that program. # Originally written by Per Bothner . # Please send patches to . Submit a context # diff and a properly formatted ChangeLog entry. # # This script attempts to guess a canonical system name similar to # config.sub. If it succeeds, it prints the system name on stdout, and # exits with 0. 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The system name ranges from "MiNT" over "FreeMiNT" # to the lowercase version "mint" (or "freemint"). Finally # the system name "TOS" denotes a system which is actually not # MiNT. But MiNT is downward compatible to TOS, so this should # be no problem. atarist[e]:*MiNT:*:* | atarist[e]:*mint:*:* | atarist[e]:*TOS:*:*) echo m68k-atari-mint${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; atari*:*MiNT:*:* | atari*:*mint:*:* | atarist[e]:*TOS:*:*) echo m68k-atari-mint${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; *falcon*:*MiNT:*:* | *falcon*:*mint:*:* | *falcon*:*TOS:*:*) echo m68k-atari-mint${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; milan*:*MiNT:*:* | milan*:*mint:*:* | *milan*:*TOS:*:*) echo m68k-milan-mint${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; hades*:*MiNT:*:* | hades*:*mint:*:* | *hades*:*TOS:*:*) echo m68k-hades-mint${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; *:*MiNT:*:* | *:*mint:*:* | *:*TOS:*:*) echo m68k-unknown-mint${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; m68k:machten:*:*) echo m68k-apple-machten${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; powerpc:machten:*:*) echo powerpc-apple-machten${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; RISC*:Mach:*:*) echo mips-dec-mach_bsd4.3 exit ;; RISC*:ULTRIX:*:*) echo mips-dec-ultrix${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; VAX*:ULTRIX*:*:*) echo vax-dec-ultrix${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; 2020:CLIX:*:* | 2430:CLIX:*:*) echo clipper-intergraph-clix${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; mips:*:*:UMIPS | mips:*:*:RISCos) eval $set_cc_for_build sed 's/^ //' << EOF >$dummy.c #ifdef __cplusplus #include /* for printf() prototype */ int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { #else int main (argc, argv) int argc; char *argv[]; { #endif #if defined (host_mips) && defined (MIPSEB) #if defined (SYSTYPE_SYSV) printf ("mips-mips-riscos%ssysv\n", argv[1]); exit (0); #endif #if defined (SYSTYPE_SVR4) printf ("mips-mips-riscos%ssvr4\n", argv[1]); exit (0); #endif #if defined (SYSTYPE_BSD43) || defined(SYSTYPE_BSD) printf ("mips-mips-riscos%sbsd\n", argv[1]); exit (0); #endif #endif exit (-1); } EOF $CC_FOR_BUILD -o $dummy $dummy.c && dummyarg=`echo "${UNAME_RELEASE}" | sed -n 's/\([0-9]*\).*/\1/p'` && SYSTEM_NAME=`$dummy $dummyarg` && { echo "$SYSTEM_NAME"; exit; } echo mips-mips-riscos${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; Motorola:PowerMAX_OS:*:*) echo powerpc-motorola-powermax exit ;; Motorola:*:4.3:PL8-*) echo powerpc-harris-powermax exit ;; Night_Hawk:*:*:PowerMAX_OS | Synergy:PowerMAX_OS:*:*) echo powerpc-harris-powermax exit ;; Night_Hawk:Power_UNIX:*:*) echo powerpc-harris-powerunix exit ;; m88k:CX/UX:7*:*) echo m88k-harris-cxux7 exit ;; m88k:*:4*:R4*) echo m88k-motorola-sysv4 exit ;; m88k:*:3*:R3*) echo m88k-motorola-sysv3 exit ;; AViiON:dgux:*:*) # DG/UX returns AViiON for all architectures UNAME_PROCESSOR=`/usr/bin/uname -p` if [ $UNAME_PROCESSOR = mc88100 ] || [ $UNAME_PROCESSOR = mc88110 ] then if [ ${TARGET_BINARY_INTERFACE}x = m88kdguxelfx ] || \ [ ${TARGET_BINARY_INTERFACE}x = x ] then echo m88k-dg-dgux${UNAME_RELEASE} else echo m88k-dg-dguxbcs${UNAME_RELEASE} fi else echo i586-dg-dgux${UNAME_RELEASE} fi exit ;; M88*:DolphinOS:*:*) # DolphinOS (SVR3) echo m88k-dolphin-sysv3 exit ;; M88*:*:R3*:*) # Delta 88k system running SVR3 echo m88k-motorola-sysv3 exit ;; XD88*:*:*:*) # Tektronix XD88 system running UTekV (SVR3) echo m88k-tektronix-sysv3 exit ;; Tek43[0-9][0-9]:UTek:*:*) # Tektronix 4300 system running UTek (BSD) echo m68k-tektronix-bsd exit ;; *:IRIX*:*:*) echo mips-sgi-irix`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/-/_/g'` exit ;; ????????:AIX?:[12].1:2) # AIX 2.2.1 or AIX 2.1.1 is RT/PC AIX. echo romp-ibm-aix # uname -m gives an 8 hex-code CPU id exit ;; # Note that: echo "'`uname -s`'" gives 'AIX ' i*86:AIX:*:*) echo i386-ibm-aix exit ;; ia64:AIX:*:*) if [ -x /usr/bin/oslevel ] ; then IBM_REV=`/usr/bin/oslevel` else IBM_REV=${UNAME_VERSION}.${UNAME_RELEASE} fi echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-ibm-aix${IBM_REV} exit ;; *:AIX:2:3) if grep bos325 /usr/include/stdio.h >/dev/null 2>&1; then eval $set_cc_for_build sed 's/^ //' << EOF >$dummy.c #include main() { if (!__power_pc()) exit(1); puts("powerpc-ibm-aix3.2.5"); exit(0); } EOF if $CC_FOR_BUILD -o $dummy $dummy.c && SYSTEM_NAME=`$dummy` then echo "$SYSTEM_NAME" else echo rs6000-ibm-aix3.2.5 fi elif grep bos324 /usr/include/stdio.h >/dev/null 2>&1; then echo rs6000-ibm-aix3.2.4 else echo rs6000-ibm-aix3.2 fi exit ;; *:AIX:*:[45]) IBM_CPU_ID=`/usr/sbin/lsdev -C -c processor -S available | sed 1q | awk '{ print $1 }'` if /usr/sbin/lsattr -El ${IBM_CPU_ID} | grep ' POWER' >/dev/null 2>&1; then IBM_ARCH=rs6000 else IBM_ARCH=powerpc fi if [ -x /usr/bin/oslevel ] ; then IBM_REV=`/usr/bin/oslevel` else IBM_REV=${UNAME_VERSION}.${UNAME_RELEASE} fi echo ${IBM_ARCH}-ibm-aix${IBM_REV} exit ;; *:AIX:*:*) echo rs6000-ibm-aix exit ;; ibmrt:4.4BSD:*|romp-ibm:BSD:*) echo romp-ibm-bsd4.4 exit ;; ibmrt:*BSD:*|romp-ibm:BSD:*) # covers RT/PC BSD and echo romp-ibm-bsd${UNAME_RELEASE} # 4.3 with uname added to exit ;; # report: romp-ibm BSD 4.3 *:BOSX:*:*) echo rs6000-bull-bosx exit ;; DPX/2?00:B.O.S.:*:*) echo m68k-bull-sysv3 exit ;; 9000/[34]??:4.3bsd:1.*:*) echo m68k-hp-bsd exit ;; hp300:4.4BSD:*:* | 9000/[34]??:4.3bsd:2.*:*) echo m68k-hp-bsd4.4 exit ;; 9000/[34678]??:HP-UX:*:*) HPUX_REV=`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[^.]*.[0B]*//'` case "${UNAME_MACHINE}" in 9000/31? ) HP_ARCH=m68000 ;; 9000/[34]?? ) HP_ARCH=m68k ;; 9000/[678][0-9][0-9]) if [ -x /usr/bin/getconf ]; then sc_cpu_version=`/usr/bin/getconf SC_CPU_VERSION 2>/dev/null` sc_kernel_bits=`/usr/bin/getconf SC_KERNEL_BITS 2>/dev/null` case "${sc_cpu_version}" in 523) HP_ARCH="hppa1.0" ;; # CPU_PA_RISC1_0 528) HP_ARCH="hppa1.1" ;; # CPU_PA_RISC1_1 532) # CPU_PA_RISC2_0 case "${sc_kernel_bits}" in 32) HP_ARCH="hppa2.0n" ;; 64) HP_ARCH="hppa2.0w" ;; '') HP_ARCH="hppa2.0" ;; # HP-UX 10.20 esac ;; esac fi if [ "${HP_ARCH}" = "" ]; then eval $set_cc_for_build sed 's/^ //' << EOF >$dummy.c #define _HPUX_SOURCE #include #include int main () { #if defined(_SC_KERNEL_BITS) long bits = sysconf(_SC_KERNEL_BITS); #endif long cpu = sysconf (_SC_CPU_VERSION); switch (cpu) { case CPU_PA_RISC1_0: puts ("hppa1.0"); break; case CPU_PA_RISC1_1: puts ("hppa1.1"); break; case CPU_PA_RISC2_0: #if defined(_SC_KERNEL_BITS) switch (bits) { case 64: puts ("hppa2.0w"); break; case 32: puts ("hppa2.0n"); break; default: puts ("hppa2.0"); break; } break; #else /* !defined(_SC_KERNEL_BITS) */ puts ("hppa2.0"); break; #endif default: puts ("hppa1.0"); break; } exit (0); } EOF (CCOPTS= $CC_FOR_BUILD -o $dummy $dummy.c 2>/dev/null) && HP_ARCH=`$dummy` test -z "$HP_ARCH" && HP_ARCH=hppa fi ;; esac if [ ${HP_ARCH} = "hppa2.0w" ] then eval $set_cc_for_build # hppa2.0w-hp-hpux* has a 64-bit kernel and a compiler generating # 32-bit code. hppa64-hp-hpux* has the same kernel and a compiler # generating 64-bit code. GNU and HP use different nomenclature: # # $ CC_FOR_BUILD=cc ./config.guess # => hppa2.0w-hp-hpux11.23 # $ CC_FOR_BUILD="cc +DA2.0w" ./config.guess # => hppa64-hp-hpux11.23 if echo __LP64__ | (CCOPTS= $CC_FOR_BUILD -E - 2>/dev/null) | grep __LP64__ >/dev/null then HP_ARCH="hppa2.0w" else HP_ARCH="hppa64" fi fi echo ${HP_ARCH}-hp-hpux${HPUX_REV} exit ;; ia64:HP-UX:*:*) HPUX_REV=`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[^.]*.[0B]*//'` echo ia64-hp-hpux${HPUX_REV} exit ;; 3050*:HI-UX:*:*) eval $set_cc_for_build sed 's/^ //' << EOF >$dummy.c #include int main () { long cpu = sysconf (_SC_CPU_VERSION); /* The order matters, because CPU_IS_HP_MC68K erroneously returns true for CPU_PA_RISC1_0. CPU_IS_PA_RISC returns correct results, however. */ if (CPU_IS_PA_RISC (cpu)) { switch (cpu) { case CPU_PA_RISC1_0: puts ("hppa1.0-hitachi-hiuxwe2"); break; case CPU_PA_RISC1_1: puts ("hppa1.1-hitachi-hiuxwe2"); break; case CPU_PA_RISC2_0: puts ("hppa2.0-hitachi-hiuxwe2"); break; default: puts ("hppa-hitachi-hiuxwe2"); break; } } else if (CPU_IS_HP_MC68K (cpu)) puts ("m68k-hitachi-hiuxwe2"); else puts ("unknown-hitachi-hiuxwe2"); exit (0); } EOF $CC_FOR_BUILD -o $dummy $dummy.c && SYSTEM_NAME=`$dummy` && { echo "$SYSTEM_NAME"; exit; } echo unknown-hitachi-hiuxwe2 exit ;; 9000/7??:4.3bsd:*:* | 9000/8?[79]:4.3bsd:*:* ) echo hppa1.1-hp-bsd exit ;; 9000/8??:4.3bsd:*:*) echo hppa1.0-hp-bsd exit ;; *9??*:MPE/iX:*:* | *3000*:MPE/iX:*:*) echo hppa1.0-hp-mpeix exit ;; hp7??:OSF1:*:* | hp8?[79]:OSF1:*:* ) echo hppa1.1-hp-osf exit ;; hp8??:OSF1:*:*) echo hppa1.0-hp-osf exit ;; i*86:OSF1:*:*) if [ -x /usr/sbin/sysversion ] ; then echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-osf1mk else echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-osf1 fi exit ;; parisc*:Lites*:*:*) echo hppa1.1-hp-lites exit ;; C1*:ConvexOS:*:* | convex:ConvexOS:C1*:*) echo c1-convex-bsd exit ;; C2*:ConvexOS:*:* | convex:ConvexOS:C2*:*) if getsysinfo -f scalar_acc then echo c32-convex-bsd else echo c2-convex-bsd fi exit ;; C34*:ConvexOS:*:* | convex:ConvexOS:C34*:*) echo c34-convex-bsd exit ;; C38*:ConvexOS:*:* | convex:ConvexOS:C38*:*) echo c38-convex-bsd exit ;; C4*:ConvexOS:*:* | convex:ConvexOS:C4*:*) echo c4-convex-bsd exit ;; CRAY*Y-MP:*:*:*) echo ymp-cray-unicos${UNAME_RELEASE} | sed -e 's/\.[^.]*$/.X/' exit ;; CRAY*[A-Z]90:*:*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-cray-unicos${UNAME_RELEASE} \ | sed -e 's/CRAY.*\([A-Z]90\)/\1/' \ -e y/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/ \ -e 's/\.[^.]*$/.X/' exit ;; CRAY*TS:*:*:*) echo t90-cray-unicos${UNAME_RELEASE} | sed -e 's/\.[^.]*$/.X/' exit ;; CRAY*T3E:*:*:*) echo alphaev5-cray-unicosmk${UNAME_RELEASE} | sed -e 's/\.[^.]*$/.X/' exit ;; CRAY*SV1:*:*:*) echo sv1-cray-unicos${UNAME_RELEASE} | sed -e 's/\.[^.]*$/.X/' exit ;; *:UNICOS/mp:*:*) echo craynv-cray-unicosmp${UNAME_RELEASE} | sed -e 's/\.[^.]*$/.X/' exit ;; F30[01]:UNIX_System_V:*:* | F700:UNIX_System_V:*:*) FUJITSU_PROC=`uname -m | tr 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'` FUJITSU_SYS=`uname -p | tr 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' | sed -e 's/\///'` FUJITSU_REL=`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE} | sed -e 's/ /_/'` echo "${FUJITSU_PROC}-fujitsu-${FUJITSU_SYS}${FUJITSU_REL}" exit ;; 5000:UNIX_System_V:4.*:*) FUJITSU_SYS=`uname -p | tr 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' | sed -e 's/\///'` FUJITSU_REL=`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE} | tr 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' | sed -e 's/ /_/'` echo "sparc-fujitsu-${FUJITSU_SYS}${FUJITSU_REL}" exit ;; i*86:BSD/386:*:* | i*86:BSD/OS:*:* | *:Ascend\ Embedded/OS:*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-bsdi${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; sparc*:BSD/OS:*:*) echo sparc-unknown-bsdi${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; *:BSD/OS:*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-bsdi${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; *:FreeBSD:*:*) case ${UNAME_MACHINE} in pc98) echo i386-unknown-freebsd`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[-(].*//'` ;; amd64) echo x86_64-unknown-freebsd`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[-(].*//'` ;; *) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-freebsd`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[-(].*//'` ;; esac exit ;; i*:CYGWIN*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-cygwin exit ;; i*:MINGW*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-mingw32 exit ;; i*:windows32*:*) # uname -m includes "-pc" on this system. echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-mingw32 exit ;; i*:PW*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-pw32 exit ;; x86:Interix*:[3456]*) echo i586-pc-interix${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; EM64T:Interix*:[3456]* | authenticamd:Interix*:[3456]*) echo x86_64-unknown-interix${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; [345]86:Windows_95:* | [345]86:Windows_98:* | [345]86:Windows_NT:*) echo i${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-mks exit ;; i*:Windows_NT*:* | Pentium*:Windows_NT*:*) # How do we know it's Interix rather than the generic POSIX subsystem? # It also conflicts with pre-2.0 versions of AT&T UWIN. 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frv:Linux:*:*) echo frv-unknown-linux-gnu exit ;; ia64:Linux:*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-gnu exit ;; m32r*:Linux:*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-gnu exit ;; m68*:Linux:*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-gnu exit ;; mips:Linux:*:*) eval $set_cc_for_build sed 's/^ //' << EOF >$dummy.c #undef CPU #undef mips #undef mipsel #if defined(__MIPSEL__) || defined(__MIPSEL) || defined(_MIPSEL) || defined(MIPSEL) CPU=mipsel #else #if defined(__MIPSEB__) || defined(__MIPSEB) || defined(_MIPSEB) || defined(MIPSEB) CPU=mips #else CPU= #endif #endif EOF eval "`$CC_FOR_BUILD -E $dummy.c 2>/dev/null | sed -n ' /^CPU/{ s: ::g p }'`" test x"${CPU}" != x && { echo "${CPU}-unknown-linux-gnu"; exit; } ;; mips64:Linux:*:*) eval $set_cc_for_build sed 's/^ //' << EOF >$dummy.c #undef CPU #undef mips64 #undef mips64el #if defined(__MIPSEL__) || defined(__MIPSEL) || defined(_MIPSEL) || defined(MIPSEL) CPU=mips64el #else #if defined(__MIPSEB__) || defined(__MIPSEB) || defined(_MIPSEB) || defined(MIPSEB) CPU=mips64 #else CPU= #endif #endif EOF eval "`$CC_FOR_BUILD -E $dummy.c 2>/dev/null | sed -n ' /^CPU/{ s: ::g p }'`" test x"${CPU}" != x && { echo "${CPU}-unknown-linux-gnu"; exit; } ;; or32:Linux:*:*) echo or32-unknown-linux-gnu exit ;; ppc:Linux:*:*) echo powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu exit ;; ppc64:Linux:*:*) echo powerpc64-unknown-linux-gnu exit ;; alpha:Linux:*:*) case `sed -n '/^cpu model/s/^.*: \(.*\)/\1/p' < /proc/cpuinfo` in EV5) UNAME_MACHINE=alphaev5 ;; EV56) UNAME_MACHINE=alphaev56 ;; PCA56) UNAME_MACHINE=alphapca56 ;; PCA57) UNAME_MACHINE=alphapca56 ;; EV6) UNAME_MACHINE=alphaev6 ;; EV67) UNAME_MACHINE=alphaev67 ;; EV68*) UNAME_MACHINE=alphaev68 ;; esac objdump --private-headers /bin/sh | grep ld.so.1 >/dev/null if test "$?" = 0 ; then LIBC="libc1" ; else LIBC="" ; fi echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-gnu${LIBC} exit ;; parisc:Linux:*:* | hppa:Linux:*:*) # Look for CPU level case `grep '^cpu[^a-z]*:' /proc/cpuinfo 2>/dev/null | cut -d' ' -f2` in PA7*) echo hppa1.1-unknown-linux-gnu ;; PA8*) echo hppa2.0-unknown-linux-gnu ;; *) echo hppa-unknown-linux-gnu ;; esac exit ;; parisc64:Linux:*:* | hppa64:Linux:*:*) echo hppa64-unknown-linux-gnu exit ;; s390:Linux:*:* | s390x:Linux:*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-ibm-linux exit ;; sh64*:Linux:*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-gnu exit ;; sh*:Linux:*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-gnu exit ;; sparc:Linux:*:* | sparc64:Linux:*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-linux-gnu exit ;; vax:Linux:*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-dec-linux-gnu exit ;; x86_64:Linux:*:*) echo x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu exit ;; i*86:Linux:*:*) # The BFD linker knows what the default object file format is, so # first see if it will tell us. cd to the root directory to prevent # problems with other programs or directories called `ld' in the path. # Set LC_ALL=C to ensure ld outputs messages in English. ld_supported_targets=`cd /; LC_ALL=C ld --help 2>&1 \ | sed -ne '/supported targets:/!d s/[ ][ ]*/ /g s/.*supported targets: *// s/ .*// p'` case "$ld_supported_targets" in elf32-i386) TENTATIVE="${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-linux-gnu" ;; a.out-i386-linux) echo "${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-linux-gnuaout" exit ;; coff-i386) echo "${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-linux-gnucoff" exit ;; "") # Either a pre-BFD a.out linker (linux-gnuoldld) or # one that does not give us useful --help. echo "${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-linux-gnuoldld" exit ;; esac # Determine whether the default compiler is a.out or elf eval $set_cc_for_build sed 's/^ //' << EOF >$dummy.c #include #ifdef __ELF__ # ifdef __GLIBC__ # if __GLIBC__ >= 2 LIBC=gnu # else LIBC=gnulibc1 # endif # else LIBC=gnulibc1 # endif #else #if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) || defined(__PGI) || defined(__SUNPRO_C) || defined(__SUNPRO_CC) LIBC=gnu #else LIBC=gnuaout #endif #endif #ifdef __dietlibc__ LIBC=dietlibc #endif EOF eval "`$CC_FOR_BUILD -E $dummy.c 2>/dev/null | sed -n ' /^LIBC/{ s: ::g p }'`" test x"${LIBC}" != x && { echo "${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-linux-${LIBC}" exit } test x"${TENTATIVE}" != x && { echo "${TENTATIVE}"; exit; } ;; i*86:DYNIX/ptx:4*:*) # ptx 4.0 does uname -s correctly, with DYNIX/ptx in there. # earlier versions are messed up and put the nodename in both # sysname and nodename. echo i386-sequent-sysv4 exit ;; i*86:UNIX_SV:4.2MP:2.*) # Unixware is an offshoot of SVR4, but it has its own version # number series starting with 2... # I am not positive that other SVR4 systems won't match this, # I just have to hope. -- rms. # Use sysv4.2uw... so that sysv4* matches it. echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-sysv4.2uw${UNAME_VERSION} exit ;; i*86:OS/2:*:*) # If we were able to find `uname', then EMX Unix compatibility # is probably installed. echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-os2-emx exit ;; i*86:XTS-300:*:STOP) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-stop exit ;; i*86:atheos:*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-atheos exit ;; i*86:syllable:*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-syllable exit ;; i*86:LynxOS:2.*:* | i*86:LynxOS:3.[01]*:* | i*86:LynxOS:4.0*:*) echo i386-unknown-lynxos${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; i*86:*DOS:*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-msdosdjgpp exit ;; i*86:*:4.*:* | i*86:SYSTEM_V:4.*:*) UNAME_REL=`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE} | sed 's/\/MP$//'` if grep Novell /usr/include/link.h >/dev/null 2>/dev/null; then echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-univel-sysv${UNAME_REL} else echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-sysv${UNAME_REL} fi exit ;; i*86:*:5:[678]*) # UnixWare 7.x, OpenUNIX and OpenServer 6. case `/bin/uname -X | grep "^Machine"` in *486*) UNAME_MACHINE=i486 ;; *Pentium) UNAME_MACHINE=i586 ;; *Pent*|*Celeron) UNAME_MACHINE=i686 ;; esac echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-sysv${UNAME_RELEASE}${UNAME_SYSTEM}${UNAME_VERSION} exit ;; i*86:*:3.2:*) if test -f /usr/options/cb.name; then UNAME_REL=`sed -n 's/.*Version //p' /dev/null >/dev/null ; then UNAME_REL=`(/bin/uname -X|grep Release|sed -e 's/.*= //')` (/bin/uname -X|grep i80486 >/dev/null) && UNAME_MACHINE=i486 (/bin/uname -X|grep '^Machine.*Pentium' >/dev/null) \ && UNAME_MACHINE=i586 (/bin/uname -X|grep '^Machine.*Pent *II' >/dev/null) \ && UNAME_MACHINE=i686 (/bin/uname -X|grep '^Machine.*Pentium Pro' >/dev/null) \ && UNAME_MACHINE=i686 echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-sco$UNAME_REL else echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-sysv32 fi exit ;; pc:*:*:*) # Left here for compatibility: # uname -m prints for DJGPP always 'pc', but it prints nothing about # the processor, so we play safe by assuming i386. echo i386-pc-msdosdjgpp exit ;; Intel:Mach:3*:*) echo i386-pc-mach3 exit ;; paragon:*:*:*) echo i860-intel-osf1 exit ;; i860:*:4.*:*) # i860-SVR4 if grep Stardent /usr/include/sys/uadmin.h >/dev/null 2>&1 ; then echo i860-stardent-sysv${UNAME_RELEASE} # Stardent Vistra i860-SVR4 else # Add other i860-SVR4 vendors below as they are discovered. echo i860-unknown-sysv${UNAME_RELEASE} # Unknown i860-SVR4 fi exit ;; mini*:CTIX:SYS*5:*) # "miniframe" echo m68010-convergent-sysv exit ;; mc68k:UNIX:SYSTEM5:3.51m) echo m68k-convergent-sysv exit ;; M680?0:D-NIX:5.3:*) echo m68k-diab-dnix exit ;; M68*:*:R3V[5678]*:*) test -r /sysV68 && { echo 'm68k-motorola-sysv'; exit; } ;; 3[345]??:*:4.0:3.0 | 3[34]??A:*:4.0:3.0 | 3[34]??,*:*:4.0:3.0 | 3[34]??/*:*:4.0:3.0 | 4400:*:4.0:3.0 | 4850:*:4.0:3.0 | SKA40:*:4.0:3.0 | SDS2:*:4.0:3.0 | SHG2:*:4.0:3.0 | S7501*:*:4.0:3.0) OS_REL='' test -r /etc/.relid \ && OS_REL=.`sed -n 's/[^ ]* [^ ]* \([0-9][0-9]\).*/\1/p' < /etc/.relid` /bin/uname -p 2>/dev/null | grep 86 >/dev/null \ && { echo i486-ncr-sysv4.3${OS_REL}; exit; } /bin/uname -p 2>/dev/null | /bin/grep entium >/dev/null \ && { echo i586-ncr-sysv4.3${OS_REL}; exit; } ;; 3[34]??:*:4.0:* | 3[34]??,*:*:4.0:*) /bin/uname -p 2>/dev/null | grep 86 >/dev/null \ && { echo i486-ncr-sysv4; exit; } ;; m68*:LynxOS:2.*:* | m68*:LynxOS:3.0*:*) echo m68k-unknown-lynxos${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; mc68030:UNIX_System_V:4.*:*) echo m68k-atari-sysv4 exit ;; TSUNAMI:LynxOS:2.*:*) echo sparc-unknown-lynxos${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; rs6000:LynxOS:2.*:*) echo rs6000-unknown-lynxos${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; PowerPC:LynxOS:2.*:* | PowerPC:LynxOS:3.[01]*:* | PowerPC:LynxOS:4.0*:*) echo powerpc-unknown-lynxos${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; SM[BE]S:UNIX_SV:*:*) echo mips-dde-sysv${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; RM*:ReliantUNIX-*:*:*) echo mips-sni-sysv4 exit ;; RM*:SINIX-*:*:*) echo mips-sni-sysv4 exit ;; *:SINIX-*:*:*) if uname -p 2>/dev/null >/dev/null ; then UNAME_MACHINE=`(uname -p) 2>/dev/null` echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-sni-sysv4 else echo ns32k-sni-sysv fi exit ;; PENTIUM:*:4.0*:*) # Unisys `ClearPath HMP IX 4000' SVR4/MP effort # says echo i586-unisys-sysv4 exit ;; *:UNIX_System_V:4*:FTX*) # From Gerald Hewes . # How about differentiating between stratus architectures? -djm echo hppa1.1-stratus-sysv4 exit ;; *:*:*:FTX*) # From seanf@swdc.stratus.com. echo i860-stratus-sysv4 exit ;; i*86:VOS:*:*) # From Paul.Green@stratus.com. echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-stratus-vos exit ;; *:VOS:*:*) # From Paul.Green@stratus.com. echo hppa1.1-stratus-vos exit ;; mc68*:A/UX:*:*) echo m68k-apple-aux${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; news*:NEWS-OS:6*:*) echo mips-sony-newsos6 exit ;; R[34]000:*System_V*:*:* | R4000:UNIX_SYSV:*:* | R*000:UNIX_SV:*:*) if [ -d /usr/nec ]; then echo mips-nec-sysv${UNAME_RELEASE} else echo mips-unknown-sysv${UNAME_RELEASE} fi exit ;; BeBox:BeOS:*:*) # BeOS running on hardware made by Be, PPC only. echo powerpc-be-beos exit ;; BeMac:BeOS:*:*) # BeOS running on Mac or Mac clone, PPC only. echo powerpc-apple-beos exit ;; BePC:BeOS:*:*) # BeOS running on Intel PC compatible. echo i586-pc-beos exit ;; SX-4:SUPER-UX:*:*) echo sx4-nec-superux${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; SX-5:SUPER-UX:*:*) echo sx5-nec-superux${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; SX-6:SUPER-UX:*:*) echo sx6-nec-superux${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; SX-8:SUPER-UX:*:*) echo sx8-nec-superux${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; Power*:Rhapsody:*:*) echo powerpc-apple-rhapsody${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; *:Rhapsody:*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-apple-rhapsody${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; *:Darwin:*:*) UNAME_PROCESSOR=`uname -p` || UNAME_PROCESSOR=unknown case $UNAME_PROCESSOR in unknown) UNAME_PROCESSOR=powerpc ;; esac echo ${UNAME_PROCESSOR}-apple-darwin${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; *:procnto*:*:* | *:QNX:[0123456789]*:*) UNAME_PROCESSOR=`uname -p` if test "$UNAME_PROCESSOR" = "x86"; then UNAME_PROCESSOR=i386 UNAME_MACHINE=pc fi echo ${UNAME_PROCESSOR}-${UNAME_MACHINE}-nto-qnx${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; *:QNX:*:4*) echo i386-pc-qnx exit ;; NSE-?:NONSTOP_KERNEL:*:*) echo nse-tandem-nsk${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; NSR-?:NONSTOP_KERNEL:*:*) echo nsr-tandem-nsk${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; *:NonStop-UX:*:*) echo mips-compaq-nonstopux exit ;; BS2000:POSIX*:*:*) echo bs2000-siemens-sysv exit ;; DS/*:UNIX_System_V:*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-${UNAME_SYSTEM}-${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; *:Plan9:*:*) # "uname -m" is not consistent, so use $cputype instead. 386 # is converted to i386 for consistency with other x86 # operating systems. if test "$cputype" = "386"; then UNAME_MACHINE=i386 else UNAME_MACHINE="$cputype" fi echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-plan9 exit ;; *:TOPS-10:*:*) echo pdp10-unknown-tops10 exit ;; *:TENEX:*:*) echo pdp10-unknown-tenex exit ;; KS10:TOPS-20:*:* | KL10:TOPS-20:*:* | TYPE4:TOPS-20:*:*) echo pdp10-dec-tops20 exit ;; XKL-1:TOPS-20:*:* | TYPE5:TOPS-20:*:*) echo pdp10-xkl-tops20 exit ;; *:TOPS-20:*:*) echo pdp10-unknown-tops20 exit ;; *:ITS:*:*) echo pdp10-unknown-its exit ;; SEI:*:*:SEIUX) echo mips-sei-seiux${UNAME_RELEASE} exit ;; *:DragonFly:*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-dragonfly`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[-(].*//'` exit ;; *:*VMS:*:*) UNAME_MACHINE=`(uname -p) 2>/dev/null` case "${UNAME_MACHINE}" in A*) echo alpha-dec-vms ; exit ;; I*) echo ia64-dec-vms ; exit ;; V*) echo vax-dec-vms ; exit ;; esac ;; *:XENIX:*:SysV) echo i386-pc-xenix exit ;; i*86:skyos:*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-skyos`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}` | sed -e 's/ .*$//' exit ;; i*86:rdos:*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-pc-rdos exit ;; esac #echo '(No uname command or uname output not recognized.)' 1>&2 #echo "${UNAME_MACHINE}:${UNAME_SYSTEM}:${UNAME_RELEASE}:${UNAME_VERSION}" 1>&2 eval $set_cc_for_build cat >$dummy.c < # include #endif main () { #if defined (sony) #if defined (MIPSEB) /* BFD wants "bsd" instead of "newsos". Perhaps BFD should be changed, I don't know.... */ printf ("mips-sony-bsd\n"); exit (0); #else #include printf ("m68k-sony-newsos%s\n", #ifdef NEWSOS4 "4" #else "" #endif ); exit (0); #endif #endif #if defined (__arm) && defined (__acorn) && defined (__unix) printf ("arm-acorn-riscix\n"); exit (0); #endif #if defined (hp300) && !defined (hpux) printf ("m68k-hp-bsd\n"); exit (0); #endif #if defined (NeXT) #if !defined (__ARCHITECTURE__) #define __ARCHITECTURE__ "m68k" #endif int version; version=`(hostinfo | sed -n 's/.*NeXT Mach \([0-9]*\).*/\1/p') 2>/dev/null`; if (version < 4) printf ("%s-next-nextstep%d\n", __ARCHITECTURE__, version); else printf ("%s-next-openstep%d\n", __ARCHITECTURE__, version); exit (0); #endif #if defined (MULTIMAX) || defined (n16) #if defined (UMAXV) printf ("ns32k-encore-sysv\n"); exit (0); #else #if defined (CMU) printf ("ns32k-encore-mach\n"); exit (0); #else printf ("ns32k-encore-bsd\n"); exit (0); #endif #endif #endif #if defined (__386BSD__) printf ("i386-pc-bsd\n"); exit (0); #endif #if defined (sequent) #if defined (i386) printf ("i386-sequent-dynix\n"); exit (0); #endif #if defined (ns32000) printf ("ns32k-sequent-dynix\n"); exit (0); #endif #endif #if defined (_SEQUENT_) struct utsname un; uname(&un); if (strncmp(un.version, "V2", 2) == 0) { printf ("i386-sequent-ptx2\n"); exit (0); } if (strncmp(un.version, "V1", 2) == 0) { /* XXX is V1 correct? */ printf ("i386-sequent-ptx1\n"); exit (0); } printf ("i386-sequent-ptx\n"); exit (0); #endif #if defined (vax) # if !defined (ultrix) # include # if defined (BSD) # if BSD == 43 printf ("vax-dec-bsd4.3\n"); exit (0); # else # if BSD == 199006 printf ("vax-dec-bsd4.3reno\n"); exit (0); # else printf ("vax-dec-bsd\n"); exit (0); # endif # endif # else printf ("vax-dec-bsd\n"); exit (0); # endif # else printf ("vax-dec-ultrix\n"); exit (0); # endif #endif #if defined (alliant) && defined (i860) printf ("i860-alliant-bsd\n"); exit (0); #endif exit (1); } EOF $CC_FOR_BUILD -o $dummy $dummy.c 2>/dev/null && SYSTEM_NAME=`$dummy` && { echo "$SYSTEM_NAME"; exit; } # Apollos put the system type in the environment. test -d /usr/apollo && { echo ${ISP}-apollo-${SYSTYPE}; exit; } # Convex versions that predate uname can use getsysinfo(1) if [ -x /usr/convex/getsysinfo ] then case `getsysinfo -f cpu_type` in c1*) echo c1-convex-bsd exit ;; c2*) if getsysinfo -f scalar_acc then echo c32-convex-bsd else echo c2-convex-bsd fi exit ;; c34*) echo c34-convex-bsd exit ;; c38*) echo c38-convex-bsd exit ;; c4*) echo c4-convex-bsd exit ;; esac fi cat >&2 < in order to provide the needed information to handle your system. config.guess timestamp = $timestamp uname -m = `(uname -m) 2>/dev/null || echo unknown` uname -r = `(uname -r) 2>/dev/null || echo unknown` uname -s = `(uname -s) 2>/dev/null || echo unknown` uname -v = `(uname -v) 2>/dev/null || echo unknown` /usr/bin/uname -p = `(/usr/bin/uname -p) 2>/dev/null` /bin/uname -X = `(/bin/uname -X) 2>/dev/null` hostinfo = `(hostinfo) 2>/dev/null` /bin/universe = `(/bin/universe) 2>/dev/null` /usr/bin/arch -k = `(/usr/bin/arch -k) 2>/dev/null` /bin/arch = `(/bin/arch) 2>/dev/null` /usr/bin/oslevel = `(/usr/bin/oslevel) 2>/dev/null` /usr/convex/getsysinfo = `(/usr/convex/getsysinfo) 2>/dev/null` UNAME_MACHINE = ${UNAME_MACHINE} UNAME_RELEASE = ${UNAME_RELEASE} UNAME_SYSTEM = ${UNAME_SYSTEM} UNAME_VERSION = ${UNAME_VERSION} EOF exit 1 # Local variables: # eval: (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'time-stamp) # time-stamp-start: "timestamp='" # time-stamp-format: "%:y-%02m-%02d" # time-stamp-end: "'" # End: scheme48-1.9/Makefile.in000644 004306 005702 00000111027 12067075540 016075 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 # Scheme 48 Makefile # Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. # Authors: Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees, Marcus Crestani, # Robert Ransom, Michael Zabka, Harald Glab-Phlak, David Frese # Documentation in files INSTALL and doc/install.txt SHELL = /bin/sh ### Filled in by `configure' ### srcdir = @srcdir@ VPATH = @srcdir@ CC = @CC@ LD = @LD@ DEFS = @DEFS@ LIBS = @LIBS@ CFLAGS = @CFLAGS@ CPPFLAGS = @CPPFLAGS@ INSTALL = @INSTALL@ INSTALL_PROGRAM = @INSTALL_PROGRAM@ INSTALL_DATA = @INSTALL_DATA@ LDFLAGS = @LDFLAGS@ LDFLAGS_VM = @LDFLAGS_VM@ LIBOBJS = @LIBOBJS@ GC_OBJS = @GC_OBJS@ ADDITIONAL_EXTERNALS = @ADDITIONAL_EXTERNALS@ ADDITIONAL_EXTERNAL_OBJS = @ADDITIONAL_EXTERNAL_OBJS@ ASM_OBJECTS = @ASM_OBJECTS@ ASM_STYLE = @ASM_STYLE@ HOST_ARCHITECTURE = @host@ BIT_SUFFIX = @BIT_SUFFIX@ prefix = @prefix@ exec_prefix = @exec_prefix@ bindir = @bindir@ libdir = @libdir@ incdir = @includedir@ manext = 1 mandir = @mandir@/man$(manext) docdir = @docdir@ datarootdir = @datarootdir@ datadir = @datadir@ DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_CFLAGS=@DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_CFLAGS@ DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS=@DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS@ DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS_IN_PLACE=@DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS_IN_PLACE@ ### End of `configure' section### # HP 9000 series, if you don't have gcc # CC = cc # CFLAGS = -Aa -O +Obb1800 # DEFS = -D_HPUX_SOURCE -Dhpux # Ultrix # LDFLAGS = -N COMPILING_ITSELF_DEFS = $(DEFS) -D__COMPILING_SCHEME48_ITSELF__ -DS48_HOST_ARCHITECTURE=\"$(HOST_ARCHITECTURE)\" .c.o: $(CC) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(COMPILING_ITSELF_DEFS) -I ./c -I$(srcdir)/c -I$(srcdir)/c/net -I$(srcdir)/c/bibop $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $< # You might want to change RUNNABLE to "s48" VERSION = 1.`cat $(srcdir)/build/minor-version-number` RUNNABLE = scheme48 CONFIG_SCRIPT = scheme48-config MANPAGE = $(RUNNABLE).$(manext) LIB = $(libdir)/scheme48-$(VERSION) SHARE = $(datadir)/scheme48-$(VERSION) distdir = /tmp # If make barfs on this include line, just comment it out. It's only # really needed if you want to build the linker or rebuild initial.image. include $(srcdir)/build/filenames.make # #NetBSD make wants to see this instead: #.include "$(srcdir)/build/filenames.make" # Static linker: # # You only need the linker if you're going to make changes to the # things that go into the initial.image, which in general means the # files in rts/. If you decide you need to use the linker, then you # gots your choice; it can run in just about any version of Scheme 48 # or Pseudoscheme. (It has also been made to run in Scheme->C.) It # doesn't matter a whole lot which Scheme you use as long as it's not # broken or unavailable. The two best choices are: # # 1. As below. # These settings requires you to already have a $(RUNNABLE) # command. This is desirable if you are making changes to the # system that might break scheme48vm and/or scheme48.image. But it # requires you to have squirreled away a previous working version # of scheme48. The settings assume a Unicode version; if you want # to use an installed non-Unicode-capable Scheme 48 (1.4 or earlier), # you need to use this setting: # LINKER_WRITEBYTE = ,load scheme/alt/write-byte.scm # # 2. LINKER_VM = ./$(VM) $(BIG_HEAP) # LINKER_RUNNABLE = $(LINKER_VM) -i $(IMAGE) # LINKER_WRITEBYTE = ,open (subset i/o (write-byte)) (subset ports (set-port-crlf?!)) # This builds the linker on the scheme48vm and scheme48.image # that are in the current directory. BIG_HEAP = -h 8000000 LINKER_VM = $(RUNNABLE) $(BIG_HEAP) LINKER_RUNNABLE = $(LINKER_VM) LINKER_WRITEBYTE = ,open (subset i/o (write-byte)) (subset ports (set-port-crlf?!)) START_LINKER-32 = echo ',batch'; \ echo ',bench on'; \ echo ',open signals features code-quote'; \ echo ',open bitwise ascii code-vectors'; \ echo '$(LINKER_WRITEBYTE)'; \ echo ',config ,load scheme/platform-interfaces.scm'; \ echo ',config ,load scheme/rts-packages-32.scm'; \ echo ',open platform'; \ echo ',open cells record-types'; \ echo ',load scheme/alt/low-exception.scm'; \ echo ',load $(linker-files)'; \ echo ',load scheme/alt/init-defpackage.scm' START_LINKER-64 = echo ',batch'; \ echo ',bench on'; \ echo ',open signals features code-quote'; \ echo ',open bitwise ascii code-vectors'; \ echo '$(LINKER_WRITEBYTE)'; \ echo ',config ,load scheme/platform-interfaces.scm'; \ echo ',config ,load scheme/rts-packages-64.scm'; \ echo ',open platform'; \ echo ',open cells record-types'; \ echo ',load scheme/alt/low-exception.scm'; \ echo ',load $(linker-files)'; \ echo ',load scheme/alt/init-defpackage.scm' # -------------------- # You shouldn't have to change anything below this point. # Targets: IMAGE = scheme48.image INITIAL = $(srcdir)/build/initial.image VM = scheme48vm LIBSCHEME48 = c/libscheme48.a POSIX_EXTERNAL = c/posix.so SRFI_27_EXTERNAL = c/srfi-27.so FFI_TEST_EXTERNAL = c/ffi-test.so R6RS_EXTERNAL = c/r6rs.so EXTERNALS = $(POSIX_EXTERNAL) $(SRFI_27_EXTERNAL) $(FFI_TEST_EXTERNAL) $(ADDITIONAL_EXTERNALS) $(R6RS_EXTERNAL) UNIX_OBJS = c/unix/misc.o c/unix/io.o c/unix/fd-io.o c/unix/event.o c/unix/time.o OBJS = c/scheme48vm-$(BIT_SUFFIX).o \ c/extension.o c/free.o c/double_to_string.o c/bignum.o c/ffi.o \ c/external.o c/external-lib.o c/external-init.o c/init.o FAKEHS = c/fake/dlfcn.h c/fake/sigact.h c/fake/strerror.h \ c/fake/sys-select.h c/fake/langinfo.h SCHEME48HS = c/scheme48.h c/scheme48arch.h c/scheme48write-barrier.h # Sources: CONFIG_FILES = scheme/interfaces.scm scheme/packages.scm \ scheme/vm/shared-interfaces.scm \ scheme/low-packages.scm scheme/rts-packages.scm \ scheme/comp-packages.scm scheme/initial-packages.scm # Rules: .PHONY: enough all clean install man doc dist # The following is the first rule and therefore the "make" command's # default target. enough: Makefile vm $(LIBSCHEME48) $(IMAGE) script-interpreter go enough: $(EXTERNALS) Makefile: ${srcdir}/Makefile.in config.status ./config.status $(MAKE) clean $(MAKE) # -------------------- # External code to include in the VM # After changing any of these you should delete `scheme48vm' and remake it. EXTERNAL_OBJECTS = c/net/socket.o c/net/address.o c/net/net.o c/unix/socket.o \ c/unix/dynlink.o \ c/unix/sysexits.o $(ASM_OBJECTS) \ $(ADDITIONAL_EXTERNAL_OBJS) # POSIX rules; this could have its own Makefile, but I don't want to bother. posix_dir = c/posix CC_POSIX = $(CC) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(DEFS) -I ./c -I$(srcdir)/c -I$(srcdir)/c/bibop $(CFLAGS) $(DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_CFLAGS) -o $@ $< $(posix_dir)/user.o: c/posix/user.c \ $(SCHEME48HS) c/c-mods.h $(posix_dir)/posix.h $(CC_POSIX) $(posix_dir)/regexp.o: c/posix/regexp.c \ $(SCHEME48HS) c/c-mods.h $(posix_dir)/posix.h $(CC_POSIX) $(posix_dir)/proc-env.o: c/posix/proc-env.c \ $(SCHEME48HS) c/c-mods.h $(posix_dir)/posix.h $(CC_POSIX) $(posix_dir)/io.o: c/posix/io.c \ $(SCHEME48HS) c/c-mods.h $(posix_dir)/posix.h $(CC_POSIX) $(posix_dir)/proc.o: c/posix/proc.c \ $(SCHEME48HS) c/c-mods.h \ c/event.h $(posix_dir)/posix.h $(posix_dir)/s48_signals.h $(CC_POSIX) $(posix_dir)/errno.o: c/posix/errno.c \ $(SCHEME48HS) c/c-mods.h \ c/event.h $(posix_dir)/posix.h $(posix_dir)/s48_errno.h $(CC_POSIX) $(posix_dir)/syslog.o: c/posix/syslog.c \ $(SCHEME48HS) $(CC_POSIX) $(posix_dir)/posix.o: c/posix/posix.c $(CC_POSIX) $(posix_dir)/dir.o: c/posix/dir.c \ $(SCHEME48HS) c/scheme48heap.h c/c-mods.h \ c/event.h c/fd-io.h $(posix_dir)/posix.h $(CC_POSIX) $(posix_dir)/time.o: c/posix/time.c \ $(SCHEME48HS) c/c-mods.h $(posix_dir)/posix.h $(CC_POSIX) POSIX_OBJECTS = $(posix_dir)/user.o $(posix_dir)/regexp.o \ $(posix_dir)/proc-env.o $(posix_dir)/proc.o \ $(posix_dir)/io.o $(posix_dir)/dir.o \ $(posix_dir)/posix.o $(posix_dir)/time.o \ $(posix_dir)/errno.o $(posix_dir)/syslog.o $(POSIX_EXTERNAL) : $(POSIX_OBJECTS) $(LD) -o $@ $(POSIX_OBJECTS) $(DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS_IN_PLACE) # End of POSIX rules # R6RS native support r6rs_dir = c/r6rs $(r6rs_dir)/ieee_bytevect.o: c/r6rs/ieee_bytevect.c \ $(SCHEME48HS) $(CC) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(DEFS) -I ./c -I$(srcdir)/c -I$(srcdir)/c/bibop $(CFLAGS) $(DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_CFLAGS) -o $@ $< $(r6rs_dir)/r6rs_externals.o: c/r6rs/r6rs_externals.c \ $(SCHEME48HS) $(CC) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(DEFS) -I ./c -I$(srcdir)/c -I$(srcdir)/c/bibop $(CFLAGS) $(DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_CFLAGS) -o $@ $< R6RS_OBJECTS = $(r6rs_dir)/ieee_bytevect.o $(r6rs_dir)/r6rs_externals.o $(R6RS_EXTERNAL) : $(R6RS_OBJECTS) $(LD) -o $@ $(R6RS_OBJECTS) $(DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS_IN_PLACE) c/srfi-27.o: c/srfi-27.c $(SCHEME48HS) $(CC) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(DEFS) -I ./c -I$(srcdir)/c -I$(srcdir)/c/bibop $(CFLAGS) $(DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_CFLAGS) -o $@ $< $(SRFI_27_EXTERNAL) : c/srfi-27.o $(LD) -o $@ c/srfi-27.o $(DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS_IN_PLACE) c/ffi-test/ffi-test.o: c/ffi-test/ffi-test.c c/ffi-test/ffi-test.h $(SCHEME48HS) $(CC) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(DEFS) -I ./c -I$(srcdir)/c -I$(srcdir)/c/bibop $(CFLAGS) $(DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_CFLAGS) -o $@ $< $(FFI_TEST_EXTERNAL) : c/ffi-test/ffi-test.o $(LD) -o $@ c/ffi-test/ffi-test.o $(DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS_IN_PLACE) # Native-code glue rules # Fake definitions if there is no support for native code FAKE_ASM_OBJECTS = c/fake/glue.o # Real definitions to be used when a. native code works and b. it is supported # on the machine we're compiling on # Does currently not work because of the new GC infrastructure X86_ASM_OBJECTS = c/glue.o c/asm-glue.o # Assumes s48-compiler/ in the working directory c/glue.o: c/glue_$(ASM_STYLE).s gcc -c -o $@ $< c/glue_$(ASM_STYLE).s: s48-compiler/assembler/x86/x86-glue.scm (echo ',batch'; \ echo ',open srfi-23'; \ echo ',load $<'; \ echo '(glue-code "$@" (quote $(ASM_STYLE)))'; \ echo ',exit' \ ) | $(RUNNABLE) # End of native-code glue rules # Two-space copier objects GC_TWOSPACE_OBJS = c/scheme48-twospace-heap-$(BIT_SUFFIX).o c/scheme48-twospace-heap-$(BIT_SUFFIX).o: c/prescheme.h c/scheme48vm.h c/scheme48heap.h \ c/scheme48vm-prelude.h c/c-mods.h \ c/event.h c/io.h c/fd-io.h # The BIBOP Garbage Collector GC_BIBOP_OBJS = c/scheme48-bibop-heap-$(BIT_SUFFIX).o \ c/bibop/page_alloc.o c/bibop/memory_map.o c/bibop/areas.o \ c/bibop/generation_gc.o c/bibop/find_all.o c/bibop/check_heap.o \ c/bibop/utils.o c/bibop/area_roots.o c/bibop/remset.o bibop: $(GC_BIBOP_OBJS) c/scheme48-bibop-heap-$(BIT_SUFFIX).o: c/prescheme.h c/scheme48vm.h c/scheme48heap.h \ c/scheme48vm-prelude.h \ c/bibop/bibop.h \ c/c-mods.h c/event.h c/io.h c/fd-io.h c/bibop/page_alloc.o: c/bibop/page_alloc.h c/bibop/page_constants.h \ c/bibop/memory.h c/bibop/memory_map.o: c/bibop/memory_map.h c/bibop/utils.h \ c/bibop/page_constants.h c/bibop/areas.o: c/bibop/areas.h c/bibop/page_constants.h c/bibop/utils.h \ c/bibop/memory_map.h c/bibop/area_roots.h c/bibop/gc_config.h \ c/bibop/remset.h c/bibop/generation_gc.o: c/bibop/generation_gc.h c/bibop/page_constants.h \ c/bibop/areas.h c/bibop/memory.h c/bibop/data.h c/bibop/utils.h \ c/bibop/memory_map.h c/bibop/check_heap.h c/bibop/area_roots.h \ c/bibop/measure.h c/bibop/measure.ci \ c/bibop/gc_config.h c/bibop/remset.h \ $(SCHEME48HS) c/bibop/find_all.o: c/bibop/find_all.h c/bibop/generation_gc.h c/bibop/areas.h \ c/bibop/data.h c/bibop/memory.h \ $(SCHEME48HS) c/bibop/check_heap.o: c/bibop/check_heap.h c/scheme48.h c/bibop/generation_gc.h\ c/bibop/utils.h c/bibop/data.h c/bibop/memory.h c/bibop/memory_map.h \ $(SCHEME48HS) c/bibop/area_roots.o: c/bibop/area_roots.h c/bibop/areas.h c/bibop/memory.h \ c/bibop/memory_map.h c/bibop/measure.h c/bibop/gc_config.h \ c/bibop/remset.h c/bibop/remset.o: c/bibop/remset.h c/bibop/memory.h c/scheme48.h \ c/bibop/utils.h c/bibop/data.h c/bibop/generation_gc.h \ c/bibop/gc_config.h \ $(SCHEME48HS) # End of BIBOP GC rules $(VM): c/main.o $(LIBSCHEME48) c/scheme48.exp c/scheme48.def $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS_VM) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ c/main.o $(LIBSCHEME48) $(LIBS) # Cygwin if test -x /usr/bin/dlltool; then \ dlltool --dllname $(VM).exe --output-lib $(VM).a --def $(srcdir)/c/scheme48.def; \ fi $(LIBSCHEME48): $(OBJS) $(GC_OBJS) $(UNIX_OBJS) $(LIBOBJS) $(EXTERNAL_OBJECTS) rm -f $@; \ ar cq $@ $(OBJS) $(GC_OBJS) $(UNIX_OBJS) $(LIBOBJS) $(EXTERNAL_OBJECTS) ranlib $@ script-interpreter: c/script-interpreter.o $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ c/script-interpreter.o c/main.o: c/main.c c/scheme48vm.h c/scheme48heap.h $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ \ -DDEFAULT_IMAGE_NAME=\"$(LIB)/$(IMAGE)\" \ $(CPPFLAGS) $(COMPILING_ITSELF_DEFS) $(srcdir)/c/main.c c/scheme48vm-$(BIT_SUFFIX).o: c/prescheme.h c/scheme48vm.h \ c/scheme48heap.h \ c/scheme48image.h c/bignum.h c/event.h \ c/io.h c/fd-io.h \ c/scheme48vm-prelude.h c/c-mods.h \ $(SCHEME48HS) c/bignum.o: c/bignum.h c/bignumint.h $(SCHEME48HS) c/extension.o: c/sysdep.h $(FAKEHS) $(SCHEME48HS) c/scheme48vm.h c/free.o: c/sysdep.h c/ffi.o: c/ffi.h $(SCHEME48HS) c/external.o: c/sysdep.h $(FAKEHS) $(SCHEME48HS) c/c-mods.h c/ffi.h c/external-lib.o: $(SCHEME48HS) c/unix/event.o: c/sysdep.h $(FAKEHS) c/c-mods.h \ c/scheme48vm.h c/scheme48heap.h \ c/event.h c/fd-io.h \ c/c-mods.h c/unix/fd-io.o: c/sysdep.h $(FAKEHS) c/c-mods.h \ c/scheme48vm.h c/scheme48heap.h \ c/event.h c/fd-io.h c/unix/misc.o: c/sysdep.h $(FAKEHS) c/unix/io.o: c/io.h c/net/address.o: $(SCHEME48HS) c/net/address.h c/net/socket.o: $(SCHEME48HS) c/net/address.h c/net/socket.h c/unix/socket.o: $(SCHEME48HS) c/net/address.h c/net/socket.h c/fd-io.h c/event.h c/net/net.o: $(SCHEME48HS) c/unix/dynlink.o: $(SCHEME48HS) c/script-interpreter.o: c/sysdep.h $(FAKEHS) c/script-interpreter.c $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ \ -DRUNNABLE=\"$(bindir)/$(RUNNABLE)\" \ $(CPPFLAGS) $(DEFS) \ -I ./c -I$(srcdir)/c \ $(srcdir)/c/script-interpreter.c c/fake/strerror.o: c/fake/strerror.h c/fake/langinfo.o: c/fake/langinfo.h # -------------------- # Make scheme48.image from initial.image and library .scm files. # # For bootstrap reasons, initial.image is *not* listed as a source, # even though it really is. $(IMAGE): $(VM) scheme/env/init-defpackage.scm scheme/more-interfaces.scm \ scheme/link-packages.scm \ scheme/env-packages.scm \ scheme/more-packages.scm \ scheme/sort/interfaces.scm scheme/sort/packages.scm \ scheme/r6rs/packages.scm \ scheme/cml/interfaces.scm scheme/cml/packages.scm \ scheme/net/packages.scm \ scheme/posix/packages.scm scheme/srfi/packages.scm \ $(usual-files) build/initial.debug build/build-usual-image $(srcdir)/build/build-usual-image $(srcdir) \ "`(cd $(srcdir) && pwd)`/scheme" "`pwd`/c" '$(IMAGE)' './$(VM)' \ '$(INITIAL)-$(BIT_SUFFIX)' # -------------------- # Documentation MANUAL_SRC = doc/src/manual.tex doc/src/bibliography.tex \ doc/src/bibliography.tex \ doc/src/code.tex doc/src/command.tex doc/src/external.tex \ doc/src/hacks.tex doc/src/intro.tex \ doc/src/module.tex doc/src/myindex.tex \ doc/src/posix.tex doc/src/proto.tex \ doc/src/thread.tex doc/src/unicode.tex doc/src/user-guide.tex \ doc/src/utilities.tex doc/src/version-number.tex doc/src/matter.sty \ doc/manual.pdf: $(MANUAL_SRC) cd $(srcdir)/doc/src && pdflatex manual && \ makeindex manual && \ pdflatex manual && pdflatex manual mv $(srcdir)/doc/src/manual.pdf $(srcdir)/doc doc/manual.ps: $(MANUAL_SRC) cd $(srcdir)/doc/src && latex manual && \ makeindex manual && \ latex manual && latex manual && \ dvips manual mv $(srcdir)/doc/src/manual.ps $(srcdir)/doc doc/html/manual.html: doc/manual.pdf cd $(srcdir)/doc/src && tex2page manual && tex2page manual && tex2page manual doc: doc/manual.pdf doc/manual.ps doc/html/manual.html install: install-no-doc install-doc install-no-doc: enough dirs # install the VM $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $(VM) $(DESTDIR)$(LIB) if test -e $(VM).a; then $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $(VM).a $(DESTDIR)$(LIB); fi # build and install the image rm -f '/tmp/$(IMAGE)' $(srcdir)/build/build-usual-image $(srcdir) "$(SHARE)" "$(LIB)" \ "/tmp/$(IMAGE)" "./$(VM)" "$(INITIAL)-$(BIT_SUFFIX)" $(INSTALL_DATA) /tmp/$(IMAGE) $(DESTDIR)$(LIB) rm /tmp/$(IMAGE) # install the man pages $(srcdir)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(mandir) sed 's=LBIN=$(bindir)=g' $(srcdir)/doc/scheme48.man | \ sed "s=LLIB=$(LIB)=g" | \ sed "s=LS48=$(RUNNABLE)=g" >$(MANPAGE) $(INSTALL_DATA) $(MANPAGE) $(DESTDIR)$(mandir) rm $(MANPAGE) # install the include files $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/c/scheme48.h $(DESTDIR)$(incdir) $(INSTALL_DATA) c/scheme48arch.h $(DESTDIR)$(incdir) $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/c/scheme48write-barrier.h $(DESTDIR)$(incdir) $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/c/scheme48.exp $(DESTDIR)$(incdir) $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/c/scheme48.def $(DESTDIR)$(incdir) $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/c/scheme48-external.exp $(DESTDIR)$(incdir) # install Scheme source files for stub in env big sort opt misc link posix net cml srfi r6rs; do \ for f in $(srcdir)/scheme/$$stub/*.scm; do \ $(INSTALL_DATA) $$f $(DESTDIR)$(SHARE)/$$stub || exit 1; \ done; \ done for f in $(srcdir)/scheme/rts/*num.scm \ $(srcdir)/scheme/rts/jar-defrecord.scm; do \ $(INSTALL_DATA) $$f $(DESTDIR)$(SHARE)/rts || exit 1; \ done # install the scheme48 script script=$(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/$(RUNNABLE) && \ LIB=$(LIB) && \ echo "#!/bin/sh" >$$script && \ echo >>$$script && \ echo "lib=$$LIB" >>$$script && \ echo 'exec $$lib/$(VM) -i $$lib/$(IMAGE) "$$@"' \ >>$$script && \ chmod +x $$script # install the script interpreter front end for dialect in r5rs srfi-7; do \ $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) script-interpreter \ $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/scheme-$$dialect; \ done # install the scheme48-config script config_script=$(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/$(CONFIG_SCRIPT) && \ sed -e 's,@incdir\@,$(incdir),g' \ -e 's,@libdir\@,$(libdir),g' \ -e 's,@CC\@,$(CC),g' \ -e 's,@LD\@,$(LD),g' \ -e 's,@DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_CFLAGS\@,$(DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_CFLAGS),g' \ -e 's,@DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS\@,$(DYNAMIC_EXTERNALS_LDFLAGS),g' \ < $(srcdir)/build/$(CONFIG_SCRIPT).in > $$config_script && \ chmod +x $$config_script # install the external modules $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $(EXTERNALS) $(DESTDIR)$(LIB)/ # install the documentation $(srcdir)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(docdir) $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/COPYING $(docdir) install-doc: dirs doc $(srcdir)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(docdir) $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/COPYING $(docdir) $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/doc/manual.pdf $(docdir) $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/doc/manual.ps $(docdir) for f in $(srcdir)/doc/html/*; do \ $(INSTALL_DATA) $$f $(DESTDIR)$(docdir) || exit 1; \ done # Script to run scheme48 in this directory. go: echo '#!/bin/sh' >$@ && \ echo >>$@ && \ echo "lib=\"`pwd`\"" >>$@ && \ echo 'exec "$$lib"/$(VM) -i "$$lib"/$(IMAGE) "$$@"' \ >>$@ && \ chmod +x $@ # Exports file for AIX and Cygwin CAT_EXPORTS = cat $(srcdir)/c/scheme48.h $(srcdir)/c/fd-io.h $(srcdir)/c/event.h $(srcdir)/c/bibop/*.h | egrep '^S48_EXTERN' | sed 's,^S48_EXTERN.*\(s48_[a-zA-Z0-9_ ]*\)(.*$$,\1,' | sed 's,^S48_EXTERN.*\(ps_[a-zA-Z0-9_ ]*\)(.*$$,\1,' | sed 's,^S48_EXTERN.*\(s48_[a-zA-Z0-9_ ]*\).*$$,\1,' c/scheme48.exp: c/scheme48.h c/fd-io.h c/event.h echo '#!..' > $(srcdir)/c/scheme48.exp && \ $(CAT_EXPORTS) >> $(srcdir)/c/scheme48.exp c/scheme48.def: c/scheme48.h c/fd-io.h c/event.h echo 'EXPORTS' > $(srcdir)/c/scheme48.def && \ $(CAT_EXPORTS) >> $(srcdir)/c/scheme48.def dirs: for dir in $(libdir) $(bindir) $(incdir) $(datadir); do \ $(srcdir)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$$dir || exit 1; \ done $(srcdir)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(LIB) for dir in rts env big sort opt misc link posix net cml srfi r6rs; do \ $(srcdir)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(SHARE)/$$dir || exit 1; \ done configure: configure.in ACLOCAL="aclocal -I m4" autoreconf -v -i clean: -rm -f $(VM) script-interpreter \ *.o c/unix/*.o c/posix/*.o c/net/*.o c/*.o \ $(EXTERNALS) \ c/fake/*.o c/bibop/*.o \ c/*.a c/glue_gnu.s c/glue_darwin.s c/scheme48.exp \ TAGS $(IMAGE) \ $(srcdir)/build/*.tmp $(srcdir)/$(MANPAGE) \ $(srcdir)/scheme/debug/*.image \ $(srcdir)/scheme/debug/*.debug \ $(srcdir)/scheme/vm/scheme48vm-??.c \ $(srcdir)/scheme/vm/scheme48*heap-??.c \ go $(distname) distclean: clean rm -f Makefile config.log config.status config-cache \ c/sysdep.h c/scheme48arch.h check: $(EXTERNALS) check: $(VM) $(IMAGE) scheme/debug/check.scm ( \ echo ',batch'; \ echo ',exec ,load =scheme48/debug/check.scm'; \ echo ',config ,load =scheme48/test-packages.scm'; \ echo ',open base-test'; \ echo ',open big-test'; \ echo ',open sockets-test'; \ echo ',open os-time-test'; \ echo ',open tconc-queue-test'; \ echo ',open transport-link-cell-test'; \ echo ',open tlc-table-test'; \ echo ',open env-test'; \ echo ',config ,load =scheme48/sort/test-packages.scm'; \ echo ',open sort-test'; \ echo ',config ,load =scheme48/misc/packages.scm'; \ echo ',config ,load =scheme48/misc/test-packages.scm'; \ echo ',open misc-test'; \ echo ',config ,load =scheme48/r6rs/test-packages.scm'; \ echo ',open r6rs-test'; \ echo ',config ,load =scheme48/cml/test-packages.scm'; \ echo ',open cml-test'; \ echo ',config ,load =scheme48/srfi/test-packages.scm'; \ echo ',open srfi-test'; \ echo ',config ,load =scheme48/posix/test-packages.scm'; \ echo ',open posix-test'; \ echo ',config ,load =scheme48/ffi-test/test-packages.scm'; \ echo ',open ffi-test'; \ echo ',open test-suites'; \ echo '(define-test-suite all-tests (compiler-tests base-tests big-tests tcp-sockets-tests tconc-queue-tests transport-link-cell-tests tlc-table-tests tlc-table-weak-tests tlc-table-string-tests os-time-tests sort-tests misc-tests env-tests r6rs-tests cml-tests srfi-tests posix-tests ffi-tests))'; \ echo '(run-test-suite all-tests)' \ ) | ./$(VM) -i $(IMAGE) $(BIG_HEAP) # -------------------- # Rules from here on down are not essential for the basic installation # procedure. all: vm image $(LIBSCHEME48) script-interpreter go doc libscheme48: $(LIBSCHEME48) vm: $(VM) image: $(INITIAL)-$(BIT_SUFFIX) $(MAKE) $(IMAGE) test: check tags: find . -name "*.scm" -o -name "*.c" -o -name "*.h" | etags - # -------------------- # Distribution... # DISTFILES should include all sources. DISTFILES = README COPYING.rtf COPYING INSTALL WINDOWS.txt \ configure configure.in config.sub config.guess \ Makefile.in \ scheme48.sln scheme48.vcxproj \ srfi-27.vcxproj r6rs.vcxproj \ ffi-test.vcxproj \ mkinstalldirs install-sh \ doc/*.ps doc/*.pdf doc/*.txt \ doc/html/*.html doc/html/*.css doc/html/*.gif \ doc/src/*.tex doc/src/*.sty doc/src/*.scm \ doc/scheme48.man \ emacs/README \ build/*.scm build/*-version-number build/*.exec \ build/*.lisp build/build-usual-image build/filenames.make \ build/initial.debug \ build/initial.image-32 build/initial.image-64 \ build/*.bat build/*.sh build/*.rc \ build/UnicodeData.txt build/PropList.txt \ build/SpecialCasing.txt build/CaseFolding.txt \ build/CompositionExclusions.txt \ build/dummy build/*.wxs build/*.ico \ build/scheme48-config.in \ c/*.[ch] c/*/*.[ch] c/*/*.ci c/*.exp c/*.def \ c/scheme48.h.in \ c/scheme48write-barrier.h c/scheme48arch.h.in \ c/sysdep.h.in \ emacs/*.el gdbinit \ scheme/*.scm scheme/*/*.scm scheme/vm/*/*.scm \ ps-compiler/minor-version-number \ ps-compiler/doc/node.txt ps-compiler/doc/todo.txt \ ps-compiler/*.scm ps-compiler/*/*.scm \ ps-compiler/prescheme/primop/*.scm \ ps-compiler/prescheme/test/*.scm distname = scheme48-$(VERSION) dist: build/initial.image-32 build/initial.image-64 c/scheme48.h distname=$(distname) && \ distfile=$(distdir)/$$distname.tgz && \ if [ -d $(distdir) ] && \ [ -w $$distfile -o -w $(distdir) ]; then \ cd $(srcdir) && \ rm -f $$distname && \ ln -s . $$distname && \ files='' && \ for i in $(DISTFILES); do \ if [ "$$i" != "c/sysdep.h" -a "$$i" != "c/scheme48arch.h" ]; then \ files="$$files $$distname/$$i"; \ fi \ done && \ tar -cf - $$files | \ gzip --best >$$distfile && \ rm $$distname; \ else \ echo "Can't write $$distfile" >&2; \ exit 1; \ fi # Increment the minor version number inc: f=build/minor-version-number && \ expr `cat $$f` + 1 >$$f.tmp && \ mv $$f.tmp $$f && \ cp $$f doc/src/version-number.tex && \ echo '(define version-info "1.'`cat $$f`'")' \ >scheme/env/version-info.scm # -------------------- # Generate build/filenames.make from *packages.scm # # This hack traces the module dependencies described in the # various configuration files and converts them into dependency lists # that "make" can use for its purposes. # # Since the distribution comes with a filenames.make, this rule # shouldn't be invoked for simple installations. But it will be used # if you change any of the *-packages.scm files. # # You can actually run the forms in extract-filenames.scm in any Scheme # implementation that has syntax-rules and explicit-renaming low-level # macros (e.g., most versions of Scheme 48 and Pseudoscheme). # If there are errors running this script, and you need to debug, # don't use the initial.image, use something that has a reasonable # environment. # # If this fails and you don't feel like debugging or fixing the problem, # try "touch filenames.make" and hope for the best. PACKAGES=scheme/packages.scm scheme/rts-packages.scm scheme/alt-packages.scm \ scheme/comp-packages.scm scheme/initial-packages.scm \ scheme/link-packages.scm \ scheme/env-packages.scm \ scheme/sort/packages.scm scheme/more-packages.scm \ scheme/cml/packages.scm scheme/r6rs/packages.scm $(srcdir)/build/filenames.make: $(PACKAGES) build/extract-filenames.scm # uncomment this if you activate the line below: # $(MAKE) $(VM) PACKAGES= cd $(srcdir) && \ $(RUNNABLE) -a batch Debug Win32 Release Win32 {FF056A47-5095-4837-B381-60104984AD5F} scheme48 Application false MultiByte Application false MultiByte <_ProjectFileVersion>10.0.40219.1 $(SolutionDir) $(Configuration)\ false $(SolutionDir) $(Configuration)\ false scheme48vm scheme48vm .\Release/scheme48.tlb MaxSpeed OnlyExplicitInline c/net;c/bibop;c/win32;c;%(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) NDEBUG;WIN32;_CONSOLE;__COMPILING_SCHEME48_ITSELF__;S48_HOST_ARCHITECTURE="i86-pc-win32";%(PreprocessorDefinitions) true MultiThreaded true .\Release/scheme48.pch .\Release/ .\Release/ .\Release/ Level3 true Default NDEBUG;%(PreprocessorDefinitions) 0x0409 scheme48.res odbc32.lib;odbccp32.lib;ws2_32.lib;mswsock.lib;%(AdditionalDependencies) scheme48vm.exe true .\Release/scheme48vm.pdb Console false MachineX86 .\Debug/scheme48.tlb Disabled c/net;c/bibop;c/win32;c;%(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) _DEBUG;WIN32;_CONSOLE;__COMPILING_SCHEME48_ITSELF__;S48_HOST_ARCHITECTURE="i86-pc-win32";%(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks MultiThreadedDebug .\Debug/scheme48.pch .\Debug/ .\Debug/ .\Debug/ true Level3 true EditAndContinue Default _DEBUG;%(PreprocessorDefinitions) 0x0409 scheme48.res odbc32.lib;odbccp32.lib;ws2_32.lib;mswsock.lib;%(AdditionalDependencies) scheme48vm.exe true true .\Debug/scheme48vm.pdb Console false MachineX86 Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) Disabled %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) EnableFastChecks true MaxSpeed %(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) build;%(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) %(PreprocessorDefinitions) build;%(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) scheme48-1.9/srfi-27.vcxproj000644 004306 005702 00000013216 12067075541 016640 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000  Debug Win32 Release Win32 {D0283225-314B-4140-8940-2EE6137874CB} srfi27 Win32Proj DynamicLibrary Unicode true DynamicLibrary Unicode <_ProjectFileVersion>10.0.40219.1 $(SolutionDir) $(Configuration)\ true $(SolutionDir) $(Configuration)\ false Disabled c;c/win32;%(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) WIN32;_DEBUG;_WINDOWS;_USRDLL;SRFI27_EXPORTS;%(PreprocessorDefinitions) true EnableFastChecks MultiThreadedDebug Level3 EditAndContinue /export:s48_on_load %(AdditionalOptions) scheme48vm.lib;%(AdditionalDependencies) $(ProjectName).dll true Windows false MachineX86 c;c/win32;%(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) WIN32;NDEBUG;_WINDOWS;_USRDLL;SRFI27_EXPORTS;%(PreprocessorDefinitions) MultiThreaded Level3 ProgramDatabase /export:s48_on_load %(AdditionalOptions) scheme48vm.lib;%(AdditionalDependencies) $(ProjectName).dll true Windows true true false MachineX86 {ff056a47-5095-4837-b381-60104984ad5f} false scheme48-1.9/r6rs.vcxproj000644 004306 005702 00000013310 12067075540 016335 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000  Debug Win32 Release Win32 {CBEC7C76-63A6-410E-A55C-82A7E389EA7B} r6rs Win32Proj DynamicLibrary Unicode true DynamicLibrary Unicode <_ProjectFileVersion>10.0.40219.1 $(SolutionDir) $(Configuration)\ true $(SolutionDir) $(Configuration)\ false Disabled c;c/win32;%(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) WIN32;_DEBUG;_WINDOWS;_USRDLL;R6RS_EXPORTS;%(PreprocessorDefinitions) true EnableFastChecks MultiThreadedDebug Level3 EditAndContinue /export:s48_on_load %(AdditionalOptions) scheme48vm.lib;%(AdditionalDependencies) $(ProjectName).dll true Windows false MachineX86 c;c/win32;%(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) WIN32;NDEBUG;_WINDOWS;_USRDLL;R6RS_EXPORTS;%(PreprocessorDefinitions) MultiThreaded Level3 ProgramDatabase /export:s48_on_load %(AdditionalOptions) scheme48vm.lib;%(AdditionalDependencies) $(ProjectName).dll true Windows true true false MachineX86 {ff056a47-5095-4837-b381-60104984ad5f} false scheme48-1.9/ffi-test.vcxproj000644 004306 005702 00000013363 12067075540 017172 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000  Debug Win32 Release Win32 {EB565705-1E66-40C9-894D-D152C3920212} ffitest Win32Proj DynamicLibrary Unicode true DynamicLibrary Unicode <_ProjectFileVersion>10.0.40219.1 $(SolutionDir) $(Configuration)\ true $(SolutionDir) $(Configuration)\ false Disabled c;c/win32;%(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) WIN32;_DEBUG;_WINDOWS;_USRDLL;FFITEST_EXPORTS;%(PreprocessorDefinitions) true EnableFastChecks MultiThreadedDebugDLL Level3 EditAndContinue /export:s48_on_load %(AdditionalOptions) scheme48vm.lib;%(AdditionalDependencies) $(ProjectName).dll true Windows false MachineX86 c;c/win32;%(AdditionalIncludeDirectories) WIN32;NDEBUG;_WINDOWS;_USRDLL;FFITEST_EXPORTS;%(PreprocessorDefinitions) MultiThreadedDLL Level3 ProgramDatabase /export:s48_on_load %(AdditionalOptions) scheme48vm.lib;%(AdditionalDependencies) $(ProjectName).dll true Windows true true false MachineX86 {ff056a47-5095-4837-b381-60104984ad5f} false scheme48-1.9/mkinstalldirs000755 004306 005702 00000003704 12067075233 016637 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 #! /bin/sh # mkinstalldirs --- make directory hierarchy # Author: Noah Friedman # Created: 1993-05-16 # Public domain errstatus=0 dirmode="" usage="\ Usage: mkinstalldirs [-h] [--help] [-m mode] dir ..." # process command line arguments while test $# -gt 0 ; do case $1 in -h | --help | --h*) # -h for help echo "$usage" 1>&2 exit 0 ;; -m) # -m PERM arg shift test $# -eq 0 && { echo "$usage" 1>&2; exit 1; } dirmode=$1 shift ;; --) # stop option processing shift break ;; -*) # unknown option echo "$usage" 1>&2 exit 1 ;; *) # first non-opt arg break ;; esac done for file do if test -d "$file"; then shift else break fi done case $# in 0) exit 0 ;; esac case $dirmode in '') if mkdir -p -- . 2>/dev/null; then echo "mkdir -p -- $*" exec mkdir -p -- "$@" fi ;; *) if mkdir -m "$dirmode" -p -- . 2>/dev/null; then echo "mkdir -m $dirmode -p -- $*" exec mkdir -m "$dirmode" -p -- "$@" fi ;; esac for file do set fnord `echo ":$file" | sed -ne 's/^:\//#/;s/^://;s/\// /g;s/^#/\//;p'` shift pathcomp= for d do pathcomp="$pathcomp$d" case $pathcomp in -*) pathcomp=./$pathcomp ;; esac if test ! -d "$pathcomp"; then echo "mkdir $pathcomp" mkdir "$pathcomp" || lasterr=$? if test ! -d "$pathcomp"; then errstatus=$lasterr else if test ! -z "$dirmode"; then echo "chmod $dirmode $pathcomp" lasterr="" chmod "$dirmode" "$pathcomp" || lasterr=$? if test ! -z "$lasterr"; then errstatus=$lasterr fi fi fi fi pathcomp="$pathcomp/" done done exit $errstatus # Local Variables: # mode: shell-script # sh-indentation: 2 # End: # mkinstalldirs ends here scheme48-1.9/install-sh000755 004306 005702 00000032537 12067075540 016044 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 #!/bin/sh # install - install a program, script, or datafile scriptversion=2009-04-28.21; # UTC # This originates from X11R5 (mit/util/scripts/install.sh), which was # later released in X11R6 (xc/config/util/install.sh) with the # following copyright and license. # # Copyright (C) 1994 X Consortium # # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy # of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to # deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the # rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or # sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is # furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: # # The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in # all copies or substantial portions of the Software. # # THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR # IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE # X CONSORTIUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN # AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNEC- # TION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. # # Except as contained in this notice, the name of the X Consortium shall not # be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other deal- # ings in this Software without prior written authorization from the X Consor- # tium. # # # FSF changes to this file are in the public domain. # # Calling this script install-sh is preferred over install.sh, to prevent # `make' implicit rules from creating a file called install from it # when there is no Makefile. # # This script is compatible with the BSD install script, but was written # from scratch. nl=' ' IFS=" "" $nl" # set DOITPROG to echo to test this script # Don't use :- since 4.3BSD and earlier shells don't like it. doit=${DOITPROG-} if test -z "$doit"; then doit_exec=exec else doit_exec=$doit fi # Put in absolute file names if you don't have them in your path; # or use environment vars. chgrpprog=${CHGRPPROG-chgrp} chmodprog=${CHMODPROG-chmod} chownprog=${CHOWNPROG-chown} cmpprog=${CMPPROG-cmp} cpprog=${CPPROG-cp} mkdirprog=${MKDIRPROG-mkdir} mvprog=${MVPROG-mv} rmprog=${RMPROG-rm} stripprog=${STRIPPROG-strip} posix_glob='?' initialize_posix_glob=' test "$posix_glob" != "?" || { if (set -f) 2>/dev/null; then posix_glob= else posix_glob=: fi } ' posix_mkdir= # Desired mode of installed file. mode=0755 chgrpcmd= chmodcmd=$chmodprog chowncmd= mvcmd=$mvprog rmcmd="$rmprog -f" stripcmd= src= dst= dir_arg= dst_arg= copy_on_change=false no_target_directory= usage="\ Usage: $0 [OPTION]... [-T] SRCFILE DSTFILE or: $0 [OPTION]... SRCFILES... DIRECTORY or: $0 [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SRCFILES... or: $0 [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORIES... In the 1st form, copy SRCFILE to DSTFILE. In the 2nd and 3rd, copy all SRCFILES to DIRECTORY. In the 4th, create DIRECTORIES. Options: --help display this help and exit. --version display version info and exit. -c (ignored) -C install only if different (preserve the last data modification time) -d create directories instead of installing files. -g GROUP $chgrpprog installed files to GROUP. -m MODE $chmodprog installed files to MODE. -o USER $chownprog installed files to USER. -s $stripprog installed files. -t DIRECTORY install into DIRECTORY. -T report an error if DSTFILE is a directory. Environment variables override the default commands: CHGRPPROG CHMODPROG CHOWNPROG CMPPROG CPPROG MKDIRPROG MVPROG RMPROG STRIPPROG " while test $# -ne 0; do case $1 in -c) ;; -C) copy_on_change=true;; -d) dir_arg=true;; -g) chgrpcmd="$chgrpprog $2" shift;; --help) echo "$usage"; exit $?;; -m) mode=$2 case $mode in *' '* | *' '* | *' '* | *'*'* | *'?'* | *'['*) echo "$0: invalid mode: $mode" >&2 exit 1;; esac shift;; -o) chowncmd="$chownprog $2" shift;; -s) stripcmd=$stripprog;; -t) dst_arg=$2 shift;; -T) no_target_directory=true;; --version) echo "$0 $scriptversion"; exit $?;; --) shift break;; -*) echo "$0: invalid option: $1" >&2 exit 1;; *) break;; esac shift done if test $# -ne 0 && test -z "$dir_arg$dst_arg"; then # When -d is used, all remaining arguments are directories to create. # When -t is used, the destination is already specified. # Otherwise, the last argument is the destination. Remove it from $@. for arg do if test -n "$dst_arg"; then # $@ is not empty: it contains at least $arg. set fnord "$@" "$dst_arg" shift # fnord fi shift # arg dst_arg=$arg done fi if test $# -eq 0; then if test -z "$dir_arg"; then echo "$0: no input file specified." >&2 exit 1 fi # It's OK to call `install-sh -d' without argument. # This can happen when creating conditional directories. exit 0 fi if test -z "$dir_arg"; then trap '(exit $?); exit' 1 2 13 15 # Set umask so as not to create temps with too-generous modes. # However, 'strip' requires both read and write access to temps. case $mode in # Optimize common cases. *644) cp_umask=133;; *755) cp_umask=22;; *[0-7]) if test -z "$stripcmd"; then u_plus_rw= else u_plus_rw='% 200' fi cp_umask=`expr '(' 777 - $mode % 1000 ')' $u_plus_rw`;; *) if test -z "$stripcmd"; then u_plus_rw= else u_plus_rw=,u+rw fi cp_umask=$mode$u_plus_rw;; esac fi for src do # Protect names starting with `-'. case $src in -*) src=./$src;; esac if test -n "$dir_arg"; then dst=$src dstdir=$dst test -d "$dstdir" dstdir_status=$? else # Waiting for this to be detected by the "$cpprog $src $dsttmp" command # might cause directories to be created, which would be especially bad # if $src (and thus $dsttmp) contains '*'. if test ! -f "$src" && test ! -d "$src"; then echo "$0: $src does not exist." >&2 exit 1 fi if test -z "$dst_arg"; then echo "$0: no destination specified." >&2 exit 1 fi dst=$dst_arg # Protect names starting with `-'. case $dst in -*) dst=./$dst;; esac # If destination is a directory, append the input filename; won't work # if double slashes aren't ignored. if test -d "$dst"; then if test -n "$no_target_directory"; then echo "$0: $dst_arg: Is a directory" >&2 exit 1 fi dstdir=$dst dst=$dstdir/`basename "$src"` dstdir_status=0 else # Prefer dirname, but fall back on a substitute if dirname fails. dstdir=` (dirname "$dst") 2>/dev/null || expr X"$dst" : 'X\(.*[^/]\)//*[^/][^/]*/*$' \| \ X"$dst" : 'X\(//\)[^/]' \| \ X"$dst" : 'X\(//\)$' \| \ X"$dst" : 'X\(/\)' \| . 2>/dev/null || echo X"$dst" | sed '/^X\(.*[^/]\)\/\/*[^/][^/]*\/*$/{ s//\1/ q } /^X\(\/\/\)[^/].*/{ s//\1/ q } /^X\(\/\/\)$/{ s//\1/ q } /^X\(\/\).*/{ s//\1/ q } s/.*/./; q' ` test -d "$dstdir" dstdir_status=$? fi fi obsolete_mkdir_used=false if test $dstdir_status != 0; then case $posix_mkdir in '') # Create intermediate dirs using mode 755 as modified by the umask. # This is like FreeBSD 'install' as of 1997-10-28. umask=`umask` case $stripcmd.$umask in # Optimize common cases. *[2367][2367]) mkdir_umask=$umask;; .*0[02][02] | .[02][02] | .[02]) mkdir_umask=22;; *[0-7]) mkdir_umask=`expr $umask + 22 \ - $umask % 100 % 40 + $umask % 20 \ - $umask % 10 % 4 + $umask % 2 `;; *) mkdir_umask=$umask,go-w;; esac # With -d, create the new directory with the user-specified mode. # Otherwise, rely on $mkdir_umask. if test -n "$dir_arg"; then mkdir_mode=-m$mode else mkdir_mode= fi posix_mkdir=false case $umask in *[123567][0-7][0-7]) # POSIX mkdir -p sets u+wx bits regardless of umask, which # is incompatible with FreeBSD 'install' when (umask & 300) != 0. ;; *) tmpdir=${TMPDIR-/tmp}/ins$RANDOM-$$ trap 'ret=$?; rmdir "$tmpdir/d" "$tmpdir" 2>/dev/null; exit $ret' 0 if (umask $mkdir_umask && exec $mkdirprog $mkdir_mode -p -- "$tmpdir/d") >/dev/null 2>&1 then if test -z "$dir_arg" || { # Check for POSIX incompatibilities with -m. # HP-UX 11.23 and IRIX 6.5 mkdir -m -p sets group- or # other-writeable bit of parent directory when it shouldn't. # FreeBSD 6.1 mkdir -m -p sets mode of existing directory. ls_ld_tmpdir=`ls -ld "$tmpdir"` case $ls_ld_tmpdir in d????-?r-*) different_mode=700;; d????-?--*) different_mode=755;; *) false;; esac && $mkdirprog -m$different_mode -p -- "$tmpdir" && { ls_ld_tmpdir_1=`ls -ld "$tmpdir"` test "$ls_ld_tmpdir" = "$ls_ld_tmpdir_1" } } then posix_mkdir=: fi rmdir "$tmpdir/d" "$tmpdir" else # Remove any dirs left behind by ancient mkdir implementations. rmdir ./$mkdir_mode ./-p ./-- 2>/dev/null fi trap '' 0;; esac;; esac if $posix_mkdir && ( umask $mkdir_umask && $doit_exec $mkdirprog $mkdir_mode -p -- "$dstdir" ) then : else # The umask is ridiculous, or mkdir does not conform to POSIX, # or it failed possibly due to a race condition. 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Jones %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society %Copyright: (), with Reserved Font Name CMTT12. % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL. %%EndComments FontDirectory/CMTT12 known{/CMTT12 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup /UniqueID get 5000833 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse 11 dict begin /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def /FontName /CMTT12 def /FontBBox {-1 -234 524 695 }readonly def /UniqueID 5000833 def /PaintType 0 def /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin /version (003.002) readonly def /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050\051, with Reserved Font Name CMTT12.) readonly def /FullName (CMTT12) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle 0 def 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Jones %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society %Copyright: (), with Reserved Font Name CMR8. % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL. %%EndComments FontDirectory/CMR8 known{/CMR8 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup /UniqueID get 5000791 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse 11 dict begin /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def /FontName /CMR8 def /FontBBox {-36 -250 1070 750 }readonly def /UniqueID 5000791 def /PaintType 0 def /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin /version (003.002) readonly def /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050\051, with Reserved Font Name CMR8.) readonly def /FullName (CMR8) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle 0 def /isFixedPitch 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%%BeginFont: CMR7 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMR7 003.002 %%Title: CMR7 %Version: 003.002 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009 %%Creator: David M. Jones %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society %Copyright: (), with Reserved Font Name CMR7. % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL. %%EndComments FontDirectory/CMR7 known{/CMR7 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup /UniqueID get 5000790 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse 11 dict begin /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def /FontName /CMR7 def /FontBBox {-27 -250 1122 750 }readonly def /UniqueID 5000790 def /PaintType 0 def /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin /version (003.002) readonly def /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050\051, with Reserved Font Name CMR7.) readonly def /FullName (CMR7) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle 0 def /isFixedPitch 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Jones %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society %Copyright: (), with Reserved Font Name CMTI10. % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL. %%EndComments FontDirectory/CMTI10 known{/CMTI10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup /UniqueID get 5000828 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse 11 dict begin /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def /FontName /CMTI10 def /FontBBox {-35 -250 1124 750 }readonly def /UniqueID 5000828 def /PaintType 0 def /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin /version (003.002) readonly def /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050\051, with Reserved Font Name CMTI10.) readonly def /FullName (CMTI10) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -14.04 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%%Creator: David M. Jones %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society %Copyright: (), with Reserved Font Name CMR10. % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL. %%EndComments FontDirectory/CMR10 known{/CMR10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup /UniqueID get 5000793 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse 11 dict begin /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def /FontName /CMR10 def /FontBBox {-40 -250 1009 750 }readonly def /UniqueID 5000793 def /PaintType 0 def /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin /version (003.002) readonly def /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050\051, with Reserved Font Name CMR10.) readonly def /FullName (CMR10) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle 0 def 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put dup 86 /V put dup 87 /W put dup 88 /X put dup 89 /Y put dup 91 /bracketleft put dup 92 /quotedblleft put dup 93 /bracketright put dup 96 /quoteleft put dup 97 /a put dup 98 /b put dup 99 /c put dup 100 /d put dup 101 /e put dup 102 /f put dup 103 /g put dup 104 /h put dup 105 /i put dup 106 /j put dup 107 /k put dup 108 /l put dup 109 /m put dup 110 /n put dup 111 /o put dup 112 /p put dup 113 /q put dup 114 /r put dup 115 /s put dup 116 /t put dup 117 /u put dup 118 /v put dup 119 /w put dup 120 /x put dup 121 /y put dup 122 /z put dup 123 /endash put dup 124 /emdash put readonly def currentdict end currentfile eexec D9D66F633B846AB284BCF8B0411B772DE5CE3DD325E55798292D7BD972BD75FA 0E079529AF9C82DF72F64195C9C210DCE34528F540DA1FFD7BEBB9B40787BA93 51BBFB7CFC5F9152D1E5BB0AD8D016C6CFA4EB41B3C51D091C2D5440E67CFD71 7C56816B03B901BF4A25A07175380E50A213F877C44778B3C5AADBCC86D6E551 E6AF364B0BFCAAD22D8D558C5C81A7D425A1629DD5182206742D1D082A12F078 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y(derived)g(from)h(this)g(software)e(without)h(specific)f(prior)i (written)e(permission.)291 3396 y(THIS)i(SOFTWARE)e(IS)j(PROVIDED)d(BY) j(THE)f(AUTHORS)f(``AS)h(IS'')f(AND)i(ANY)f(EXPRESS)f(OR)291 3495 y(IMPLIED)f(WARRANTIES,)f(INCLUDING,)h(BUT)i(NOT)g(LIMITED)f(TO,)h (THE)h(IMPLIED)e(WARRANTIES)291 3595 y(OF)h(MERCHANTABILITY)c(AND)k (FITNESS)f(FOR)h(A)h(PARTICULAR)d(PURPOSE)g(ARE)j(DISCLAIMED.)291 3694 y(IN)f(NO)h(EVENT)f(SHALL)f(THE)h(AUTHORS)f(BE)i(LIABLE)e(FOR)h (ANY)h(DIRECT,)d(INDIRECT,)291 3794 y(INCIDENTAL,)f(SPECIAL,)h (EXEMPLARY,)f(OR)k(CONSEQUENTIAL)38 b(DAMAGES)j(\(INCLUDING,)e(BUT)291 3894 y(NOT)j(LIMITED)f(TO,)h(PROCUREMENT)d(OF)k(SUBSTITUTE)c(GOODS)j (OR)g(SERVICES;)e(LOSS)i(OF)h(USE,)291 3993 y(DATA,)e(OR)i(PROFITS;)d (OR)j(BUSINESS)d(INTERRUPTION\))e(HOWEVER)j(CAUSED)g(AND)i(ON)f(ANY)291 4093 y(THEORY)f(OF)h(LIABILITY,)e(WHETHER)h(IN)h(CONTRACT,)e(STRICT)h (LIABILITY,)f(OR)j(TORT)291 4193 y(\(INCLUDING)c(NEGLIGENCE)g(OR)k (OTHERWISE\))d(ARISING)g(IN)j(ANY)f(WAY)h(OUT)f(OF)h(THE)f(USE)h(OF)291 4292 y(THIS)f(SOFTWARE,)d(EVEN)j(IF)h(ADVISED)e(OF)i(THE)f(POSSIBILITY) d(OF)k(SUCH)f(DAMAGE.)p Black 1688 5255 a Fr(iii)p Black eop end %%Page: 4 4 TeXDict begin 4 3 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 739 1189 a Fp(Con)-6 b(ten)g(ts)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 739 1707 a Fm(1)76 b(In)m(tro)s(duction)p Black 2166 w(1)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 739 1893 a(2)g(User's)32 b(guide)p Black 2176 w(2)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 863 1994 a Fr(2.1)84 b(Command)28 b(line)f(argumen)n(ts)p Black 61 w(.)42 b(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f (.)h(.)g(.)f(.)p Black 132 w(2)p Black 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 863 2096 a(2.2)84 b(Command)28 b(pro)r(cessor)p Black 63 w(.)42 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g (.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)p Black 132 w(3)p Black 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 863 2197 a(2.3)84 b(Editing)p Black 82 w(.)42 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f 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b(programs)p Black 61 w(.)42 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h (.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)p Black 90 w(21)p Black 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 863 3906 a(3.10)h(Building)28 b(images)p Black 28 w(.)41 b(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.) g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)p Black 90 w(21)p Black 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 863 4008 a(3.11)h(Resource)27 b(query)g(and)g(con)n(trol)p Black 64 w(.)41 b(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h (.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)p Black 90 w(22)p Black 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 863 4110 a(3.12)h(Threads)p Black 54 w(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h (.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)p Black 90 w(23)p Black 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 863 4211 a(3.13)h(Quite)28 b(obscure)p Black 40 w(.)42 b(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f (.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.) p Black 90 w(23)p Black 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 739 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a(8)p Black eop end %%Page: 9 17 TeXDict begin 9 16 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 291 523 a Fj(3.3)135 b(Logistical)47 b(commands)p Black Black 332 705 a Fo(,load)42 b Fq(\014lename)30 b(.)13 b(.)g(.)498 805 y Fr(Loads)k(the)i(named)f(Sc)n(heme)h(source)e (\014le\(s\).)34 b(Easier)17 b(to)h(t)n(yp)r(e)h(than)f Fo(\(load)42 b(")p Fq(\014lename)6 b Fo("\))498 904 y Fr(b)r(ecause)31 b(y)n(ou)g(don't)g(ha)n(v)n(e)f(to)i(shift)g(to)f(t)n (yp)r(e)h(the)f(paren)n(theses)f(or)h(quote)g(marks.)498 1004 y(\(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)21 b(it)g(is)g(still)g(p)r(ossible)f(to)h (sp)r(ecify)g(a)f(\014lename)h(as)f(a)h(Sc)n(heme)f(string)g(literal,) 498 1103 y(with)30 b(quote)g(marks|y)n(ou'll)d(need)j(this)g(for)f (\014lenames)g(con)n(taining)g(whitespace.\))498 1203 y(Also,)c(it)h(w)n(orks)d(in)j(an)n(y)e(pac)n(k)-5 b(age,)24 b(unlik)n(e)h Fo(\(load)42 b(")p Fq(\014lename)6 b Fo("\))p Fr(,)25 b(whic)n(h)g(will)g(w)n(ork)498 1303 y(only)i(in)h(pac)n(k)-5 b(ages)26 b(in)i(whic)n(h)f(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b Fo(load)f Fr(is)h(de\014ned)h(appropriately)-7 b(.)p Black Black 332 1461 a Fo(,exit)42 b([)p Fq(exp)5 b Fo(])498 1561 y Fr(Exits)22 b(bac)n(k)g(out)g(to)g(shell)h(\(or)e(executiv)n(e)h (or)g(whatev)n(er)f(in)n(v)n(ok)n(ed)g(Sc)n(heme)h(48)g(in)h(the)498 1661 y(\014rst)j(place\).)37 b Fq(Exp)31 b Fr(should)c(ev)-5 b(aluate)25 b(to)i(an)f(in)n(teger.)35 b(The)27 b(in)n(teger)e(is)h (returned)g(to)498 1760 y(the)k(calling)f(program.)40 b(The)30 b(default)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)36 b Fq(exp)e Fr(is)c(zero,)f(whic)n(h,)h(on)f(Unix,)h(is)498 1860 y(generally)c(in)n(terpreted)h(as)g(success.)291 2131 y Fj(3.4)135 b(Mo)t(dule)44 b(commands)291 2313 y Fr(There)27 b(are)f(man)n(y)h(commands)g(related)g(to)h(mo)r(dules.)36 b(Only)28 b(the)g(most)f(commonly)g(used)291 2413 y(mo)r(dule)f (commands)f(are)g(describ)r(ed)g(here;)h(do)r(cumen)n(tation)g(for)f (the)i(rest)e(can)g(b)r(e)i(found)291 2513 y(in)38 b(section)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 39 w(4.8)p Black(.)69 b(There)38 b(is)g(also)g(a)g 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b(example,)h(use)p Black Black 498 3715 a Fo(,config)41 b(,load)g Fq(\014lename)498 3896 y Fr(to)29 b(load)g(a)g(\014le)g(con)n(taining)g(mo)r(dule)g (de\014nitions.)43 b(If)29 b(no)h Fq(c)l(ommand)38 b Fr(is)29 b(giv)n(en,)h(the)498 3996 y Fo(config)25 b Fr(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)26 b(b)r(ecomes)i(the)g(execution)f(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)26 b(for)h(future)h(commands.)p Black Black 332 4154 a Fo(,user)42 b([)p Fq(c)l(ommand)9 b Fo(])498 4254 y Fr(This)26 b(is)f(similar)g(to)g(the)h Fo(,config)p Fr(.)33 b(It)26 b(mo)n(v)n(es)e(to)h(or)g(executes)g(a)g(command)g(in)h (the)498 4354 y(user)e(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)23 b(\(whic)n(h)i(is)g(the)g (default)g(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)24 b(when)h(the)g(Sc)n(heme)f(48)g(command) 498 4453 y(pro)r(cessor)i(starts\).)291 4725 y Fj(3.5)135 b(Debugging)45 b(commands)p Black Black 332 4907 a Fo(,preview)498 5006 y Fr(Somewhat)25 b(lik)n(e)f(a)h(bac)n(ktrace,)f(but)h(b)r(ecause) g(of)g(tail)g(recursion)e(y)n(ou)i(see)f(less)h(than)p Black 1702 5255 a(9)p Black eop end %%Page: 10 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b(a\013ects)f(the)h(binding)g(of)946 2703 y Fq(name)6 b Fr(,)24 b(not)f(the)g(b)r(eha)n(vior)e(of)h(the)h(pro)r(cedure)e (that)i(is)f(its)h(curren)n(t)e(v)-5 b(alue.)35 b Fq(Name)29 b Fr(is)946 2803 y(rede\014ned)e(to)f(b)r(e)h(a)f(pro)r(cedure)g(that)h (prin)n(ts)f(a)g(message,)f(calls)h(the)h(original)e(v)-5 b(alue)946 2902 y(of)45 b Fq(name)6 b Fr(,)40 b(prin)n(ts)e(another)f (message,)i(and)e(\014nally)h(passes)e(along)h(the)h(v)-5 b(alue\(s\))946 3002 y(returned)28 b(b)n(y)f(the)h(original)e(pro)r (cedure.)p Black Black 780 3160 a Fo(,untrace)41 b Fq(name)50 b Fo(...)946 3260 y Fr(Stop)30 b(tracing)f(calls)g(to)h(the)g(named)f (pro)r(cedure)g(or)g(pro)r(cedures.)42 b(With)30 b(no)g(argu-)946 3360 y(men)n(t,)e(stop)g(tracing)e(all)i(calls)f(to)g(all)g(pro)r (cedures.)p Black Black 780 3518 a Fo(,condition)946 3618 y Fr(The)36 b Fo(,condition)31 b Fr(command)k(displa)n(ys)g(the)h (condition)f(ob)5 b(ject)35 b(describing)g(the)946 3717 y(error)20 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b(profiler-instru)o(men)o(ta)o (tio)o(n\))291 1566 y Fr(in)28 b(the)h(structure)e(de\014nition,)i(co)r (de)f(will)g(b)n(y)g(instrumen)n(ted)g(with)h(calls)e(to)h(the)h (pro\014ler.)291 1665 y(The)34 b(call-times)f(to)h(instrumen)n(ted)h (co)r(de)f(can)g(then)g(b)r(e)h(measured)e(exactly)-7 b(.)56 b(Without)291 1765 y(instrumen)n(tation,)26 b(the)g(pro\014ler)f (is)g(solely)h(based)f(on)h(sampling)f(and)h(therefore)f(has)g(only)291 1864 y(limited)j(accuracy)-7 b(.)35 b(An)n(y)28 b(ev)-5 b(aluation)27 b(can)g(b)r(e)h(pro\014led)f(with)h(the)g(follo)n(wing)f (command:)p Black Black 332 2015 a Fo(,profile)40 b Fq(c)l(ommand)498 2115 y Fr(Ev)-5 b(aluate)37 b Fq(c)l(ommand)47 b Fr(under)37 b(the)h(pro\014ler,)h(prin)n(ting)e(the)h(pro\014ling)f(result)g(and) 498 2214 y(making)27 b(the)h(return)f(v)-5 b(alue\(s\))28 b(of)34 b Fq(c)l(ommand)j Fr(the)28 b(new)g(fo)r(cus)f(ob)5 b(ject.)415 2365 y(The)27 b(output)h(of)f(the)h(pro\014ler)e(is)h 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814 523 a Fo(932)129 b(1498)86 b(20k)260 b(1/1)g(main)42 b([1])334 623 y(0)87 b(100.0\045)e(932)129 b(1498)86 b(20k)173 b(1+877)128 b()814 722 y(324)173 b(891)86 b(10k)260 b(441)g(a)43 b()i([2])814 822 y(608)173 b(608)86 b(10k)260 b(436)g(b)43 b()i([3])901 922 y(0)261 b(0)130 b(2k)174 b(37/37)259 b(c)43 b([4])415 1107 y Fr(Callers)27 b(\(here)g Fo(main)p Fr(\):)p Black 415 1276 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fr(the)g(meaning)g(of)g(the)g(\014elds) g(are)f(the)h(same)g(as)f(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e.)35 b(The)27 b(mem)n(b)r(er)g(pro)r(cedures)498 1376 y(of)h(the)g(cycle)f(are)g (seen)g(as)g(a)g(whole.)415 1544 y(Primary)f(line:)p Black 415 1713 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(time)p Fr(:)35 b(total)28 b(p)r(ercen)n(tage)e(of)i(time)g(an)n(y)f(pro)r(cedure)f(of) i(the)g(cycle)f(w)n(as)g(running)p Black 415 1882 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(self)p Fr(:)35 b(total)28 b(time)g(sp)r(en)n(t)g (directly)f(in)h(a)f(pro)r(cedure)g(of)g(the)h(cycle)p Black 415 2051 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(child)p Fr(:)35 b(total)27 b(time)h(sp)r(en)n(t)g(in)g(external)f(c)n(hildren)g(of)34 b Fo(a)p Black 415 2220 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(mem)p Fr(:)i(sum)28 b(of)f(memory)g(usage)f(of)i(all)f(cycle)g(mem)n(b)r(er)h (pro)r(cedures)p Black 415 2390 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(calls)p Fr(:)61 b(the)41 b(total)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)f(of)h (external)e(calls)h(to)h(the)g Fo(cycle)e Fr(and)h(the)h(total)498 2489 y(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)27 b(of)h(calls)f(in)h(the)g(cycle)f(in)n (ternally)415 2658 y(Mem)n(b)r(er)h(pro)r(cedures:)p Black 415 2826 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fr(the)g(meaning)f(of)h(the)g (\014elds)f(are)g(the)h(same)f(as)g(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e,)f(except.)14 b(.)g(.)p Black 415 2996 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(calls)p Fr(:)32 b(the)22 b(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)f(of)h(calls)f(to)g(the)h(mem)n(b)r (er)f(pro)r(cedure)g(from)g(within)h(the)g(cycle)415 3164 y(External)27 b(pro)r(cedures)f(\(here)h Fo(c)p Fr(\):)p Black 415 3333 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fr(the)34 b(meaning)g(of)g(the)g(\014elds)g(are)f(the)h(same)f(as)h(with)g(the)g (mem)n(b)r(er)g(pro)r(cedures,)498 3432 y(except.)14 b(.)g(.)p Black 415 3602 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(calls)p Fr(:)39 b(the)30 b(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)f(of)g(calls)g(to)h(the)g(external)e (pro)r(cedure)h(from)g(the)h(cycle)f(and)498 3701 y(the)f(total)f(n)n (um)n(b)r(er)h(of)f(non-recursiv)n(e)f(calls)h(to)g(the)h(external)f (pro)r(cedure)415 3870 y(In)33 b(the)f(curren)n(t)g(implemen)n(tation,) h(there)f(are)g(some)f(issues)h(that)g(need)h(to)f(b)r(e)h(con-)291 3969 y(sidered:)44 b(in)31 b(the)h(default)g(con\014guration,)f (samples)f(are)h(tak)n(en)g(ev)n(ery)f(50)g(milliseconds.)291 4069 y(Pro)r(cedures)i(with)i(a)g(b)n(y-call)f(run)h(time)g(shorter)f (than)h(the)g(in)n(terrupt)g(time)g(are)f(lik)n(ely)291 4169 y(to)k(b)r(e)h(pro\014led)e(inaccurately)g(or)h(ma)n(y)g(not)g(b)r (e)h(seen)f(at)g(all,)j(if)d(they)h(ha)n(v)n(e)e(not)h(b)r(een)291 4268 y(instrumen)n(ted.)415 4369 y(The)30 b(default)g(in)n(terrupt)f (time)h(can)g(b)r(e)g(set)f(with)h(the)g Fo(profiler-interrup)o(t-)o (tim)o(e)291 4468 y Fr(command)d(pro)r(cessor)e(setting,)j(see)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 27 w(3.7)p Black(.)36 b(F)-7 b(or)27 b(example,)p Black Black 291 4638 a Fo(,set)42 b(profiler-interr)o(up)o (t-t)o(im)o(e)c(200)291 4806 y Fr(sets)27 b(the)h(default)g(pro\014ler) e(sampling)h(in)n(terrupt)h(time)g(to)f(200ms.)415 4907 y(Because)e(the)i(in)n(terrupt)e(is)h(shared)f(with)i(the)f(thread)g (system,)g(pro\014ling)f(ma)n(y)h(cause)291 5006 y(p)r(erformance)33 b(issues)i(with)g(m)n(ulti-threaded)f(programs.)57 b(Also,)36 b(programs)c(with)k(deep)p Black 1681 5255 a(15)p Black eop end %%Page: 16 24 TeXDict begin 16 23 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 739 523 a Fr(recursion)30 b(\(resulting)h(in)h(large)e(con)n(tin)n (uations\))g(can)i(cause)e(the)i(pro\014ler)e(to)i(use)f(a)g(sig-)739 623 y(ni\014can)n(t)c(p)r(ercen)n(tage)g(of)g(the)h(total)g(run)f (time.)863 722 y(By)34 b(default,)j(call)d(times)g(are)f(measured)h(b)n (y)g(the)g(sampling)g(pro)r(cess.)56 b(When)34 b(co)r(de)739 822 y(had)24 b(b)r(een)g(instrumen)n(ted,)h(call)e(times)h(of)g(those)g (pro)r(cedures)e(will)i(b)r(e)h(measured)e(exactly)-7 b(.)739 922 y(When)22 b(only)f(instrumen)n(ted)h(co)r(de)g(should)f(b)r (e)h(considered)f(in)h(the)g(output)g(of)f(the)h(pro\014ler,)739 1021 y(the)f(command)f(pro)r(cessor)f(setting)j Fo(profiler-measure)o (-n)o(oni)o(ns)o(tr)14 b Fr(can)21 b(b)r(e)g(set)g(to)f Fo(off)p Fr(.)863 1121 y(Sc)n(heme)26 b(48)f(optimizes)g(tail)h(calls.) 36 b(Th)n(us,)26 b(the)g(pro\014ler)e(cannot)h(\\see")g(tail)g(calls)g (and)739 1220 y(in)f(some)g(situations,)g(the)h(output)g(of)f(the)g (pro\014ler)f(ma)n(y)h(sho)n(w)f(that)i(pro)r(cedures)d(directly)739 1320 y(call)27 b(their)h(\\grandc)n(hildren".)739 1549 y Fe(3.6.1)112 b(Ho)m(w)37 b(the)h(pro\014ler)f(w)m(orks)739 1702 y Fr(The)c(pro\014ler)g(is)g(based)g(on)g(taking)g(samples)g(of)g (the)h(curren)n(t)e(stac)n(k)h(of)g(con)n(tin)n(uations,)739 1802 y(the)f Fq(c)l(al)t(l-stack)p Fr(.)49 b(Therefore)30 b(it)i(sc)n(hedules)f(the)h(alarm)e(in)n(terrupt)h(at)g(a)g(regular)f (in)n(terv)-5 b(al)739 1901 y(sp)r(eci\014ed)36 b(b)n(y)f(the)h Fo(profiler-interru)o(pt)o(-t)o(ime)29 b Fr(command)35 b(pro)r(cessor)e(setting.)61 b(Be-)739 2001 y(cause)27 b(the)h(thread)g(system)g(uses)f(the)i(alarm)d(in)n(terrupt)i(as)f(w)n (ell,)h(the)h(pro\014ler)e(in)n(terrupt)739 2101 y(handler)g(calls)g (the)h(handler)f(of)g(the)h(thread)g(system)f(after)g(pro)r(cessing)f (the)i(sample.)863 2200 y(The)37 b(pro\014ler)e(in)n(terrupt)h(handler) g(\014rst)h(captures)e(the)i(curren)n(t)f(con)n(tin)n(uation)f(and)739 2300 y(follo)n(ws)27 b(the)i(con)n(tin)n(uation-stac)n(k)e(do)n(wn)h (to)g(the)h(con)n(tin)n(uation)f(of)h(the)g Fo(profile-thunk)739 2399 y Fr(pro)r(cedure,)j(whic)n(h)h(called)f(the)g(th)n(unk)h(to)f(b)r (e)h(pro\014led.)50 b(Eac)n(h)32 b(con)n(tin)n(uation)f(with)i(the)739 2499 y(corresp)r(onding)26 b(co)r(de)h(template)h(is)f(stored)g(in)h(a) f(stac)n(k)g(of)34 b Fo(stackentry)23 b Fr(records.)863 2599 y(This)h Fo(*cur-stack*)c Fr(is)k(compared)f(from)h(b)r(ottom)g (to)g(top)g(with)h(the)f Fo(*last-stack*)p Fr(,)739 2698 y(the)30 b(stac)n(k)g(captured)f(while)i(the)f(prior)f(sampling)h(in)n (terrupt.)44 b(The)30 b(statistics)g(gathered)739 2798 y(are)c(stored)h(in)h Fo(profinfo)c Fr(records.)863 2898 y(F)-7 b(or)31 b(eac)n(h)g(stac)n(k-en)n(try)e(in)j(the)g Fo(*cur-stack*)p Fr(,)c(sev)n(eral)i(p)r(ossibilities)h(exist)g(in)h (con-)739 2997 y(junction)c(to)g(the)g(en)n(try)f(at)g(the)h(same)f (depth)h(in)g(the)g Fo(*last-stack*)p Fr(:)p Black 863 3147 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fr(there)g(is)f(no)h(suc)n(h)f(en)n(try:)36 b(the)28 b(con)n(tin)n(uation)f(m)n(ust)h(b)r(e)g(the)g(result)f(of)g (a)h(new)f(call)p Black 863 3304 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fr(b)r(oth)33 b(en)n(tries)e(are)g(the)h(same)g(con)n(tin)n(uation:) 44 b(nothing)32 b(c)n(hanged,)g(the)g(pro)r(cedure)946 3404 y(is)c(still)g(running)p Black 863 3562 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fr(en)n(tries)22 b(are)f(not)h(the)h(same)e(con)n(tin)n (uation:)34 b(the)22 b(follo)n(wing)f(en)n(tries)h(up)g(in)h(the)f (stac)n(k)946 3661 y(m)n(ust)30 b(ha)n(v)n(e)e(c)n(hanged.)41 b(If)30 b(the)g(templates)f(of)h(the)f(curren)n(t)g(en)n(tries)g(are)f (the)i(same,)946 3761 y(the)38 b(con)n(tin)n(uation)f(coun)n(ts)g(as)f (the)i(still)g(same)f(call)g(to)g(the)h(pro)r(cedure)e(\(but)i(at)946 3861 y(another)f(expression)f(in)i(the)g(pro)r(cedure\).)67 b(A)38 b(suc)n(h)f(situation)h(only)f(coun)n(ts)g(as)946 3960 y(a)d(new)h(call)f(if)g(the)h(con)n(tin)n(uation)f(ob)5 b(ject)34 b(has)f(c)n(hanged,)j(but)e(the)h(con)n(tin)n(uation)946 4060 y(program-coun)n(ter,)25 b(argumen)n(ts)h(and)h(the)h(template)g (sta)n(y)n(ed)f(the)h(same.)739 4209 y(As)39 b(w)n(e)g(ascend)g(in)h (the)g(call-stac)n(k,)g(c)n(hanges)e(in)i(the)g(lo)n(w)n(er)e(lev)n (els)g(indicate)i(that)g(all)739 4309 y(en)n(tries)30 b(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)g(ha)n(v)n(e)g(to)i(b)r(e)f(new)h(calls.)47 b(This)31 b(w)n(a)n(y)-7 b(,)31 b(the)h(pro\014ler)e(gathers)g (information)739 4408 y(ab)r(out)d(ho)n(w)g(often)h(a)f(template)h(is)g (called)f(b)n(y)g(another)g(template.)863 4508 y(Additionally)-7 b(,)26 b(ev)n(ery)d(time)j(a)e(pro)r(cedure)g(is)g(seen,)h(w)n(e)g (record)e(this)i(\\o)r(ccurrence".)34 b(If)739 4608 y(the)29 b(pro)r(cedure)e(is)h(a)g(the)g(top)h(of)f(the)h(stac)n(k,)e(it)i(is)f (curren)n(tly)f(running.)39 b(Based)27 b(on)h(these)739 4707 y(n)n(um)n(b)r(ers,)i(the)h(a)n(v)n(erage)d(in)n(terrupt)i(time)h (and)f(the)h(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)f(of)g(calls,)g(w)n(e)g(can)g(estimate)739 4807 y(the)e(self)g(and)f(c)n(hild)h(times.)863 4907 y(While)22 b(running,)g(the)g(pro\014ler)e(collects)h(information)f(ab) r(out)h(heap)g(memory)g(usage)f(as)739 5006 y(w)n(ell.)36 b(After)28 b(comparing)e(the)h(curren)n(t)f(with)i(the)g(last)e(stac)n (k,)h(the)g(pro\014ler)f(kno)n(ws)g(whic)n(h)p Black 2130 5255 a(16)p Black eop end %%Page: 17 25 TeXDict begin 17 24 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 291 523 a Fr(pro)r(cedures)28 b(\014nished,)i(whic)n(h)f(pro)r(cedures) f(are)g(new)i(and)f(whic)n(h)g(pro)r(cedure)g(called)g(the)291 623 y(new)j(pro)r(cedures.)52 b(This)33 b(information)f(is)g(used)h(to) g(distribute)g(the)g(di\013erence)g(in)g(heap)291 722 y(memory)26 b(usage)h(b)r(et)n(w)n(een)g(the)h(prior)e(and)i(the)f (curren)n(t)g(sample.)37 b(The)27 b(pro\014ler)f(uses)i(the)291 822 y Fo(memory-status)i Fr(primitiv)n(e)35 b(for)g(retrieving)f(a)n(v) -5 b(ailable)34 b(heap)h(space)g(and)g(the)h(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)291 922 y(of)29 b(garbage)e(collector)i(runs)g(\()p Fo(gc-count)p Fr(\).)40 b(Di\013erence)30 b(in)g(used)f(memory)g(b)r(et)n(w)n(een)h (t)n(w)n(o)291 1021 y(samples)d(is)g(distributed)h(b)n(y)f(the)h(follo) n(wing)f(principles:)p Black 415 1202 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fr(if)35 b Fo(gc-count)24 b Fr(increased,)j(distribution)g(cannot) g(b)r(e)h(done)p Black 415 1387 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fr(if)33 b(the)h(same)e(con)n(tin)n(uation)g(is)g(still)i(at)e(top,)i (credit)f(its)g(template)g(with)g(all)g(used)498 1487 y(memory)27 b(b)r(et)n(w)n(een)g(the)h(t)n(w)n(o)f(samplings)p Black 415 1672 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fr(if)d(there)f(are)f(stac)n(k)n (en)n(try-templates)f(gone)i(or)f(new,)i(distribute)g(the)f(used)h (memory)498 1772 y Fq(e)l(qual)t(ly)29 b Fr(b)r(et)n(w)n(een)e(them:)p Black 592 1957 a Fm({)p Black 41 w Fr(gone)f(templates)i(could)g(ha)n (v)n(e)e(used)i(some)f(memory)f(b)r(efore)i(\\returning")p Black 592 2099 a Fm({)p Black 41 w Fr(new)f(templates)h(could)g(ha)n(v) n(e)e(used)h(some)g(memory)g(while)h(running)p Black 592 2242 a Fm({)p Black 41 w Fr(the)k(caller)f(of)g(new)h(templates)g (could)g(ha)n(v)n(e)e(used)i(some)f(memory)g(b)r(et)n(w)n(een)681 2341 y(the)d(calling)f(of)g(gone)g(and)g(new)h(pro)r(cedures)415 2527 y(The)42 b(b)n(yte-co)r(de)g(optimizer)g Fo(profiler-instrum)o (ent)o(at)o(ion)36 b Fr(adds)41 b(a)h(call)g(to)h(the)291 2626 y(\\pro\014le-coun)n(t")32 b(pro)r(cedure)h(of)i(the)g(pro\014ler) e(structure.)57 b(This)35 b(pro)r(cedure)e(is)i(resp)r(on-)291 2726 y(sible)27 b(for)g(the)h(exact)f(call-times)g(measuremen)n(t.)415 2830 y(After)21 b(collection)e(of)h(the)h(data,)g(pro)r(cedures)e(are)g (n)n(um)n(b)r(ered)h(and)g(cycles)f(are)g(detected)291 2930 y(b)n(y)33 b(ascending)f(in)i(the)g(call)f(tree.)54 b(Time)34 b(is)f(b)r(eing)h(propagated)e(from)h(top)g(to)h(b)r(ottom,) 291 3030 y(remem)n(b)r(ering)23 b(self)i(and)f(c)n(hild)g(times.)36 b(Most)24 b(of)h(the)g(time,)g(cycles)f(are)f(b)r(eing)i(considered)291 3129 y(as)i(one)g(pro)r(cedure.)291 3429 y Fj(3.7)135 b(Settings)291 3620 y Fr(There)27 b(are)h(a)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)g(of)g (settings)g(that)h(con)n(trol)d(the)j(b)r(eha)n(vior)e(of)h(the)h (command)f(pro-)291 3720 y(cessor;)d(most)h(of)g(them)h(are)e(b)r(o)r (oleans.)36 b(They)26 b(can)g(b)r(e)h(set)f(using)g(the)g Fo(,set)f Fr(and)h Fo(,unset)291 3819 y Fr(commands.)p Black Black 332 4021 a Fo(,set)42 b Fq(setting)51 b Fo([on)42 b(|)h(off)f(|)i(literal)c(|)j(?])498 4121 y Fr(This)32 b(sets)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)f(setting)h Fq(setting)7 b Fr(.)52 b(F)-7 b(or)31 b(a)h(b)r(o)r(olean)g(setting,)i(the)f(second) 498 4221 y(argumen)n(t)26 b(m)n(ust)h(b)r(e)g Fo(on)f Fr(or)g Fo(off)p Fr(;)g(it)h(then)g(defaults)g(to)g Fo(on)p Fr(.)36 b(Otherwise,)26 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)498 4320 y(m)n(ust)30 b(b)r(e)h(a)e(literal,)h(t)n(ypically)g(a)f(p)r(ositiv)n (e)h(n)n(um)n(b)r(er.)44 b(If)30 b(the)h(second)e(argumen)n(t)g(is)498 4420 y Fo(?)36 b Fr(the)27 b(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(of)33 b Fq(setting)g Fr(is)26 b(is)g(displa)n(y)n(ed)f(and)h(not)g(c)n(hanged.) 35 b(Doing)26 b Fo(,set)42 b(?)36 b Fr(will)498 4519 y(displa)n(y)27 b(a)g(list)h(of)g(the)f(setting)h(and)g(their)f(curren) n(t)g(v)-5 b(alues.)p Black Black 332 4705 a Fo(,unset)41 b Fq(setting)498 4804 y Fo(,unset)g Fq(setting)35 b Fr(is)27 b(the)h(same)f(as)g Fo(,set)42 b Fq(setting)51 b Fo(off)p Fr(.)415 5006 y(The)28 b(settings)f(are)g(as)g(follo)n(ws:)p Black 1681 5255 a(17)p Black eop end %%Page: 18 26 TeXDict begin 18 25 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black Black Black 780 523 a Fo(batch)26 b Fr(\(b)r(o)r(olean\))946 623 y(In)d(`batc)n(h)g(mo)r(de')f(an)n(y)g(error)f(or)h(in)n(terrupt)g (that)h(comes)f(up)h(will)g(cause)f(Sc)n(heme)g(48)946 722 y(to)28 b(exit)g(immediately)g(with)g(a)g(non-zero)e(exit)i (status.)37 b(Also,)28 b(the)g(command)f(pro-)946 822 y(cessor)f(do)r(esn't)i(prin)n(t)g(prompts.)36 b(Batc)n(h)27 b(mo)r(de)h(is)f(o\013)h(b)n(y)f(default.)p Black Black 780 999 a Fo(levels)f Fr(\(b)r(o)r(olean\))946 1099 y(Enables)h(or)g (disables)f(the)i(automatic)f(pushing)h(of)f(a)g(new)h(command)f(lev)n (el)g(when)946 1198 y(an)34 b(error,)g(in)n(terrupt,)h(or)e(other)h (breakp)r(oin)n(t)f(o)r(ccurs.)55 b(When)35 b(enabled)f(\(the)g(de-)946 1298 y(fault\),)h(breakp)r(oin)n(ts)d(push)h(a)g(new)f(command)h(lev)n (el,)h(and)e Fn(h)p Fr(eof)p Fn(i)i Fr(\(see)e(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e\))g(or) 946 1398 y Fo(,reset)24 b Fr(is)i(required)f(to)h(return)g(to)g(top)g (lev)n(el.)36 b(The)26 b(e\013ects)g(of)g(pushed)h(command)946 1497 y(lev)n(els)g(include:)p Black 1046 1674 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fr(a)g(longer)g(prompt)p Black 1046 1813 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fr(reten)n(tion)g(of)h(the)g(con)n(tin)n(uation)e (in)i(e\013ect)g(at)g(the)g(p)r(oin)n(t)g(of)f(error)p Black 1046 1951 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fr(confusion)g(among)g(some)g (new)n(comers)946 2128 y(With)h Fo(levels)c Fr(disabled)i(one)g(m)n (ust)h(issue)f(a)g Fo(,push)f Fr(command)h(immediately)h(fol-)946 2228 y(lo)n(wing)36 b(an)g(error)f(in)i(order)e(to)i(retain)f(the)h (error)d(con)n(tin)n(uation)i(for)g(debugging)946 2327 y(purp)r(oses;)i(otherwise)c(the)h(con)n(tin)n(uation)e(is)i(lost)f(as) g(so)r(on)g(as)g(the)h(fo)r(cus)f(ob)5 b(ject)946 2427 y(c)n(hanges.)35 b(If)27 b(y)n(ou)d(don't)i(kno)n(w)f(an)n(ything)g(ab) r(out)h(the)g(a)n(v)-5 b(ailable)25 b(debugging)g(to)r(ols,)946 2527 y(then)k Fo(levels)c Fr(migh)n(t)i(as)g(w)n(ell)h(b)r(e)g (disabled.)p Black Black 780 2704 a Fo(break-on-warnings)21 b Fr(\(b)r(o)r(olean\))946 2803 y(En)n(ter)k(a)h(new)g(command)f(lev)n (el)h(when)g(a)f(w)n(arning)g(is)h(pro)r(duced,)g(just)g(as)f(when)i (an)946 2903 y(error)k(o)r(ccurs.)50 b(Normally)31 b(w)n(arnings)f (only)i(result)g(in)h(a)e(displa)n(y)n(ed)h(message)e(and)946 3003 y(the)e(program)e(do)r(es)h(not)h(stop)f(executing.)p Black Black 780 3180 a Fo(ask-before-loadin)o(g)22 b Fr(\(b)r(o)r(olean\))946 3279 y(If)33 b(on,)f(the)h(system)e(will)h (ask)f(b)r(efore)h(loading)f(mo)r(dules)h(that)g(are)f(argumen)n(ts)f (to)946 3379 y(the)e Fo(,open)e Fr(command.)37 b Fo(Ask-before-load)o (ing)21 b Fr(is)27 b(o\013)h(b)n(y)f(default.)p Black Black 946 3589 a Fo(>)44 b(,set)e(ask-before-load)o(ing)946 3689 y(will)g(ask)h(before)e(loading)g(modules)946 3789 y(>)j(,open)d(random)946 3888 y(Load)h(structure)e(random)h(\(y/n\)?)g (y)946 3988 y(>)p Black Black 780 4198 a(load-noisily)23 b Fr(\(b)r(o)r(olean\))946 4298 y(When)h(on,)g(the)g(system)f(will)h (prin)n(t)f(out)g(the)h(names)f(of)g(mo)r(dules)h(and)f(\014les)g(as)g (they)946 4397 y(are)k(loaded.)36 b Fo(Load-noisily)23 b Fr(is)k(o\013)h(b)n(y)f(default.)p Black Black 946 4608 a Fo(>)44 b(,set)e(load-noisily)946 4707 y(will)g(notify)f(when)h (loading)f(modules)g(and)h(files)946 4807 y(>)i(,open)d(random)946 4907 y([random)g(/usr/local/lib/sc)o(he)o(me)o(48/)o(bi)o(g/r)o(an)o (do)o(m.s)o(cm)o(])946 5006 y(>)p Black 2130 5255 a Fr(18)p Black eop end %%Page: 19 27 TeXDict begin 19 26 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black Black Black 332 523 a Fo(inline-values)22 b Fr(\(b)r(o)r(olean\))498 623 y(This)d(con)n(trols)d(whether)j(or)e(not)i(the)g(compiler)e(is)i (allo)n(w)n(ed)e(to)h(substitute)h(v)-5 b(ariables')498 722 y(v)g(alues)21 b(in-line.)34 b(When)22 b Fo(inline-values)15 b Fr(mo)r(de)21 b(is)g(on,)h(some)e(Sc)n(heme)h(pro)r(cedures)498 822 y(will)29 b(b)r(e)f(substituted)i(in-line;)f(when)f(it)h(is)f (o\013,)h(none)f(will.)39 b(Section)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 28 w(2.4)p Black 28 w(has)28 b(more)498 922 y(information.)p Black Black 332 1088 a Fo(inspector-menu-l)o(imi)o(t)21 b Fr(\(p)r(ositiv)n(e)28 b(in)n(teger\))498 1188 y(This)23 b(con)n(trols)e(ho)n(w)g(man)n(y)h(items)h(the)g(displa)n(y)n(ed)e(p)r (ortion)h(of)h(the)g(insp)r(ector)f(men)n(u)498 1288 y(con)n(tains)27 b(at)g(most.)37 b(\(See)28 b(Section)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 27 w(3.8)p Black(.\))p Black Black 332 1455 a Fo(inspector-writin)o(g-d)o(ep)o(th)21 b Fr(\(p)r(ositiv)n (e)28 b(in)n(teger\))498 1554 y(This)35 b(con)n(trols)d(the)j(maxim)n (um)g(depth)g(to)f(whic)n(h)g(the)h(insp)r(ector)f(prin)n(ts)g(v)-5 b(alues.)498 1654 y(\(See)28 b(Section)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 28 w(3.8)p Black(.\))p Black Black 332 1821 a Fo(inspector-writin)o (g-l)o(en)o(gth)21 b Fr(\(p)r(ositiv)n(e)27 b(in)n(teger\))498 1920 y(This)33 b(con)n(trols)e(the)i(maxim)n(um)f(length)h(to)f(whic)n (h)h(the)g(insp)r(ector)f(prin)n(ts)g(v)-5 b(alues.)498 2020 y(\(See)28 b(Section)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 28 w(3.8)p Black(.\))p Black Black 332 2187 a Fo(condition-writin)o(g-d)o(ep)o(th) 21 b Fr(\(p)r(ositiv)n(e)28 b(in)n(teger\))498 2287 y(This)g(con)n (trols)e(the)i(maxim)n(um)f(depth)h(to)g(whic)n(h)f(conditions)h(are)e (prin)n(ted.)p Black Black 332 2453 a Fo(condition-writin)o(g-l)o(en)o (gth)21 b Fr(\(p)r(ositiv)n(e)27 b(in)n(teger\))498 2553 y(This)h(con)n(trols)e(the)i(maxim)n(um)f(length)h(to)f(whic)n(h)h (conditions)f(are)g(prin)n(ted.)p Black Black 332 2720 a Fo(profiler-interru)o(pt-)o(ti)o(me)21 b Fr(\(p)r(ositiv)n(e)28 b(in)n(teger\))498 2820 y(This)33 b(con)n(trols)e(the)i(time)g(b)r(et)n (w)n(een)f(t)n(w)n(o)g(pro\014ler)g(sampling)g(in)n(terrupts)g(\(in)h (mil-)498 2919 y(liseconds,)27 b(see)g(section)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 27 w(3.6)p Black(\).)p Black Black 332 3086 a Fo(profiler-measure)o(-no)o(ni)o(nst)o(r)21 b Fr(\(b)r(o)r(olean\)) 498 3186 y(When)36 b(this)g(\015ag)f(is)g(enabled,)j(call-times)d(will) h(b)r(e)g(measured)e(b)n(y)i(the)g(sampling)498 3285 y(pro)r(cess.)48 b(When)32 b(it)g(is)f(disabled,)h(call-times)f(will)h (only)f(b)r(e)h(measured)f(when)h(the)498 3385 y(pro)r(cedure)27 b(has)g(b)r(een)h(instrumen)n(ted)g(\(see)f(section)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 27 w(3.6)p Black(\).)p Black Black 332 3552 a Fo(trace-writing-le)o(ngt)o(h)21 b Fr(\(p)r(ositiv)n(e)28 b(in)n(teger\))498 3651 y(This)22 b(con)n(trols)f(the)i(maxim)n(um)f (length)g(to)g(whic)n(h)g(tracing)f(prin)n(ts)h(pro)r(cedure)f(calls.) 291 3927 y Fj(3.8)135 b(Insp)t(ection)45 b(mo)t(de)291 4109 y Fr(There)33 b(is)h(a)g(data)f(insp)r(ector)h(a)n(v)-5 b(ailable)32 b(via)i(the)g Fo(,inspect)d Fr(and)j Fo(,debug)d Fr(commands.)291 4209 y(The)22 b(insp)r(ector)g(is)g(particularly)f (useful)h(with)h(pro)r(cedures,)f(con)n(tin)n(uations,)g(and)h (records.)291 4309 y(The)33 b(command)h(pro)r(cessor)e(can)h(b)r(e)h (tak)n(en)f(out)h(of)g(insp)r(ection)g(mo)r(de)g(b)n(y)g(using)f(the)h Fo(q)291 4408 y Fr(command.)50 b(When)33 b(in)g(insp)r(ection)f(mo)r (de,)i(input)f(that)g(b)r(egins)f(with)h(a)f(letter)g(or)g(digit)291 4508 y(is)f(read)f(as)g(a)h(command,)g(not)g(as)g(an)g(expression.)45 b(T)-7 b(o)31 b(see)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(or)291 4608 y(n)n(um)n(b)r(er,)d(do)g Fo(\(begin)41 b Fq(exp)5 b Fo(\))28 b Fr(or)f(use)g(the)h Fo(,run)42 b Fq(exp)33 b Fr(command.)415 4707 y(In)c(insp)r(ection)g (mo)r(de)g(the)g(command)g(pro)r(cessor)d(prin)n(ts)j(out)f(a)h(men)n (u)g(of)f(selectable)291 4807 y(comp)r(onen)n(ts)33 b(for)g(the)h (curren)n(t)f(fo)r(cus)h(ob)5 b(ject.)55 b(T)-7 b(o)33 b(insp)r(ect)h(a)g(particular)e(comp)r(onen)n(t,)291 4907 y(just)24 b(t)n(yp)r(e)g(the)g(corresp)r(onding)e(n)n(um)n(b)r(er) i(in)g(the)g(men)n(u.)36 b(That)23 b(comp)r(onen)n(t)h(b)r(ecomes)g (the)291 5006 y(new)j(fo)r(cus)h(ob)5 b(ject.)37 b(F)-7 b(or)26 b(example:)p Black 1681 5255 a(19)p Black eop end %%Page: 20 28 TeXDict begin 20 27 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black Black Black 739 523 a Fo(>)43 b(,inspect)d('\(a)j(\(b)f(c\))h(d\))739 623 y(\(a)g(\(b)f(c\))h(d\))739 822 y([0])f(a)739 922 y([1])g(\(b)h(c\))739 1021 y([2])f(d)739 1121 y(:)h(1)739 1220 y(\(b)g(c\))739 1420 y([0])f(b)739 1519 y([1])g(c)739 1619 y(:)863 1788 y Fr(When)25 b(a)e(new)h(fo)r(cus)g(ob)5 b(ject)23 b(is)h(selected)f(the)h(previous)f(one)g(is)h(pushed)g(on)n (to)f(a)g(stac)n(k.)739 1887 y(Y)-7 b(ou)29 b(can)g(p)r(op)g(the)h (stac)n(k,)f(rev)n(erting)e(to)i(the)h(previous)e(ob)5 b(ject,)29 b(with)h(the)g Fo(u)f Fr(command,)739 1987 y(or)e(use)g(the)h Fo(stack)e Fr(command)h(to)g(mo)n(v)n(e)g(to)g(an)h (earlier)e(ob)5 b(ject.)863 2087 y(Commands)27 b(useful)h(when)g(in)g (insp)r(ection)g(mo)r(de:)p Black 863 2256 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(u)g Fr(\(up\))g(p)r(op)g(ob)5 b(ject)27 b(stac)n(k)p Black 863 2425 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(m)h Fr(\(more\))f(prin)n(t)h(more)e(of)i(a)f(long)g(men)n(u)p Black 863 2595 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(...\))35 b Fr(ev)-5 b(aluate)27 b(a)h(form)f(and)g(select)h(result)p Black 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y(single)27 b(line.)863 4040 y(All)21 b(ordinary)d(commands)h(are)g(a)n(v)-5 b(ailable)18 b(when)i(in)g(insp)r(ection)g(mo)r(de.)35 b(Similarly)-7 b(,)21 b(the)739 4139 y(insp)r(ection)28 b(commands)f(can)g(b)r(e)h (used)f(when)h(not)g(in)g(insp)r(ection)f(mo)r(de.)37 b(F)-7 b(or)27 b(example:)p Black Black 739 4309 a Fo(>)43 b(\(list)f('a)g('\(b)h(c\))f('d\))739 4408 y('\(a)g(\(b)h(c\))g(d\))739 4508 y(>)g(,1)739 4608 y('\(b)f(c\))739 4707 y(>)h(,menu)739 4807 y([0])f(b)739 4907 y([1])g(c)739 5006 y(>)p Black 2130 5255 a Fr(20)p Black eop end %%Page: 21 29 TeXDict begin 21 28 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 415 523 a Fr(If)34 b(the)f(curren)n(t)f(command)h(lev)n(el)f(w)n(as)g (initiated)i(b)r(ecause)f(of)g(a)f(breakp)r(oin)n(t)g(in)i(the)291 623 y(next)d(lev)n(el)f(do)n(wn,)i(then)f Fo(,debug)e Fr(will)i(in)n(v)n(ok)n(e)f(the)h(insp)r(ector)g(on)f(the)i(con)n(tin)n (uation)e(at)291 722 y(the)h(p)r(oin)n(t)g(of)g(the)h(error.)45 b(The)31 b Fo(u)g Fr(and)g Fo(d)g Fr(\(up)g(and)g(do)n(wn\))g(commands) g(then)g(mak)n(e)g(the)291 822 y(insp)r(ected-v)-5 b(alue)19 b(stac)n(k)f(lo)r(ok)g(lik)n(e)g(a)h(con)n(v)n(en)n(tional)e(stac)n(k)h (debugger,)i(with)f(con)n(tin)n(uations)291 922 y(pla)n(ying)f(the)h (role)f(of)h(stac)n(k)f(frames.)34 b Fo(D)19 b Fr(go)r(es)f(to)h(older) f(or)g(deep)r(er)h(con)n(tin)n(uations)f(\(frames\),)291 1021 y(and)27 b Fo(u)g Fr(go)r(es)g(bac)n(k)g(up)h(to)f(more)g(recen)n (t)g(ones.)291 1295 y Fj(3.9)135 b(Command)45 b(programs)291 1477 y Fr(The)31 b Fo(exec)e Fr(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)30 b(con)n(tains)g (pro)r(cedures)g(that)h(are)f(used)h(to)g(execute)g(the)g(command)291 1576 y(pro)r(cessor's)16 b(commands.)34 b(A)19 b(command)f Fo(,)p Fq(fo)l(o)25 b Fr(is)19 b(executed)g(b)n(y)g(applying)f(the)i(v) -5 b(alue)19 b(of)g(the)291 1676 y(iden)n(ti\014er)k Fq(fo)l(o)31 b Fr(in)24 b(the)g Fo(exec)e Fr(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)23 b(to)g(the)i(\(suitably)f(parsed\))f(command)g(argumen)n(ts.)p Black Black 332 1853 a Fo(,exec)42 b([)p Fq(c)l(ommand)9 b Fo(])498 1952 y Fr(Ev)-5 b(aluate)27 b Fq(c)l(ommand)37 b Fr(in)28 b(the)g Fo(exec)e Fr(pac)n(k)-5 b(age.)35 b(F)-7 b(or)27 b(example,)g(use)p Black Black 498 2146 a Fo(,exec)42 b(,load)f Fq(\014lename)498 2340 y Fr(to)35 b(load)f(a)h(\014le)g(con)n(taining)f(commands.)59 b(If)36 b(no)e Fq(c)l(ommand)45 b Fr(is)35 b(giv)n(en,)h(the)f Fo(exec)498 2439 y Fr(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)26 b(b)r(ecomes)h(the)h (execution)g(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)26 b(for)h(future)h(commands.)415 2616 y(The)g(required)e(argumen)n(t)h(t)n(yp)r(es)g(are)g(as)g(follo)n (ws:)p Black 415 2778 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fr(\014lenames)g(should)h (b)r(e)g(strings)p Black 415 2942 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fr(other)f(names)g(and)h(iden)n(ti\014ers)f(should)g(b)r(e)h(sym)n(b) r(ols)p Black 415 3105 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fr(expressions)e(should)h (b)r(e)h(s-expressions)p Black 415 3269 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fr(commands)j(\(as)h(for)f Fo(,config)e Fr(and)j Fo(,exec)e Fr(itself)6 b(\))33 b(should)e(b)r(e)h(lists)g(of)g(the)g (form)498 3369 y Fo(\()p Fq(c)l(ommand-name)50 b(ar)l(gument)h Fo(...\))35 b Fr(where)27 b Fq(c)l(ommand-name)35 b Fr(is)27 b(a)g(sym)n(b)r(ol.)415 3530 y(F)-7 b(or)27 b(example,)g(the)h(follo)n (wing)f(t)n(w)n(o)g(commands)g(are)f(equiv)-5 b(alen)n(t:)p Black Black 291 3692 a Fo(,config)40 b(,load)i(my-file.scm)291 3891 y(,exec)f(\(config)g('\(load)g("my-file.scm"\)\))415 4053 y Fr(The)26 b(\014le)g Fo(scheme/vm/load-vm)o(.s)o(cm)19 b Fr(in)27 b(the)f(source)f(directory)f(con)n(tains)h(an)h(exam-)291 4152 y(ple)h(of)h(an)f Fo(exec)f Fr(program.)291 4426 y Fj(3.10)135 b(Building)45 b(images)p Black Black 332 4608 a Fo(,dump)d Fq(\014lename)50 b Fo([)p Fq(identi\014c)l(ation)6 b Fo(])498 4707 y Fr(W)-7 b(rites)36 b(the)f(curren)n(t)g(heap)g(out)g (to)h(a)f(\014le,)i(whic)n(h)f(can)f(then)g(b)r(e)h(run)f(using)h(the) 498 4807 y(virtual)29 b(mac)n(hine.)41 b(The)30 b(new)f(image)f(\014le) i(includes)f(the)h(command)f(pro)r(cessor.)39 b(If)498 4907 y(presen)n(t,)g Fq(identi\014c)l(ation)45 b Fr(should)37 b(b)r(e)h(a)f(string)f(\(written)i(with)g(double)f(quotes\);)498 5006 y(this)28 b(string)f(will)h(b)r(e)g(part)f(of)g(the)h(greeting)f (message)f(as)h(the)h(image)f(starts)g(up.)p Black 1681 5255 a(21)p Black eop end %%Page: 22 30 TeXDict begin 22 29 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black Black Black 780 523 a Fo(,build)42 b Fq(exp)48 b(\014lename)j Fo([)p Fq(option)30 b(.)13 b(.)g(.)g Fo(])946 623 y Fr(Lik)n(e)34 b Fo(,dump)p Fr(,)g(except)g(that)g(the)h(image)e(\014le)h(con)n(tains) f(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(of)40 b Fq(exp)5 b Fr(,)36 b(whic)n(h)946 722 y(should)21 b(b)r(e)g(a)f(pro)r(cedure)f(of)i(one)f(argumen)n(t,)h (instead)f(of)g(the)h(command)f(pro)r(cessor.)946 822 y(When)33 b Fq(\014lename)40 b Fr(is)32 b(resumed,)h(that)g(pro)r (cedure)e(will)i(b)r(e)g(in)n(v)n(ok)n(ed)e(on)h(the)h(VM's)946 922 y Fo(-a)e Fr(argumen)n(ts,)g(whic)n(h)g(are)f(passed)h(as)f(a)h (list)h(of)f(OS)g(strings)f(\(see)i(section)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 30 w(5.15)p Black(.)946 1021 y(The)25 b(pro)r(cedure)e(should)h(return) f(an)h(in)n(teger,)g(whic)n(h)g(is)g(returned)g(to)g(the)g(program)946 1121 y(that)j(in)n(v)n(ok)n(ed)e(the)h(VM.)h(The)f(command)g(pro)r (cessor)e(and)i(debugging)f(system)h(are)946 1220 y(not)h(included)h (in)f(the)g(image)f(\(unless)h(y)n(ou)f(go)g(to)h(some)f(e\013ort)h(to) g(preserv)n(e)e(them,)946 1320 y(suc)n(h)j(as)f(retaining)f(a)i(con)n (tin)n(uation\).)946 1450 y(If)46 b Fo(no-warnings)33 b Fr(app)r(ears)38 b(as)f(an)h Fq(option)46 b Fr(after)38 b(the)h(\014le)f(name,)j(no)d(w)n(arnings)946 1549 y(ab)r(out)30 b(unde\014ned)h(external)e(bindings)h(\(see)g(Section)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 30 w(8.2)p Black(\))f(will)i(b)r(e)f(prin)n(ted)g(up) r(on)946 1649 y(resuming)e(the)h(image.)38 b(This)28 b(is)g(useful)h(when)f(the)h(de\014nitions)f(of)h(external)e(bind-)946 1749 y(ings)d(app)r(ear)g(in)h(shared)e(ob)5 b(jects)24 b(that)h(are)e(only)h(loaded)g(after)g(the)h(resumption)f(of)946 1848 y(the)k(image.)946 1978 y(Doing)39 b Fo(,flush)e Fr(b)r(efore)i(building)g(an)g(image)f(will)i(reduce)e(the)i(amoun)n(t) e(of)h(de-)946 2078 y(bugging)c(information)g(in)h(the)g(image,)h (making)e(for)h(a)f(smaller)g(image)g(\014le,)j(but)946 2177 y(if)33 b(an)e(error)f(o)r(ccurs,)i(the)g(error)e(message)g(ma)n (y)h(b)r(e)h(less)f(helpful.)50 b(Doing)32 b Fo(,flush)946 2277 y(source)42 b(maps)25 b Fr(b)r(efore)h(loading)g(an)n(y)f (programs)g(used)h(in)h(the)g(image)f(will)h(mak)n(e)f(it)946 2377 y(still)i(smaller.)36 b(See)28 b(section)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 27 w(3.11)p Black 26 w(for)f(more)g(information.)739 2648 y Fj(3.11)135 b(Resource)46 b(query)f(and)g(con)l(trol)p Black Black 780 2830 a Fo(,time)d Fq(exp)946 2930 y Fr(Measure)27 b(execution)g(time.)p Black Black 780 3090 a Fo(,collect)946 3189 y Fr(In)n(v)n(ok)n(e)h(the)i(garbage)e(collector.)42 b(Ordinarily)28 b(this)i(happ)r(ens)f(automatically)-7 b(,)30 b(but)946 3289 y(the)i(command)e(tells)h(ho)n(w)g(m)n(uc)n(h)f (space)g(is)h(a)n(v)-5 b(ailable)30 b(b)r(efore)g(and)h(after)g(the)g (col-)946 3389 y(lection.)p Black Black 780 3549 a Fo(,keep)42 b Fq(kind)p Black Black 780 3709 a Fo(,flush)g Fq(kind)946 3808 y Fr(These)34 b(con)n(trol)f(the)h(amoun)n(t)f(of)h(debugging)f (information)g(retained)g(after)h(com-)946 3908 y(piling)29 b(pro)r(cedures.)39 b(This)29 b(information)f(can)g(consume)g(a)h(fair) f(amoun)n(t)g(of)h(space.)946 4007 y Fq(kind)37 b Fr(is)28 b(one)f(of)h(the)g(follo)n(wing:)p Black 1046 4167 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(maps)e Fr(-)h(en)n(vironmen)n(t)g(maps)g(\(lo)r (cal)h(v)-5 b(ariable)26 b(names,)h(for)g(insp)r(ector\))p Black 1046 4294 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(source)e Fr(-)j(source)e(co)r (de)h(for)g(con)n(tin)n(uations)g(\(displa)n(y)n(ed)g(b)n(y)g(insp)r (ector\))p Black 1046 4421 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(names)j Fr(-)h(pro)r(cedure)g(names)h(\(as)f(displa)n(y)n(ed)g(b)n(y)h Fo(write)e Fr(and)i(in)g(error)e(mes-)1129 4520 y(sages\))p Black 1046 4647 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(files)c Fr(-)h(source)f (\014le)i(names)946 4807 y(These)c(commands)f(refer)g(to)h(future)g (compilations)f(only)-7 b(,)24 b(not)g(to)f(pro)r(cedures)g(that)946 4907 y(already)j(exist.)36 b(T)-7 b(o)27 b(ha)n(v)n(e)f(an)n(y)g (e\013ect,)i(they)f(m)n(ust)g(b)r(e)g(done)g(b)r(efore)g(programs)d (are)946 5006 y(loaded.)37 b(The)27 b(default)h(is)g(to)f(k)n(eep)g (all)h(four)f(t)n(yp)r(es.)p Black 2130 5255 a(22)p Black eop end %%Page: 23 31 TeXDict begin 23 30 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black Black Black 332 523 a Fo(,flush)498 623 y Fr(The)33 b(\015ush)g (command)f(with)h(no)f(argumen)n(t)g(deletes)h(the)g(database)e(of)i (names)f(of)498 722 y(initial)27 b(pro)r(cedures.)35 b(Doing)27 b Fo(,flush)d Fr(b)r(efore)i(a)g Fo(,build)f Fr(or)g Fo(,dump)g Fr(will)i(mak)n(e)f(the)498 822 y(resulting)e(image) f(signi\014can)n(tly)g(smaller,)h(but)g(will)g(compromise)f(the)i (information)498 922 y(con)n(ten)n(t)i(of)h(man)n(y)f(error)f (messages.)291 1199 y Fj(3.12)135 b(Threads)291 1382 y Fr(Eac)n(h)30 b(command)h(lev)n(el)g(has)g(its)h(o)n(wn)e(set)i(of)f (threads.)48 b(These)31 b(threads)g(are)g(susp)r(ended)291 1482 y(when)c(a)g(new)g(lev)n(el)g(is)g(en)n(tered)g(and)g(resumed)g (when)g(the)h(o)n(wning)e(lev)n(el)h(again)f(b)r(ecomes)291 1581 y(the)h(curren)n(t)g(lev)n(el.)36 b(A)27 b(thread)g(that)h(raises) d(an)i(error)f(is)h(not)g(resumed)g(unless)g(explicitly)291 1681 y(restarted)32 b(using)h(the)i Fo(,proceed)30 b Fr(command.)55 b(In)34 b(addition)f(to)h(an)n(y)f(threads)g(spa)n(wned) 291 1780 y(b)n(y)c(the)i(user,)f(eac)n(h)f(lev)n(el)g(has)h(a)f(thread) h(that)g(runs)f(the)i(command)e(pro)r(cessor)f(on)i(that)291 1880 y(lev)n(el.)42 b(A)29 b(new)h(command-pro)r(cessor)c(thread)j(is)h (started)f(if)h(the)f(curren)n(t)g(one)g(dies)g(or)g(is)291 1980 y(terminated.)44 b(When)31 b(a)f(command)g(lev)n(el)f(is)i (abandoned)e(for)h(a)f(lo)n(w)n(er)g(lev)n(el,)i(or)e(when)h(a)291 2079 y(lev)n(el)g(is)h(restarted)e(using)i Fo(,reset)p Fr(,)e(all)h(of)h(the)g(threads)f(on)h(that)g(lev)n(el)f(are)g (terminated)291 2179 y(and)d(an)n(y)h Fo(dynamic-wind)23 b Fr(\\after")j(th)n(unks)i(are)e(run.)415 2279 y(The)44 b(follo)n(wing)f(commands)h(are)f(useful)h(when)h(debugging)e(m)n (ultithreaded)h(pro-)291 2379 y(grams:)p Black Black 332 2547 a Fo(,resume)d([)p Fq(numb)l(er)9 b Fo(])498 2646 y Fr(P)n(ops)32 b(out)g(to)h(a)f(giv)n(en)g(lev)n(el)h(and)f (resumes)g(running)h(all)f(threads)h(at)f(that)h(lev)n(el.)498 2746 y Fq(Numb)l(er)j Fr(defaults)28 b(to)f(zero.)p Black Black 332 2914 a Fo(,threads)498 3014 y Fr(In)n(v)n(ok)n(es)k(the)j (insp)r(ector)f(on)g(a)g(list)g(of)g(the)h(threads)e(running)h(at)g (the)h(next)f(lo)n(w)n(er)498 3113 y(command)27 b(lev)n(el.)p Black Black 332 3282 a Fo(,exit-when-done)37 b([)p Fq(exp)5 b Fo(])498 3381 y Fr(W)-7 b(aits)35 b(un)n(til)g(all)g(user)f(threads)h (ha)n(v)n(e)e(completed)i(and)g(then)g(exits)g(bac)n(k)f(out)h(to)498 3481 y(shell)26 b(\(or)f(executiv)n(e)g(or)g(whatev)n(er)f(in)n(v)n(ok) n(ed)h(Sc)n(heme)g(48)g(in)h(the)g(\014rst)f(place\).)37 b Fq(Exp)498 3580 y Fr(should)19 b(ev)-5 b(aluate)18 b(to)h(an)f(in)n(teger)g(whic)n(h)h(is)f(then)i(returned)e(to)h(the)g (calling)f(program.)291 3858 y Fj(3.13)135 b(Quite)46 b(obscure)p Black Black 332 4041 a Fo(,go)c Fq(exp)498 4141 y Fr(This)31 b(is)f(lik)n(e)g Fo(,exit)42 b Fq(exp)36 b Fr(except)30 b(that)h(the)g(ev)-5 b(aluation)30 b(of)37 b Fq(exp)f Fr(is)30 b(tail-recursiv)n(e)498 4240 y(with)i(resp)r(ect)g (to)f(the)h(command)f(pro)r(cessor.)47 b(This)31 b(means)g(that)h(the)g (command)498 4340 y(pro)r(cessor)25 b(itself)i(can)f(probably)f(b)r(e)i (GC'ed,)g(should)f(a)g(garbage)f(collection)h(o)r(ccur)498 4439 y(in)37 b(the)g(execution)f(of)43 b Fq(exp)5 b Fr(.)64 b(If)37 b(an)f(error)e(o)r(ccurs)i(Sc)n(heme)g(48)g(will)h(exit)f(with) h(a)498 4539 y(non-zero)26 b(v)-5 b(alue.)p Black Black 332 4707 a Fo(,translate)40 b Fq(fr)l(om)50 b(to)498 4807 y Fr(F)-7 b(or)22 b Fo(load)e Fr(and)i(the)h Fo(,load)d Fr(command)i(\(but)h(not)g(for)e Fo(open-)p Fn(f)p Fo(in|out)p Fn(g)p Fo(put-)o(fi)o(le)o Fr(\),)498 4907 y(\014le)f(names)e(b)r (eginning)h(with)h(the)g(string)f Fq(fr)l(om)27 b Fr(will)19 b(b)r(e)h(c)n(hanged)e(so)h(that)g(the)h(initial)498 5006 y Fq(fr)l(om)35 b Fr(is)27 b(replaced)g(b)n(y)g(the)h(string)g Fq(to)5 b Fr(.)37 b(E.g.)p Black 1681 5255 a(23)p Black eop end %%Page: 24 32 TeXDict begin 24 31 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black Black Black 946 523 a Fo(,translate)40 b(/usr/gjc/)g(/zu/gjc/)946 722 y Fr(will)26 b(cause)e Fo(\(load)42 b("/usr/gjc/foo.sc)o(m")o(\))19 b Fr(to)25 b(ha)n(v)n(e)f(the)i(same)e(e\013ect)i(as)e Fo(\(load)946 822 y("/zu/gjc/foo.scm")o(\))p Fr(.)p Black Black 780 988 a Fo(,from-file)40 b Fq(\014lename)50 b(form)h Fo(...)42 b(,end)946 1088 y Fr(This)31 b(is)f(used)g(b)n(y)h(the)f Fo(cmuscheme48)c Fr(Emacs)k(library)f(to)h(indicate)g(the)h(\014le)g (from)946 1187 y(whic)n(h)c(the)g Fq(form)6 b Fr(s)28 b(came.)36 b Fq(Filename)f Fr(is)26 b(then)i(used)e(b)n(y)h(the)g (command)f(pro)r(cessor)946 1287 y(to)i(determine)g(the)g(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)26 b(in)h(whic)n(h)h(the)g Fq(form)6 b Fr(s)29 b(are)d(to)i(b)r(e)g(ev)-5 b(aluated.)p Black 2130 5255 a(24)p Black eop end %%Page: 25 33 TeXDict begin 25 32 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 291 1150 a Fl(Chapter)64 b(4)291 1570 y Fp(Mo)6 b(dule)78 b(system)291 2006 y Fr(This)41 b(c)n(hapter)f(describ)r(es)h(Sc)n(heme) g(48's)f(mo)r(dule)i(system.)77 b(The)41 b(mo)r(dule)h(system)f(is)291 2105 y(unique)18 b(in)h(the)g(exten)n(t)f(to)g(whic)n(h)h(it)f(supp)r (orts)g(b)r(oth)h(static)f(linking)h(and)f(rapid)g(turnaround)291 2205 y(during)43 b(program)e(dev)n(elopmen)n(t.)84 b(The)43 b(design)g(w)n(as)g(in\015uenced)h(b)n(y)f(Standard)g(ML)291 2305 y(mo)r(dules[)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb(7)p Black -1 w(])35 b(and)g(b)n(y)g(the)g(mo)r(dule)g(system)g(for)g(Sc)n(heme)f(Xero)n(x[) p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb(4)p Black -1 w(].)59 b(It)35 b(has)g(also)e(b)r (een)291 2404 y(shap)r(ed)d(b)n(y)g(the)h(needs)f(of)h(Sc)n(heme)f(48,) h(whic)n(h)f(is)g(designed)g(to)h(run)f(b)r(oth)h(on)f(w)n(orksta-)291 2504 y(tions)d(and)g(on)h(relativ)n(ely)e(small)h(\(less)h(than)f(1)h (Mb)n(yte\))f(em)n(b)r(edded)i(con)n(trollers.)415 2608 y(Except)21 b(where)f(noted,)i(ev)n(erything)e(describ)r(ed)h(here)f (is)h(implemen)n(ted)h(in)f(Sc)n(heme)g(48,)291 2707 y(and)f(exercised)g(b)n(y)g(the)h(Sc)n(heme)g(48)f(implemen)n(tation)g (and)h(some)f(application)g(programs.)415 2812 y(Unlik)n(e)k(the)g (Common)f(Lisp)g(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)22 b(system,)j(the)f(mo)r(dule)g (system)f(describ)r(ed)g(here)291 2911 y(con)n(trols)32 b(the)i(mapping)g(of)g(names)f(to)h(denotations,)h(not)f(the)g(mapping) g(of)g(strings)f(to)291 3011 y(sym)n(b)r(ols.)291 3309 y Fj(4.1)135 b(In)l(tro)t(duction)291 3499 y Fr(The)40 b(mo)r(dule)h(system)f(supp)r(orts)g(the)h(structured)f(division)g(of)g (a)g(corpus)g(of)g(Sc)n(heme)291 3598 y(soft)n(w)n(are)30 b(in)n(to)i(a)g(set)h(of)f(mo)r(dules.)51 b(Eac)n(h)31 b(mo)r(dule)i(has)f(its)g(o)n(wn)g(isolated)g(namespace,)291 3698 y(with)24 b(visibilit)n(y)f(of)h(bindings)g(con)n(trolled)e(b)n(y) i(mo)r(dule)g(descriptions)f(written)h(in)g(a)f(sp)r(ecial)291 3798 y Fq(c)l(on\014gur)l(ation)29 b(language.)415 3902 y Fr(A)j(mo)r(dule)g(ma)n(y)f(b)r(e)i(instan)n(tiated)e(m)n(ultiple)i (times,)g(pro)r(ducing)e(sev)n(eral)f Fq(p)l(ackages)p Fr(,)291 4001 y(just)19 b(as)e(a)h(lam)n(b)r(da-expression)f(can)h(b)r (e)g(instan)n(tiated)h(m)n(ultiple)g(times)f(to)h(pro)r(duce)f(sev)n (eral)291 4101 y(di\013eren)n(t)26 b(pro)r(cedures.)35 b(Since)27 b(single)f(instan)n(tiation)f(is)i(the)f(normal)g(case,)f(w) n(e)h(will)h(defer)291 4200 y(discussion)d(of)i(m)n(ultiple)g(instan)n (tiation)f(un)n(til)h(a)g(later)f(section.)35 b(F)-7 b(or)25 b(no)n(w)g(y)n(ou)g(can)g(think)291 4300 y(of)41 b(a)g(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)40 b(as)h(simply)g(a)g(mo)r(dule's)h(in)n (ternal)e(en)n(vironmen)n(t)h(mapping)g(names)g(to)291 4400 y(denotations.)415 4504 y(A)25 b(mo)r(dule)g(exp)r(orts)g (bindings)f(b)n(y)h(pro)n(viding)e(views)i(on)n(to)f(the)h(underlying)f (pac)n(k)-5 b(age.)291 4603 y(Suc)n(h)25 b(a)f(view)h(is)g(called)f(a)h Fq(structur)l(e)e Fr(\(terminology)h(from)g(Standard)h(ML\).)g(One)g (mo)r(dule)291 4703 y(ma)n(y)32 b(pro)n(vide)g(sev)n(eral)f(di\013eren) n(t)j(views.)53 b(A)33 b(structure)g(is)g(just)h(a)e(subset)h(of)h(the) f(pac)n(k-)291 4803 y(age's)26 b(bindings.)38 b(The)27 b(particular)g(set)h(of)f(names)h(whose)f(bindings)h(are)e(exp)r(orted) i(is)g(the)291 4902 y(structure's)e Fq(interfac)l(e)p Fr(.)415 5006 y(A)38 b(mo)r(dule)g(imp)r(orts)g(bindings)g(from)f (other)g(mo)r(dules)h(b)n(y)f(either)h Fq(op)l(ening)h Fr(or)e Fq(ac-)p Black 1681 5255 a Fr(25)p Black eop end %%Page: 26 34 TeXDict begin 26 33 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 739 523 a Fq(c)l(essing)31 b Fr(some)f(structures)g(that)h(are)f(built) h(on)f(other)g(pac)n(k)-5 b(ages.)45 b(When)31 b(a)f(structure)g(is)739 623 y(op)r(ened,)e(all)f(of)g(its)h(exp)r(orted)f(bindings)h(are)f (visible)g(in)h(the)g(clien)n(t)g(pac)n(k)-5 b(age.)863 728 y(F)e(or)27 b(example:)p Black Black 739 918 a Fo (\(define-structur)o(e)37 b(foo)43 b(\(export)d(a)k(c)f(cons\))826 1018 y(\(open)f(scheme\))826 1117 y(\(begin)f(\(define)g(a)i(1\))1131 1217 y(\(define)e(\(b)i(x\))f(\(+)h(a)g(x\)\))1131 1317 y(\(define)e(\(c)i(y\))f(\(*)h(\(b)g(a\))g(y\)\)\)\))739 1516 y(\(define-structur)o(e)37 b(bar)43 b(\(export)d(d\))826 1615 y(\(open)i(scheme)f(foo\))826 1715 y(\(begin)g(\(define)g(\(d)i (w\))f(\(+)h(a)g(\(c)g(w\)\)\)\)\))739 1899 y Fr(This)38 b(con\014guration)e(de\014nes)j(t)n(w)n(o)e(structures,)j Fo(foo)d Fr(and)h Fo(bar)p Fr(.)67 b Fo(foo)37 b Fr(is)h(a)g(view)g(on) g(a)739 1999 y(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)25 b(in)h(whic)n(h)h(the)g Fo(scheme)d Fr(structure's)h(bindings)i(\(including)g Fo(define)d Fr(and)i Fo(+)p Fr(\))g(are)739 2098 y(visible,)38 b(together)e(with)g(bindings)h(for)e Fo(a)p Fr(,)j Fo(b)p Fr(,)h(and)d Fo(c)p Fr(.)62 b Fo(foo)p Fr('s)35 b(in)n(terface)h(is)g Fo(\(export)41 b(a)739 2198 y(c)i(cons\))p Fr(,)31 b(so)g(of)h(the)g (bindings)g(in)g(its)g(underlying)f(pac)n(k)-5 b(age,)31 b Fo(foo)g Fr(only)g(exp)r(orts)h(those)739 2298 y(three.)53 b(Similarly)-7 b(,)34 b(structure)f Fo(bar)e Fr(consists)i(of)g(the)g (binding)g(of)g Fo(d)g Fr(from)g(a)f(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)32 b(in)739 2397 y(whic)n(h)h(b)r(oth)h Fo(scheme)p Fr('s)d(and)j Fo(foo)p Fr('s)e(bindings)i(are)e(visible.)55 b Fo(foo)p Fr('s)32 b(binding)i(of)f Fo(cons)f Fr(is)739 2497 y(imp)r(orted)c (from)f(the)h(Sc)n(heme)f(structure)g(and)h(then)g(re-exp)r(orted.)863 2602 y(A)j(mo)r(dule's)g(b)r(o)r(dy)-7 b(,)31 b(the)g(part)f(follo)n (wing)f Fo(begin)f Fr(in)j(the)g(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)e(example,)h(is)h(ev)-5 b(alu-)739 2702 y(ated)24 b(in)h(an)f(isolated)g(lexical)g(scop)r(e)g (completely)g(sp)r(eci\014ed)h(b)n(y)f(the)h(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)23 b(de\014nition's)739 2802 y Fo(open)30 b Fr(and)h Fo(access)f Fr(clauses.)48 b(In)31 b(particular,)h(the)g(binding)f(of)h (the)g(syn)n(tactic)f(op)r(erator)739 2901 y Fo(define-structure)25 b Fr(is)31 b(not)h(visible)f(unless)g(it)h(comes)f(from)g(some)g(op)r (ened)h(structure.)739 3001 y(Similarly)-7 b(,)25 b(bindings)h(from)f (the)h Fo(scheme)d Fr(structure)i(aren't)g(visible)g(unless)h(they)f(b) r(ecome)739 3100 y(so)i(b)n(y)g Fo(scheme)e Fr(\(or)i(an)h(equiv)-5 b(alen)n(t)27 b(structure\))g(b)r(eing)h(op)r(ened.)739 3407 y Fj(4.2)135 b(The)45 b(con\014guration)g(language)739 3600 y Fr(The)25 b(con\014guration)f(language)g(consists)h(of)g (top-lev)n(el)g(de\014ning)g(forms)g(for)g(mo)r(dules)g(and)739 3699 y(in)n(terfaces.)36 b(Its)28 b(syn)n(tax)e(is)i(giv)n(en)e(in)i (\014gure)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 27 w(4.1)p Black(.)863 3805 y(A)c Fo(define-structure)17 b Fr(form)23 b(in)n(tro)r(duces)f(a)h (binding)h(of)f(a)g(name)g(to)g(a)g(structure.)35 b(A)739 3904 y(structure)28 b(is)g(a)g(view)g(on)g(an)g(underlying)g(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)26 b(whic)n(h)i(is)h(created)e(according)g(to)h(the)739 4004 y(clauses)33 b(of)i(the)f Fo(define-structure)28 b Fr(form.)57 b(Eac)n(h)33 b(structure)h(has)f(an)h(in)n(terface)g (that)739 4104 y(sp)r(eci\014es)d(whic)n(h)h(bindings)g(in)g(the)g (structure's)f(underlying)g(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)30 b(can)h(b)r(e)h(seen)g (via)739 4203 y(that)c(structure)f(in)h(other)f(pac)n(k)-5 b(ages.)863 4309 y(An)22 b Fo(open)d Fr(clause)i(sp)r(eci\014es)f(whic) n(h)h(structures)g(will)g(b)r(e)g(op)r(ened)g(up)g(for)g(use)g(inside)g (the)739 4408 y(new)k(pac)n(k)-5 b(age.)34 b(A)n(t)26 b(least)e(one)h(structure)g(m)n(ust)g(b)r(e)g(sp)r(eci\014ed)h(or)e (else)h(it)g(will)g(b)r(e)h(imp)r(ossi-)739 4508 y(ble)21 b(to)f(write)h(an)n(y)e(useful)i(programs)e(inside)h(the)h(pac)n(k)-5 b(age,)21 b(since)f Fo(define)p Fr(,)g Fo(lambda)p Fr(,)g Fo(cons)p Fr(,)739 4608 y(etc.)33 b(will)g(b)r(e)g(una)n(v)-5 b(ailable.)52 b(P)n(ac)n(k)-5 b(ages)30 b(t)n(ypically)i(include)h Fo(scheme)p Fr(,)f(whic)n(h)g(exp)r(orts)h(all)739 4707 y(bindings)22 b(appropriate)e(to)i(Revised)1885 4677 y Fk(5)1945 4707 y Fr(Sc)n(heme,)h(in)f(an)g Fo(open)f Fr(clause.)34 b(F)-7 b(or)21 b(building)i(struc-)739 4807 y(tures)34 b(that)g(exp)r(ort)f(structures,)i(there)f(is)g(a)g Fo(defpackage)c Fr(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)32 b(that)j(exp)r(orts)e(the)739 4907 y(op)r(erators)26 b(of)h(the)h(con\014guration)e(language.)35 b(Man)n(y)27 b(other)g(structures,)g(suc)n(h)h(as)f(record)739 5006 y(and)g(hash)h(table)f(facilities,)h(are)e(also)h(a)n(v)-5 b(ailable)26 b(in)i(the)g(Sc)n(heme)g(48)e(implemen)n(tation.)p Black 2130 5255 a(26)p Black eop end %%Page: 27 35 TeXDict begin 27 34 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black Black 340 510 a Fn(h)p Fr(con\014guration)p Fn(i)27 b(\000)-14 b(!)27 b(h)p Fr(de\014nition)p Fn(i)1475 480 y Fd(\003)390 609 y Fn(h)p Fr(de\014nition)p Fn(i)i(\000)-14 b(!)99 b Fo(\(define-structure)37 b Fn(h)p Fr(name)p Fn(i)44 b(h)p Fr(in)n(terface)p Fn(i)f(h)p Fr(clause)p Fn(i)2843 579 y Fd(\003)2881 609 y Fo(\))934 709 y Fn(j)100 b Fo (\(define-structure)o(s)37 b(\(\()p Fn(h)p Fr(name)p Fn(i)43 b(h)p Fr(in)n(terface)p Fn(i)p Fo(\))2692 679 y Fd(\003)2730 709 y Fo(\))g Fn(h)p Fr(clause)p Fn(i)3099 679 y Fd(\003)3137 709 y Fo(\))934 809 y Fn(j)100 b Fo (\(define-interface)37 b Fn(h)p Fr(name)p Fn(i)44 b(h)p Fr(in)n(terface)p Fn(i)o Fo(\))934 908 y Fn(j)100 b Fo(\(define-syntax) 38 b Fn(h)p Fr(name)p Fn(i)44 b(h)p Fr(transformer-sp)r(ec)p Fn(i)n Fo(\))390 1008 y Fn(h)p Fr(clause)p Fn(i)28 b(\000)-15 b(!)100 b Fo(\(open)42 b Fn(h)p Fr(structure)p Fn(i)1588 978 y Fd(\003)1626 1008 y Fo(\))810 1108 y Fn(j)100 b Fo(\(access)41 b Fn(h)p Fr(name)p Fn(i)1540 1077 y Fd(\003)1578 1108 y Fo(\))810 1207 y Fn(j)100 b Fo(\(begin)41 b Fn(h)p Fr(program)p Fn(i)o Fo(\))810 1307 y Fn(j)100 b Fo(\(files)41 b Fn(h)p Fr(\014lesp)r(ec)p Fn(i)1564 1277 y Fd(\003)1602 1307 y Fo(\))810 1406 y Fn(j)100 b Fo(\(optimize)40 b Fn(h)p Fr(optimize-sp)r(ec)p Fn(i)1925 1376 y Fd(\003)1963 1406 y 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Fk(0)2887 523 y Fr(,)j(while)e Fo(alias)d Fr(mak)n(es)739 623 y(eac)n(h)24 b Fn(h)p Fr(name)p Fn(i)1182 635 y Fk(0)1244 623 y Fr(visible)h(as)g(b)r(oth)h Fn(h)p Fr(name)p Fn(i)2050 635 y Fk(0)2113 623 y Fr(and)f Fn(h)p Fr(name)p Fn(i)2530 635 y Fk(1)2567 623 y Fr(.)36 b Fo(Prefix)23 b Fr(adds)i Fn(h)p Fr(name)p Fn(i)h Fr(to)f(the)739 722 y(b)r(eginning)j(of)g(eac)n(h)f(exp)r(orted)g(name.)38 b(The)28 b(mo)r(di\014ers)g(are)f(applied)h(from)f(righ)n(t)h(to)f (left.)739 822 y(Th)n(us)p Black Black 739 1008 a Fo(\(modify)41 b(scheme)g(\(prefix)f(foo/\))i(\(rename)f(\(car)h(bus\)\)\)\))739 1190 y Fr(mak)n(es)26 b Fo(car)h Fr(a)n(v)-5 b(ailable)26 b(as)h Fo(foo/bus)p Fr(.)863 1295 y(The)h(pac)n(k)-5 b(age's)26 b(b)r(o)r(dy)j(is)e(sp)r(eci\014ed)h(b)n(y)g Fo(begin)e Fr(and/or)g Fo(files)g Fr(clauses.)37 b Fo(begin)25 b Fr(and)739 1394 y Fo(files)e Fr(ha)n(v)n(e)i(the)g(same)g(seman)n (tics,)g(except)h(that)g(for)e Fo(begin)g Fr(the)i(text)g(is)f(giv)n (en)f(directly)739 1494 y(in)32 b(the)g(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)30 b(de\014nition,)j(while)e(for)g Fo(files)f Fr(the)i(text)g(is)f(stored) g(somewhere)f(in)i(the)739 1593 y(\014le)38 b(system.)66 b(The)37 b(b)r(o)r(dy)h(consists)f(of)g(a)g(Sc)n(heme)h(program,)g (that)f(is,)j(a)d(sequence)g(of)739 1693 y(de\014nitions)27 b(and)g(expressions)e(to)h(b)r(e)i(ev)-5 b(aluated)26 b(in)h(order.)36 b(In)27 b(practice,)f(w)n(e)g(alw)n(a)n(ys)f(use)739 1793 y Fo(files)h Fr(in)h(preference)g(to)h Fo(begin)p Fr(;)d Fo(begin)h Fr(exists)h(mainly)h(for)f(exp)r(ository)f(purp)r (oses.)863 1897 y(A)42 b(name's)f(imp)r(orted)h(binding)f(ma)n(y)g(b)r (e)h(lexically)f(o)n(v)n(erridden)e(or)i Fq(shadowe)l(d)j Fr(b)n(y)739 1997 y(de\014ning)38 b(the)h(name)g(using)f(a)g (de\014ning)h(form)f(suc)n(h)g(as)g Fo(define)e Fr(or)h Fo(define-syntax)p Fr(.)739 2097 y(This)i(will)h(create)e(a)h(new)h (binding)g(without)f(ha)n(ving)g(an)n(y)f(e\013ect)i(on)g(the)f (binding)h(in)739 2196 y(the)32 b(op)r(ened)f(pac)n(k)-5 b(age.)47 b(F)-7 b(or)30 b(example,)i(one)f(can)g(do)g Fo(\(define)41 b(car)h('chevy\))29 b Fr(without)739 2296 y(a\013ecting)e(the)h(binding)g(of)g(the)g(name)f Fo(car)f Fr(in)i(the)g Fo(scheme)d Fr(pac)n(k)-5 b(age.)863 2401 y(Assignmen)n(ts)33 b(\(using)g Fo(set!)p Fr(\))e(to)i(imp)r(orted)g (and)g(unde\014ned)g(v)-5 b(ariables)32 b(are)g(not)h(al-)739 2500 y(lo)n(w)n(ed.)58 b(In)35 b(order)e(to)i Fo(set!)e Fr(a)i(top-lev)n(el)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)35 b(the)h(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)33 b(b)r(o)r(dy)i(m)n(ust)g(con)n(tain)739 2600 y(a)i Fo(define)e Fr(form)i(de\014ning)g(that)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)65 b(Applied)38 b(to)f(bindings)g(from)g(the)h Fo(scheme)739 2700 y Fr(structure,)31 b(this)h(restriction)e(is)h (compatible)g(with)g(the)h(requiremen)n(ts)e(of)h(the)g(Revised)3566 2669 y Fk(5)739 2799 y Fr(Sc)n(heme)c(rep)r(ort.)863 2904 y(It)d(is)f(an)h(error)d(for)i(t)n(w)n(o)f(of)i(a)f(pac)n(k)-5 b(age's)21 b(op)r(ened)j(structures)e(to)i(exp)r(ort)f(t)n(w)n(o)f (di\013eren)n(t)739 3003 y(bindings)36 b(for)h(the)g(same)f(name.)63 b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)37 b(the)g(curren)n(t)f(implemen)n(tation)h(do)r (es)f(not)739 3103 y(c)n(hec)n(k)e(for)h(this)g(situation;)k(a)34 b(name's)h(binding)g(is)g(alw)n(a)n(ys)e(tak)n(en)i(from)f(the)i (structure)739 3203 y(that)28 b(is)f(listed)h(\014rst)f(within)i(the)f Fo(open)e Fr(clause.)36 b(This)28 b(ma)n(y)e(b)r(e)i(\014xed)g(in)g (the)g(future.)863 3307 y(File)f(names)f(in)h(a)f Fo(files)f Fr(clause)h(can)g(b)r(e)h(sym)n(b)r(ols,)f(strings,)g(or)g(lists)g (\(Maclisp-st)n(yle)739 3407 y(\\namelists"\).)72 b(A)40 b(\\)p Fo(.scm)p Fr(")e(\014le)h(t)n(yp)r(e)h(su\016x)g(is)g(assumed.) 73 b(Sym)n(b)r(ols)39 b(are)g(con)n(v)n(erted)739 3507 y(to)31 b(\014le)g(names)g(b)n(y)g(con)n(v)n(erting)e(to)i(upp)r(er)g (or)g(lo)n(w)n(er)e(case)h(as)h(appropriate)e(for)i(the)g(host)739 3606 y(op)r(erating)18 b(system.)34 b(A)19 b(namelist)g(is)g(an)g(op)r (erating-system-indep)r(enden)n(t)f(w)n(a)n(y)g(to)h(sp)r(ecify)739 3706 y(a)31 b(\014le)h(obtained)g(from)g(a)f(sub)r(directory)-7 b(.)49 b(F)-7 b(or)31 b(example,)i(the)f(namelist)g Fo(\(rts)42 b(record\))739 3806 y Fr(sp)r(eci\014es)27 b(the)h(\014le)g Fo(record.scm)c Fr(in)k(the)f Fo(rts)g Fr(sub)r(directory)-7 b(.)863 3910 y(If)22 b(the)f Fo(define-structur)o(e)15 b Fr(form)20 b(w)n(as)g(itself)h(obtained)g(from)f(a)g(\014le,)j(then)e (\014le)g(names)739 4010 y(in)29 b Fo(files)f Fr(clauses)g(are)g(in)n (terpreted)h(relativ)n(e)f(to)h(the)h(directory)e(in)i(whic)n(h)f(the)h (\014le)f(con-)739 4110 y(taining)34 b(the)g Fo(define-structure)28 b Fr(form)34 b(w)n(as)f(found.)57 b(Y)-7 b(ou)34 b(can't)g(at)g(presen) n(t)g(put)h(an)739 4209 y(absolute)27 b(path)h(name)f(in)h(the)g Fo(files)d Fr(list.)739 4511 y Fj(4.3)135 b(In)l(terfaces)739 4702 y Fo(define-interface)863 4807 y Fr(An)24 b(in)n(terface)f(can)f (b)r(e)i(though)n(t)f(of)g(as)g(the)g(t)n(yp)r(e)h(of)f(a)g(structure.) 35 b(In)23 b(its)g(basic)g(form)g(it)739 4907 y(is)h(just)h(a)f(list)g (of)h(v)-5 b(ariable)23 b(names,)i(written)f Fo(\(export)41 b Fq(name)50 b Fo(...\))p Fr(.)34 b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)23 b(in)i(place)739 5006 y(of)j(a)f(name)h(one)f(ma)n(y)g(write)h Fo(\()p Fq(name)50 b(typ)l(e)6 b Fo(\))p Fr(,)28 b(indicating)f(the)i (t)n(yp)r(e)f(of)34 b Fq(name)6 b Fr('s)28 b(binding.)p Black 2130 5255 a(28)p Black eop end %%Page: 29 37 TeXDict begin 29 36 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 291 523 a Fr(The)26 b(t)n(yp)r(e)h(\014eld)g(is)g(optional,)f(except)g (that)h(exp)r(orted)g(macros)e(m)n(ust)i(b)r(e)g(indicated)f(with)291 623 y(t)n(yp)r(e)h Fo(:syntax)p Fr(.)415 722 y(In)n(terfaces)g(ma)n(y)g (b)r(e)h(either)f(anon)n(ymous,)f(as)h(in)h(the)g(example)f(in)h(the)g (in)n(tro)r(duction,)291 822 y(or)e(they)i(ma)n(y)f(b)r(e)h(giv)n(en)f (names)g(b)n(y)g(a)g Fo(define-interface)21 b Fr(form,)28 b(for)f(example)p Black Black 291 974 a Fo(\(define-interfa)o(ce)37 b(foo-interface)h(\(export)j(a)i(c)g(cons\)\))291 1074 y(\(define-structu)o(re)37 b(foo)42 b(foo-interface)d(...\))291 1227 y Fr(In)23 b(principle,)h(in)n(terfaces)e(needn't)i(ev)n(er)e(b)r (e)h(named.)36 b(If)23 b(an)g(in)n(terface)f(had)h(to)g(b)r(e)h(giv)n (en)e(at)291 1326 y(the)i(p)r(oin)n(t)g(of)g(a)g(structure's)f(use)h (as)f(w)n(ell)h(as)f(at)h(the)g(p)r(oin)n(t)g(of)g(its)g(de\014nition,) i(it)e(w)n(ould)g(b)r(e)291 1426 y(imp)r(ortan)n(t)i(to)h(name)g(in)n (terfaces)f(in)i(order)e(to)h(a)n(v)n(oid)e(ha)n(ving)h(to)h(write)g (them)h(out)f(t)n(wice,)291 1526 y(with)h(risk)f(of)g(mismatc)n(h)g (should)h(the)g(in)n(terface)f(ev)n(er)f(c)n(hange.)36 b(But)28 b(they)g(don't.)415 1625 y(Still,)g(there)g(are)e(sev)n(eral)g (reasons)g(to)h(use)h Fo(define-interface)o Fr(:)p Black 392 1778 a(1.)p Black 41 w(It)j(is)f(imp)r(ortan)n(t)g(to)g(separate)e (the)j(in)n(terface)e(de\014nition)i(from)f(the)g(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)29 b(def-)498 1877 y(initions)36 b(when)g(there)g(are)f(m)n (ultiple)i(distinct)g(structures)e(that)h(ha)n(v)n(e)f(the)h(same)498 1977 y(in)n(terface)27 b(|)h(that)g(is,)f(m)n(ultiple)h(implemen)n (tations)g(of)f(the)h(same)f(abstraction.)p Black 392 2136 a(2.)p Black 41 w(It)34 b(is)f(conceptually)g(cleaner,)g(and)h (often)f(useful)h(for)f(do)r(cumen)n(tation)g(purp)r(oses,)498 2236 y(to)i(separate)e(a)h(mo)r(dule's)h(sp)r(eci\014cation)g(\(in)n (terface\))f(from)h(its)g(implemen)n(tation)498 2336 y(\(pac)n(k)-5 b(age\).)p Black 392 2495 a(3.)p Black 41 w(Our)39 b(exp)r(erience)h(is)f(that)h(con\014gurations)e(that)j (are)d(separated)h(in)n(to)h(in)n(terface)498 2594 y(de\014nitions)g (and)g(pac)n(k)-5 b(age)38 b(de\014nitions)j(are)e(easier)f(to)i(read;) 45 b(the)c(long)e(lists)h(of)498 2694 y(exp)r(orted)27 b(bindings)h(just)g(get)f(in)h(the)g(w)n(a)n(y)f(most)g(of)h(the)g (time.)415 2847 y(The)j Fo(compound-interfac)o(e)25 b Fr(op)r(erator)30 b(forms)h(an)g(in)n(terface)f(that)i(is)f(the)h (union)f(of)291 2946 y(t)n(w)n(o)26 b(or)h(more)g(comp)r(onen)n(t)g(in) n(terfaces.)36 b(F)-7 b(or)27 b(example,)p Black Black 291 3099 a Fo(\(define-interfa)o(ce)37 b(bar-interface)378 3198 y(\(compound-interf)o(ac)o(e)g(foo-interface)i(\(export)h (mumble\)\)\))291 3351 y Fr(de\014nes)27 b Fo(bar-interface)22 b Fr(to)28 b(b)r(e)g Fo(foo-interface)22 b Fr(with)28 b(the)g(name)g Fo(mumble)d Fr(added.)291 3623 y Fj(4.4)135 b(Macros)291 3804 y Fr(Hygienic)32 b(macros,)g(as)g(describ)r(ed)h(in)g ([)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb(2)p Black -1 w(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 33 w(3)p Black(],)h(are)e(implemen)n(ted.)52 b(Structures)32 b(ma)n(y)g(ex-)291 3904 y(p)r(ort)26 b(macros;)g(auxiliary)g(names)g (in)n(tro)r(duced)h(in)n(to)g(the)h(expansion)e(are)g(resolv)n(ed)f(in) j(the)291 4004 y(en)n(vironmen)n(t)e(of)i(the)g(macro's)e (de\014nition.)415 4103 y(F)-7 b(or)29 b(example,)h(the)g Fo(scheme)d Fr(structure's)h Fo(delay)g Fr(macro)g(is)i(de\014ned)g(b)n (y)f(the)h(rewrite)291 4203 y(rule)p Black Black 291 4356 a Fo(\(delay)41 b Fq(exp)5 b Fo(\))87 b Fr(=)-14 b Fn(\))87 b Fo(\(make-promise)38 b(\(lambda)j(\(\))h Fq(exp)5 b Fo(\)\).)291 4508 y 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b(:pare)42 b('\(x)g(y\)\)\))739 3874 y(\(define)f(kar)h (\(record-accessor)37 b(:pare)k('x\)\))739 3973 y(\(define)g(set-kar!)f (\(record-modifier)d(:pare)k('x\)\))739 4073 y(\(define)g(kdr)h (\(record-accessor)37 b(:pare)k('y\)\))863 4240 y Fr(The)32 b(\\\(seman)n(tically\)")e(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)g(is)i(b)r(ecause)f Fo(define-record-ty)o(pe)25 b Fr(adds)31 b(declara-)739 4340 y(tions,)25 b(whic)n(h)f(allo)n(ws)f(the)i(t)n(yp)r(e)f(c)n(hec)n (k)n(er)e(to)j(detect)f(some)g(misuses)g(of)g(records,)g(and)g(uses)739 4440 y(more)h(e\016cien)n(t)h(de\014nitions)g(for)f(the)i(constructor,) d(accessors,)g(and)i(mo)r(di\014ers.)36 b(Ignoring)739 4539 y(the)22 b(declarations,)f(whic)n(h)h(will)g(ha)n(v)n(e)e(to)i(w)n (ait)f(for)g(another)g(edition)g(of)h(the)g(man)n(ual,)g(what)739 4639 y(the)28 b(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)e(example)h(actually)g(expands)g(in)n (to)h(is:)p Black Black 739 4807 a Fo(\(define)41 b(:pare)g (\(make-record-typ)o(e)d('pare)j('\(x)i(y\)\)\))739 4907 y(\(define)e(\(kons)g(x)i(y\))g(\(record)e(:pare)g(x)i(y\)\))739 5006 y(\(define)e(\(kar)h(r\))g(\(checked-record-r)o(ef)37 b(r)43 b(:pare)f(1\)\))p Black 2130 5255 a Fr(46)p Black eop end %%Page: 47 55 TeXDict begin 47 54 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 291 523 a Fo(\(define)40 b(\(set-kar!)g(r)j(new\))378 623 y(\(checked-record-)o(se)o(t!)37 b(r)43 b(:pare)f(1)h(new\)\))291 722 y(\(define)d(\(kdr)i(r\))h(\(checked-record-)o(ref)37 b(r)43 b(:pare)e(2\)\))291 889 y(Checked-record-)o(ref)17 b Fr(and)23 b Fo(Checked-record-s)o(et)o(!)29 b Fr(are)23 b(lo)n(w-lev)n(el)f(pro)r(cedures)g(that)291 989 y(c)n(hec)n(k)j(the)j (t)n(yp)r(e)f(of)f(the)h(record)f(and)g(access)g(or)g(mo)r(dify)h(it)g (using)g(a)f(single)g(VM)h(instruc-)291 1088 y(tion.)291 1364 y Fj(5.10)135 b(Finite)46 b(record)e(t)l(yp)t(es)291 1547 y Fr(The)30 b(structure)h Fo(finite-types)26 b Fr(has)k(t)n(w)n(o) g(macros)f(for)h(de\014ning)h(`\014nite')h(record)d(t)n(yp)r(es.)291 1646 y(These)j(are)f(record)g(t)n(yp)r(es)h(for)g(whic)n(h)g(there)h (are)e(a)h(\014xed)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)g(of)h(instances,)g(all)f(of)291 1746 y(whic)n(h)h(are)g(created)g(at)h(the)g(same)g(time)g(as)f(the)i (record)d(t)n(yp)r(e)i(itself.)57 b(The)33 b(syn)n(tax)g(for)291 1846 y(de\014ning)27 b(an)h(en)n(umerated)e(t)n(yp)r(e)i(is:)p Black Black 291 2013 a Fo(\(define-enumera)o(ted)o(-t)o(yp)o(e)38 b Fq(tag)51 b(typ)l(e-name)378 2113 y(pr)l(e)l(dic)l(ate-name)378 2212 y(ve)l(ctor-of-instanc)l(es-name)378 2312 y(name-ac)l(c)l(essor) 378 2411 y(index-ac)l(c)l(essor)378 2511 y Fo(\()p Fq(instanc)l(e-name) e Fo(...\)\))291 2678 y Fr(This)33 b(de\014nes)g(a)g(new)g(record)e(t)n (yp)r(e,)k(b)r(ound)f(to)f Fq(typ)l(e-name)6 b Fr(,)35 b(with)e(as)g(man)n(y)f(instances)291 2778 y(as)j(there)g(are)g Fq(instanc)l(e-name)6 b Fr('s.)62 b Fq(V)-6 b(e)l(ctor-of-instanc)l (es-name)41 b Fr(is)36 b(b)r(ound)g(to)g(a)f(v)n(ector)291 2877 y(con)n(taining)g(the)i(instances)f(of)h(the)g(t)n(yp)r(e)f(in)h 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Fo(\(close-socket)36 b Fq(so)l(cket)8 b Fo(\))p Black 307 1343 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(socket-accept)36 b Fq(so)l(cket)8 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(input-p)l(ort)f(output-p)l(ort)p Black 307 1442 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(get-host-name\))36 b Fn(!)41 b Fq(string)291 1582 y Fo(Open-socket)29 b Fr(creates)k(a)g (new)h(so)r(c)n(k)n(et.)55 b(If)34 b(no)g Fq(p)l(ort-numb)l(er)42 b Fr(is)34 b(supplied)g(the)g(system)291 1682 y(pic)n(ks)j(one)g(at)h (random.)66 b Fo(Socket-port-numbe)o(r)32 b Fr(returns)37 b(a)g(so)r(c)n(k)n(et's)g(p)r(ort)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er.)291 1781 y Fo(Close-socket)13 b Fr(closes)k(a)h(so)r(c)n(k)n(et,)i(prev)n (en)n(ting)d(an)n(y)g(further)i(connections.)33 b Fo(Socket-accept)291 1881 y Fr(accepts)f(a)g(single)h(connection)f(on)h Fq(so)l(cket)8 b Fr(,)34 b(returning)e(an)h(input)g(p)r(ort)g(and)g(an)f(output)291 1980 y(p)r(ort)d(for)f(comm)n(unicating)h(with)h(the)f(clien)n(t.)42 b(If)30 b(no)f(clien)n(t)g(is)h(w)n(aiting)f Fo(socket-accept)291 2080 y 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y(\(let)42 b(loop)g(\(\(next-id)e(0\)\))552 3512 y(\(call-with-value)o(s)639 3611 y(\(lambda)h(\(\))726 3711 y(\(socket-accept)d(socket\)\))639 3811 y(\(lambda)j(\(in)h(out\)) 726 3910 y(\(display)f(next-id)f(out\))726 4010 y(\(close-input-port)d (in\))726 4110 y(\(close-output-por)o(t)h(out\))726 4209 y(\(loop)k(\(+)h(next-id)d(1\)\)\)\)\)\)\))291 4408 y(\(define)g (\(get-id)h(machine)g(port-number\))378 4508 y(\(call-with-value)o(s) 465 4608 y(\(lambda)g(\(\))552 4707 y(\(socket-client)d(machine)j (port-number\)\))465 4807 y(\(lambda)g(\(in)h(out\))552 4907 y(\(let)g(\(\(id)g(\(read)f(in\)\)\))639 5006 y (\(close-input-port)c(in\))p Black 1681 5255 a Fr(55)p Black eop end %%Page: 56 64 TeXDict begin 56 63 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 1088 523 a Fo(\(close-output-p)o(ort)37 b(out\))1088 623 y(id\)\)\)\))739 897 y Fj(5.18)135 b(Pro\014ling)739 1079 y Fr(The)26 b(pro\014ler)f(can)h(b)r(e)g(used)h(programmatically)c (from)j(within)h(the)f(co)r(de)g(and)g(its)h(results)739 1178 y(can)g(b)r(e)h(pro)r(cessed)f(dynamically)-7 b(.)863 1278 y(The)44 b(structure)e Fo(profiler)e Fr(o\013ers)i(basic)h(data)g (structures)f(and)h(functions.)84 b(All)739 1378 y(functions)45 b(need)f(a)h Fo(profile-data)39 b Fr(record)k(argumen)n(t)h(that)h(can) f(b)r(e)h(created)f(with)739 1477 y Fo(make-empty-profi)o(le)o(-da)o (ta)o Fr(.)p Black 755 1626 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(make-empty-pro) o(fi)o(le-)o(da)o(ta\))35 b Fn(!)41 b Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)p Black 755 1725 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(profile-thunk)35 b Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)43 b(thunk)e([interrupt-time)g ([with-non-instr?]])9 b Fo(\))52 b Fn(!)41 b Fq(value)863 1874 y Fo(profile-thunk)14 b Fr(executes)19 b(a)g(th)n(unk)g(under)g (the)h(pro\014ler.)32 b(The)20 b(data)e(is)h(stored)f(in)i(the)739 1973 y Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)36 b Fr(record)26 b(passed)i(as)f(argumen)n (t.)38 b(Optionally)27 b(the)i(timeout)f(for)g(the)g(pro\014ler)739 2073 y(in)n(terrupt)21 b(can)g(b)r(e)h(passed)e(\(in)i(milliseconds\).) 35 b(The)21 b(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)21 b(of)28 b Fo(profile-thunk)16 b Fr(is)739 2172 y(the)21 b(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)20 b(of)28 b Fo(thunk)p Fr(.)k(By)21 b(default,)i(non-instrumen)n(ted)d(co)r(de)h (will)g(b)r(e)g(pro\014led)g(b)n(y)739 2272 y(the)30 b(sampling)g(pro)r(cess.)43 b(By)30 b(passing)g Fo(with-non-instr?)81 b(=)43 b(#f)29 b Fr(only)h(instrumen)n(ted)739 2372 y(functions)e(will) g(b)r(e)g(pro\014led.)863 2471 y(After)g(pro\014ling)f(data,)g(can)h(b) r(e)g(retriev)n(ed)e(with)i(the)g(follo)n(wing)f(accessors:)p Black 755 2620 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(profile-data-s)o(ta)o(rtt)o (im)o(e)36 b Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)6 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)g Fq(numb)l(er)p Black 755 2719 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(profile-data-e)o(nd)o(tim)o(e)35 b Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)6 b Fo(\))43 b Fn(!)f Fq(numb)l(er)p Black 755 2819 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(profile-data-r)o(un)o(tim)o(e)35 b Fq(pr)l (o\014le-data)6 b Fo(\))43 b Fn(!)f Fq(numb)l(er)p Black 755 2919 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(profile-data-m)o(em)o(ory)o(us)o (e)36 b Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)6 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)g Fq(numb)l(er)p Black 755 3018 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(profile-data-g)o(cr)o(uns)35 b Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)6 b Fo(\))43 b Fn(!)e Fq(numb)l(er)p Black 755 3118 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(profile-data-s)o(am)o(ple)o (s)35 b Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)6 b Fo(\))43 b Fn(!)f Fq(numb)l(er)p Black 755 3217 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(profile-data-i)o(nt)o(err)o (up)o(tti)o(me)35 b Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)6 b Fo(\))43 b Fn(!)e Fq(numb)l(er)863 3366 y Fr(Times)28 b(are)f(in)g (milliseconds,)h(memory)e(usage)h(in)h(b)n(ytes.)863 3465 y(The)23 b(follo)n(wing)f(functions)g(pro)r(duce)h(the)f(same)g (output)h(as)f(the)h Fo(,profile)d Fr(command)739 3565 y(\(see)40 b(section)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 39 w(3.6)p Black(\).)73 b(They)40 b(all)g(tak)n(e)f(an)h(optional)f Fq(p)l(ort)48 b Fr(argumen)n(t.)72 b(Default)41 b(is)f(the)739 3665 y Fo(current-output-p)o(or)o(t)p Fr(.)p Black 755 3813 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(profile-displa)o(y)35 b Fq(pr)l (o\014le-data)43 b([p)l(ort])9 b Fo(\))p Black 755 3913 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(profile-displa)o(y-)o(ove)o(rv)o(iew)35 b Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)42 b([p)l(ort])9 b Fo(\))p Black 755 4012 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(profile-displa)o(y-)o(fla)o(t)35 b Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)43 b([p)l(ort])9 b Fo(\))p Black 755 4112 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(profile-displa)o(y-)o(tre)o(e)35 b Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)43 b([p)l(ort])9 b Fo(\))863 4260 y(profile-display)k Fr(prin)n(ts)18 b(the)g(full)h(output)g(of)g(the)f (pro\014ler.)33 b(The)19 b(other)e Fo(profile-display-.)o(..)739 4360 y Fr(functions)28 b(only)f(displa)n(y)g(the)h(resp)r(ectiv)n(e)f (part)g(of)g(the)h(output.)863 4459 y(The)e(single)g(\014elds)g(in)g (the)g(\015at)g(pro\014le)f(can)g(b)r(e)i(retriev)n(ed)d(with)j(the)f (follo)n(wing)f(acces-)739 4559 y(sors:)p Black 755 4707 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(profile-functi)o(on)o(-ca)o(ll)o(s)36 b Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)42 b(names)7 b Fo(\))p Black 755 4807 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(profile-functi)o(on)o(-re)o(cc)o(all)o (s)35 b Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)43 b(names)7 b Fo(\))p Black 755 4907 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(profile-functi)o(on)o(-no)o(nr)o (ecc)o(al)o(ls)35 b Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)43 b(names)7 b Fo(\))p Black 755 5006 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(profile-functi)o (on)o(-oc)o(cu)o(rs)35 b Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)43 b(names)7 b Fo(\))p Black 2130 5255 a Fr(56)p Black eop end %%Page: 57 65 TeXDict begin 57 64 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black Black 307 523 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(profile-function)o(-h)o(ist) 35 b Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)42 b(names)7 b Fo(\))p Black 307 623 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(profile-function)o(-m)o(emo)o(ry)o (us)o(e)36 b Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)42 b(names)7 b Fo(\))p Black 307 722 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(profile-function)o(-t)o(ime)o (sh)o(ar)o(e)36 b Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)42 b(names)7 b Fo(\))p Black 307 822 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(profile-function)o (-t)o(ime)o(-c)o(um)o(ula)o(ti)o(ve)35 b Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)43 b(names)7 b Fo(\))p Black 307 922 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(profile-function)o(-t)o(ime)o(-s)o(el)o(f)36 b Fq(pr)l(o\014le-data)42 b(names)7 b Fo(\))415 1072 y Fr(Here)27 b Fq(names)35 b Fr(is)27 b(the)h(list)g(of)f(names)g(sp)r (ecifying)h(the)g(function,)g(optionally)f(with)h(it's)291 1172 y(mo)r(dule.)36 b(F)-7 b(or)24 b(example,)i Fo(names)41 b(=)i(\("dynamic-wind",)37 b("wind"\))23 b Fr(w)n(ould)h(sp)r(ecify)i (the)291 1271 y Fo(dynamic-wind)j Fr(function)35 b(in)g(the)g(mo)r (dule)g Fo(wind)p Fr(,)g(if)g(it)g(w)n(as)e(seen)i(while)g (pro\014ling.)56 b(If)291 1371 y(t)n(w)n(o)27 b(or)g(more)h(functions)g (matc)n(h,)h(the)f(\014rst)g(one)g(is)g(used.)39 b(If)29 b(no)f(function)h(matc)n(hes,)f(the)291 1471 y(functions)f(return)h Fo(#)p Fn(f)p Fo(Unspecific)p Fn(g)p Fr(.)415 1571 y(The)19 b(argumen)n(t)e Fq(names)25 b Fr(can)18 b(also)g(b)r(e)g(a)g(plain)h (string,)g(as)f(in)h Fo(\(profile-displa)o(y-)o(fun)o(ct)o(ion)o(-f)o (lat)291 1670 y(prof-data)39 b("module"\))p Fr(.)69 b(This)39 b(will)h(displa)n(y)f(all)g(\015at)g(function)h(pro\014les)e(that)i(ha) n(v)n(e)291 1770 y(\\mo)r(dule")26 b(either)i(as)f(name)g(or)g(mo)r (dule.)415 1870 y(The)h(meanings)f(of)g(the)h(\014elds)g(that)g(the)g (functions)g(return)f(are)f(as)h(follo)n(ws:)p Black 415 2037 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(calls)p Fr(:)34 b(total)24 b(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)h(of)g(calls)g(\(recursiv)n(e)e(and)i(non-recursiv)n (e\))e(to)i(the)g(function)p Black 415 2204 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(reccalls)p Fr(:)34 b(total)27 b(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)g(of)h (recursiv)n(e)e(calls)h(to)g(the)h(function)p Black 415 2372 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(nonreccalls)p Fr(:)33 b(total)27 b(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)g(of)h(non-recursiv)n(e)d(calls)i(to)g (the)h(function)p Black 415 2539 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(occurs)p Fr(:)35 b(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)27 b(of)h(times)f(the)h (function)h(w)n(as)d(seen)h(on)h(stac)n(k)e(while)i(pro\014ling)p Black 415 2707 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(hist)p Fr(:)35 b(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)28 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b(element-variable)j(se)l (quenc)l(e-data)e Fo(...\))1262 2981 y(...\))1218 3080 y(\(\()p Fq(state-variable)h(initial-value)6 b Fo(\))1262 3180 y(...\))913 3280 y Fq(b)l(o)l(dy-expr)l(ession)913 3379 y Fo([)p Fq(\014nal-expr)l(ession)g Fo(]\))863 3554 y(Iterate)21 b Fr(steps)i(the)h Fq(element-variable)6 b Fr(s)25 b(in)e(parallel)f(through)h(the)h(sequences,)f(while)739 3654 y(eac)n(h)g Fq(state-variable)32 b Fr(has)23 b(the)h(corresp)r (onding)f Fq(initial-value)32 b Fr(for)23 b(the)i(\014rst)e(iteration)g (and)739 3754 y(ha)n(v)n(e)30 b(later)g(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(supplied)i(b)n(y)g Fq(b)l(o)l(dy-expr)l(ession)6 b Fr(.)48 b(If)31 b(an)n(y)g(sequence)f(has)g(reac)n(hed)g(its)739 3853 y(limit)39 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(of)h(the)g Fo(iterate)c Fr(expression)i(is)i(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(of)45 b Fq(\014nal-expr)l (ession)6 b Fr(,)42 b(if)739 3953 y(presen)n(t,)24 b(or)e(the)i(curren) n(t)f(v)-5 b(alues)23 b(of)h(the)f Fq(state-variable)6 b Fr(s,)26 b(returned)e(as)e(m)n(ultiple)j(v)-5 b(alues.)739 4052 y(If)39 b(no)f(sequence)g(has)f(reac)n(hed)h(its)g(limit,)k Fq(b)l(o)l(dy-expr)l(ession)k Fr(is)38 b(ev)-5 b(aluated)38 b(and)g(either)739 4152 y(calls)31 b Fq(lo)l(op-name)39 b Fr(with)31 b(new)h(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(for)g(the)h Fq(state-variable)6 b Fr(s,)34 b(or)c(returns)h(some)g(other)739 4252 y(v)-5 b(alue\(s\).)863 4354 y(The)30 b Fq(lo)l(op-name)38 b Fr(and)30 b(the)g Fq(state-variable)6 b Fr(s)31 b(and)f Fq(initial-value)6 b Fr(s)32 b(b)r(eha)n(v)n(e)d(exactly)g(as)739 4454 y(in)f(named-)p Fo(let)p Fr(.)35 b(The)28 b(named-)p Fo(let)e Fr(expression)p Black Black 826 4632 a Fo(\(let)42 b(loop-name)e(\(\(state-variable)d(initial-value\))h(...\))913 4732 y(body)k(...\))739 4907 y Fr(is)27 b(equiv)-5 b(alen)n(t)26 b(to)h(an)g Fo(iterate)d Fr(expression)h(with)j(no)f(sequences)f(\(and) h(with)g(an)g(explicit)739 5006 y Fo(let)21 b Fr(wrapp)r(ed)h(around)f (the)h(b)r(o)r(dy)h(expressions)d(to)i(tak)n(e)g(care)f(of)h(an)n(y)f (in)n(ternal)h Fo(define)p Fr(s\):)p Black 2130 5255 a(58)p Black eop end %%Page: 59 67 TeXDict begin 59 66 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black Black Black 378 523 a Fo(\(iterate)40 b(loop-name)770 623 y(\(\))770 722 y(\(\(state-variable)d(initial-value\))h(...\))465 822 y(\(let)k(\(\))h(body)f(...\)\))415 993 y Fr(The)32 b Fq(se)l(quenc)l(e-typ)l(e)6 b Fr(s)32 b(are)g(k)n(eyw)n(ords)e (\(they)j(are)e(actually)g(macros)g(of)h(a)g(particular)291 1093 y(form;)43 b(it)38 b(is)g(easy)f(to)h(add)g(additional)f(t)n(yp)r (es)h(of)g(sequences\).)68 b(Examples)37 b(are)g Fo(list*)291 1193 y Fr(whic)n(h)29 b(w)n(alks)f(do)n(wn)h(the)h(elemen)n(ts)g(of)f (a)g(list)h(and)f Fo(vector*)e Fr(whic)n(h)i(do)r(es)h(the)g(same)e (for)291 1292 y(v)n(ectors.)35 b(F)-7 b(or)26 b(eac)n(h)h(iteration,)f (eac)n(h)g Fq(element-variable)36 b Fr(is)27 b(b)r(ound)g(to)g(the)g (next)h(elemen)n(t)291 1392 y(of)f(the)h(sequence.)36 b(The)28 b Fq(se)l(quenc)l(e-data)34 b Fr(giv)n(es)27 b(the)h(actual)f(list)h(or)e(v)n(ector)h(or)f(whatev)n(er.)415 1493 y(If)35 b(there)f(is)g(a)g Fq(\014nal-expr)l(ession)6 b Fr(,)36 b(it)f(is)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)34 b(when)g(the)h(end)f(of)h(one) e(or)h(more)291 1593 y(sequences)29 b(is)h(reac)n(hed.)44 b(If)30 b(the)h Fq(b)l(o)l(dy-expr)l(ession)38 b Fr(do)r(es)30 b(not)g(call)g Fq(lo)l(op-name)38 b Fr(the)30 b Fq(\014nal-)291 1693 y(expr)l(ession)39 b Fr(is)33 b(not)g(ev)-5 b(aluated.)52 b(The)33 b Fq(state-variable)6 b Fr(s)35 b(are)d(visible)g(in)i Fq(\014nal-expr)l(ession)291 1792 y Fr(but)28 b(the)g Fq(se)l(quenc)l(e-variable)6 b Fr(s)29 b(are)d(not.)415 1894 y(The)j Fq(b)l(o)l(dy-expr)l(ession)36 b Fr(and)29 b(the)g Fq(\014nal-expr)l(ession)36 b Fr(are)28 b(in)h(tail-p)r (osition)f(within)i(the)291 1993 y Fo(iterate)p Fr(.)48 b(Unlik)n(e)33 b(named-)p Fo(let)p Fr(,)f(the)h(b)r(eha)n(vior)e(of)h (a)h(non-tail-recursiv)n(e)c(call)j(to)h Fq(lo)l(op-)291 2093 y(name)c Fr(is)22 b(unsp)r(eci\014ed)h(\(b)r(ecause)f(iterating)g (do)n(wn)g(a)g(sequence)g(ma)n(y)f(in)n(v)n(olv)n(e)g(side)i (e\013ects,)291 2193 y(suc)n(h)k(as)g(reading)f(c)n(haracters)f(from)j (a)f(p)r(ort\).)291 2435 y Fe(5.19.2)112 b Fb(Reduce)291 2591 y Fr(If)19 b(an)f Fo(iterate)e Fr(expression)i(is)g(not)h(mean)n (t)g(to)f(terminate)h(b)r(efore)f(a)h(sequence)f(has)g(reac)n(hed)291 2691 y(its)30 b(end,)i Fq(b)l(o)l(dy-expr)l(ession)38 b Fr(will)31 b(alw)n(a)n(ys)e(end)i(with)g(a)f(tail)h(call)f(to)h Fq(lo)l(op-name)6 b Fr(.)47 b Fo(Reduce)291 2791 y Fr(is)28 b(a)g(macro)f(that)i(mak)n(es)e(this)i(common)e(case)h(explicit.)40 b(The)28 b(syn)n(tax)f(of)35 b Fo(reduce)26 b Fr(is)j(the)291 2890 y(same)18 b(as)g(that)i(of)25 b Fo(iterate)p Fr(,)18 b(except)h(that)h(there)e(is)h(no)g Fq(lo)l(op-name)6 b Fr(.)36 b(The)19 b Fq(b)l(o)l(dy-expr)l(ession)291 2990 y Fr(returns)26 b(new)g(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(of)f(the)h Fq(state-variable)6 b Fr(s)29 b(instead)d(of)h(passing)f(them)h(to)f Fq(lo)l(op-name)6 b Fr(.)291 3090 y(Th)n(us)30 b Fq(b)l(o)l(dy-expr)l (ession)38 b Fr(m)n(ust)31 b(return)f(as)g(man)n(y)g(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(as)f(there)g(are)g(state)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)291 3189 y(By)21 b(sp)r(ecial)h(disp)r(ensation,)h(if)g(there)f(are)f(no)h (state)g(v)-5 b(ariables)21 b(then)i Fq(b)l(o)l(dy-expr)l(ession)30 b Fr(ma)n(y)291 3289 y(return)d(an)n(y)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)g(of)g(v)-5 b(alues,)28 b(all)f(of)h(whic)n(h)f(are)g(ignored.)415 3390 y(The)h(syn)n(tax)e(of)34 b Fo(reduce)26 b Fr(is:)p Black Black 378 3564 a Fo(\(reduce)40 b(\(\()p Fq(se)l(quenc)l(e-typ)l (e)49 b(element-variable)j(se)l(quenc)l(e-data)e Fo(...\))814 3663 y(...\))770 3763 y(\(\()p Fq(state-variable)h(initial-value)6 b Fo(\))814 3862 y(...\))465 3962 y Fq(b)l(o)l(dy-expr)l(ession)465 4062 y Fo([)p Fq(\014nal-expr)l(ession)g Fo(]\))415 4233 y Fr(The)29 b(v)-5 b(alue\(s\))29 b(returned)f(b)n(y)g(an)h(instance)f (of)35 b Fo(reduce)26 b Fr(is)j(the)g(v)-5 b(alue\(s\))29 b(returned)f(b)n(y)291 4333 y(the)38 b Fq(\014nal-expr)l(ession)6 b Fr(,)41 b(if)d(presen)n(t,)h(or)e(the)h(curren)n(t)f(v)-5 b(alue\(s\))38 b(of)g(the)g(state)f(v)-5 b(ariables)291 4433 y(when)27 b(the)h(end)g(of)g(one)f(or)g(more)f(sequences)h(is)h (reac)n(hed.)415 4534 y(A)i Fo(reduce)d Fr(expression)h(can)h(b)r(e)h (rewritten)f(as)f(an)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)n(t)29 b Fo(iterate)d Fr(expression)291 4634 y(b)n(y)g(adding)g(a)g Fq(lo)l(op-var)37 b Fr(and)26 b(a)g(wrapp)r(er)f(for)h(the)h Fq(b)l(o)l(dy-expr)l(ession) 34 b Fr(that)26 b(calls)g(the)h Fq(lo)l(op-)291 4733 y(var)9 b Fr(.)p Black Black 291 4907 a Fo(\(iterate)40 b(loop)683 5006 y(\(\()p Fq(se)l(quenc)l(e-typ)l(e)48 b(element-variable)k(se)l(quenc)l(e-data)e Fo(...\))p Black 1681 5255 a Fr(59)p Black eop end %%Page: 60 68 TeXDict begin 60 67 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 1175 523 a Fo(...\))1131 623 y(\(\()p Fq(state-variable)51 b(initial-value)6 b Fo(\))1175 722 y(...\))826 822 y(\(call-with-value) o(s)38 b(\(lambda)i(\(\))1698 922 y Fq(b)l(o)l(dy-expr)l(ession)6 b Fo(\))1611 1021 y(loop\))826 1121 y([)p Fq(\014nal-expr)l(ession)g Fo(]\))739 1385 y Fe(5.19.3)112 b(Sequence)39 b(t)m(yp)s(es)739 1550 y Fr(The)28 b(prede\014ned)f(sequence)g(t)n(yp)r(es)h(are:)p Black 755 1734 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(list*)39 b Fq(elt-var)50 b(list)8 b Fo(\))1781 b Fr(syn)n(tax)p Black 755 1833 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(list-spine*)36 b Fq(elt-var)51 b(list)8 b Fo(\))1519 b Fr(syn)n(tax)p Black 755 1933 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(list-spine-cyc)o(le)o(-sa)o (fe)o(*)36 b Fq(elt-var)50 b(list)g(on-cycle-thunk)9 b Fo(\))465 b Fr(syn)n(tax)p Black 755 2033 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(vector*)38 b Fq(elt-var)50 b(ve)l(ctor)9 b Fo(\))1586 b Fr(syn)n(tax)p Black 755 2132 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(string*)38 b Fq(elt-var)50 b(string)7 b Fo(\))1596 b Fr(syn)n(tax)p Black 755 2232 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(count*)38 b Fq(elt-var)51 b(start)e Fo([)p Fq(end)h Fo([)p Fq(step)5 b Fo(]]\))1137 b Fr(syn)n(tax)p Black 755 2332 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(bits*)39 b Fq(elt-var)50 b(i)h Fo([)p Fq(size)6 b Fo(]\))1596 b Fr(syn)n(tax)p Black 755 2431 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(input*)38 b Fq(elt-var)51 b(input-p)l(ort)e(r)l(e)l(ad-pr)l(o)l(c) l(e)l(dur)l(e)6 b Fo(\))924 b Fr(syn)n(tax)p Black 755 2531 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(stream*)38 b Fq(elt-var)50 b(pr)l(o)l(c)l(e)l(dur)l(e)e(initial-data)6 b Fo(\))1024 b Fr(syn)n(tax)863 2715 y(F)-7 b(or)24 b(lists,)h(v)n(ectors,)e(and)h (strings)f(the)i(elemen)n(t)f(v)-5 b(ariable)23 b(is)h(b)r(ound)g(to)g (the)h(successiv)n(e)739 2815 y(elemen)n(ts)i(of)h(the)g(list)g(or)e(v) n(ector,)h(or)f(the)i(c)n(haracters)e(in)i(the)g(string.)863 2920 y(F)-7 b(or)35 b Fo(list-spine*)30 b Fr(the)36 b(elemen)n(t)f(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(is)h(b)r(ound)g(to)g(the)g(successiv)n(e)f(pairs)g(in) 739 3020 y(the)g(spine)f(of)h(the)g(list.)54 b Fo(List-spine-cycle-)o (saf)o(e*)27 b Fr(is)33 b(similar,)i(but)f(calls)f Fq(on-cycle-)739 3119 y(thunk)43 b Fr(with)35 b(no)f(argumen)n(ts)f(and)h(with)h(the)g (con)n(tin)n(uation)e(of)h(the)h(lo)r(op)f(macro)f(at)i(an)739 3219 y(unsp)r(eci\014ed)28 b(time)g(if)35 b Fq(list)g Fr(con)n(tains)27 b(a)g(cycle.)863 3325 y(F)-7 b(or)27 b Fo(count*)f Fr(the)i(elemen)n(t)f(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(is)g(b)r(ound)h(to)g(the)g(elemen)n(ts)f(of)h(the)g(sequence)p Black Black 782 3515 a Fq(start)8 b Fo(,)43 b Fq(start)51 b Fo(+)43 b Fq(step)5 b Fo(,)44 b Fq(start)51 b Fo(+)43 b(2)p Fq(step)5 b Fo(,)43 b(...,)f Fq(end)739 3699 y Fr(inclusiv)n(e)34 b(of)41 b Fq(start)h Fr(and)35 b(exclusiv)n(e)f(of) 41 b Fq(end)9 b Fr(.)58 b(The)35 b(default)g Fq(step)40 b Fr(is)34 b(1.)58 b(The)35 b(sequence)739 3799 y(do)r(es)30 b(not)g(terminate)g(if)h(no)f Fq(end)40 b Fr(is)30 b(giv)n(en)f(or)h (if)h(there)f(is)g(no)g Fc(N)37 b(>)27 b Fr(0)j(suc)n(h)g(that)g Fq(end)40 b Fr(=)739 3898 y Fq(start)g Fr(+)32 b(N)p Fq(step)39 b Fr(\()p Fo(=)32 b Fr(is)h(used)g(to)f(test)h(for)f (termination\).)52 b(F)-7 b(or)32 b(example,)i Fo(\(count*)40 b(i)k(0)739 3998 y(-1\))31 b Fr(do)r(esn't)h(terminate)g(b)r(ecause)g (it)g(b)r(egins)g(past)g(the)h Fq(end)41 b Fr(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(and)g Fo(\(count*)40 b(i)k(0)739 4098 y(1)f(2\))27 b Fr(do)r(esn't)h(terminate)f(b)r(ecause)g(it)h(skips)f(o)n(v)n(er)f (the)i Fq(end)37 b Fr(v)-5 b(alue.)863 4203 y(F)e(or)25 b Fo(bits*)p Fr(,)e(the)j(elemen)n(t)f(v)-5 b(ariable)24 b(is)h(b)r(ound)g(to)g(a)g(sequence)f(of)h(represen)n(tations)e(of)739 4303 y(successiv)n(e)d(bit-\014elds)h(of)28 b Fq(i)8 b Fr(,)24 b(from)d(least)g(to)g(most)g(signi\014can)n(t.)34 b(If)28 b Fq(size)g Fr(is)21 b(presen)n(t,)h(it)g(m)n(ust)739 4402 y(b)r(e)29 b(a)f(p)r(ositiv)n(e)g(exact)g(in)n(teger,)g(and)h(the) g(elemen)n(t)f(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(is)h(b)r(ound)g(to)f(a)g(sequence)g (of)739 4502 y Fq(size)6 b Fr(-bit)29 b(in)n(tegers.)38 b(If)e Fq(size)f Fr(is)28 b(omitted,)h Fo(bits*)e Fr(iterates)g (through)h(single)g(bits,)h(and)f(the)739 4602 y(elemen)n(t)33 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)i(b)r(ound)g(to)f(a)g(sequence)g(of)h(b)r(o)r (oleans.)51 b Fo(#t)32 b Fr(represen)n(ts)f(1,)j(and)e Fo(#f)739 4701 y Fr(represen)n(ts)26 b(0.)863 4807 y(F)-7 b(or)32 b Fo(input*)e Fr(the)j(elemen)n(ts)f(are)g(the)g(results)g(of)h (successiv)n(e)e(applications)g(of)39 b Fq(r)l(e)l(ad-)739 4907 y(pr)l(o)l(c)l(e)l(dur)l(e)45 b Fr(to)39 b Fq(input-p)l(ort)8 b Fr(.)69 b(The)39 b(sequence)f(ends)h(when)g Fq(r)l(e)l(ad-pr)l(o)l(c) l(e)l(dur)l(e)46 b Fr(returns)38 b(an)739 5006 y(end-of-\014le)27 b(ob)5 b(ject.)p Black 2130 5255 a(60)p Black eop end %%Page: 61 69 TeXDict begin 61 68 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 415 523 a Fr(F)-7 b(or)23 b(a)f(stream,)i(the)f Fq(pr)l(o)l(c)l(e)l (dur)l(e)30 b Fr(tak)n(es)22 b(the)i(curren)n(t)e(data)h(v)-5 b(alue)23 b(as)f(an)h(argumen)n(t)f(and)291 623 y(returns)k(t)n(w)n(o)g (v)-5 b(alues,)26 b(the)i(next)f(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)h(the)g(sequence)g (and)f(a)h(new)f(data)h(v)-5 b(alue.)36 b(If)28 b(the)291 722 y(new)f(data)g(is)h Fo(#f)f Fr(then)h(the)g(previous)e(elemen)n(t)i (w)n(as)f(the)h(last)f(one.)36 b(F)-7 b(or)27 b(example,)p Black Black 378 891 a Fo(\(list*)41 b(elt)h(my-list\))291 1058 y Fr(is)27 b(the)h(same)f(as)p Black Black 378 1227 a Fo(\(stream*)40 b(elt)i(list->stream)d(my-list\))291 1395 y Fr(where)27 b Fo(list->stream)22 b Fr(is)p Black Black 378 1563 a Fo(\(lambda)40 b(\(list\))465 1663 y(\(if)i(\(null?)f (list\))639 1762 y(\(values)g('ignored)f(#f\))639 1862 y(\(values)h(\(car)h(list\))f(\(cdr)h(list\)\)\)\))291 2097 y Fe(5.19.4)112 b(Sync)m(hronous)39 b(sequences)291 2252 y Fr(When)25 b(using)g(the)g(sequence)g(t)n(yp)r(es)g(describ)r (ed)f(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e,)h(a)f(lo)r(op)h(terminates)g(when)g(an)n(y)f(of) 291 2351 y(its)29 b(sequences)f(reac)n(hes)f(its)i(end.)40 b(T)-7 b(o)29 b(help)g(detect)g(bugs)f(it)h(is)g(useful)g(to)g(ha)n(v)n (e)e(sequence)291 2451 y(t)n(yp)r(es)e(that)h(c)n(hec)n(k)f(to)h(see)f (if)h(t)n(w)n(o)f(or)g(more)g(sequences)f(end)i(on)g(the)g(same)f (iteration.)36 b(F)-7 b(or)291 2551 y(this)24 b(purp)r(ose)f(there)h (is)g(second)f(set)h(of)g(sequence)f(t)n(yp)r(es)h(called)g(sync)n (hronous)e(sequences.)291 2650 y(These)28 b(are)h(iden)n(tical)g(to)g (the)g(ones)g(listed)g(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)f(except)h(that)h(they)f(cause)g (an)g(error)e(to)291 2750 y(b)r(e)i(signalled)f(if)h(a)f(lo)r(op)h(is)f (terminated)h(b)n(y)f(a)h(sync)n(hronous)e(sequence)h(and)g(some)g (other)291 2849 y(sync)n(hronous)d(sequence)i(did)h(not)g(reac)n(h)e (its)i(end)g(on)f(the)h(same)f(iteration.)415 2950 y(Sequences)k(are)e (c)n(hec)n(k)n(ed)h(for)g(termination)h(in)g(order,)f(from)h(left)h(to) e(righ)n(t,)h(and)g(if)g(a)291 3049 y(lo)r(op)c(is)g(terminated)h(b)n (y)f(a)g(non-sync)n(hronous)e(sequence)i(no)h(further)f(c)n(hec)n(king) g(is)g(done.)415 3149 y(The)h(sync)n(hronous)d(sequences)i(are:)p Black 307 3301 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(list\045)39 b Fq(elt-var)51 b(list)8 b Fo(\))1781 b Fr(syn)n(tax)p Black 307 3400 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(list-spine\045)37 b Fq(elt-var)51 b(list)8 b Fo(\))1519 b Fr(syn)n(tax)p Black 307 3500 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(list-spine-cycle)o(-s)o(afe) o(\045)35 b Fq(elt-var)51 b(list)f(on-cycle-thunk)9 b Fo(\))465 b Fr(syn)n(tax)p Black 307 3599 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(vector\045)38 b Fq(elt-var)51 b(ve)l(ctor)9 b Fo(\))1586 b Fr(syn)n(tax)p Black 307 3699 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(string\045)38 b Fq(elt-var)51 b(string)7 b Fo(\))1596 b Fr(syn)n(tax)p Black 307 3799 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(count\045)39 b Fq(elt-var)51 b(start)e(end)h Fo([)p Fq(step)5 b Fo(]\))1225 b Fr(syn)n(tax)p Black 307 3898 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(input\045)39 b Fq(elt-var)51 b(input-p)l(ort)e(r)l(e)l(ad-pr)l(o)l(c)l(e)l(dur)l(e)6 b Fo(\))924 b Fr(syn)n(tax)p Black 307 3998 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(stream\045)38 b Fq(elt-var)51 b(pr)l(o)l(c)l(e)l(dur)l (e)d(initial-data)6 b Fo(\))1024 b Fr(syn)n(tax)415 4149 y(Note)35 b(that)h(the)f(sync)n(hronous)e Fo(count\045)g Fr(m)n(ust)i(ha)n(v)n(e)f(an)h Fq(end)9 b Fr(,)37 b(unlik)n(e)e(the)h (nonsyn-)291 4249 y(c)n(hronous)26 b Fo(count*)p Fr(.)291 4484 y Fe(5.19.5)112 b(Examples)291 4639 y Fr(Gathering)26 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y(\(iterate)h(loop)1218 2489 y(\(\(input*)h(c)i(port)f(read-char\)\))1218 2588 y(\(\(chars)f('\(\)\)\))913 2688 y(\(if)i(\(char=?)d(c)j(#\\newline\)) 1088 2788 y(\(list->string)38 b(\(reverse)i(chars\)\))1088 2887 y(\(loop)h(\(cons)h(c)h(chars\)\)\))913 2987 y(\(if)g(\(null?)e (chars\))1088 3087 y(\(eof-object\))1088 3186 y(;)i(no)g(newline)d(at)j (end)f(of)h(file)1088 3286 y(\(list->string)38 b(\(reverse)i (chars\)\)\)\)\))739 3453 y Fr(Coun)n(ting)27 b(the)i(lines)f(in)g(a)g (\014le.)38 b(W)-7 b(e)28 b(can't)g(use)g Fo(count*)e Fr(b)r(ecause)h(w)n(e)h(need)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(of)739 3553 y(the)g(coun)n(t)f(after)g(the)h(lo)r(op)g(has)f(\014nished.)p Black Black 739 3721 a Fo(\(define)41 b(\(line-count)e(name\))826 3820 y(\(call-with-input)o(-fi)o(le)e(name)913 3920 y(\(lambda)k (\(in\))1000 4020 y(\(reduce)g(\(\(input*)f(l)k(in)e(read-line\)\))1349 4119 y(\(\(i)g(0\)\))1088 4219 y(\(+)g(i)i(1\)\)\)\)\))739 4454 y Fe(5.19.6)112 b(De\014ning)39 b(sequence)f(t)m(yp)s(es)739 4608 y Fr(The)24 b(sequence)g(t)n(yp)r(es)g(are)f(ob)5 b(ject-orien)n(ted)23 b(macros)g(similar)g(to)i(en)n(umerations.)34 b(A)25 b(non-)739 4707 y(sync)n(hronous)c(sequence)i(macro)e(needs)i (to)g(supply)h(three)f(v)-5 b(alues:)34 b Fo(#f)22 b Fr(to)h(indicate)g(that)h(it)739 4807 y(isn't)g(sync)n(hronous,)f(a)h (list)g(of)g(state)f(v)-5 b(ariables)23 b(and)h(their)g(initializers,)g (and)g(the)g(co)r(de)g(for)739 4907 y(one)i(iteration.)36 b(The)26 b(\014rst)g(t)n(w)n(o)g(metho)r(ds)h(are)e(CPS'ed:)36 b(they)27 b(tak)n(e)f(another)f(macro)g(and)739 5006 y(argumen)n(t)32 b(to)i(whic)n(h)f(to)h(pass)f(their)g(result.)55 b(The)33 b Fo(sync)f Fr(metho)r(d)i(gets)f(no)h(additional)p Black 2130 5255 a(62)p Black eop end %%Page: 63 71 TeXDict begin 63 70 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 291 523 a Fr(argumen)n(ts.)58 b(The)36 b Fo(state-vars)31 b Fr(metho)r(d)36 b(is)f(passed)f(a)h(list)h(of)f(names)g(whic)n(h)g (will)h(b)r(e)291 623 y(b)r(ound)g(to)g(the)h(argumen)n(ts)e(to)h(the)h (sequence.)62 b(The)36 b(\014nal)g(metho)r(d,)j(for)d(the)g(step,)j(is) 291 722 y(passed)25 b(the)i(list)g(of)f(names)g(b)r(ound)h(to)g(the)f (argumen)n(ts)g(and)g(the)h(list)f(of)h(state)f(v)-5 b(ariables.)291 822 y(In)25 b(addition)h(there)f(is)h(a)f(v)-5 b(ariable)25 b(to)g(b)r(e)h(b)r(ound)g(to)g(the)g(next)g(elemen)n(t)g (of)f(the)h(sequence,)291 922 y(the)i(b)r(o)r(dy)f(expression)g(for)g (the)h(lo)r(op,)f(and)g(an)h(expression)e(for)h(terminating)g(the)h(lo) r(op.)415 1022 y(The)g(de\014nition)g(of)34 b Fo(list*)25 b Fr(is)p Black Black 291 1189 a Fo(\(define-syntax)37 b(list*)378 1289 y(\(syntax-rules)h(\(sync)j(state-vars)f(step\))465 1389 y(\(\(list*)h(sync)h(\(next)f(more\)\))509 1488 y(\(next)g(#f)i(more\)\))465 1588 y(\(\(list*)e(state-vars)e (\(start-list\))g(\(next)i(more\)\))509 1687 y(\(next)g(\(\(list-var)e (start-list\)\))g(more\)\))465 1787 y(\(\(list*)i(step)h (\(start-list\))c(\(list-var\))814 1887 y(value-var)h(loop-body)h (final-exp\))509 1986 y(\(if)i(\(null?)f(list-var\))683 2086 y(final-exp)683 2186 y(\(let)h(\(\(value-var)d(\(car)j (list-var\)\))944 2285 y(\(list-var)e(\(cdr)i(list-var\)\)\))770 2385 y(loop-body\)\)\)\)\))415 2552 y Fr(Sync)n(hronized)34 b(sequences)g(are)g(the)i(same,)g(except)f(that)g(they)h(need)f(to)g (pro)n(vide)e(a)291 2652 y(termination)c(test)i(to)f(b)r(e)g(used)g (when)g(some)g(other)f(sync)n(hronized)g(metho)r(d)h(terminates)291 2751 y(the)e(lo)r(op.)p Black Black 291 2919 a Fo(\(define-syntax)37 b(list\045)378 3019 y(\(syntax-rules)h(\(sync)j(done\))465 3118 y(\(\(list\045)g(sync)h(\(next)f(more\)\))509 3218 y(\(next)g(#t)i(more\)\))465 3318 y(\(\(list\045)e(done)h (\(start-list\))c(\(list-var\)\))509 3417 y(\(null?)j(list-var\)\))465 3517 y(\(\(list\045)g(stuff)g(...\))509 3617 y(\(list*)g(stuff)g (...\)\)\)\))291 3851 y Fe(5.19.7)112 b(Expanded)39 b(co)s(de)291 4005 y Fr(The)27 b(expansion)g(of)p Black Black 378 4173 a Fo(\(reduce)40 b(\(\(list*)h(x)i('\(1)g(2)g(3\)\)\))726 4273 y(\(\(r)g('\(\)\)\))465 4372 y(\(cons)e(x)j(r\)\))291 4540 y Fr(is)p Black Black 378 4707 a Fo(\(let)e(\(\(final)e(\(lambda)h (\(r\))h(\(values)f(r\)\)\))639 4807 y(\(list)h('\(1)g(2)h(3\)\))639 4907 y(\(r)g('\(\)\)\))465 5006 y(\(let)f(loop)g(\(\(list)f(list\))g (\(r)i(r\)\))p Black 1681 5255 a Fr(63)p Black eop end %%Page: 64 72 TeXDict begin 64 71 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 1000 523 a Fo(\(if)43 b(\(null?)e(list\))1175 623 y(\(final)g(r\))1175 722 y(\(let)h(\(\(x)g(\(car)g(list\)\))1436 822 y(\(list)g(\(cdr)g (list\)\)\))1262 922 y(\(let)g(\(\(continue)d(\(lambda)i(\(r\))2046 1021 y(\(loop)h(list)g(r\)\)\)\))1349 1121 y(\(continue)e(\(cons)h(x)j (r\)\)\)\)\)\)\))863 1302 y Fr(The)26 b(only)g(ine\016ciencies)g(in)g (this)h(co)r(de)e(are)g(the)i Fo(final)d Fr(and)i Fo(continue)c Fr(pro)r(cedures,)739 1402 y(b)r(oth)32 b(of)f(whic)n(h)g(could)g(b)r (e)h(substituted)g(in-line.)48 b(The)31 b(macro)f(expander)h(could)g (do)g(the)739 1501 y(substitution)d(for)g Fo(continue)c 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bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black Black 291 523 a Fm(Detailed)p Black 40 w Fr(y)n(ou)25 b(sp)r(ecify)g(the)g(actual)f(algorithm)g(\(quic)n(k,)h(heap,)g (insert,)g(merge\).)36 b(Di\013er-)498 623 y(en)n(t)26 b(algorithms)e(ha)n(v)n(e)g(di\013eren)n(t)h(prop)r(erties,)g(b)r(oth)h (seman)n(tic)f(and)g(pragmatic,)g(so)498 722 y(these)j(exp)r(orts)f (are)f(necessary)-7 b(.)498 858 y(It)29 b(is)f(necessarily)e(the)j (case)e(that)i(the)g(sp)r(eci\014cations)e(of)h(these)h(pro)r(cedures)e (mak)n(e)498 957 y(statemen)n(ts)i(ab)r(out)h(execution)f (\\pragmatics.")40 b(F)-7 b(or)29 b(example,)g(the)h(sole)f(distinc-) 498 1057 y(tion)23 b(b)r(et)n(w)n(een)f(heap)h(sort)e(and)i(quic)n(k)f (sort|b)r(oth)g(of)h(whic)n(h)f(are)g(pro)n(vided)f(b)n(y)i(this)498 1157 y(library|-is)28 b(one)h(of)g(execution)g(time,)i(whic)n(h)e(is)g (not)h(a)f(\\seman)n(tic")e(distinction.)498 1256 y(Similar)36 b(resource-use)f(statemen)n(ts)h(are)f(made)i(ab)r(out)f(\\iterativ)n (e")f(pro)r(cedures,)498 1356 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b(comparison)f(pro)s(cedures)g(and)h(stabilit)m(y)82 b Fr(These)34 b(routines)g(tak)n(e)f(a)291 3188 y Fc(<)k Fr(comparison)e(pro)r(cedure,)k(not)e(a)g Fn(\024)g Fr(comparison)f (pro)r(cedure,)j(and)e(they)h(sort)e(in)n(to)291 3288 y(increasing)31 b(order.)50 b(The)33 b(di\013erence)g(b)r(et)n(w)n(een) f(a)g Fc(<)h Fr(sp)r(ec)f(and)h(a)f Fn(\024)g Fr(sp)r(ec)h(comes)f(up)h (in)291 3387 y(t)n(w)n(o)26 b(places:)p Black 415 3575 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fr(the)i(de\014nition)g(of)g(an)f(ordered)f(or)h (sorted)g(data)g(set,)g(and)p Black 415 3747 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fr(the)h(de\014nition)g(of)g(a)f(stable)g(sorting)g (algorithm.)415 3934 y(W)-7 b(e)25 b(sa)n(y)f(that)i(a)e(data)h(set)g (\(a)f(list)i(or)e(v)n(ector\))g(is)h Fq(sorte)l(d)34 b Fr(or)24 b Fq(or)l(der)l(e)l(d)34 b Fr(if)26 b(it)f(con)n(tains)f(no) 291 4034 y(adjacen)n(t)j(pair)g(of)g(v)-5 b(alues)27 b Fc(:)14 b(:)g(:)g(x;)g(y)j(:)d(:)g(:)27 b Fr(suc)n(h)h(that)g Fc(y)d(<)e(x)p Fr(.)415 4135 y(In)28 b(other)f(w)n(ords,)f(scanning)h (across)f(the)i(data)f(nev)n(er)f(tak)n(es)h(a)g(\\do)n(wn)n(w)n(ards") d(step.)415 4236 y(If)j(y)n(ou)e(use)i(a)e Fn(\024)h Fr(pro)r(cedure)g(where)f(these)i(algorithms)e(exp)r(ect)h(a)g Fc(<)g Fr(pro)r(cedure,)g(y)n(ou)291 4336 y(ma)n(y)20 b(not)h(get)g(the)g(answ)n(ers)e(y)n(ou)h(exp)r(ect.)35 b(F)-7 b(or)21 b(example,)h(the)f Fo(list-sorted?)30 b Fr(pro)r(cedure)291 4435 y(will)k(return)g(false)g(if)h(y)n(ou)f (pass)f(it)i(a)f Fn(\024)g Fr(comparison)f(pro)r(cedure)g(and)i(an)f (ordered)f(list)291 4535 y(con)n(taining)26 b(adjacen)n(t)h(equal)g (elemen)n(ts.)415 4636 y(A)22 b(\\stable")e(sort)h(is)h(one)f(that)h (preserv)n(es)e(the)i(pre-existing)e(order)g(of)i(equal)f(elemen)n(ts.) 291 4735 y(Supp)r(ose,)h(for)e(example,)i(that)f(w)n(e)f(sort)g(a)g (list)h(of)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(ers)f(b)n(y)h(comparing)e(their)i(absolute) 291 4835 y(v)-5 b(alues,)27 b(i.e.,)h(using)f(comparison)f(pro)r (cedure)p Black Black 291 5006 a Fo(\(lambda)40 b(\(x)j(y\))g(\(<)g (\(abs)e(x\))i(\(abs)f(y\)\)\))p Black 1681 5255 a Fr(65)p Black eop end %%Page: 66 74 TeXDict begin 66 73 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 739 523 a Fr(If)28 b(w)n(e)f(sort)g(a)g(list)h(that)g(con)n(tains)e(b)r (oth)i(3)g(and)f(-3:)1894 668 y Fc(:)14 b(:)g(:)g Fr(3)p Fc(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h Fn(\000)p Fr(3)g Fc(:)g(:)g(:)739 813 y Fr(then)37 b(a)f(stable)h(sort)e(is)i(an)f(algorithm)g(that)g (will)h(not)g(sw)n(ap)f(the)h(order)e(of)h(these)h(t)n(w)n(o)739 913 y(elemen)n(ts,)27 b(that)h(is,)g(the)g(answ)n(er)e(is)h(guaran)n (teed)f(to)i(to)f(lo)r(ok)g(lik)n(e)1968 1058 y Fc(:)14 b(:)g(:)g Fr(3)p Fc(;)g Fn(\000)p Fr(3)g Fc(:)g(:)g(:)739 1203 y Fr(not)1957 1303 y Fc(:)g(:)g(:)k Fn(\000)g Fr(3)p Fc(;)c Fr(3)g Fc(:)g(:)g(:)739 1430 y Fr(Cho)r(osing)29 b Fc(<)h Fr(for)g(the)h(comparison)d(pro)r(cedure)i(instead)g(of)g Fn(\024)g Fr(a\013ects)h(ho)n(w)e(stabilit)n(y)h(is)739 1529 y(co)r(ded.)35 b(Giv)n(en)23 b(an)f(adjacen)n(t)g(pair)g Fc(x;)14 b(y)s Fr(,)24 b Fo(\(<)43 b Fc(y)j(x)p Fo(\))23 b Fr(means)f(\\)p Fc(x)h Fr(should)f(b)r(e)h(mo)n(v)n(ed)f(in)h(fron)n (t)739 1629 y(of)30 b Fc(x)p Fr("|otherwise,)f(lea)n(v)n(e)g(things)h (as)f(they)h(are.)43 b(So)29 b(using)h(a)f Fn(\024)h Fr(pro)r(cedure)f(where)g(a)h Fc(<)739 1729 y Fr(pro)r(cedure)c(is)i (exp)r(ected)g(will)g Fq(invert)35 b Fr(stabilit)n(y)-7 b(.)863 1828 y(This)28 b(is)f(due)h(to)g(the)g(de\014nition)g(of)f (equalit)n(y)-7 b(,)27 b(giv)n(en)g(a)g Fc(<)h Fr(comparator:)p Black Black 913 1964 a Fo(\(and)42 b(\(not)g(\(<)h(x)g(y\)\))1131 2064 y(\(not)f(\(<)h(y)g(x\)\)\))739 2200 y Fr(The)28 b(de\014nition)g(is)f(rather)g(di\013eren)n(t,)g(giv)n(en)g(a)g Fn(\024)h Fr(comparator:)p Black Black 913 2336 a Fo(\(and)42 b(\(<=)h(x)g(y\))1131 2436 y(\(<=)g(y)g(x\)\))739 2572 y Fr(A)37 b(\\stable")f(merge)g(is)h(one)f(that)h(reliably)f(fa)n(v)n (ors)f(one)i(of)g(its)g(data)f(sets)h(when)g(equal)739 2671 y(items)29 b(app)r(ear)g(in)g(b)r(oth)h(data)f(sets.)42 b Fq(A)n(l)t(l)31 b(mer)l(ge)h(op)l(er)l(ations)g(in)g(this)f(libr)l (ary)i(ar)l(e)f(stable)p Fr(,)739 2771 y(breaking)f(ties)i(b)r(et)n(w)n (een)f(data)g(sets)g(in)h(fa)n(v)n(or)e(of)h(the)h(\014rst)f(data)g (set|elemen)n(ts)g(of)h(the)739 2870 y(\014rst)27 b(list)h(come)f(b)r (efore)h(equal)f(elemen)n(ts)g(in)h(the)g(second)f(list.)863 2970 y(So,)36 b(if)f(w)n(e)f(are)g(merging)f(t)n(w)n(o)g(lists)i(of)f (n)n(um)n(b)r(ers)g(ordered)f(b)n(y)h(absolute)g(v)-5 b(alue,)36 b(the)739 3070 y(stable)27 b(merge)g(op)r(eration)f Fo(list-merge)p Black Black 913 3206 a(\(list-merge)39 b(\(lambda)i(\(x)i(y\))f(\(<)h(\(abs)f(x\))h(\(abs)f(y\)\)\))1436 3305 y('\(0)h(-2)f(4)i(8)f(-10\))f('\(-1)g(3)h(-4)g(7\)\))739 3441 y Fr(reliably)24 b(places)h(the)h(4)f(of)g(the)h(\014rst)f(list)h (b)r(efore)f(the)h(equal-comparing)d(-4)i(of)g(the)h(second)739 3541 y(list:)p Black Black 913 3677 a Fo(\(0)43 b(-1)g(-2)g(4)g(-4)f(7) i(8)f(-10\))739 3813 y Fr(Some)25 b(sort)g(algorithms)f Fq(wil)t(l)29 b(not)e(work)i(c)l(orr)l(e)l(ctly)k Fr(if)26 b(giv)n(en)e(a)h Fn(\024)h Fr(when)f(they)h(exp)r(ect)g(a)f Fc(<)739 3913 y Fr(comparison)h(\(or)h(vice-v)n(ersa\).)863 4012 y(In)h(short,)f(if)h(y)n(our)f(comparison)e(pro)r(cedure)i Fc(f)36 b Fr(answ)n(ers)26 b(true)i(to)f Fo(\()p Fc(f)52 b Fo(x)43 b(x\))p Fr(,)27 b(then)p Black 863 4148 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fr(using)f(a)f(stable)g(sorting)f(or)h(merging)g(algorithm)f (will)i(not)f(giv)n(e)g(y)n(ou)g(a)g(stable)g(sort)946 4248 y(or)i(merge,)p Black 863 4399 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(list-sorted?)32 b Fr(ma)n(y)27 b(surprise)g(y)n(ou.)739 4535 y(Note)h(that)f(y)n(ou)g(can)g(syn)n(thesize)g(a)h Fc(<)f Fr(pro)r(cedure)f(from)i(a)f Fn(\024)g Fr(pro)r(cedure)g(with)p Black Black 913 4671 a Fo(\(lambda)41 b(\(x)i(y\))f(\(not)g(\(<=)h(y)g (x\)\)\))739 4807 y Fr(if)28 b(need)g(b)r(e.)863 4907 y(Precise)f(de\014nitions)h(giv)n(e)f(sharp)h(edges)f(to)h(to)r(ols,)f (but)i(require)e(care)g(in)h(use.)38 b(\\Mea-)739 5006 y(sure)27 b(t)n(wice,)g(cut)h(once.")p Black 2130 5255 a(66)p Black eop end %%Page: 67 75 TeXDict begin 67 74 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 291 523 a Fm(All)21 b(v)m(ector)j(op)s(erations)d(accept)j(optional)e (subrange)g(parameters)84 b Fr(The)19 b(v)n(ector)291 623 y(op)r(erations)28 b(sp)r(eci\014ed)i(b)r(elo)n(w)g(all)f(tak)n(e)h (optional)f Fo(start)p Fr(/)p Fo(end)d Fr(argumen)n(ts)j(indicating)g (a)291 722 y(selected)k(subrange)f(of)h(a)g(v)n(ector's)f(elemen)n(ts.) 55 b(If)34 b(a)f Fo(start)e Fr(parameter)h(or)h Fo(start)p Fr(/)p Fo(end)291 822 y Fr(parameter)27 b(pair)i(is)g(giv)n(en)f(to)i (suc)n(h)e(a)h(pro)r(cedure,)g(they)g(m)n(ust)h(b)r(e)f(exact,)h (non-negativ)n(e)291 922 y(in)n(tegers,)c(suc)n(h)h(that)920 1121 y(0)22 b Fn(\024)h Fq(start)31 b Fn(\024)22 b Fq(end)32 b Fn(\024)23 b Fo(\(vector-length)38 b Fq(ve)l(ctor)9 b Fo(\))291 1321 y Fr(where)31 b Fq(ve)l(ctor)41 b Fr(is)32 b(the)g(related)g(v)n(ector)e(parameter.)49 b(If)32 b(not)g(sp)r (eci\014ed,)i(they)e(default)g(to)291 1421 y(0)c(and)i(the)f(length)h (of)f(the)g(v)n(ector,)g(resp)r(ectiv)n(ely)-7 b(.)41 b(They)29 b(are)f(in)n(terpreted)h(to)g(select)h(the)291 1521 y(range)g([)p Fq(start)7 b Fc(;)14 b Fq(end)9 b Fr(\),)33 b(that)f(is,)g(all)g(elemen)n(ts)f(from)g(index)h Fq(start)39 b Fr(\(inclusiv)n(e\))32 b(up)g(to,)g(but)291 1620 y(not)27 b(including,)h(index)g Fq(end)9 b Fr(.)291 1882 y Fm(Required)39 b(vs.)h(allo)m(w)m(ed)g(side-e\013ects)81 b Fo(List-sort!)54 b Fr(and)35 b Fo(List-stable-sort)o(!)291 1982 y Fr(are)29 b(allo)n(w)n(ed,)g(but)i(not)g(required,)f(to)g(alter) f(their)i(argumen)n(ts')e(cons)g(cells)h(to)g(construct)291 2081 y(the)d(result)f(list.)37 b(This)27 b(is)g(consisten)n(t)f(with)i (the)f(what-not-ho)n(w)e(c)n(haracter)g(of)i(the)g(group)291 2181 y(of)g(pro)r(cedures)f(to)i(whic)n(h)f(they)h(b)r(elong)f(\(the)i Fo(sorting)c Fr(structure\).)415 2289 y(The)k Fo(list-delete-neigh)o (bo)o(r-d)o(up)o(s!)p Fr(,)23 b Fo(list-merge!)37 b Fr(and)29 b Fo(list-merge-sort!)291 2389 y Fr(pro)r(cedures,)23 b(on)h(the)g(other)g(hand,)g(pro)n(vide)f(sp)r(eci\014c)h(algorithms,)g (and,)g(as)g(suc)n(h,)g(explic-)291 2488 y(itly)30 b(commit)h(to)f(the) h(use)f(of)g(side-e\013ects)g(on)g(their)h(input)g(lists)f(in)h(order)e (to)h(guaran)n(tee)291 2588 y(their)d(k)n(ey)g(algorithmic)f(prop)r (erties)h(\(e.g.,)h(linear-time)f(op)r(eration\).)291 2866 y Fe(5.20.2)112 b(Pro)s(cedure)37 b(sp)s(eci\014cation)p Black Black 344 3033 a Fr(Structure)27 b(name)670 b(F)-7 b(unctionalit)n(y)p 295 3067 2858 4 v 344 3136 a Fo(sorting)925 b Fr(General)27 b(sorting)f(for)h(lists)h(and)f(v)n(ectors)344 3236 y Fo(sorted)969 b Fr(Sorted)27 b(predicates)g(for)g(lists)g(and)h (v)n(ectors)344 3336 y Fo(list-merge-sort)573 b Fr(List)27 b(merge)g(sort)344 3435 y Fo(vector-merge-sor)o(t)486 b Fr(V)-7 b(ector)27 b(merge)g(sort)344 3535 y Fo(vector-heap-sort)529 b Fr(V)-7 b(ector)27 b(heap)g(sort)344 3634 y Fo(vector-quick-sor)o(t) 486 b Fr(V)-7 b(ector)27 b(quic)n(k)g(sort)344 3734 y Fo(vector-quick-sor)o(t3)442 b Fr(V)-7 b(ector)27 b(quic)n(k)g(sort)g (with)h(3-w)n(a)n(y)d(comparisons)344 3834 y Fo(vector-insert-so)o(rt) 442 b Fr(V)-7 b(ector)27 b(insertion)g(sort)344 3933 y Fo(delete-neighbor-)o(dup)o(li)o(ca)o(tes)93 b Fr(List)27 b(and)h(v)n(ector)e(delete)i(neigh)n(b)r(or)f(duplicates)344 4033 y Fo(binary-searches)573 b Fr(V)-7 b(ector)27 b(binary)g(searc)n (h)291 4246 y(Note)e(that)h(there)g(is)g(no)f(\\list)h(insert)f(sort")f (pac)n(k)-5 b(age,)25 b(as)g(y)n(ou)g(migh)n(t)h(as)f(w)n(ell)g(alw)n (a)n(ys)f(use)291 4346 y(list)k(merge)g(sort.)38 b(The)28 b(reference)g(implemen)n(tation's)g(destructiv)n(e)g(list)h(merge)e (sort)h(will)291 4446 y(do)f(few)n(er)g Fo(set-cdr!)p Fr(s)d(than)k(a)f(destructiv)n(e)g(insert)g(sort.)291 4707 y Fm(Pro)s(cedure)45 b(naming)g(and)h(functionalit)m(y)83 b Fr(Almost)40 b(all)f(of)g(the)h(pro)r(cedures)e(de-)291 4807 y(scrib)r(ed)26 b(b)r(elo)n(w)h(are)f(v)-5 b(arian)n(ts)25 b(of)i(t)n(w)n(o)g(basic)f(op)r(erations:)35 b(sorting)26 b(and)h(merging.)35 b(These)291 4907 y(pro)r(cedures)25 b(are)g(consisten)n(tly)h(named)h(b)n(y)f(comp)r(osing)f(a)h(set)h(of)f (basic)g(lexemes)g(to)h(indi-)291 5006 y(cate)g(what)g(they)h(do.)p Black 1681 5255 a(67)p Black eop end %%Page: 68 76 TeXDict begin 68 75 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black Black Black 838 510 a Fr(Lexeme)99 b(Meaning)p 788 543 2767 4 v 838 613 a Fo(sort)199 b Fr(The)33 b(pro)r(cedure)f(sorts)g (its)h(input)g(data)g(set)g(b)n(y)f(some)h Fc(<)f Fr(comparison)1213 712 y(pro)r(cedure.)838 812 y Fo(merge)155 b Fr(The)18 b(pro)r(cedure)g(merges)f(t)n(w)n(o)h(ordered)f(data)h(sets)g(in)n(to)g (a)g(single)g(ordered)1213 912 y(result.)838 1011 y Fo(stable)111 b Fr(This)27 b(lexeme)h(indicates)f(that)h(the)g(sort)f(is)g(a)h (stable)f(one.)838 1111 y Fo(vector)111 b Fr(The)28 b(pro)r(cedure)e (op)r(erates)h(up)r(on)h(v)n(ectors.)838 1210 y Fo(list)199 b Fr(The)28 b(pro)r(cedure)e(op)r(erates)h(up)r(on)h(lists.)838 1310 y Fo(!)331 b Fr(Pro)r(cedures)26 b(that)j(end)f(in)h Fo(!)38 b Fr(are)27 b(allo)n(w)n(ed,)g(and)h(sometimes)g(required,)1213 1410 y(to)f(reuse)g(their)h(input)g(storage)e(to)h(construct)g(their)h (answ)n(er.)739 1623 y Fm(T)m(yp)s(es)23 b(of)g(parameters)h(and)g (return)f(v)-5 b(alues)83 b Fr(In)20 b(the)g(pro)r(cedures)f(sp)r (eci\014ed)i(b)r(elo)n(w,)p Black 863 1791 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fr(A)34 b Fo(<)e Fr(or)g Fo(=)g Fr(parameter)g(is)g(a)h(pro) r(cedure)f(accepting)g(t)n(w)n(o)g(argumen)n(ts)f(tak)n(en)i(from)946 1890 y(the)28 b(sp)r(eci\014ed)g(pro)r(cedure's)f(data)g(set\(s\),)h (and)f(returning)g(a)g(b)r(o)r(olean;)p Black 863 2058 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(Start)39 b Fr(and)i Fo(end)f Fr(parameters)f(are)h(exact,)k(non-negativ)n(e)c(in)n(tegers)f(that)j (serv)n(e)946 2157 y(as)34 b(v)n(ector)f(indices)i(selecting)f(a)g (subrange)f(of)h(some)g(asso)r(ciated)f(v)n(ector.)56 b(When)946 2257 y(sp)r(eci\014ed,)28 b(they)g(m)n(ust)g(satisfy)f(the)h (relation)1472 2440 y(0)23 b Fn(\024)f Fq(start)31 b Fn(\024)22 b Fq(end)32 b Fn(\024)23 b Fo(\(vector-length)38 b Fq(ve)l(ctor)9 b Fo(\))946 2623 y Fr(where)28 b Fq(ve)l(ctor)36 b Fr(is)28 b(the)g(asso)r(ciated)e(v)n(ector.)739 2790 y(P)n(assing)33 b(v)-5 b(alues)34 b(to)h(pro)r(cedures)e(with)j(these)e (parameters)f(that)j(do)e(not)h(satisfy)f(these)739 2890 y(t)n(yp)r(es)27 b(is)h(an)f(error.)863 2990 y(If)f(a)f(pro)r(cedure)f (is)h(said)g(to)g(return)g(\\unsp)r(eci\014ed,")g(this)g(means)g(that)g (nothing)g(at)h(all)739 3090 y(is)e(said)f(ab)r(out)h(what)g(the)g(pro) r(cedure)f(returns,)h(not)g(ev)n(en)f(the)i(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)e(of)h (return)g(v)-5 b(alues.)739 3189 y(Suc)n(h)31 b(a)f(pro)r(cedure)g(is)h (not)f(ev)n(en)h(required)f(to)g(b)r(e)i(consisten)n(t)e(from)g(call)h (to)f(call)h(in)g(the)739 3289 y(nature)h(or)f(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)h(of)h (its)f(return)g(v)-5 b(alues.)51 b(It)33 b(is)f(simply)h(required)e(to) h(return)g(a)g(v)-5 b(alue)739 3388 y(\(or)31 b(v)-5 b(alues\))32 b(that)h(ma)n(y)e(b)r(e)i(passed)e(to)h(a)g(command)g(con) n(tin)n(uation,)g(e.g.)50 b(as)32 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)739 3488 y(of)35 b(an)f(expression)f(app)r(earing)h(as)g(a)g(non-terminal)g (subform)g(of)h(a)f Fo(begin)f Fr(expression.)739 3588 y(Note)d(that)g(in)g(R)1284 3558 y Fk(5)1322 3588 y Fr(RS,)g(this)g (restricts)f(suc)n(h)h(a)f(pro)r(cedure)g(to)h(returning)f(a)h(single)f (v)-5 b(alue;)739 3687 y(non-R)962 3657 y Fk(5)999 3687 y Fr(RS)28 b(systems)f(ma)n(y)g(not)g(ev)n(en)g(pro)n(vide)g(this)h (restriction.)739 3905 y Fo(sorting)p Fm(|general)h(sorting)i(pac)m(k) -5 b(age)739 4059 y Fr(This)20 b(library)g(pro)n(vides)f(basic)h (sorting)f(and)h(merging)g(functionalit)n(y)g(suitable)h(for)f(general) 739 4158 y(programming.)68 b(The)38 b(pro)r(cedures)g(are)f(named)i(b)n (y)f(their)g(seman)n(tic)h(prop)r(erties,)h(i.e.,)739 4258 y(what)27 b(they)h(do)g(to)f(the)h(data)f(\(sort,)g(stable)h (sort,)e(merge,)h(and)g(so)g(forth\).)p Black 755 4408 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(list-sorted?)44 b Fc(<)d Fq(list)8 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(b)l(o)l(ole)l(an)p Black 755 4508 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(list-merge)36 b Fc(<)42 b Fq(list)1574 4520 y Fk(1)1653 4508 y Fq(list)1761 4520 y Fk(2)1798 4508 y Fo(\))f Fn(!)h Fq(list)p Black 755 4608 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(list-merge!)j Fc(<)c Fq(list)1626 4620 y Fk(1)1705 4608 y Fq(list)1813 4620 y Fk(2)1850 4608 y Fo(\))g Fn(!)h Fq(list)p Black 755 4707 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(list-sort)37 b Fc(<)k Fq(lis)7 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)f Fq(list)p Black 755 4807 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(list-sort!)k Fc(<)c Fq(lis)7 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)f Fq(list)p Black 755 4907 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(list-stable-so)o(rt)35 b Fc(<)41 b Fq(list)8 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(list)p Black 755 5006 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(list-stable-so)o(rt)o(!)i Fc(<)d Fq(list)8 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(list)p Black 2130 5255 a Fr(68)p Black eop end %%Page: 69 77 TeXDict begin 69 76 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black Black 307 523 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(list-delete-neig)o(hb)o(or-)o (du)o(ps)35 b Fr(=)41 b Fq(list)8 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(list)p Black 307 623 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(vector-sorted?)i Fc(<)d Fq(v)h([start)f([end]])9 b Fo(\))43 b Fn(!)e Fq(b)l(o)l(ole)l (an)p Black 307 722 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(vector-merge)36 b Fc(<)41 b Fq(v)1142 734 y Fk(1)1221 722 y Fq(v)1259 734 y Fk(2)1338 722 y Fq([start)p Fr(1)g Fq([end)p Fr(1)h Fq([start)p Fr(2)f Fq([end)p Fr(2)p Fq(]]]])9 b Fo(\))43 b Fn(!)f Fq(ve)l(ctor)p Black 307 822 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(vector-merge!)36 b Fc(<)41 b Fq(v)h(v)1266 834 y Fk(1)1345 822 y Fq(v)1383 834 y Fk(2)1462 822 y Fq([start)f([start)p Fr(1)g Fq([end)p Fr(1)h Fq([start)p Fr(2)f Fq([end)p Fr(2)p Fq(]]]]])9 b Fo(\))p Black 307 922 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(vector-sort)37 b Fc(<)k Fq(v)h([start)f([end]])9 b Fo(\))43 b Fn(!)e Fq(ve)l(ctor)p Black 307 1021 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(vector-sort!)36 b Fc(<)41 b Fq(v)h([start)g([end]])9 b Fo(\))p Black 307 1121 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(vector-stable-so)o(rt)35 b Fc(<)41 b Fq(v)h([start)f([end]])9 b Fo(\))43 b Fn(!)e Fq(ve)l(ctor)p Black 307 1220 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(vector-stable-so)o(rt)o(!)35 b Fc(<)42 b Fq(v)f([start)h([end]])9 b Fo(\))p Black 307 1320 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(vector-delete-ne)o (ig)o(hbo)o(r-)o(du)o(ps)35 b Fr(=)41 b Fq(v)h([start)f([end]])9 b Fo(\))43 b Fn(!)e Fq(ve)l(ctor)p Black Black 678 1502 a Fr(Pro)r(cedure)979 b(Suggested)26 b(algorithm)p 628 1535 2189 4 v 678 1605 a Fo(list-sort)953 b Fr(v)n(ector)26 b(heap)h(or)g(quic)n(k)678 1705 y Fo(list-sort!)909 b Fr(list)27 b(merge)g(sort)678 1804 y Fo(list-stable-sort)645 b Fr(v)n(ector)26 b(merge)h(sort)678 1904 y Fo(list-stable-sort!)601 b Fr(list)27 b(merge)g(sort)678 2003 y Fo(vector-sort)865 b Fr(heap)27 b(or)g(quic)n(k)g(sort)678 2103 y Fo(vector-sort!)821 b Fr(heap)27 b(or)g(quic)n(k)g(sort)678 2203 y Fo(vector-stable-sor)o (t)558 b Fr(v)n(ector)26 b(merge)h(sort)678 2302 y Fo (vector-stable-sor)o(t!)j Fr(merge)d(sort)291 2481 y Fo(List-Sorted?)36 b Fr(and)29 b Fo(vector-sorted?)36 b Fr(return)29 b(true)g(if)h(their)f(input)h(list)g(or)e(v)n(ector)g (is)291 2581 y(in)f(sorted)g(order,)f(as)h(determined)h(b)n(y)g(their)f Fc(<)g Fr(comparison)f(parameter.)415 2681 y(All)34 b(four)g(merge)e (op)r(erations)h(are)f(stable:)49 b(an)33 b(elemen)n(t)h(of)g(the)g (initial)g(list)g Fq(list)3010 2693 y Fk(1)3081 2681 y Fr(or)291 2780 y(v)n(ector)c Fq(ve)l(ctor)759 2792 y Fk(1)829 2780 y Fr(will)j(come)e(b)r(efore)h(an)g(equal-comparing)e (elemen)n(t)i(in)h(the)f(second)g(list)291 2880 y Fq(list)399 2892 y Fk(2)464 2880 y Fr(or)26 b(v)n(ector)h Fq(ve)l(ctor)1030 2892 y Fk(2)1095 2880 y Fr(in)h(the)g(result.)415 2980 y(The)g(pro)r(cedures)p Black 415 3146 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(list-merge)p Black 415 3312 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(list-sort)p Black 415 3478 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(list-stable-sort)p Black 415 3644 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(list-delete-neigh)o(bo)o(r-)o(dup)o(s)291 3810 y Fr(do)21 b(not)h(alter)g(their)g(inputs)g(and)g(are)f(allo)n(w)n (ed)g(to)h(return)f(a)h(v)-5 b(alue)22 b(that)g(shares)f(a)g(common)291 3910 y(tail)27 b(with)h(a)f(list)h(argumen)n(t.)415 4010 y(The)g(pro)r(cedure)p Black 415 4176 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(list-sort!)p Black 415 4342 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(list-stable-sort!)291 4508 y Fr(are)f(\\linear)g(up)r(date")h (op)r(erators|they)e(are)h(allo)n(w)n(ed,)g(but)i(not)f(required,)g(to) g(alter)g(the)291 4608 y(cons)f(cells)g(of)g(their)h(argumen)n(ts)e(to) i(pro)r(duce)f(their)g(results.)415 4707 y(On)19 b(the)h(other)f(hand,) j(the)e Fo(list-merge!)29 b Fr(pro)r(cedure)19 b(mak)n(e)g(only)g(a)g (single,)i(iterativ)n(e,)291 4807 y(linear-time)30 b(pass)h(o)n(v)n(er) e(its)j(argumen)n(t)e(list,)j(using)f Fo(set-cdr!)p Fr(s)c(to)j (rearrange)d(the)k(cells)291 4907 y(of)40 b(the)g(list)g(in)n(to)g(the) h(\014nal)f(result)f(|it)i(w)n(orks)d(\\in)i(place.")74 b(Hence,)43 b(an)n(y)c(cons)h(cell)291 5006 y(app)r(earing)29 b(in)h(the)h(result)f(m)n(ust)g(ha)n(v)n(e)f(originally)g(app)r(eared)g (in)i(an)f(input.)45 b(The)31 b(in)n(ten)n(t)p Black 1681 5255 a(69)p Black eop end %%Page: 70 78 TeXDict begin 70 77 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 739 523 a Fr(of)31 b(this)h(iterativ)n(e-algorithm)d(commitmen)n(t)j (is)g(to)f(allo)n(w)f(the)i(programmer)e(to)h(b)r(e)h(sure)739 623 y(that)i(if,)j(for)c(example,)j Fo(list-merge!)52 b Fr(is)34 b(ask)n(ed)f(to)h(merge)f(t)n(w)n(o)g(ten-million-elemen)n (t)739 722 y(lists,)27 b(the)h(op)r(eration)f(will)g(complete)h (without)g(p)r(erforming)f(some)f(extremely)h(\(p)r(ossibly)739 822 y(t)n(w)n(en)n(t)n(y-million\))g(deep)g(recursion.)863 922 y(The)h(v)n(ector)e(pro)r(cedures)p Black 863 1089 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(vector-sort)p Black 863 1256 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(vector-stable-sor)o(t)p Black 863 1424 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(vector-delete-nei)o(ghb)o(or)o(-du)o (ps)739 1591 y Fr(do)31 b(not)g(alter)g(their)g(inputs,)h(but)g(allo)r (cate)f(a)f(fresh)h(v)n(ector)f(for)h(their)g(result,)h(of)f(length)739 1691 y Fq(end)c Fn(\000)18 b Fq(start)8 b Fr(.)863 1791 y(The)28 b(v)n(ector)e(pro)r(cedures)p Black 863 1958 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(vector-sort!)p Black 863 2125 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(vector-stable-sor)o(t!)739 2292 y Fr(sort)33 b(their)h(data)f(in-place.)56 b(\(But)34 b(note)g(that)h Fo(vector-stable-s)o(ort)o(!)50 b Fr(ma)n(y)33 b(allo)r(cate)739 2392 y(temp)r(orary)26 b(storage)g(prop)r(ortional)g (to)h(the)h(size)f(of)h(the)g(input)g(.\))863 2492 y Fo(Vector-merge)23 b Fr(returns)k(a)g(v)n(ector)g(of)g(length)h(\()p Fq(end)2527 2504 y Fk(1)2583 2492 y Fn(\000)18 b Fq(start)2833 2504 y Fk(1)2888 2492 y Fr(+)g(\()p Fq(end)3130 2504 y Fk(2)3187 2492 y Fn(\000)g Fq(start)3437 2504 y Fk(2)3473 2492 y Fr(\).)863 2592 y Fo(Vector-merge!)32 b Fr(writes)27 b(its)g(result)h(in)n(to)f(v)n(ector)f Fq(v)9 b Fr(,)28 b(b)r(eginning)f(at)g(index)h Fq(start)7 b Fr(,)28 b(for)739 2691 y(indices)c(less)g(than)g Fq(end)32 b Fr(=)22 b Fq(start)d Fr(+)11 b(\()p Fq(end)2015 2703 y Fk(1)2064 2691 y Fn(\000)g Fq(start)2307 2703 y Fk(1)2344 2691 y Fr(\))g(+)g(\()p Fq(end)2622 2703 y Fk(2)2671 2691 y Fn(\000)g Fq(start)2914 2703 y Fk(2)2951 2691 y Fr(\).)36 b(The)24 b(target)f(sub-)739 2791 y(v)n(ector)d Fq(v)9 b Fr([)p Fq(start)e Fc(;)14 b Fq(end)9 b Fr(\))21 b(ma)n(y)f(not)h(o)n (v)n(erlap)e(either)i(source)f(sub)n(v)n(ector)f Fq(ve)l(ctor)3105 2803 y Fk(1)3143 2791 y Fr([)p Fq(start)3333 2803 y Fk(1)3369 2791 y Fc(;)14 b Fq(end)3533 2803 y Fk(1)3571 2791 y Fr(\))739 2891 y Fq(ve)l(ctor)954 2903 y Fk(2)991 2891 y Fr([)p Fq(start)1181 2903 y Fk(2)1218 2891 y Fc(;)g Fq(end)1382 2903 y Fk(2)1420 2891 y Fr(\).)863 2991 y(The)26 b Fo(...-delete-neig)o(hbo)o(r-)o(du)o(ps-)o(..)o(.)k Fr(pro)r(cedures:)k(These)25 b(pro)r(cedures)f(delete)739 3090 y(adjacen)n(t)41 b(duplicate)h(elemen)n(ts)g(from)g(a)f(list)h(or) f(a)h(v)n(ector,)i(using)e(a)f(giv)n(en)g(elemen)n(t-)739 3190 y(equalit)n(y)36 b(pro)r(cedure.)64 b(The)37 b(\014rst/leftmost)g (elemen)n(t)g(of)g(a)f(run)h(of)g(equal)g(elemen)n(ts)f(is)739 3289 y(the)28 b(one)f(that)h(surviv)n(es.)35 b(The)28 b(list)g(or)f(v)n(ector)f(is)h(not)h(otherwise)f(disordered.)863 3389 y(These)19 b(pro)r(cedures)e(are)g(linear)h(time|m)n(uc)n(h)g (faster)g(than)h(the)f Fc(O)r Fr(\()p Fc(n)2996 3359 y Fk(2)3034 3389 y Fr(\))h(general)e(duplicate-)739 3489 y(elemen)n(t)32 b(deletors)f(that)h(do)f(not)h(assume)f(an)n(y)g (\\bunc)n(hing")g(of)g(elemen)n(ts)h(\(suc)n(h)g(as)f(the)739 3589 y(ones)23 b(pro)n(vided)f(b)n(y)h(SRFI)h(1\).)36 b(If)24 b(y)n(ou)e(w)n(an)n(t)h(to)h(delete)f(duplicate)h(elemen)n(ts)f (from)h(a)f(large)739 3688 y(list)j(or)f(v)n(ector,)g(y)n(ou)g(can)h (sort)f(the)i(elemen)n(ts)e(to)h(bring)g(equal)f(items)h(together,)g (then)g(use)739 3788 y(one)h(of)h(these)f(pro)r(cedures,)g(for)g(a)g (total)g(time)h(of)g Fc(O)r Fr(\()p Fc(n)14 b Fr(log)q(\()p Fc(n)p Fr(\)\).)863 3888 y(The)32 b(comparison)f(pro)r(cedure)g(=)g (passed)h(to)g(these)g(pro)r(cedures)e(is)i(alw)n(a)n(ys)e(applied)739 3987 y Fo(\()p Fr(=)43 b Fc(x)h(y)s Fo(\))27 b Fr(where)g Fc(x)h Fr(comes)f(b)r(efore)g Fc(y)j Fr(in)e(the)g(con)n(taining)f (list)h(or)e(v)n(ector.)p Black 863 4172 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(List-delete-neigh)o(bor)o(-d)o(ups)17 b Fr(do)r(es)24 b(not)g(alter)f(its)h(input)h(list;)g(its)f(answ)n(er)f (ma)n(y)946 4271 y(share)k(storage)f(with)i(the)g(input)g(list.)p Black 863 4439 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(Vector-delete-nei)o(ghb)o(or)o (-du)o(ps)13 b Fr(do)r(es)20 b(not)g(alter)f(its)h(input)h(v)n(ector,)f (but)g(rather)946 4538 y(allo)r(cates)27 b(a)g(fresh)g(v)n(ector)g(to)g (hold)h(the)g(result.)739 4722 y(Examples:)p Black Black 739 4907 a Fo(\(list-delete-nei)o(gh)o(bor)o(-d)o(ups)37 b(=)43 b('\(1)f(1)h(2)h(7)f(7)g(7)g(0)g(-2)g(-2\)\))826 5006 y Fr(=)-14 b Fn(\))43 b Fo(\(1)g(2)g(7)h(0)f(-2\))p Black 2130 5255 a Fr(70)p Black eop end %%Page: 71 79 TeXDict begin 71 78 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 291 623 a Fo(\(vector-delete-)o(nei)o(gh)o(bo)o(r-d)o(up)o(s)38 b(=)43 b('#\(1)f(1)h(2)g(7)g(7)g(7)h(0)f(-2)f(-2\)\))378 722 y Fr(=)-15 b Fn(\))44 b Fo(#\(1)e(2)i(7)f(0)g(-2\))291 922 y(\(vector-delete-)o(nei)o(gh)o(bo)o(r-d)o(up)o(s)38 b(=)43 b('#\(1)f(1)h(2)g(7)g(7)g(7)h(0)f(-2)f(-2\))h(3)g(7\))378 1021 y Fr(=)-15 b Fn(\))44 b Fo(#\(7)e(0)i(-2\))291 1243 y Fm(Algorithm-sp)s(eci\014c)30 b(sorting)g(pac)m(k)-5 b(ages)291 1398 y Fr(These)23 b(pac)n(k)-5 b(ages)21 b(pro)n(vide)h(more)h(sp)r(eci\014c)h(sorting)e(functionalit)n(y)-7 b(,)24 b(that)g(is,)g(sp)r(eci\014c)g(com-)291 1498 y(mitmen)n(t)30 b(to)f(particular)f(algorithms)g(that)h(ha)n(v)n(e)f(particular)g (pragmatic)g(consequences)291 1598 y(\(suc)n(h)g(as)g(memory)g(lo)r (calit)n(y)-7 b(,)29 b(asymptotic)f(running)g(time\))i(b)r(ey)n(ond)e (their)h(seman)n(tic)f(b)r(e-)291 1697 y(ha)n(viour)f(\(sorting,)i (stable)h(sorting,)e(merging,)h(etc.\).)43 b(Programmers)26 b(that)k(need)f(a)g(par-)291 1797 y(ticular)e(algorithm)f(can)h(use)h 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(haracter)e(argumen)n(ts)g(and)h(the)h(c)n(haracters)e(in)291 1171 y(an)n(y)c(string)h(argumen)n(ts.)35 b Fo(Range)24 b Fr(returns)h(a)h(c)n(haracter)e(set)i(that)h(con)n(tain)e(all)h(c)n (haracters)291 1270 y(b)r(et)n(w)n(een)j Fq(low-char)40 b Fr(and)29 b Fq(high-char)9 b Fr(,)32 b(inclusiv)n(e.)42 b Fo(Ranges)26 b Fr(returns)j(a)g(set)g(that)h(con)n(tains)291 1370 y(all)e(c)n(haracters)e(in)j(the)g(giv)n(en)f(ranges.)38 b Fo(Range)27 b Fr(and)h Fo(ranges)e Fr(use)j(the)g(ordering)d(induced) 291 1469 y(b)n(y)31 b Fo(char->integer)p Fr(.)42 b Fo(Ascii-range)27 b Fr(and)k Fo(ascii-ranges)26 b Fr(use)k(the)i(ASCI)r(I)g(ordering.)291 1569 y(It)39 b(is)f(an)h(error)e(for)h(a)g Fq(high-char)51 b Fr(to)38 b(b)r(e)h(less)g(than)g(the)g(preceding)g Fq(low-char)49 b Fr(in)40 b(the)291 1669 y(appropriate)25 b(ordering.)p Black 307 1818 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(negate)39 b Fq(char-set)8 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(char-set)p Black 307 1918 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(intersection)36 b Fq(char-set)42 b(char-set)8 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)f Fq(char-set)p Black 307 2017 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(union)e Fq(char-set)j (char-set)8 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)f Fq(char-set)p Black 307 2117 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(subtract)d Fq(char-set)k(char-set)8 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(char-set)291 2267 y Fr(These)27 b(p)r(erform)g(the)h(indicated)g(op)r(erations)e(on)h(c)n(haracter)f (sets.)415 2366 y(The)i(follo)n(wing)e(c)n(haracter)g(sets)h(are)g (prede\014ned:)496 2618 y Fo(lower-case)183 b(\(set)42 b("abcdefghijklmn)o(opq)o(rs)o(tuv)o(wx)o(yz)o("\))496 2718 y(upper-case)183 b(\(set)42 b("ABCDEFGHIJKLMN)o(OPQ)o(RS)o(TUV)o (WX)o(YZ)o("\))496 2817 y(alphabetic)183 b(\(union)41 b(lower-case)e(upper-case\))496 2917 y(numeric)315 b(\(set)42 b("0123456789"\))496 3017 y(alphanumeric)95 b(\(union)41 b(alphabetic)e(numeric\))496 3116 y(punctuation)139 b(\(set)42 b("!\\"#$\045&'\(\)*+,-)o(./:)o(;<)o(=>?)o(@[)o(\\\\)o(]^_)o(`{)o(|}~)o ("\))496 3216 y(graphic)315 b(\(union)41 b(alphanumeric)d (punctuation\))496 3315 y(printing)271 b(\(union)41 b(graphic)g(\(set)g (#\\space\)\))496 3415 y(control)315 b(\(negate)40 b(printing\))496 3515 y(blank)403 b(\(set)42 b(#\\space)e(\(ascii->char)f(9\)\))26 b Fr(;)i(9)f(is)h(tab)496 3614 y Fo(whitespace)183 b(\(union)41 b(\(set)h(#\\space\))e(\(ascii-range)f(9)k(13\)\))496 3714 y(hexdigit)271 b(\(set)42 b("0123456789abcd)o(efA)o(BC)o(DEF)o ("\))p Black Black 291 4266 a Fr(The)i(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)f(are)g(tak)n(en) h(from)g(the)h(default)f(lo)r(cale)g(in)g(POSIX.)g(The)h(c)n(haracters) d(in)291 4365 y Fo(whitespace)27 b Fr(are)j Fq(sp)l(ac)l(e)6 b Fr(,)33 b Fq(tab)5 b Fr(,)33 b Fq(new)t(line)38 b Fr(\(=)31 b Fq(line)i(fe)l(e)l(d)9 b Fr(\),)33 b Fq(vertic)l(al)h(tab)5 b Fr(,)33 b Fq(form)h(fe)l(e)l(d)9 b Fr(,)32 b(and)291 4465 y Fq(c)l(arriage)f(r)l(eturn)6 b Fr(.)291 4746 y Fe(5.21.2)112 b(Anc)m(horing)p Black 307 4907 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(string-start\))36 b Fn(!)41 b Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)p Black 307 5006 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(string-end\))c Fn(!)k Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)p Black 1681 5255 a Fr(77)p Black eop end %%Page: 78 86 TeXDict begin 78 85 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 739 523 a Fo(String-start)27 b Fr(returns)k(a)g(regular)f(expression)g (that)i(matc)n(hes)f(the)i(b)r(eginning)e(of)h(the)739 623 y(string)27 b(b)r(eing)h(matc)n(hed)f(against;)f(string-end)h (returns)g(one)g(that)h(matc)n(hes)f(the)h(end.)739 854 y Fe(5.21.3)112 b(Comp)s(osite)39 b(expressions)p Black 755 1007 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(sequence)e Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)42 b(.)13 b(.)g(.)g Fo(\))50 b Fn(!)42 b Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)p Black 755 1107 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(one-of)c Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)j (.)13 b(.)g(.)g Fo(\))51 b Fn(!)42 b Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)739 1252 y Fo(Sequence)21 b Fr(matc)n(hes)i(the)h(concatenation)f(of)h(its) g(argumen)n(ts,)g Fo(one-of)d Fr(matc)n(hes)i(an)n(y)h(one)739 1352 y(of)j(its)h(argumen)n(ts.)p Black 755 1497 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(text)39 b Fq(string)7 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)739 1642 y Fo(Text)19 b Fr(returns)g(a)h(regular)f (expression)f(that)j(matc)n(hes)f(the)g(c)n(haracters)e(in)j Fq(string)7 b Fr(,)22 b(in)f(order.)p Black 755 1787 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(repeat)38 b Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)5 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)p Black 755 1887 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(repeat)c Fq(c)l(ount)j(r)l(e)l(g-exp)5 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)g Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)p Black 755 1987 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(repeat)d Fq(min)k(max)f(r)l(e)l(g-exp)5 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)739 2132 y Fo(Repeat)c Fr(returns)j(a)f(regular)f(expression)h(that)h(matc)n(hes)f(zero)g(or)g (more)g(o)r(ccurrences)739 2231 y(of)34 b(its)g Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)40 b Fr(argumen)n(t.)55 b(With)35 b(no)f(coun)n(t)g(the)h(result)f(will)g (matc)n(h)g(an)n(y)f(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)h(of)739 2331 y(times)e(\()p Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)5 b Fr(*\).)50 b(With)33 b(a)e(single)g(coun)n(t)h (the)g(returned)f(expression)g(will)h(matc)n(h)g Fq(r)l(e)l(g-)739 2431 y(exp)j Fr(exactly)29 b(that)h(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)g(of)g(times.)44 b(The)30 b(\014nal)f(case)g(will)h(matc)n(h)g(from)f Fq(min)37 b Fr(to)29 b Fq(max)739 2530 y Fr(rep)r(etitions,)41 b(inclusiv)n(e.)68 b Fq(Max)48 b Fr(ma)n(y)38 b(b)r(e)h Fo(#f)p Fr(,)h(in)e(whic)n(h)g(case)f(there)h(is)h(no)e(maxim)n(um)739 2630 y(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)f(of)h(matc)n(hes.)64 b Fq(Count)44 b Fr(and)37 b Fq(min)43 b Fr(should)37 b(b)r(e)g(exact,)h(non-negativ)n (e)d(in)n(tegers;)739 2730 y Fq(max)i Fr(should)28 b(either)f(b)r(e)h (an)g(exact)f(non-negativ)n(e)f(in)n(teger)g(or)h Fo(#f)p Fr(.)739 2961 y Fe(5.21.4)112 b(Case)39 b(sensitivit)m(y)739 3114 y Fr(Regular)26 b(expressions)g(are)h(normally)f(case-sensitiv)n (e.)p Black 755 3276 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(ignore-case)36 b Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)5 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)p Black 755 3376 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(use-case)37 b Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)5 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)739 3537 y Fr(The)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(returned)f(b)n(y)i Fo(ignore-case)25 b Fr(is)30 b(iden)n(tical)f(its)h(argumen)n(t)f (except)h(that)g(case)739 3637 y(will)h(b)r(e)h(ignored)e(when)i(matc)n (hing.)47 b(The)31 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(returned)g(b)n(y)h Fo(use-case)c Fr(is)k(protected)739 3737 y(from)18 b(future)h (applications)e(of)25 b Fo(ignore-case)p Fr(.)k(The)19 b(expressions)d(returned)i(b)n(y)i Fo(use-case)739 3836 y Fr(and)27 b Fo(ignore-case)d Fr(are)i(una\013ected)i(b)n(y)g(later)f (uses)g(of)h(the)g(these)f(pro)r(cedures.)36 b(By)27 b(w)n(a)n(y)739 3936 y(of)g(example,)h(the)g(follo)n(wing)e(matc)n(hes) h Fo("ab")f Fr(but)i(not)g Fo("aB")p Fr(,)e Fo("Ab")p Fr(,)g(or)h Fo("AB")p Fr(.)p Black Black 739 4098 a Fo(\(text)41 b("ab"\))739 4259 y Fr(while)p Black Black 739 4421 a Fo(\(ignore-case)e(\(test)i("ab"\)\))739 4583 y Fr(matc)n(hes)27 b Fo("ab")p Fr(,)f Fo("aB")p Fr(,)g Fo("Ab")p Fr(,)g(and)i Fo("AB")e Fr(and)p Black Black 739 4745 a Fo(\(ignore-case)39 b(\(sequence)g(\(text)j("a"\))1741 4844 y(\(use-case)e(\(text)i ("b"\)\)\)\))739 5006 y Fr(matc)n(hes)27 b Fo("ab")f Fr(and)h Fo("Ab")f Fr(but)j(not)e Fo("aB")f Fr(or)h Fo("AB")p Fr(.)p Black 2130 5255 a(78)p Black eop end %%Page: 79 87 TeXDict begin 79 86 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 291 523 a Fe(5.21.5)112 b(Submatc)m(hes)39 b(and)f(matc)m(hing)291 676 y Fr(A)21 b(sub)r(expression)f(within)i(a)f(larger)f(expression)f (can)i(b)r(e)h(mark)n(ed)e(as)h(a)g(submatc)n(h.)34 b(When)291 776 y(an)g(expression)g(is)h(matc)n(hed)g(against)f(a)g(string,)i(the)g (success)e(or)g(failure)h(of)g(eac)n(h)f(sub-)291 876 y(matc)n(h)22 b(within)h(that)f(expression)f(is)h(rep)r(orted,)h(as)e (w)n(ell)h(as)g(the)g(lo)r(cation)g(of)g(the)h(substring)291 975 y(matc)n(hed)k(b)r(e)h(eac)n(h)f(successful)g(submatc)n(h.)p Black 307 1118 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(submatch)38 b Fq(key)k(r)l(e)l(g-exp)5 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)p Black 307 1217 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(no-submatches)36 b Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)5 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)291 1360 y Fo(Submatch)31 b Fr(returns)j(a)h(regular)e(expression)h(that)h (matc)n(hes)f(its)h(argumen)n(t)f(and)h(causes)291 1459 y(the)i(result)g(of)f(matc)n(hing)h(its)g(argumen)n(t)f(to)g(b)r(e)i (rep)r(orted)e(b)n(y)h(the)g Fo(match)e Fr(pro)r(cedure.)291 1559 y Fq(Key)44 b Fr(is)36 b(used)g(to)g(indicate)g(the)h(result)f(of) g(this)h(particular)e(submatc)n(h)h(in)g(the)h(alist)f(of)291 1658 y(successful)f(submatc)n(hes)h(returned)f(b)n(y)i Fo(match)p Fr(.)60 b(An)n(y)36 b(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(ma)n(y)h(b)r(e)g (used)g(as)f(a)h Fq(key)7 b Fr(.)291 1758 y Fo(No-submatches)21 b Fr(returns)26 b(an)h(expression)e(iden)n(tical)i(to)g(its)g(argumen)n (t,)f(except)h(that)g(all)291 1858 y(submatc)n(hes)g(ha)n(v)n(e)f(b)r (een)i(elided.)p Black 307 2000 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(any-match?)46 b Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)41 b(string)7 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(b)l(o)l(ole)l(an)p Black 307 2100 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(exact-match?)j Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)c(string)7 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(b)l(o)l(ole)l(an)p Black 307 2199 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(match)d Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)i(string)7 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)f Fq(match)h(or)g Fo(#f)p Black 307 2299 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(match-start)37 b Fq(match)6 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)f Fq(index)p Black 307 2399 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(match-end)d Fq(match)6 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)f Fq(index)p Black 307 2498 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(match-submatches) 35 b Fq(match)6 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)f Fq(alist)291 2641 y Fo(Any-match?)j Fr(returns)31 b Fo(#t)f Fr(if)39 b Fq(string)f Fr(matc)n(hes)31 b Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)37 b Fr(or)30 b(con)n(tains)h(a)g(substring)g(that)291 2740 y(do)r(es,)23 b(and)f Fo(#f)f Fr(otherwise.)35 b Fo(Exact-match?)30 b Fr(returns)21 b Fo(#t)h Fr(if)29 b Fq(string)h Fr(matc)n(hes)22 b Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)27 b Fr(and)291 2840 y Fo(#f)f Fr(otherwise.)415 2939 y Fo(Match)i Fr(returns)h Fo(#f)g Fr(if)36 b Fq(r)l(e)l(g-exp)f Fr(do)r(es)30 b(not)f(matc)n(h)h Fq(string)37 b Fr(and)29 b(a)h(matc)n(h)f(record)f(if)i(it)291 3039 y(do)r(es)i(matc)n(h.)51 b(A)32 b(matc)n(h)g(record)f(con)n(tains)h(three)g(v)-5 b(alues:)46 b(the)33 b(b)r(eginning)f(and)g(end)h(of)291 3139 y(the)25 b(substring)g(that)g(matc)n(hed)g(the)h(pattern)f(and)g (an)g(a-list)g(of)g(submatc)n(h)g(k)n(eys)f(and)h(cor-)291 3238 y(resp)r(onding)f(matc)n(h)h(records)f(for)g(an)n(y)h(submatc)n (hes)g(that)g(also)f(matc)n(hed.)36 b Fo(Match-start)291 3338 y Fr(returns)20 b(the)i(index)f(of)g(the)g(\014rst)g(c)n(haracter) e(in)j(the)f(matc)n(hing)g(substring)g(and)g Fo(match-end)291 3438 y Fr(giv)n(es)c(index)h(of)h(the)f(\014rst)g(c)n(haracter)f(after) h(the)h(matc)n(hing)e(substring.)34 b Fo(Match-submatche)o(s)291 3537 y Fr(returns)20 b(an)h(alist)g(of)h(submatc)n(h)f(k)n(eys)f(and)h (matc)n(h)g(records.)33 b(Only)21 b(the)h(top)f(matc)n(h)g(record)291 3637 y(returned)27 b(b)n(y)h Fo(match)e Fr(has)h(a)g(submatc)n(h)g (alist.)415 3737 y(Matc)n(hing)j(o)r(ccurs)f(according)g(to)h(POSIX.)g (The)g(matc)n(h)g(returned)g(is)g(the)h(one)e(with)291 3836 y(the)i(lo)n(w)n(est)f(starting)g(index)i(in)f Fq(string)7 b Fr(.)48 b(If)32 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Fr(hex,)h(where)f Fn(h)p Fr(x)p Fn(ih)p Fr(x)p Fn(i)q Fr(.)14 b(.)g(.)48 b(denotes)18 b(the)i(scalar)d(v)-5 b(alue)19 b(of)g(the)h(c)n(haracter)291 1036 y Fe(6.2.3)112 b(Iden)m(ti\014ers)38 b(and)g(sym)m(b)s(ol)h (literals)291 1192 y Fr(Where)21 b(R)611 1162 y Fk(5)648 1192 y Fr(RS)g(allo)n(ws)f(a)h Fn(h)p Fr(letter)p Fn(i)p Fr(,)i(Sc)n(heme)e(48)f(allo)n(ws)g(in)h(addition)g(an)n(y)g(c)n (haracter)e(whose)291 1292 y(scalar)27 b(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(is)h(greater)d(than)i(127)f(and)h(whose)g(Unico)r(de)h(general)d (category)h(is)h(Lu,)h(Ll,)291 1391 y(Lt,)d(Lm,)h(Lo,)f(Mn,)h(Mc,)g (Me,)g(Nd,)g(Nl,)g(No,)g(Pd,)f(Pc,)g(P)n(o,)g(Sc,)g(Sm,)h(Sk,)g(So,)f (or)g(Co.)415 1493 y(Moreo)n(v)n(er,)18 b(when)h(a)g(bac)n(kslash)e (app)r(ears)h(in)h(a)g(sym)n(b)r(ol,)h(it)g(m)n(ust)f(start)f(a)h Fo(\\x)p Fn(h)p Fr(x)p Fn(i)o(h)p Fr(x)p Fn(i)q Fr(.)13 b(.)h(.)g Fo(;)291 1592 y Fr(escap)r(e,)31 b(whic)n(h)g(iden)n (ti\014es)g(an)g(arbitrary)e(c)n(haracter)g(to)i(include)g(in)h(the)f (sym)n(b)r(ol.)47 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b(of)g(the)h(thread,)h(if)f(one)f(w)n(as)f(sp)r (eci\014ed)i(in)f(the)h(call)f(to)g Fo(spawn)p Fr(,)h Fo(#f)e Fr(otherwise.)739 1114 y Fo(Thread-uid)d Fr(returns)j(the)h Fq(uid)47 b Fr(of)38 b(the)g(thread,)i(a)e(unique)g(in)n(teger)f (assigned)f(b)n(y)i(the)739 1214 y(thread)27 b(system.)739 1535 y Fj(7.2)135 b(Adv)-7 b(anced)44 b(thread)h(handling)739 1733 y Fr(The)28 b(follo)n(wing)e(bindings)i(are)e(part)h(of)h(the)g Fo(threads-internal)21 b Fr(structure:)p Black 755 1925 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(terminate-thre)o(ad)o(!)36 b Fq(thr)l(e)l(ad)9 b Fo(\))p Black 755 2025 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(kill-thread!)36 b Fq(thr)l(e)l(ad)9 b Fo(\))739 2217 y(Terminate-thread)o(!)46 b Fr(un)n(winds)33 b(the)g(thread)g(asso)r(ciated)e(with)i Fq(thr)l(e)l(ad)9 b Fr(,)35 b(running)d(an)n(y)739 2317 y(p)r(ending)22 b Fo(dynamic-wind)15 b Fq(after)30 b Fr(th)n(unks)21 b(\(in)g(that)f(thread\),)i(after)e(whic)n(h)g(the)h(thread)f(ter-)739 2417 y(minates.)39 b Fo(Kill-thread!)34 b Fr(causes)27 b(the)i(thread)f(asso)r(ciated)f(with)i Fq(thr)l(e)l(ad)37 b Fr(to)28 b(terminate)739 2516 y(immediately)g(without)g(un)n(winding) f(its)h(con)n(tin)n(uation.)739 2837 y Fj(7.3)135 b(Debugging)46 b(m)l(ultithreaded)g(programs)739 3036 y Fr(Debugging)27 b(m)n(ultithreaded)g(programs)f(can)h(b)r(e)h(di\016cult.)863 3144 y(As)k(describ)r(ed)f(in)h(section)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 31 w(3.12)p Black(,)g(when)f(an)n(y)g(thread)g(signals)g(an)g(error,)g (Sc)n(heme)g(48)739 3244 y(stops)c(running)g(all)h(of)f(the)h(threads)f (at)g(that)h(command)g(lev)n(el.)863 3352 y(The)22 b(follo)n(wing)e (pro)r(cedure)g(\(exp)r(orted)h(b)n(y)g(the)h(structure)f Fo(debug-messages)p Fr(\))16 b(is)21 b(use-)739 3452 y(ful)28 b(in)g(debugging)f(m)n(ulti-threaded)g(programs.)p Black 755 3644 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(debug-message)35 b Fq(element)1768 3656 y Fk(0)1847 3644 y Fq(.)13 b(.)g(.)g Fo(\))739 3836 y(Debug-message)i Fr(prin)n(ts)20 b(the)h(elemen)n(ts)f (to)g(`)p Fo(stderr)p 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TeXDict begin 93 100 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 291 523 a Fj(7.4)135 b(Optimistic)46 b(concurrency)291 705 y Fr(Most)18 b(of)g(the)h(bindings)f(describ)r(ed)g(in)h(this)g (section)f(are)f(part)h(of)g(the)h Fo(proposals)c Fr(structure|)291 805 y(the)32 b(lo)n(w-lev)n(el)d(bindings)j(describ)r(ed)f(at)h(the)g (v)n(ery)e(end)i(of)f(the)h(section)f(are)g(part)g(of)h(the)291 904 y Fo(low-proposals)22 b Fr(structure.)415 1004 y(A)27 b Fq(pr)l(op)l(osal)36 b Fr(is)26 b(a)g(record)f(of)h(reads)f(from)h (and)g(and)g(writes)g(to)g(lo)r(cations)f(in)i(memory)-7 b(.)291 1103 y(Eac)n(h)22 b(thread)h(has)h(an)f(asso)r(ciated)f Fq(curr)l(ent)j(pr)l(op)l(osal)35 b Fr(\(whic)n(h)24 b(ma)n(y)f(b)r(e)h Fo(#f)p Fr(\).)35 b(The)24 b Fq(lo)l(gging)291 1203 y Fr(op)r(erations)18 b(listed)i(b)r(elo)n(w)g(record)f(an)n(y)g (v)-5 b(alues)19 b(read)g(or)g(written)i(in)f(the)g(curren)n(t)f(prop)r (osal.)291 1303 y(A)i(reading)f(op)r(eration,)h(suc)n(h)g(as)f Fo(provisional-vecto)o(r-)o(ref)o 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y(section)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 27 w(5.6)p Black(\))27 b(to)h(allo)n(w)e(the)i(use)g(of)f (logging)f(op)r(erations.)p Black Black 739 2871 a Fo(\(define)41 b(\(make-counter\))826 2970 y(\(let)h(\(\(value)f(\(make-cell)e (0\)\)\))913 3070 y(\(lambda)i(\(\))1000 3170 y(\(ensure-atomicity)1088 3269 y(\(lambda)f(\(\))1175 3369 y(\(let)i(\(\(v)g(\(+)h (\(provisional-cel)o(l-)o(ref)37 b(value\))1698 3469 y(1\)\)\))1262 3568 y(\(provisional-cel)o(l-)o(set)o(!)g(value)42 b(v\))1262 3668 y(v\)\)\)\)\)\))863 3835 y Fr(Because)33 b Fo(ensure-atomicity)27 b Fr(creates)33 b(a)g(new)h(prop)r(osal)e (only)h(if)h(there)g(is)f(no)h(ex-)739 3935 y(isting)h(prop)r(osal)f (in)h(place,)i(m)n(ultiple)f(atomic)f(actions)g(can)g(b)r(e)g(merged)g (in)n(to)g(a)g(single)739 4034 y(atomic)f(action.)56 b(F)-7 b(or)34 b(example,)h(the)g(follo)n(wing)e(pro)r(cedure)h (incremen)n(ts)f(an)h(arbitrary)739 4134 y(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)j(of)h(coun) n(ters)f(at)g(the)h(same)f(time.)68 b(This)38 b(w)n(orks)e(ev)n(en)h (if)h(the)g(same)f(coun)n(ter)739 4234 y(app)r(ears)22 b(m)n(ultiple)i(times;)i Fo(\(step-counters!)81 b(c0)42 b(c0\))23 b Fr(w)n(ould)g(add)g(t)n(w)n(o)g(to)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)739 4333 y(of)27 b(coun)n(ter)g Fo(c0)p Fr(.)p Black Black 739 4501 a Fo(\(define)41 b(\(step-counters!)c(.)43 b(counters\))826 4601 y(\(ensure-atomicit)o(y)913 4700 y(\(lambda)e(\(\))1000 4800 y(\(for-each)f(\(lambda)h(\(counter\))1523 4900 y(\(counter\)\))1436 4999 y(counters\)\)\)\))p Black 2130 5255 a Fr(94)p Black eop end %%Page: 95 103 TeXDict begin 95 102 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black Black Black 291 523 a Fo(\(define-synchro)o(niz)o(ed)o(-r)o(eco)o(rd)o (-ty)o(pe)37 b Fq(tag)51 b(typ)l(e-name)378 623 y Fo(\()p Fq(c)l(onstructor-name)d(\014eld-tag)k Fo(...\))378 722 y([\()29 b Fq(\014eld-tag)51 b Fo(...\)])378 822 y Fq(pr)l(e)l(dic)l (ate-name)378 922 y Fo(\()p Fq(\014eld-tag)g(ac)l(c)l(essor-name)f Fo([)p Fq(mo)l(di\014er-name)6 b Fo(]\))378 1021 y(...\))291 1200 y Fr(This)30 b(is)h(the)f(same)g(as)g Fo(define-record-typ)o(e)24 b Fr(except)31 b(all)f(\014eld)h(reads)e(and)i(writes)f(are)291 1299 y(logged)e(in)j(the)f(curren)n(t)f(prop)r(osal.)43 b(If)30 b(the)g(optional)g(list)g(of)g(\014eld)g(tags)f(is)h(presen)n (t)f(then)291 1399 y(only)e(those)g(\014elds)h(will)f(b)r(e)h(logged.)p Black 307 1545 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(call-atomically)35 b Fq(thunk)9 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)g Fq(value\(s\))p Black 307 1645 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(call-atomically!)35 b Fq(thunk)9 b Fo(\))p Black 307 1745 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(atomically)37 b Fq(exp)47 b Fo(...\))26 b Fn(!)i Fq(value\(s\))1241 b Fr(syn)n(tax)p Black 307 1844 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(atomically!)37 b Fq(exp)47 b Fo(...\))1620 b Fr(syn)n(tax)291 1991 y Fo(Call-atomically)12 b Fr(and)18 b Fo(call-atomically!)27 b Fr(are)18 b(iden)n(tical)g(to)g Fo(call-ensuring-at)o(omi)o(ci)o(ty)291 2090 y Fr(and)35 b Fo(call-ensuring-ato)o(mi)o(ci)o(ty!)55 b Fr(except)35 b(that)h(they)g(alw)n(a)n(ys)e(install)i(a)f(new)h(pro-)291 2190 y(p)r(osal)f(b)r(efore)h(calling)h Fo(thunk)p Fr(.)61 b(The)37 b(curren)n(t)e(prop)r(osal)g(is)h(sa)n(v)n(ed)f(and)h(then)h (restored)291 2289 y(after)e Fo(thunk)f Fr(returns.)62 b Fo(Call-atomically)30 b Fr(and)35 b Fo(call-atomically!)56 b Fr(are)35 b(useful)h(if)291 2389 y Fo(thunk)25 b Fr(con)n(tains)i(co) r(de)g(that)h(is)g(not)f(to)h(b)r(e)g(com)n(bined)f(with)h(an)n(y)f (other)g(op)r(eration.)415 2489 y Fo(Atomically)21 b Fr(and)j Fo(atomically!)32 b Fr(are)24 b(macro)f(v)n(ersions)g(of)31 b Fo(call-atomically)19 b Fr(and)291 2588 y Fo(call-atomically)o(!)p Fr(:)36 b Fo(\(atomically)j Fq(exp)49 b Fo(...\))43 b Fr(expands)30 b(in)n(to)f Fo(\(call-atomically)291 2688 y(\(lambda)40 b(\(\))j Fq(exp)49 b Fo(...\)\))p Fr(;)26 b(lik)n(ewise)h(for)g Fo(atomically!)32 b Fr(and)27 b Fo(call-atomically!)p Fr(.)415 2788 y(The)d(follo)n(wing)e(pro)r (cedures)h(and)g(macro)f(are)h(in)n(tended)h(primarily)e(for)i(use)f (in)h(imple-)291 2887 y(men)n(ting)e(new)h(sync)n(hronization)e (primitiv)n(es)h(or)g(complex)h(thread-safe)e(data)i(structures.)p Black 307 3050 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(with-new-proposa)o(l)35 b(\()p Fq(lose)6 b Fo(\))42 b Fq(exp)47 b Fo(...\))26 b Fn(!)i Fq(value)i(.)13 b(.)g(.)636 b Fr(syn)n(tax)p Black 307 3150 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(maybe-commit\))36 b Fn(!)41 b Fq(b)l(o)l(ole)l(an)p Black 307 3249 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(proposal-active?)o(\))j Fn(!)e Fq(b)l(o)l(ole)l(an)p Black 307 3349 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(remove-current-p)o(ro)o(pos) o(al)o(!)-6 b(\))p Black 307 3449 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(invalidate-curre)o(nt)o(-pr)o(op)o(os)o(al!)f(\))291 3611 y(With-new-propos)o(al)31 b Fr(sa)n(v)n(es)36 b(the)i(curren)n(t)f (prop)r(osal,)h(installs)g(a)f(new)g(one,)j(executes)291 3711 y(the)f(forms)f(in)i(the)f(b)r(o)r(dy)-7 b(,)43 b(reinstalls)38 b(the)h(formerly)f(curren)n(t)g(prop)r(osal,)j(and)e (returns)291 3811 y(whatev)n(er)28 b(the)j(last)e(b)r(o)r(dy)i(form)e (returned.)44 b(It)30 b(also)f(binds)h Fq(lose)37 b Fr(to)30 b(a)f(th)n(unk)i(rep)r(eating)291 3910 y(the)h(pro)r(cedure)e(of)i (installing)f(a)g(new)h(pro)r(cedure)e(and)h(running)h(the)g(b)r(o)r (dy)-7 b(.)49 b(T)n(ypically)-7 b(,)291 4010 y(the)27 b(b)r(o)r(dy)h(will)g(call)f Fo(maybe-commit)c Fr(and,)k(if)h(that)g (fails,)f(tail-call)g Fq(lose)34 b Fr(to)28 b(try)f(again.)35 b(If)291 4110 y Fq(lose)40 b Fr(is)33 b(called)g(from)g(a)g(non-tail)g (p)r(osition)g(of)h(the)f(b)r(o)r(dy)-7 b(,)35 b(the)f(results)f(are)f (unsp)r(eci\014ed)291 4209 y(\(and)27 b(probably)g(harmful\).)415 4309 y Fo(Maybe-commit)19 b Fr(v)n(eri\014es)k(that)i(an)n(y)e(reads)g (logged)g(in)i(the)f(curren)n(t)g(prop)r(osal)e(are)i(still)291 4408 y(v)-5 b(alid)22 b(and,)h(if)f(so,)h(p)r(erforms)e(an)n(y)g (writes)h(that)g(it)h(con)n(tains.)34 b(A)22 b(logged)f(read)g(is)h(v) -5 b(alid)22 b(if,)i(at)291 4508 y(the)i(time)g(of)g(the)h(commit,)f (the)h(lo)r(cation)e(read)g(con)n(tains)g(the)h(same)g(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(it)g(had)g(at)g(the)291 4608 y(time)d(of)g(the)g(original)e (read)h(\(note)h(that)g(this)h(do)r(es)e(not)h(mean)g(that)g(no)f(c)n (hange)g(o)r(ccurred,)291 4707 y(simply)g(that)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)22 b(no)n(w)g(is)f(the)i(same)e(as)g(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)22 b(then\).)36 b Fo(Maybe-commit)17 b Fr(returns)291 4807 y Fo(#t)26 b Fr(if)j(the)f(commit)f(succeeds)g(and)h Fo(#f)f Fr(if)h(it)g(fails.)415 4907 y Fo(Proposal-active?)64 b Fr(returns)38 b Fo(#t)f Fr(if)j(a)e(prop)r(osal)f(is)i(activ)n(e,)h (and)f Fo(#f)f Fr(otherwise.)291 5006 y Fo(Remove-current-)o(pro)o(po)o (sa)o(l!)49 b Fr(remo)n(v)n(es)32 b(and)i(discards)f(the)h(curren)n(t)f (prop)r(osal;)j(this)p Black 1681 5255 a(95)p Black eop end %%Page: 96 104 TeXDict begin 96 103 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 739 523 a Fr(can)18 b(b)r(e)h(used)f(to)g(clean)g(up)h(b)r(efore)f (raising)f(an)h(error.)32 b Fo(Invalidate-curre)o(nt)o(-pr)o(op)o(osa)o (l!)739 623 y Fr(ensures)d(that)h(an)n(y)f(attempt)h(to)g(commit)g(the) g(curren)n(t)f(prop)r(osal)f(will)i(fail;)h(this)f(can)g(b)r(e)739 722 y(used)25 b(if)h(an)f(op)r(eration)f(on)h(a)f(thread-safe)g(data)h (structure)g(detects)g(that)h(it)f(has)g(seen)g(the)739 822 y(data)i(structure)g(in)h(an)f(inconsisten)n(t)g(state.)863 922 y(The)33 b(follo)n(wing)e(pro)r(cedures)g(giv)n(e)h(access)f(to)h (the)h(lo)n(w-lev)n(el)e(prop)r(osal)g(mec)n(hanism.)739 1022 y(They)c(are)g(de\014ned)h(in)g(the)g Fo(low-proposals)22 b Fr(structure.)p Black 755 1189 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(make-proposal\))35 b Fn(!)41 b Fq(pr)l(op)l(osal)p Black 755 1288 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(current-propos)o(al)o(\))36 b Fn(!)41 b Fq(pr)l(op)l(osal)p Black 755 1388 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(set-current-pr)o(op)o(osa)o(l!)35 b Fq(pr)l(op)l(osal)9 b Fo(\))863 1555 y(Make-proposal)k Fr(creates)18 b(a)g(new)g(prop)r (osal.)32 b Fo(Current-proposal)12 b Fr(and)18 b Fo(set-current-propo)o (sal)739 1655 y Fr(access)f(and)h(set)h(the)f(curren)n(t)g(thread's)g (prop)r(osal.)32 b(It)19 b(is)f(an)g(error)e(to)j(pass)e(to)h Fo(set-current-propo)o(sal)o(!)739 1755 y Fr(a)27 b(prop)r(osal)f(that) i(is)g(already)e(in)i(use.)739 2031 y Fj(7.5)135 b(Condition)46 b(v)-7 b(ariables)739 2214 y Fq(Condition)32 b(variables)37 b Fr(\(de\014ned)29 b(in)g(the)g Fo(condvars)c Fr(structure\))j(allo)n (w)f(threads)h(p)r(erform)739 2313 y(condition)36 b(sync)n (hronization:)53 b(It)36 b(allo)n(ws)f(threads)h(to)g(blo)r(c)n(k,)i(w) n(aiting)e(for)g(a)g(sp)r(eci\014ed)739 2413 y(condition|asso)r(ciated) 22 b(with)i(a)f(condition)g(v)-5 b(ariable|to)22 b(o)r(ccur,)i(and)f (other)g(threads)f(to)739 2512 y(w)n(ak)n(e)k(up)i(the)g(w)n(aiting)f (threads)g(when)h(the)g(condition)f(is)g(ful\014lled.)863 2612 y(Note)i(that,)g(in)g(Sc)n(heme)g(48,)f(condition)h(v)-5 b(ariables)27 b(w)n(ork)g(in)i(conjunction)g(with)g(pro-)739 2712 y(p)r(osals,)f(not)h(with)g(m)n(utex)f(lo)r(c)n(ks)g(or)g (semaphores,)f(as)h(in)h(most)f(other)g(implemen)n(tations)739 2812 y(of)f(this)h(concept.)p Black 755 2962 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(make-condvar\))35 b Fn(!)42 b Fq(c)l(ondvar)p Black 755 3062 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(make-condvar)36 b Fq(id)9 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(c)l(ondvar)p Black 755 3161 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(condvar?)k Fq(thing)7 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)f Fq(b)l(o)l(ole)l(an)p Black 755 3261 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(set-condvar-ha)o(s-)o(val)o(ue)o(?!)35 b Fq(c)l(ondvar)43 b(b)l(o)l(ole)l(an)6 b Fo(\))p Black 755 3361 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(condvar-has-va)o(lu)o(e?)44 b Fq(c)l(ondvar)9 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)f Fq(b)l(o)l(ole)l(an)p Black 755 3460 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(set-condvar-va)o(lu)o(e!)35 b Fq(c)l(ondvar)43 b(value)6 b Fo(\))p Black 755 3560 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(condvar-value)35 b Fq(c)l(ondvar)9 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)g Fq(value)p Black 755 3660 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(maybe-commit-a)o(nd)o(-wa)o(it)o(-fo)o(r-)o(con)o(dv)o (ar)35 b Fq(c)l(ondvar)9 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)g Fq(b)l(o)l(ole)l(an)p Black 755 3759 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(maybe-commit-a)o(nd)o(-se)o (t-)o(con)o(dv)o(ar!)h Fq(c)l(ondvar)g(value)6 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)f Fq(b)l(o)l(ole)l(an)739 3910 y Fo(Make-condvar)24 b Fr(creates)k(a)h(condition)g(v)-5 b(ariable.)41 b(\(The)29 b(optional)g Fq(id)38 b Fr(argumen)n(t)29 b(is)g(only)739 4009 y(for)39 b(debugging)h(purp)r(oses;)45 b(the)c(discloser)d(for)i (condition)g(v)-5 b(ariables)38 b(prin)n(ts)i(it)h(out)f(if)739 4109 y(presen)n(t.\))c Fo(Condvar?)e Fr(is)28 b(the)f(predicate)g(for)h (condition)f(v)-5 b(ariables.)863 4209 y(Eac)n(h)27 b(condition)g(v)-5 b(ariable)26 b(has)h(an)g(asso)r(ciated)f(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(and)h(a)f(\015ag)g Fo(has-value?)33 b Fr(sig-)739 4308 y(nalling)18 b(if)h(the)f(condition)h(has)e(already)g(o)r(ccured.)33 b(The)19 b(accessor)d(for)i(\015ag)g(is)g Fo(condvar-has-valu)o(e?)o Fr(;)739 4408 y Fo(set-condvar-has-)o(va)o(lue)o(?!)64 b Fr(sets)38 b(it.)71 b(Both)38 b(are)g(pro)n(visional)e(op)r(erations) i(and)g(go)739 4508 y(through)28 b(the)i(curren)n(t)e(prop)r(osal.)40 b Fo(Set-condvar-val)o(ue!)34 b Fr(sets)29 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)g(the)g(con-)739 4607 y(dition)f(v)-5 b(ariable)26 b(\(pro)n(visionally\),)g(and)i Fo(condvar-value)22 b Fr(extracts)27 b(it.)863 4707 y Fo(Maybe-commit-and-)o(wai)o(t-)o(fo) o(r-c)o(on)o(dva)o(r)12 b Fr(attempts)19 b(to)f(commit)h(the)g(curren)n (t)e(pro-)739 4807 y(p)r(osal.)49 b(If)33 b(the)f(commit)g(succeeds,)h (it)f(susp)r(ends)g(the)g(curren)n(t)f(thread)h(and)g(registers)e(it) 739 4907 y(with)19 b(the)g Fq(c)l(ondvar)28 b Fr(condition)18 b(v)-5 b(ariable.)33 b(Up)r(on)19 b(w)n(aking)e(up)i(again)e Fo(maybe-commit-and)o(-w)o(ai)o(t-f)o(or)o(-co)o(nd)o(va)o(r)739 5006 y Fr(returns)27 b Fo(#t)p Fr(,)g(If)h(the)g(commit)f(fails,)h Fo(maybe-commit-and)o(-se)o(t-)o(co)o(ndv)o(ar)21 b Fr(returns)27 b Fo(#f)p Fr(.)p Black 2130 5255 a(96)p Black eop end %%Page: 97 105 TeXDict begin 97 104 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 415 523 a Fo(Maybe-commit-and)o(-se)o(t-)o(con)o(dv)o(ar!)39 b Fr(sets)30 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f(the)h Fq(c)l(ondvar)41 b Fr(condition)291 623 y(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(to)i Fq(value)6 b Fr(,)31 b(\(pro)n(visionally\))d(sets)i(the)g Fo(has-value?)39 b Fr(\015ag)29 b(to)h Fo(#t)p Fr(,)f(and)h(then)g(at-)291 722 y(tempt)24 b(to)g(commit)g(the)h(curren)n(t)e(prop)r(osal.)34 b(Up)r(on)24 b(success,)g(it)g(w)n(ak)n(es)f(up)h(all)g(susp)r(ended) 291 822 y(threads)i(registered)h(with)h Fq(c)l(ondvar)37 b Fr(and)28 b(returns)f Fo(#t)p Fr(,)g(otherwise,)f(it)i(returns)f Fo(#f)p Fr(.)291 1091 y Fj(7.6)135 b(Mutual)45 b(exclusion)291 1273 y Fr(Sc)n(heme)26 b(48)g(also)g(has)h(more)f(traditional)g(m)n (utual-exclusion)g(sync)n(hronization)f(abstrac-)291 1373 y(tions,)35 b(sp)r(eci\014cally)e(m)n(utex)h(lo)r(c)n(ks)f(and)g (placeholders.)54 b(Note)34 b(that)g(t)n(ypically)f(sync)n(hro-)291 1472 y(nization)20 b(via)g(optimistic)g(concurrency)f(is)i(usually)f (preferable:)32 b(Mutual)21 b(exclusion)f(often)291 1572 y(puts)h(the)g(running)g(program)e(in)n(to)h(an)h(inconsisten)n(t)g (state)g(for)f(the)h(time)h(of)f(the)g(inclusion,)291 1671 y(whic)n(h)27 b(has)g(adv)n(erse)f(e\013ects)i(on)f(mo)r(dularit)n (y)g(and)g(in)n(terruptibilit)n(y)-7 b(.)291 1899 y Fe(7.6.1)112 b(Lo)s(c)m(ks)291 2052 y Fr(The)27 b Fo(locks)f Fr(structure)h(con)n (tains)g(bindings)g(that)h(implemen)n(t)g(standard)f(m)n(utex)g(lo)r(c) n(ks:)p Black 307 2193 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(make-lock\))37 b Fn(!)42 b Fq(lo)l(ck)p Black 307 2293 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(lock?)48 b Fq(thing)7 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)f Fq(b)l(o)l(ole)l (an)p Black 307 2392 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(obtain-lock)c Fq(lo)l(ck)9 b Fo(\))p Black 307 2492 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(maybe-obtain-loc)o(k)35 b Fq(lo)l(ck)9 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)g Fq(b)l(o)l(ole)l(an)p Black 307 2592 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(release-lock)36 b Fq(lo)l(ck)9 b Fo(\))291 2733 y(Make-lock)30 b Fr(creates)k(a)g(lo)r(c)n(k)g(in)h(the)g (\\released")d(state.)57 b Fo(Lock?)f Fr(is)35 b(the)f(predicate)g(for) 291 2833 y(lo)r(c)n(ks.)415 2932 y Fo(Obtain-lock)21 b Fr(atomically)j(c)n(hec)n(ks)h(if)32 b Fq(lo)l(ck)j Fr(is)26 b(in)f(the)h(\\released")d(state.)36 b(If)26 b(it)g(is,)g(the)291 3032 y(lo)r(c)n(k)f(is)h(put)h(in)n(to)e(the)i (\\obtained")e(state,)h(and)g Fo(obtain-lock)c Fr(returns)j (immediately)-7 b(.)36 b(If)291 3132 y(the)18 b(lo)r(c)n(k)g(is)h(in)f (the)h(\\obtained")e(state,)k(the)d(curren)n(t)g(thread)g(is)g(susp)r (ended)h(and)f(registered)291 3231 y(with)26 b(the)f(lo)r(c)n(k.)36 b Fo(Maybe-obtain-loc)o(k)p Fr(,)20 b(lik)n(e)25 b Fo(obtain-lock)p Fr(,)d(c)n(hec)n(ks)i(the)i(state)f(of)32 b Fq(lo)l(ck)9 b Fr(:)291 3331 y(if)29 b(it)h(is)f(\\released,")e(the)j(lo)r(c)n(k)f (is)g(put)h(in)n(to)f(the)g(\\obtained")f(state,)i(if)f(it)h(is)f (\\obtained,")291 3430 y Fo(maybe-obtain-lo)o(ck)22 b Fr(returns)28 b(immediately)-7 b(.)40 b Fo(Maybe-obtain-loc)o(k)23 b Fr(returns)28 b Fo(#t)f Fr(if)i(it)291 3530 y(w)n(as)d(able)h(to)h (obtain)f(the)h(lo)r(c)n(k,)f(and)h Fo(#f)e Fr(otherwise.)415 3630 y Fo(Release-lock)34 b Fr(do)r(es)k(nothing)h(if)46 b Fq(lo)l(ck)i Fr(is)39 b(in)g(the)g(\\released")e(state.)70 b(If)39 b(it)g(is)g(in)291 3729 y(the)25 b(\\obtained")g(state,)g Fo(release-lock)c Fr(causes)j(one)h(of)h(the)g(threads)e(susp)r(ended)i (on)f(an)291 3829 y Fo(obtain-lock)30 b Fr(lo)r(c)n(k)k(op)r(eration)g (to)g(con)n(tin)n(ue)h(execution.)58 b(If)35 b(that)g(thread)f(is)h (the)g(last)291 3929 y(thread)29 b(registered)g(with)h(the)h(lo)r(c)n (k,)f(the)h(lo)r(c)n(k)e(is)h(transferred)f(to)h(the)g(\\released")e (state.)291 4028 y(In)f(an)n(y)g(case,)g Fo(release-lock)c Fr(returns)k(immediately)-7 b(.)291 4255 y Fe(7.6.2)112 b(Placeholders)291 4408 y Fr(The)36 b Fo(placeholders)c Fr(structure)37 b(con)n(tains)e(bindings)i(for)f Fq(plac)l(eholders)7 b Fr(|thread-safe,)291 4508 y(write-once)26 b(v)-5 b(ariables,)26 b(akin)i(to)f(ID-90)g(I-structures)f(or)h(CML)h(I-v)-5 b(ariables.)415 4608 y(The)36 b(t)n(ypical)f(scenario)f(for)h (placeholders)f(is)i(that,)i(sa)n(y)-7 b(,)36 b(a)g(thread)f(A)h (computes)f(a)291 4707 y(v)-5 b(alue)23 b(needed)h(b)n(y)f(another)f (thread)h(B)h(at)f(some)g(unsp)r(eci\014ed)h(time.)36 b(Both)23 b(threads)g(share)291 4807 y(access)31 b(to)h(a)h (placeholder;)h(when)e(A)h(has)f(computed)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alue,)34 b(it)f(places)f(it)h(in)n(to)g(the)291 4907 y(placeholder.)39 b(When)29 b(B)g(needs)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue,)29 b(it)g(extracts)f(it)h(from)g(placeholder,)f(blo)r(c)n(king) 291 5006 y(if)g(necessary)-7 b(.)p Black 1681 5255 a(97)p Black eop end %%Page: 98 106 TeXDict begin 98 105 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black Black 755 523 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(make-placehold)o(er)o(\))36 b Fn(!)41 b Fq(plac)l(eholder)p Black 755 623 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(make-placehold)o(er)35 b Fq(id)9 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)f Fq(plac)l(eholder)p Black 755 722 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(placeholder?)j Fq(thing)7 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)f Fq(b)l(o)l(ole)l(an)p Black 755 822 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(placeholder-se)o(t!)35 b Fq(plac)l(eholder)44 b(value)6 b Fo(\))p Black 755 922 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(placeholder-va)o(lu)o(e)36 b Fq(plac)l(eholder)9 b Fo(\))44 b Fn(!)d Fq(value)739 1089 y Fo(Make-placeholder)26 b Fr(creates)31 b(an)h(empt)n(y)h(placeholder.)50 b(\(The)33 b(optional)e Fq(id)42 b Fr(argumen)n(t)739 1188 y(is)37 b(only)f(for)g(debugging)g(purp)r(oses;)41 b(the)c(discloser)f(for)g (placeholders)f(prin)n(ts)i(it)g(out)g(if)739 1288 y(presen)n(t.\))f Fo(Placeholder?)c Fr(is)c(the)g(predicate)f(for)g(placeholders.)863 1388 y Fo(Placeholder-set!)j Fr(places)c(a)g(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(in)n(to)g(a)g(placeholder.)36 b(Doing)26 b(this)h(more)e(than)739 1487 y(once)32 b(signals)g(an)g(error.)50 b Fo(Placeholder-value)26 b Fr(extracts)32 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(from)f(the)h(place-)739 1587 y(holder)c(and)g(returns)f(it.)43 b(If)30 b(the)g(placeholder)e (is)h(empt)n(y)-7 b(,)30 b(it)g(blo)r(c)n(ks)e(the)i(curren)n(t)f (thread)739 1687 y(un)n(til)f(it)g(b)r(ecomes)f(full.)739 1963 y Fj(7.7)135 b(W)-11 b(riting)31 b(custom)f(sync)l(hronization)g (abstractions)739 2146 y Fr(The)24 b(bindings)h(explained)f(in)g(this)h (section)f(are)f(part)h(of)g(the)h Fo(threads-internal)18 b Fr(struc-)739 2245 y(ture.)41 b(They)29 b(are)f(concerned)h(with)g (susp)r(ending)g(threads)g(and)g(making)f(them)i(runnable)739 2345 y(again)c(up)r(on)i(some)f(later)g(ev)n(en)n(t.)863 2445 y(T)n(ypically)-7 b(,)33 b(a)e(susp)r(ended)i(thread)e(needs)h(to) g(b)r(e)h(recorded)d(in)j(a)e(queue)h(somewhere)739 2544 y(for)d(later)g(w)n(aking-up.)42 b(T)-7 b(o)30 b(allo)n(w)e(a)i(thread) f(to)h(b)r(e)g(recorded)e(in)i(m)n(ultiple)h(queues)e(\(sa)n(y)-7 b(,)739 2644 y(when)31 b(it)g(w)n(aits)g(for)f(one)h(of)g(a)f(n)n(um)n (b)r(er)h(of)g(ev)n(en)n(ts\),)g(suc)n(h)g Fq(thr)l(e)l(ad)i(queues)38 b Fr(are)30 b(ordinary)739 2744 y(queues)37 b(con)n(taining)g(cells)h (that,)j(in)d(turn,)i(con)n(tain)e(the)g(thread)f(ob)5 b(jects)38 b(themselv)n(es.)739 2843 y(Eac)n(h)24 b(thread)g(has)h(at)f (most)h(one)g(suc)n(h)f(cell)h(asso)r(ciated)f(with)h(it)h(whic)n(h)f (is)f(shared)g(among)739 2943 y(all)29 b(queues)g(\(or)g(other)f(data)h (structures\))g(holding)g(on)g(to)g(the)h(susp)r(ended)g(thread.)41 b(The)739 3042 y(cell)27 b(is)h(cleared)f(when)g(the)h(thread)f(is)h(w) n(ok)n(en)e(up.)p Black 755 3210 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(thread-queue-e)o(mp)o(ty?)43 b Fq(thr)l(e)l(ad-queue)6 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)f Fq(b)l(o)l(ole)l(an)p Black 755 3309 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(maybe-dequeue-)o(th)o(rea)o(d!)i Fq(thr)l(e)l(ad-queue)6 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)f Fq(b)l(o)l(ole)l(an)739 3476 y Fo(Thread-queue-emp)o(ty)o(?)28 b Fr(atomically)17 b(c)n(hec)n(ks)g(whether)i(the)f Fq(thr)l(e)l(ad-queue)25 b Fr(thread)18 b(queue)739 3576 y(is)29 b(empt)n(y)-7 b(,)31 b(i.e.,)f(if)g(it)g(do)r(es)f(not)h(con)n(tain)e(non-empt)n(y)h (cells.)43 b Fo(Maybe-dequeue-th)o(re)o(ad!)739 3676 y Fr(pro)n(visionally)24 b(dequeues)j(a)f(thread)g(from)g Fq(thr)l(e)l(ad-queue)33 b Fr(if)27 b(it)g(con)n(tains)f(one.)36 b(It)27 b(returns)739 3775 y(the)h(dequeued)g(thread)f(or)f Fo(#f)h Fr(if)h(the)g(queue)g(is)f(empt)n(y)-7 b(.)p Black 755 3942 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(maybe-commit-a)o(nd)o(-bl)o (oc)o(k)36 b Fq(c)l(el)t(l)9 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(b)l(o)l(ole)l(an)p Black 755 4042 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(maybe-commit-a)o(nd)o(-bl)o (oc)o(k-o)o(n-)o(que)o(ue)35 b Fq(thr)l(e)l(ad-queue)6 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(b)l(o)l(ole)l(an)p Black 755 4141 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(maybe-commit-a)o(nd)o(-ma)o(ke)o(-re)o(ad)o (y)35 b Fq(thr)l(e)l(ad-or-queue)6 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)f Fq(b)l(o)l(ole)l(an)739 4309 y Fo(Maybe-commit-and)o(-b)o(loc)o(k)32 b Fr(attempts)39 b(to)g(commit)f(the)h(curren)n(t)f(prop)r(osal.)68 b(If)39 b(this)739 4408 y(succeeds,)32 b(the)g(curren)n(t)e(thread)h (is)g(blo)r(c)n(k)n(ed,)h(the)g(thread's)e(cell)i(is)f(set)h(to)f Fq(c)l(el)t(l)9 b Fr(,)33 b(and)e Fo(#t)739 4508 y Fr(is)26 b(returned.)36 b(Otherwise,)26 b Fo(#f)g Fr(is)g(returned.)36 b Fo(Maybe-commit-and)o(-b)o(lo)o(ck-)o(on)o(-qu)o(eu)o(e)20 b Fr(is)739 4607 y(lik)n(e)i Fo(maybe-commit-and)o(-bl)o(oc)o(k)p Fr(,)c(excepts)k(that)h(it)g(creates)e(a)h(fresh)g(cell)h(for)f(the)h (thread)739 4707 y(and)k(enqueues)h(it)g(in)g Fq(thr)l(e)l(ad-queue)33 b Fr(if)c(the)e(commit)h(succeeds.)863 4807 y Fo(Maybe-commit-and-)o (mak)o(e-)o(re)o(ady)23 b Fr(accepts)30 b(either)f(a)h(thread)f(ob)5 b(ject)30 b(or)f(a)h(thread)739 4907 y(queue)e(as)f(an)h(argumen)n(t.) 37 b(In)28 b(either)g(case,)f Fo(maybe-commit-and)o(-m)o(ake)o(-r)o (ead)o(y)22 b Fr(tries)27 b(to)739 5006 y(commit)c(the)g(curren)n(t)f (prop)r(osal.)33 b(If)23 b(that)g(succeeds,)g Fo(maybe-commit-and-)o (ma)o(ke-)o(re)o(ady)p Black 2130 5255 a Fr(98)p Black eop end %%Page: 99 107 TeXDict begin 99 106 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 291 523 a Fr(mak)n(es)18 b(its)j(argumen)n(t)d(runnable:)33 b(if)27 b Fq(thr)l(e)l(ad-or-queue)f Fr(is)20 b(a)g(thread,)h(that)f (thread)f(is)h(made)291 623 y(runnable,)31 b(if)h(it)f(is)g(a)g(thread) g(queue,)h(all)f(threads)f(on)h(the)g(queue)g(are)f(made)h(runnable.) 291 722 y(\(In)f(the)h(latter)e(case,)h(none)g(of)g(the)g(threads)g (actually)f(runs)h(un)n(til)g(all)g(ha)n(v)n(e)f(b)r(een)h(made)291 822 y(runnable.\))46 b Fo(Maybe-commit-and)o(-ma)o(ke)o(-re)o(ad)o(y)25 b Fr(returns)30 b Fo(#t)g Fr(if)h(it)h(succeeded,)f(and)g Fo(#f)291 922 y Fr(otherwise.)291 1195 y Fj(7.8)135 b(Concurren)l(t)45 b(ML)f(abstractions)291 1377 y Fr(The)25 b(in)n(terface)g(to)g(the)h (Concurren)n(t)e(ML)h(abstractions)f(in)h(Sc)n(heme)h(48)e(is)h(mostly) g(analo-)291 1477 y(gous)h(to)h(the)h(original)d(implemen)n(tation)j (shipp)r(ed)f(with)h(SML/NJ)f([)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb(9)p Black(].)37 b(Note)27 b(that)g(b)r(oth)291 1576 y(the)h(in)n(terface)e (and)i(implemen)n(tation)g(are)e(new)i(and)f(ma)n(y)g(c)n(hange)g(in)g (future)h(releases.)415 1676 y(The)23 b(main)h(terminological)d (di\013erence)i(is)g(that)h(CML)f(ev)n(en)n(ts)f(are)h(called)g Fq(r)l(endezvous)291 1775 y Fr(in)32 b(Sc)n(heme)f(48.)48 b(F)-7 b(or)32 b(more)e(information)i(on)f(programming)f(with)i(the)g (CML)g(abstrac-)291 1875 y(tions,)27 b(Repp)n(y's)g(b)r(o)r(ok)h([)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb(9)p Black -1 w(])g(is)f(recommended.)291 2106 y Fe(7.8.1)112 b(Basic)38 b(rendezv)m(ous)g(com)m(binators)291 2260 y Fr(The)27 b(basic)g(rendezv)n(ous)f(com)n(binators)g(liv)n(e)h (in)h(the)g Fo(rendezvous)c Fr(structure.)p Black 307 2421 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(never-rv)2015 b Fr(rendezv)n(ous)p Black 307 2521 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(always-rv)38 b Fq(value)6 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(r)l(endezvous)291 2682 y Fo(Never-rv)27 b Fr(is)k(a)f(rendezv)n(ous)f(that)i(is)g(nev)n (er)f(enabled)h(for)f(sync)n(hronization.)44 b(\(It)32 b(is)f(the)291 2781 y(same)38 b(as)h(the)h Fo(never)d Fr(ev)n(en)n(t)i(in)h(CML.\))g Fo(Always-rv)c Fr(returns)i(a)h(rendezv) n(ous)f(that)i(is)291 2881 y(alw)n(a)n(ys)c(enabled)i(for)f(sync)n (hronization,)i(and)f(alw)n(a)n(ys)f(yields)h(the)g(same)g(v)-5 b(alue)38 b Fq(value)6 b Fr(.)291 2981 y(\(This)27 b(is)h(the)g(same)f (as)g(the)h Fo(alwaysEvt)c Fr(function)k(in)g(CML.\))p Black 307 3142 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(choose)39 b Fq(r)l(endezvous)j(.)13 b(.)g(.)g Fo(\))51 b Fn(!)41 b Fq(r)l(endezvous)291 3303 y Fo(Choose)23 b Fr(creates)h(a)h(rendezv)n (ous)f(represen)n(ting)g(the)h(c)n(hoice)g(of)g(its)h(argumen)n(ts:)34 b(Sync)n(hro-)291 3403 y(nization)c(on)g(the)h(resulting)g(rendezv)n (ous)e(will)i(sync)n(hronize)e(on)h(one)g(of)h(the)g(argumen)n(ts)291 3502 y(to)26 b Fo(choose)p Fr(,)e(dep)r(ending)j(on)f(whic)n(h)h(b)r (ecomes)f(enabled)g(\014rst.)37 b(\(This)26 b(is)h(the)g(same)f(as)g (the)291 3602 y Fo(choose)f Fr(function)j(in)g(CML.\))p Black 307 3763 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(wrap)40 b Fq(r)l(endezvous)h(pr)l(o)l(c)5 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)f Fq(r)l(endezvous) 291 3925 y Fo(Wrap)36 b Fr(wraps)h(a)g(p)r(ost-sync)n(hronization)f (pro)r(cedure)h(around)g Fq(r)l(endezvous)7 b Fr(:)58 b(When)39 b(the)291 4024 y(resulting)24 b(rendezv)n(ous)g(is)h(sync)n (hronized,)g Fq(r)l(endezvous)32 b Fr(is)26 b(sync)n(hronized,)e(and)h (the)h(v)-5 b(alue)291 4124 y(it)30 b(yields)g(is)h(passed)e(to)h Fq(pr)l(o)l(c)5 b Fr(;)32 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(returned)g(b)n(y)h Fq(pr)l(o)l(c)36 b Fr(then)30 b(is)h(the)f(result)g(of)h(the)291 4224 y(sync)n(hronization.)k(\(This)27 b(is)h(the)g(same)f(as)g(the)h (CML)f Fo(wrap)f Fr(function.\))p Black 307 4385 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(guard)39 b Fq(thunk)9 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)g Fq(r)l(endezvous)291 4546 y Fo(Guard)21 b Fr(dela)n(ys)h(the)i (creation)f(of)g(a)g(rendezv)n(ous)f(un)n(til)i(sync)n(hronization)d (time:)36 b(It)24 b(returns)291 4646 y(a)e(rendezv)n(ous)f(that)h (will,)i(up)r(on)f(sync)n(hronization,)f(turn)g(in)n(to)h(the)f (rendezv)n(ous)f(returned)291 4745 y(b)n(y)34 b Fq(thunk)9 b Fr(.)55 b Fo(Guard)32 b Fr(can)i(b)r(e)g(used)g(to)f(p)r(erform)h (pre-sync)n(hronization)d(actions)i(suc)n(h)h(as)291 4845 y(resource)25 b(allo)r(cation.)36 b(\(This)28 b(is)g(the)f(same)h (as)e(the)i(CML)g Fo(guard)e Fr(function.\))p Black 307 5006 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(with-nack)38 b Fq(pr)l(o)l(c)5 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)g Fq(r)l(endezvous)p Black 1681 5255 a Fr(99)p Black eop end %%Page: 100 108 TeXDict begin 100 107 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 739 523 a Fo(With-nack)p Fr(,)18 b(lik)n(e)h Fo(guard)p Fr(,)h(creates)e(a)i(dela)n(y)n(ed)f(rendezv)n(ous:)31 b(Up)r(on)20 b(sync)n(hronization,)g(the)739 623 y(rendezv)n(ous)28 b(actually)h(used)g(is)h(the)g(one)f(returned)g(b)n(y)h Fq(pr)l(o)l(c)5 b Fr(.)43 b(In)30 b(addition)g(to)f(the)h(func-)739 722 y(tionalit)n(y)i(o\013ered)g(b)n(y)h Fo(guard)p Fr(,)f Fq(pr)l(o)l(c)38 b Fr(receiv)n(es,)32 b(as)g(an)g(argumen)n(t,)h (another)f(rendezv)n(ous)739 822 y(whic)n(h)e(b)r(ecomes)f(enabled)h (when)g Fq(another)40 b Fr(rendezv)n(ous)28 b(in)n(v)n(olv)n(ed)h(in)h (the)g(sync)n(hroniza-)739 922 y(tion)i(\(via)g Fo(choose)p Fr(\))e(is)i(pic)n(k)n(ed)g(instead)g(of)g(the)h(one)f(pro)r(duced)g(b) n(y)h Fq(pr)l(o)l(c)5 b Fr(.)51 b(\(This)33 b(is)f(the)739 1021 y(same)27 b(as)g(the)h(CML)f Fo(withNack)e Fr(function.\))p Black 755 1163 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(sync)39 b Fq(r)l(endezvous)7 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)h Fq(value)p Black 755 1262 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(select)c Fq(r)l(endezvous)k(.)13 b(.)g(.)g Fo(\))51 b Fn(!)41 b Fq(value)739 1404 y Fo(Sync)28 b Fr(sync)n(hronizes)g(the)i(curren)n(t)f(thread)g(on)g(rendezv)n(ous)f Fq(r)l(endezvous)7 b Fr(,)31 b(returning)e(the)739 1503 y(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(it)h(yields.)37 b Fo(Select)24 b Fr(sync)n(hronizes) i(on)h(the)h(c)n(hoice)e(of)i(its)f(argumen)n(t;)g Fo(\(select)40 b Fc(r)3565 1515 y Fk(1)739 1603 y Fo(...)p Fc(r)908 1615 y Fa(n)952 1603 y Fo(\))30 b Fr(is)g(seman)n(tically)f(equiv)-5 b(alen)n(t)30 b(to)g Fo(\(sync)41 b(\(choose)g(select)g Fc(r)3043 1615 y Fk(1)3124 1603 y Fo(...)p Fc(r)3293 1615 y Fa(n)3338 1603 y Fo(\)\))p Fr(,)30 b(but)739 1703 y(ma)n(y)20 b(b)r(e)h(implemen)n(ted)g(more)f(e\016cien)n(tly)-7 b(.)34 b(\(These)21 b(are)e(the)i(same)f(as)g(the)h(CML)g(functions)739 1802 y Fo(sync)26 b Fr(and)h Fo(select)p Fr(.\))739 2029 y Fe(7.8.2)112 b(Sync)m(hronous)39 b(c)m(hannels)739 2183 y Fr(The)j Fo(rendezvous-chann)o(els)35 b Fr(structure)42 b(con)n(tains)f(abstractions)f(for)i(bidirectional,)739 2282 y(sync)n(hronous)26 b(c)n(hannels)g(for)h(comm)n(unicating)g(b)r (et)n(w)n(een)h(t)n(w)n(o)f(threads.)p Black 755 2424 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(make-channel\))35 b Fn(!)42 b Fq(channel)p Black 755 2523 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(channel?)k Fq(x)10 b Fo(\))40 b Fn(!)i Fq(b)l(o)l(ole)l(an)739 2665 y Fo(Make-channel)32 b Fr(creates)j(a)h(new)h(sync)n(hronous)d(c)n (hannel.)64 b(\(This)37 b(is)f(the)h(same)f(as)g(the)739 2765 y(CML)28 b Fo(channel)c Fr(function.\))38 b Fo(Channel?)c Fr(is)27 b(the)h(predicate)f(for)g(sync)n(hronous)f(c)n(hannels.)p Black 755 2906 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(\(send-rv)38 b Fq(channel)k(value)6 b Fo(\))42 b Fn(!)g Fq(r)l(endezvous)p Black 755 3006 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w 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Fo(\(receive)c Fq(channel)9 b Fo(\))739 4028 y(Receive-rv)23 b Fr(creates)k(a)g (rendezv)n(ous)f(whic)n(h,)h(up)r(on)h(sync)n(hronization,)e(receiv)n (es)g(a)h(mes-)739 4128 y(sage)38 b(on)h(c)n(hannel)g Fq(channel)9 b Fr(.)72 b(\(This)39 b(is)h(the)f(same)g(as)g(the)g(CML)g Fo(recEvt)e Fr(function.\))739 4227 y Fo(Receive)j Fr(directly)i (receiv)n(es)f(a)h(message)f(on)h(c)n(hannel)g Fq(channel)9 b Fr(;)50 b Fo(\(receive)41 b Fc(c)i(v)s Fo(\))f Fr(is)739 4327 y(equiv)-5 b(alen)n(t)35 b(to)g Fo(\(sync)41 b(\(receive-rv)e Fc(c)44 b(v)s Fo(\)\))p Fr(.)58 b(\()p Fo(Receive)33 b Fr(is)i(the)g(same)f(as)h(the)g(CML)739 4427 y Fo(recv)26 b Fr(function.\))739 4654 y Fe(7.8.3)112 b(Sync)m(hronous)39 b(v)-6 b(ariables)739 4807 y Fr(Tw)n(o)17 b(structures)h(con)n(tain)g (abstractions)f(for)g(sync)n(hronous)g(v)-5 b(ariables:)31 b(the)18 b Fo(rendezvous-placeh)o(old)o(er)o(s)739 4907 y Fr(structure)g(for)g(so-called)f Fq(plac)l(eholders)28 b Fr(\(write-once)17 b(v)-5 b(ariables\),)20 b(and)e(the)g Fo(rendezvous-jars)739 5006 y Fr(structure)27 b(for)g Fq(jars)35 b Fr(\(whic)n(h)28 b(allo)n(w)f(m)n(ultiple)h(up)r(dates.\)) p Black 2109 5255 a(100)p Black eop end %%Page: 101 109 TeXDict begin 101 108 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 291 523 a Fm(Placeholders)291 681 y Fr(Placeholders)35 b(are)i(write-once)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)66 b(The)38 b(placeholders)f (implemen)n(ted)h(b)n(y)g(the)291 781 y Fo(rendezvous-plac)o(eho)o(ld)o (er)o(s)15 b Fr(structure)20 b(o\013er)h(equiv)-5 b(alen)n(t)21 b(functionalit)n(y)g(to)f(the)i(place-)291 880 y(holders)36 b(implemen)n(ted)h(b)n(y)g(the)g Fo(placeholders)32 b Fr(structure)k(\(see)h(Section)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 37 w(7.6.2)p Black(\),)h(but)291 980 y(additionally)31 b(allo)n(w)f(con)n (v)n(erting)g(a)i(placeholder)e(in)n(to)i(a)f(rendezv)n(ous.)48 b(Note,)33 b(ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)291 1080 y(that)20 b(placeholders)e (from)i Fo(placeholders)15 b Fr(are)k(di\013eren)n(t)h(from)g(and)g (not)g(in)n(terc)n(hangeable)291 1179 y(with)28 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b(in)n(terrupts)h(that)g(o)r(ccur)g(during)g(a)g(call) g(to)g(a)g(C)g(function)h(are)e(ignored)291 1430 y(un)n(til)28 b(the)h(function)g(returns)e(to)h(Sc)n(heme)h(\(this)f(is)g(clearly)g (a)f(problem;)i(w)n(e)e(are)h(w)n(orking)291 1529 y(on)f(a)g (solution\).)p Black 307 1694 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(import-lambda-de)o(fi)o(nit)o(io)o(n-)o(2)36 b Fq(name)47 b Fo(\()p Fq(formal)52 b Fo(...\)\))517 b Fr(syn)n(tax)p Black 307 1793 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(import-lambda-de)o(fi)o(nit) o(io)o(n-)o(2)36 b Fq(name)47 b Fo(\()p Fq(formal)52 b Fo(...\))39 b Fq(c-name)6 b Fo(\))209 b Fr(syn)n(tax)291 1958 y(These)27 b(macros)e(simplify)j(imp)r(orting)f(functions)h(from)f (C)g(that)h(follo)n(w)e(the)i(return)f(v)-5 b(alue)291 2057 y(and)26 b(argumen)n(t)g(con)n(v)n(en)n(tions)f(of)i(the)g (foreign-function)f(in)n(terface)g(and)h(use)f Fo(s48)p 2880 2057 27 4 v 31 w(call)p 3087 2057 V 29 w(t)291 2157 y Fr(and)j Fo(s48)p 591 2157 V 30 w(ref)p 753 2157 V 30 w(t)g 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y(foreign-function)c(in)n(terface)h (pro)n(vides)e(functionalit)n(y)i(to)f(create)g(a)h(new)f(\(sub-\)call) 946 1946 y(ob)5 b(ject)26 b(and)g(clean)g(the)h(lo)r(cal)e(references)g (that)i(are)e(created)g(during)h(that)g(sub)r(call:)p Black 963 2093 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(s48)p 1183 2093 27 4 v 30 w(call)p 1389 2093 V 30 w(t)41 b(s48)p 1636 2093 V 30 w(make)p 1842 2093 V 30 w(subcall\(s48)p 2356 2093 V 27 w(call)p 2559 2093 V 29 w(t)h(call\))p Black 963 2193 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(void)e(s48)p 1399 2193 V 30 w(free)p 1605 2193 V 30 w(subcall\(s48)p 2119 2193 V 27 w(call)p 2322 2193 V 29 w(t)h(subcall\))p Black 963 2292 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(s48)p 1183 2292 V 30 w(ref)p 1345 2292 V 30 w(t)g(s48)p 1592 2292 V 31 w(finish)p 1887 2292 V 28 w(subcall\(s48)p 2399 2292 V 27 w(call)p 2602 2292 V 30 w(t)g(call,)f(s48)p 3109 2292 V 30 w(call)p 3315 2292 V 29 w(t)i(subcall,)c(s48)p 3952 2292 V 30 w(ref)p 4114 2292 V 30 w(t)j(ref\))946 2439 y(s48)p 1083 2439 V 31 w(make)p 1290 2439 V 29 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2237 2663 V 30 w(ref)p 2399 2663 V 30 w(t\))p Black 307 2763 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(void)f(s48)p 743 2763 V 30 w(check)p 993 2763 V 30 w(record)p 1287 2763 V 28 w(2\(s48)p 1535 2763 V 30 w(call)p 1741 2763 V 29 w(t,)h(s48)p 2031 2763 V 30 w(ref)p 2193 2763 V 30 w(t\))p Black 307 2863 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(void)f(s48)p 743 2863 V 30 w(check)p 993 2863 V 30 w(shared)p 1287 2863 V 28 w(binding)p 1623 2863 V 29 w(2\(s48)p 1872 2863 V 29 w(call)p 2077 2863 V 30 w(t,)h(s48)p 2368 2863 V 30 w(ref)p 2530 2863 V 30 w(t\))291 3137 y Fj(8.10)135 b(External)46 b(ev)l(en)l(ts)291 3319 y Fr(External)17 b(co)r(de)h(can)g(push)g(the)h(o)r(ccurrence)e (of)i(external)e(ev)n(en)n(ts)h(in)n(to)g(the)h(main)f(Sc)n(heme)g(48) 291 3418 y(ev)n(en)n(t)27 b(lo)r(op)g(and)g(Sc)n(heme)h(co)r(de)f(can)g (w)n(ait)h(and)f(act)g(on)h(external)e(ev)n(en)n(ts.)415 3518 y(On)18 b(the)h(Sc)n(heme)g(side,)h(the)f(external)f(ev)n(en)n(ts) g(functionalit)n(y)h(consists)e(of)i(the)g(follo)n(wing)291 3618 y(functions)27 b(from)h(the)g(structure)f Fo(primitives)p Fr(:)p Black 307 3766 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(new-external-eve)o (nt)o(-ui)o(d)35 b Fq(shar)l(e)l(d-binding-or-#f)20 b Fo(\))41 b Fn(!)83 b Fq(uid)p Black 307 3865 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(unregister-exter)o(na)o(l-e)o(ve)o(nt)o(-ui)o(d!)35 b Fq(uid)9 b Fo(\))291 4013 y Fr(And)28 b(the)g(follo)n(wing)e (functions)i(from)f(the)h(structure)g Fo(external-events)o Fr(:)p Black 307 4161 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(register-condvar)o (-f)o(or-)o(ex)o(te)o(rna)o(l-)o(eve)o(nt)o(!)35 b Fq(uid)42 b(c)l(ondvar)9 b Fo(\))p Black 307 4261 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(wait-for-externa)o(l-)o(eve)o(nt)35 b Fq(c)l(ondvar)9 b Fo(\))p Black 307 4360 a Fn(\017)p Black 41 w Fo(\(new-external-eve)o (nt)o(\))35 b Fn(!)83 b Fq(uid)42 b(c)l(ondvar)291 4508 y Fr(The)22 b(function)g Fo(new-external-even)o(t-)o(uid)15 b Fr(returns)22 b(a)f(fresh)h(ev)n(en)n(t)g(iden)n(ti\014er)f(on)h(ev)n (ery)291 4608 y(call.)33 b(When)19 b(called)f(with)h(a)f(shared)f (binding)i(instead)f(of)25 b Fo(#f)p Fr(,)19 b Fo(new-external-even)o (t-)o(uid)291 4707 y Fr(returns)e(a)h(named)g(ev)n(en)n(t)g(iden)n (ti\014er)h(for)e(p)r(ermanen)n(t)i(use.)33 b(The)19 b(function)g Fo(unregister-exte)o(rna)o(l-)o(ev)o(ent)o(-u)o(id)291 4807 y Fr(unregisters)26 b(the)i(giv)n(en)e(ev)n(en)n(t)i(iden)n (ti\014er.)415 4907 y(External)40 b(ev)n(en)n(ts)h(use)g(condition)g(v) -5 b(ariables)40 b(to)h(sync)n(hronize)e(the)j(o)r(ccurrence)e(of)291 5006 y(ev)n(en)n(ts,)21 b(see)g(section)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(7.5)p Black 20 w(for)g(more)f(information)h(on)g(condition)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)33 b(The)21 b(function)p Black 1660 5255 a(123)p Black eop end %%Page: 124 132 TeXDict begin 124 131 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 739 523 a Fo(register-condvar)o(-f)o(or-)o(ex)o(ter)o(na)o(l-)o (eve)o(nt)14 b Fr(registers)20 b(a)g(condition)h(v)-5 b(ariable)20 b(with)i(an)739 623 y(ev)n(en)n(t)30 b(iden)n(ti\014er.)46 b(F)-7 b(or)30 b(con)n(v)n(enience,)g(the)h(function)g Fo(new-external-eve)o(nt)24 b Fr(com)n(bines)739 722 y Fo(new-external-eve)o(nt)o(-ui)o(d)31 b Fr(and)37 b Fo(register-condvar-)o(for)o(-e)o(xte)o(rn)o(al)o(-ev)o(en)o(t)31 b Fr(and)739 822 y(returns)c(a)g(fresh)g(ev)n(en)n(t)g(iden)n(ti\014er) h(and)f(the)h(corresp)r(onding)e(condition)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)863 922 y(The)39 b(function)g Fo(wait-for-extern)o(al-)o(ev)o(en)o(t)32 b Fr(blo)r(c)n(ks)38 b(the)h(caller)e(\(on)h(the)h(condi-)739 1022 y(tion)32 b(v)-5 b(ariable\))32 b(un)n(til)h(the)g(Sc)n(heme)g (main)f(ev)n(en)n(t)g(lo)r(op)g(receiv)n(es)f(an)i(ev)n(en)n(t)f (noti\014cation)739 1122 y(\(b)n(y)38 b Fo(s48)p 1034 1122 27 4 v 30 w(note)p 1240 1122 V 29 w(external)p 1621 1122 V 29 w(event)p Fr(\))c(of)j(the)g(ev)n(en)n(t)f(iden)n(ti\014er)g (that)h(is)g(registered)e(with)739 1221 y(the)e(giv)n(en)f(condition)h (v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(\(with)h Fo(register-condvar-)o(fo)o(r-e)o(xt)o (ern)o(al)o(-e)o(ven)o(t)p Fr(\).)739 1321 y(There)19 b(is)h(no)g(guaran)n(tee)e(that)i(the)g(caller)f(of)27 b Fo(wait-for-externa)o(l-)o(ev)o(ent)13 b Fr(is)20 b(un)n(blo)r(c)n(k) n(ed)739 1420 y(on)f(ev)n(ery)f(ev)n(en)n(t)h(noti\014cation,)h (therefore)f(the)h(caller)e(has)h(to)g(b)r(e)h(prepared)e(to)h(handle)g (m)n(ul-)739 1520 y(tiple)31 b(external)f(ev)n(en)n(ts)g(that)h(ha)n(v) n(e)e(o)r(ccurred)h(and)g(external)g(co)r(de)h(has)f(to)g(b)r(e)h (prepared)739 1620 y(to)c(store)g(m)n(ultiple)h(external)f(ev)n(en)n (ts.)863 1720 y(The)h(follo)n(wing)f(protot)n(yp)r(e)f(is)i(the)g(in)n (terface)f(on)g(the)h(external)f(side:)p Black 755 1872 a Fn(\017)p Black 42 w Fo(void)39 b(s48)p 1191 1872 V 31 w(note)p 1398 1872 V 29 w(external)p 1779 1872 V 28 w(event\(long\))739 2023 y Fr(External)17 b(co)r(de)h(has)g(to)g (collect)g(external)g(ev)n(en)n(ts)g(and)g(can)g(use)g Fo(s48)p 2853 2023 V 30 w(note)p 3059 2023 V 30 w(external)p 3441 2023 V 28 w(event)739 2123 y Fr(to)31 b(signal)g(the)h(o)r (ccurrence)e(of)i(an)f(external)g(ev)n(en)n(t)g(to)g(the)h(main)f(ev)n (en)n(t)h(lo)r(op.)48 b(The)31 b(ar-)739 2223 y(gumen)n(t)c(to)g Fo(s48)p 1274 2223 V 30 w(note)p 1480 2223 V 30 w(external)p 1862 2223 V 28 w(event)e Fr(is)i(an)g(ev)n(en)n(t)g(iden)n(ti\014er)g (that)g(w)n(as)f(previously)739 2322 y(registered)21 b(on)h(the)g(Sc)n(heme)g(side.)35 b(Th)n(us,)24 b(external)d(co)r(de)h (has)g(to)g(obtain)g(the)h(ev)n(en)n(t)e(iden-)739 2422 y(ti\014er)h(from)f(the)h(Sc)n(heme)g(side,)h(either)e(b)n(y)h(passing) f(the)h(ev)n(en)n(t)f(iden)n(ti\014er)h(as)f(an)g(argumen)n(t)739 2522 y(to)33 b(the)h(external)f(function)h(that)f(calls)g Fo(s48)p 2166 2522 V 30 w(note)p 2372 2522 V 30 w(external)p 2754 2522 V 28 w(event)e Fr(or)i(b)n(y)g(exp)r(orting)739 2621 y(the)28 b(Sc)n(heme)f(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(to)f(C)h(\(see)f(section)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 28 w(8.2.1)p Black(\).)863 2722 y(Since)19 b(the)g(main)f(ev)n(en)n(t)g(lo)r(op)g(do)r(es)g(not)g(guaran)n(tee)f (that)h(ev)n(ery)g(call)g(to)g Fo(s48)p 3227 2722 V 30 w(note)p 3433 2722 V 30 w(external)p 3815 2722 V 28 w(event)739 2821 y Fr(causes)33 b(the)h(just)g(o)r(ccurred)f(ev)n(en)n(t)g(to)g (get)h(handled)g(immediately)-7 b(,)35 b(external)e(co)r(de)h(has)739 2921 y(to)20 b(mak)n(e)f(sure)h(that)h(it)f(can)g(collect)g(m)n (ultiple)h(external)e(ev)n(en)n(ts)h(\(i.e.)35 b(k)n(eep)20 b(them)g(in)h(an)f(ap-)739 3020 y(propriate)d(data)h(structure\).)33 b(It)19 b(is)f(safe)g(for)g(external)g(co)r(de)g(to)g(call)g Fo(s48)p 2981 3020 V 30 w(note)p 3187 3020 V 30 w(external)p 3569 3020 V 28 w(event)739 3120 y Fr(on)34 b(ev)n(ery)g(collected)g (external)g(ev)n(en)n(t,)i(though,)g(ev)n(en)f(if)g(older)f(ev)n(en)n (ts)g(ha)n(v)n(e)f(not)i(b)r(een)739 3220 y(handled)28 b(y)n(et.)739 3456 y Fe(8.10.1)112 b(Collecting)38 b(external)g(ev)m (en)m(ts)g(in)f(external)h(co)s(de)739 3611 y Fr(External)h(co)r(de)h (has)g(to)g(b)r(e)g(able)g(to)g(collect)g(m)n(ultiple)h(ev)n(en)n(ts)f (that)g(ha)n(v)n(e)f(o)r(ccurred.)739 3710 y(Therefore,)30 b(external)h(co)r(de)f(has)h(to)f(create)g(the)i(needed)f(data)f (structures)g(to)h(store)f(the)739 3810 y(information)f(that)i(is)f (asso)r(ciated)f(with)i(the)f(o)r(ccurred)f(ev)n(en)n(t.)44 b(Usually)-7 b(,)31 b(external)e(co)r(de)739 3910 y(collects)e(the)i (ev)n(en)n(ts)e(in)h(a)g(thread.)37 b(An)29 b(separate)d(thread)i(do)r (es)g(not)g(ha)n(v)n(e)e(an)i(call)g(argu-)739 4009 y(men)n(t,)i (though,)g(so)f(it)h(cannot)f(create)f(Sc)n(heme)i(data)f(structures.) 41 b(It)30 b(m)n(ust)g(use)f(C)h(data)739 4109 y(structures)25 b(to)g(collect)g(the)h(ev)n(en)n(ts,)f(for)g(example)h(it)f(can)h (create)e(a)h(link)n(ed)h(list)f(of)h(ev)n(en)n(ts.)863 4209 y(Since)32 b(the)f(ev)n(en)n(ts)f(are)g(later)h(handled)g(on)f (the)i(Sc)n(heme)f(side,)g(the)h(information)e(as-)739 4309 y(so)r(ciated)d(with)h(the)g(ev)n(en)n(t)f(needs)h(to)f(b)r(e)h (visible)f(on)h(the)g(Sc)n(heme)f(side,)h(to)r(o.)36 b(Therefore,)739 4408 y(external)c(co)r(de)h(exp)r(orts)f(a)h(function) h(to)f(Sc)n(heme)g(that)g(returns)g(all)f(curren)n(t)h(ev)n(en)n(ts)f (as)739 4508 y(Sc)n(heme)e(ob)5 b(jects)30 b(\(the)h(function)g(that)f (returns)g(the)g(ev)n(en)n(ts)g(kno)n(ws)f(ab)r(out)h(the)h(curren)n(t) 739 4608 y(call)23 b(and)g(th)n(us)g(can)g(create)f(Sc)n(heme)h(ob)5 b(jects\).)35 b(Sc)n(heme)24 b(and)f(external)f(co)r(de)h(migh)n(t)g (need)739 4707 y(to)30 b(share)g(Sc)n(heme)g(record)g(t)n(yp)r(es)g (that)h(represen)n(t)f(the)h(ev)n(en)n(t)f(information.)45 b(T)n(ypically)-7 b(,)739 4807 y(the)37 b(function)f(that)h(returns)f (the)g(ev)n(en)n(ts)g(con)n(v)n(erts)e(the)j(C)f(ev)n(en)n(t)g(list)g (in)n(to)g(a)g(Sc)n(heme)739 4907 y(ev)n(en)n(t)f(list)h(b)n(y)g (preserving)e(the)i(original)e(order)h(in)h(whic)n(h)f(the)i(ev)n(en)n (ts)e(arriv)n(ed.)59 b(Note)739 5006 y(that)36 b(the)g(external)f(list) h(data)f(structure)g(that)h(holds)g(all)f(ev)n(en)n(ts)g(needs)g(to)h (b)r(e)g(m)n(utex)p Black 2109 5255 a(124)p Black eop end %%Page: 125 133 TeXDict begin 125 132 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 291 523 a Fr(lo)r(c)n(k)n(ed)32 b(on)i(eac)n(h)f(access)g(to)g (preserv)n(e)f(thread-safe)h(manipulation)g(of)h(the)g(data)g(struc-) 291 623 y(ture)k(\(the)h(Sc)n(heme)g(thread)f(that)h(pro)r(cesses)e(ev) n(en)n(ts)h(and)h(the)g(external)e(thread)i(that)291 722 y(collects)27 b(ev)n(en)n(ts)f(ma)n(y)h(access)g(the)h(data)f (structures)g(at)g(the)h(same)f(time\).)291 950 y Fe(8.10.2)112 b(Handling)39 b(external)f(ev)m(en)m(ts)f(in)h(Sc)m(heme)291 1103 y Fr(If)28 b(the)h(sole)f(o)r(ccurrence)f(of)h(an)g(ev)n(en)n(t)g (do)r(es)g(not)h(su\016ce)f(for)g(the)h(program,)d(the)j(Sc)n(heme)291 1203 y(side)35 b(has)g(to)g(pull)g(the)h(information)f(that)g(is)h (asso)r(ciated)e(with)h(an)g(ev)n(en)n(t)g(from)g(the)h(C)291 1302 y(side.)h(Then,)28 b(the)h(Sc)n(heme)e(side)h(can)g(handle)f(the)i (ev)n(en)n(t)e(data.)37 b(F)-7 b(or)27 b(example,)h(a)f(t)n(ypical)291 1402 y(ev)n(en)n(t)k(lo)r(op)h(on)g(the)h(Sc)n(heme)f(side)g(that)h(w)n 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y Fo(\045A)99 b Fr(is)27 b(replaced)g(b)n(y)g(the)h(lo)r(cale's)f (full)h(w)n(eekda)n(y)e(name.)789 3780 y Fo(\045b)99 b Fr(is)27 b(replaced)g(b)n(y)g(the)h(lo)r(cale's)f(abbreviated)f(mon)n (th)i(name.)789 3880 y Fo(\045B)99 b Fr(is)27 b(replaced)g(b)n(y)g(the) h(lo)r(cale's)f(full)h(mon)n(th)g(name.)789 3980 y Fo(\045c)99 b Fr(is)27 b(replaced)g(b)n(y)g(the)h(lo)r(cale's)f(appropriate)f(date) h(and)h(time)g(represen)n(tation.)789 4079 y Fo(\045C)99 b Fr(is)25 b(replaced)f(b)n(y)h(the)h(y)n(ear)e(divided)i(b)n(y)f(100)f (and)h(truncated)h(to)f(an)g(in)n(teger,)g(as)g(a)976 4179 y(decimal)i(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)g(\(00{99\).)789 4278 y Fo(\045d)99 b Fr(is)27 b(replaced)g(b)n(y)g(the)h(da)n(y)f(of)g(the)h (mon)n(th)g(as)f(a)g(decimal)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)h(\(01{31\).)789 4378 y Fo(\045D)99 b Fr(is)27 b(equiv)-5 b(alen)n(t)27 b(to)h(\\)p Fo(\045m/\045d/\045y)p Fr(".)789 4478 y Fo(\045e)99 b Fr(is)21 b(replaced)g(b)n(y)h(the)g(da)n(y)f(of)h(the)g(mon)n(th)g 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Fo(\045I)99 b Fr(is)28 b(replaced)e(b)n(y)i(the)g(hour)f (\(12-hour)f(clo)r(c)n(k\))h(as)g(a)g(decimal)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)h (\(01{12\).)340 822 y Fo(\045j)99 b Fr(is)28 b(replaced)e(b)n(y)i(the)g (da)n(y)e(of)i(the)g(y)n(ear)e(as)h(a)g(decimal)h(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)f (\(001{366\).)340 922 y Fo(\045m)99 b Fr(is)28 b(replaced)e(b)n(y)i (the)g(mon)n(th)f(as)g(a)g(decimal)h(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)f(\(01{12\).)340 1021 y Fo(\045M)99 b Fr(is)28 b(replaced)e(b)n(y)i(the)g(min)n(ute)g (as)f(a)g(decimal)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)h(\(00{59\).)340 1121 y Fo(\045n)99 b Fr(is)28 b(replaced)e(b)n(y)i(a)f(new-line)g(c)n (haracter.)340 1220 y Fo(\045p)99 b Fr(is)28 b(replaced)e(b)n(y)i(the)g (lo)r(cale's)e(equiv)-5 b(alen)n(t)28 b(of)f(the)h(AM/PM)f (designations)g(asso-)527 1320 y(ciated)h(with)g(a)f(12-hour)f(clo)r(c) n(k.)340 1420 y Fo(\045r)99 b Fr(is)28 b(replaced)e(b)n(y)i(the)g(lo)r (cale's)e(12-hour)g(clo)r(c)n(k)h(time.)340 1519 y Fo(\045R)99 b Fr(is)28 b(equiv)-5 b(alen)n(t)27 b(to)h(\\)p Fo(\045H:\045M)p Fr(".)340 1619 y Fo(\045S)99 b Fr(is)28 b(replaced)e(b)n(y)i(the)g (second)f(as)g(a)g(decimal)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)h(\(00{60\).)340 1719 y Fo(\045t)99 b Fr(is)28 b(replaced)e(b)n(y)i(a)f(horizon)n (tal-tab)e(c)n(haracter.)340 1818 y Fo(\045T)99 b Fr(is)28 b(equiv)-5 b(alen)n(t)27 b(to)h(\\)p Fo(\045H:\045M:\045S)p Fr(")23 b(\(the)28 b(ISO)g(8601)d(time)j(format\).)340 1918 y Fo(\045u)99 b Fr(is)26 b(replaced)g(b)n(y)g(the)g(ISO)g(8601)f (w)n(eekda)n(y)f(as)i(a)g(decimal)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)g(\(1{7\),)g(where) 527 2017 y(Monda)n(y)h(is)g(1.)340 2117 y Fo(\045U)99 b Fr(is)24 b(replaced)g(b)n(y)g(the)h(w)n(eek)f(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)g(of)g (the)h(y)n(ear)e(\(the)i(\014rst)f(Sunda)n(y)g(as)g(the)g(\014rst)527 2217 y(da)n(y)j(of)h(w)n(eek)f(1\))g(as)g(a)g(decimal)h(n)n(um)n(b)r (er)f(\(00{53\).)340 2316 y Fo(\045V)99 b Fr(is)41 b(replaced)f(b)n(y)g (the)i(ISO)e(8601)f(w)n(eek)h(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)h(\(see)g(b)r(elo)n(w\))g (as)f(a)g(decimal)527 2416 y(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)28 b(\(01{53\).)340 2516 y 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b(mo)r(dules.)69 b Fq(A)n(CM)41 b(Confer)l(enc)l(e)f(on)g(Lisp)h(and)f(F)-6 b(unctional)40 b(Pr)l(o)l(gr)l(amming,)910 4629 y Fr(pages)26 b(20{29,)f(1990.)p Black 739 4807 a([11])p Black 41 w(Olin)47 b(Shiv)n(ers,)52 b(Brian)47 b(D.)i(Carlstrom,)i(Martin)d(Gasbic)n(hler)e(and)i(Mik)n(e)g (Sp)r(er-)910 4907 y(b)r(er.)106 b(Scsh)51 b(Reference)g(Man)n(ual,)56 b(scsh)51 b(release)f(0.6.6.)105 b(Av)-5 b(ailable)51 b(at)g(URL)910 5006 y Fo(http://www.scsh)o(.ne)o(t/)o Fr(.)p Black 2109 5255 a(154)p Black eop end %%Page: 155 163 TeXDict begin 155 162 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black Black 291 523 a Fr([12])p Black 40 w(Olin)33 b(Shiv)n(ers.)53 b(A)34 b(univ)n(ersal)e(scripting)h(framew)n(ork,)g(or)f(Lam)n(b)r(da:) 48 b(the)33 b(ultimate)461 623 y(\\little)i(language".)55 b Fq(Concurr)l(ency)37 b(and)f(Par)l(al)t(lelism,)41 b(Pr)l(o)l(gr)l(amming,)e(Network-)461 722 y(ing,)31 b(and)f(Se)l(curity,)e Fr(pages)e(254{265,)e(Springer)j(1996.)35 b(Jo)n(xan)26 b(Ja\013ar)g(and)h(Roland)461 822 y(H.)h(C.)g(Y)-7 b(ap,)28 b(editors.)p Black 1660 5255 a(155)p Black eop end %%Page: 156 164 TeXDict begin 156 163 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black Black 739 999 a Fp(Index)p Black 739 1414 a Fo(accessible?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(138)p Black 739 1514 a Fo(add-signal-queue)o(-s)o(ign)o(al)o(!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(133)p Black 739 1614 a Fo(after-time-rv)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(102)p Black 739 1714 a Fo(always-rv)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(99)p Black 739 1815 a Fo(any)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(39)p Black 739 1915 a Fo(any-match?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(79)p Black 739 2015 a Fo(any?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(38)p Black 739 2115 a Fo(arithmetic-shift)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(40)p Black 739 2215 a Fo(array)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(43)p Black 739 2316 a Fo(array->vector)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(43)p Black 739 2416 a Fo(array-ref)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(43)p Black 739 2516 a Fo(array-set!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(43)p Black 739 2616 a Fo(array-shape)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(43)p Black 739 2716 a Fo(array?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(43)p Black 739 2817 a Fo(ascii-range)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(77)p Black 739 2917 a Fo(ascii-ranges)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(77)p Black 739 3017 a Fo(at-real-time-rv) p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(102)p Black 739 3117 a Fo(atom?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(38)p Black 739 3217 a Fo(atomically!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(95)p Black 739 3410 a Fo(bit-count)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(40)p Black 739 3511 a Fo(bitwise-and)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(40)p Black 739 3611 a Fo(bitwise-ior)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(40)p Black 739 3711 a Fo(bitwise-not)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(40)p Black 739 3811 a Fo(bitwise-xor)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(40)p Black 739 3911 a Fo(byte-vector)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(40)p Black 739 4012 a Fo (byte-vector->os-)o(st)o(rin)o(g)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(53)p Black 739 4112 a Fo(byte-vector-leng)o(th)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(40)p Black 739 4212 a Fo(byte-vector-ref) p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(40)p Black 739 4312 a Fo(byte-vector-set!)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(40)p Black 739 4412 a Fo(byte-vector=?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(40)p Black 739 4513 a Fo(byte-vector?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(40)p Black 739 4706 a Fo(call-atomically)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(95)p Black 739 4806 a Fo (call-atomically!)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(95)p Black 739 4906 a Fo(call-ensuring-at)o(om)o(ici)o(ty)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(93)p Black 739 5006 a Fo (call-ensuring-at)o(om)o(ici)o(ty)o(!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(93)p Black Black Black 2213 1414 a Fo(call-imported-b) o(ind)o(in)o(g-)o(2)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(108)p Black 2213 1514 a Fo(call-with-os-st)o(rin)o(g-)o(te)o(xt-)o(co)o(dec)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 14 w(54)p Black 2213 1614 a Fo(cell-ref)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(41)p Black 2213 1714 a Fo(cell-set!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(41)p Black 2213 1814 a Fo(cell?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(41)p Black 2213 1914 a Fo(channel?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(100)p Black 2213 2014 a Fo(char->scalar-va)o(lue)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(83)p Black 2213 2114 a Fo(char-foldcase)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(86)p Black 2213 2214 a Fo(char-general-ca)o(teg)o(or)o(y)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(85)p Black 2213 2314 a Fo(char-titlecase)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(86)p Black 2213 2414 a Fo(char-titlecase?)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(86)p Black 2213 2514 a Fo(choose)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(99)p Black 2213 2614 a Fo(close-all-but)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(144)p Black 2213 2715 a Fo(close-directory)o(-st)o(re)o(am)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(136)p Black 2213 2815 a Fo(close-on-exec?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(144)p Black 2213 2915 a Fo(close-socket)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(55)p Black 2213 3015 a Fo(close-syslog-ch)o(ann)o(el)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(149)p Black 2213 3115 a Fo(compound-interf)o(ace)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(29)p Black 2213 3215 a Fo(concatenate-sym)o(bol)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(39)p Black 2213 3315 a Fo(condvar-has-val)o(ue?)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(96)p Black 2213 3415 a Fo(condvar-value)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(96)p Black 2213 3515 a Fo(condvar?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(96)p Black 2213 3615 a Fo(copy-array)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(43)p Black 2213 3715 a Fo(create-symbolic)o(-li)o(nk)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(140)p Black 2213 3815 a Fo(current-column)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(51)p Black 2213 3915 a Fo(current-os-stri)o(ng-)o(te)o(xt)o(-co)o(de)o(c)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(54)p Black 2213 4015 a Fo(current-proposa)o(l)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(96)p Black 2213 4115 a Fo(current-row)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(51)p Black 2213 4215 a Fo(current-thread)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(91)p Black 2213 4316 a Fo(current-time)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(141)p Black 2213 4506 a Fo(date->string)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(142)p Black 2213 4606 a Fo(date->time)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(142)p Black 2213 4706 a Fo(date-date-dst)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(141)p Black 2213 4806 a Fo(date-hour)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(141)p Black 2213 4906 a Fo(date-minute)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(141)p Black 2213 5006 a Fo(date-month)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(141)p Black Black 2109 5255 a(156)p Black eop end %%Page: 157 165 TeXDict begin 157 164 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 291 523 a Fo(date-month-day)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(141)p Black 291 623 a Fo(date-second)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(141)p Black 291 723 a Fo(date-week-day)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(141)p Black 291 823 a Fo(date-year)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(141)p Black 291 923 a Fo(date-year-day)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(141)p Black 291 1023 a Fo(date?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(141)p Black 291 1122 a Fo(debug-message)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(92)p Black 291 1222 a Fo(default-hash-fu)o(nct)o(io)o(n)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(50)p Black 291 1322 a Fo(define-exported) o(-bi)o(nd)o(in)o(g)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(107)p Black 291 1422 a Fo(define-imported)o(-bi)o(nd)o(in)o(g)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(108)p Black 291 1522 a Fo(define-interfac)o(e)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(28)p Black 291 1622 a Fo(define-record-d)o(isc)o(lo)o(se)o(r)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(44)p Black(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 27 w(46)p Black 291 1722 a Fo(define-record-r)o(esu)o(me)o(r)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(46)p Black(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(121)p Black 291 1822 a Fo(define-structur)o(e)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(26)p Black 291 1922 a Fo(define-text-cod) o(ec)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(88)p Black 291 2022 a Fo(delete)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(39)p Black 291 2121 a Fo(delete-from-que)o(ue!)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(42)p Black 291 2221 a Fo(delq)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(39)p Black 291 2321 a Fo(delq!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(39)p Black 291 2421 a Fo(dequeue!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(42)p Black 291 2521 a Fo(dequeue-or-thun)o(k!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(42)p Black 291 2621 a Fo(dequeue-or-valu) o(e!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(41)p Black 291 2721 a Fo(dequeue-signal!)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(133)p Black 291 2821 a Fo(directory-strea)o(m?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(136)p Black 291 2921 a Fo(dup)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(144)p Black 291 3021 a Fo(dup-switching-m)o(ode) o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(144)p Black 291 3120 a Fo(dup2)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(144)p Black 291 3308 a Fo(empty-queue!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(42)p Black 291 3408 a Fo(enqueue!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(41)p Black 291 3508 a Fo(enqueue-many!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(41)p Black 291 3608 a Fo(ensure-atomicit) o(y!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(93)p Black 291 3708 a Fo(enum-set->list)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(49)p Black 291 3807 a Fo(enum-set-differ)o(enc)o(e)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(49)p Black 291 3907 a Fo(enum-set-inters)o(ect)o (io)o(n)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(49)p Black 291 4007 a Fo(enum-set-member)o(?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(49)p Black 291 4107 a Fo(enum-set-negati)o(on)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(49)p Black 291 4207 a Fo(enum-set-subset) o(?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(49)p Black 291 4307 a Fo(enum-set-union)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(49)p Black 291 4407 a Fo(enum-set=?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(49)p Black 291 4507 a Fo(environment-ali)o(st)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(134)p Black 291 4607 a Fo(errno-name)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(150)p Black 291 4707 a Fo(errno-os-number)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(150)p Black 291 4806 a Fo(errno=?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(150)p Black 291 4906 a Fo(errno?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(150)p Black 291 5006 a Fo(every?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(38)p Black Black Black 1764 523 a Fo(exact-match?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(79)p Black 1764 624 a Fo(exec)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(130)p Black 1764 726 a Fo(exec-file)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(130)p Black 1764 827 a Fo(exec-file-with-en)o(vi)o (ron)o(me)o(nt)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(130)p Black 1764 929 a Fo(exec-with-alias)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(130)p Black 1764 1030 a Fo(exec-with-environ)o(me)o(nt)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(130)p Black 1764 1131 a Fo(exit)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(130)p Black 1764 1345 a Fo(fd-port?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(144)p Black 1764 1447 a Fo(file-info-device)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(139)p Black 1764 1548 a Fo(file-info-group)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(139)p Black 1764 1649 a Fo(file-info-inode)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(139)p Black 1764 1751 a Fo(file-info-last-ac)o(ce)o(ss)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(139)p Black 1764 1852 a Fo(file-info-last-mo)o (di)o(fic)o(at)o(io)o(n)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(139)p Black 1764 1954 a Fo(file-info-last-st)o(at)o(us-)o(ch)o(an)o (ge)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 16 w(139)p Black 1764 2055 a Fo(file-info-link-co)o(un)o(t)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(139)p Black 1764 2156 a Fo(file-info-mode)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(139)p Black 1764 2258 a Fo(file-info-name)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(138)p Black 1764 2359 a Fo(file-info-owner)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(139)p Black 1764 2460 a Fo(file-info-size)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(139)p Black 1764 2562 a Fo(file-info-type)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(138)p Black 1764 2663 a Fo(file-info?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(138)p Black 1764 2765 a Fo(file-mode+)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(139)p Black 1764 2866 a Fo(file-mode-)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(139)p Black 1764 2967 a Fo(file-mode->intege)o(r)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(140)p Black 1764 3069 a Fo(file-mode<=?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(139)p Black 1764 3170 a Fo(file-mode=?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(139)p Black 1764 3272 a Fo(file-mode>=?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(139)p Black 1764 3373 a Fo(file-mode?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(139)p Black 1764 3474 a Fo(file-options-on?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(136)p Black 1764 3576 a Fo(file-options-unio)o(n)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(136)p Black 1764 3677 a Fo(file-type-name)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(138)p Black 1764 3779 a Fo(file-type?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(138)p Black 1764 3880 a Fo(filter)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(39)p Black 1764 3981 a Fo(filter!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(39)p Black 1764 4083 a Fo(filter-map)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(39)p Black 1764 4184 a Fo(find-text-codec)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(87)p Black 1764 4285 a Fo(first)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(39)p Black 1764 4387 a Fo(fluid)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(52)p Black 1764 4488 a Fo(fork)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(130)p Black 1764 4590 a Fo(fork-and-forget)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(130)p Black 1764 4691 a Fo(format-date)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(142)p Black 1764 4792 a Fo(fresh-line)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(51)p Black 1764 5006 a Fo(general-category-)o(id)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(85)p Black Black 1660 5255 a(157)p Black eop end %%Page: 158 166 TeXDict begin 158 165 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 739 523 a Fo(general-category)o(-p)o(rim)o(ar)o(y-c)o(at)o(eg)o (ory)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 1071 623 a(85)p Black 739 723 a Fo(general-category)o(?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(85)p Black 739 823 a Fo(get-effective-gr)o(ou)o(p-i)o(d)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(134)p Black 739 923 a Fo (get-effective-us)o(er)o(-id)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(134)p Black 739 1023 a Fo(get-file-info)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(138)p Black 739 1124 a Fo(get-file/link-in)o(fo) o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(138)p Black 739 1224 a Fo(get-group-id)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(134)p Black 739 1324 a Fo(get-groups)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(134)p Black 739 1424 a Fo(get-host-name)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(55)p Black 739 1524 a Fo(get-login-name)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(134)p Black 739 1624 a Fo(get-parent-proce)o(ss)o(-id)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(134)p Black 739 1725 a Fo(get-port-info)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(138)p Black 739 1825 a Fo(get-process-id)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(134)p Black 739 1925 a Fo(get-user-id)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(134)p Black 739 2025 a Fo(group-id->group-)o(in)o(fo)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(135)p Black 739 2125 a Fo(group-id->intege)o(r)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(135)p Black 739 2226 a Fo(group-id=?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(135)p Black 739 2326 a Fo(group-id?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(135)p Black 739 2426 a Fo(group-info-id)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(135)p Black 739 2526 a Fo(group-info-membe)o(rs)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(135)p Black 739 2626 a Fo(group-info-name)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(135)p Black 739 2726 a Fo(group-info?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(135)p Black 739 2827 a Fo(guard)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(99)p Black 739 2927 a Fo(guess-port-text-)o(co)o(dec)o(-a)o(cco)o (rd)o(in)o(g-t)o(o-)o(bom)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 1071 3026 a(87)p Black 739 3219 a Fo(have-system?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(54)p Black 739 3411 a Fo(i/o-flags)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(144)p Black 739 3511 a Fo(identity)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(38)p Black 739 3612 a Fo(ignore-case)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(78)p Black 739 3712 a Fo(import-definitio)o(n)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(108)p Black 739 3812 a Fo(import-dynamic-e)o(xt)o(ern)o(al)o(s)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(110)p Black 739 3912 a Fo(import-lambda-de)o(fi)o(nit) o(io)o(n-2)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(109)p Black 739 4012 a Fo(integer->errno)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(150)p Black 739 4113 a Fo(integer->file-mo)o(de)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(140)p Black 739 4213 a Fo(integer->group-i)o(d)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(135)p Black 739 4313 a Fo(integer->process)o(-i)o(d)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(130)p Black 739 4413 a Fo(integer->signal)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(131)p Black 739 4513 a Fo(integer->user-id)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(135)p Black 739 4613 a Fo(intersection)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(77)p Black 739 4714 a Fo(invalidate-curre)o(nt)o (-pr)o(op)o(osa)o(l!)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(95)p Black 739 4906 a Fo(jar-put!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(101)p Black 739 5006 a Fo(jar-take)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(102)p Black Black Black 2213 523 a Fo(jar-take-rv)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(102)p Black 2213 623 a Fo(jar?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(101)p Black 2213 815 a Fo(kill-thread!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(92)p Black 2213 1008 a Fo(latin-1-codec)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(87)p Black 2213 1108 a Fo(let-fluid)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(52)p Black 2213 1208 a Fo(let-fluids)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(52)p Black 2213 1308 a Fo(limit-output)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(51)p Black 2213 1408 a Fo(link)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(137)p Black 2213 1508 a Fo(list->queue)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(41)p Black 2213 1609 a Fo(list-delete-nei)o(ghb) o(or)o(-d)o(ups)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(69)p Black(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 27 w(73)p Black 2213 1709 a Fo(list-delete-nei)o(ghb)o(or)o(-d)o(ups)o(!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(73)p Black 2213 1809 a Fo(list-directory)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(136)p Black 2213 1909 a Fo(list-merge)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(68)p Black(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 27 w(71)p Black 2213 2009 a Fo(list-merge!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(68)p Black(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(71)p Black 2213 2109 a Fo(list-merge-sort)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(71)p Black 2213 2210 a Fo(list-merge-sort)o(!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(71)p Black 2213 2310 a Fo(list-sort)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(68)p Black 2213 2410 a Fo(list-sort!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(68)p Black 2213 2510 a Fo(list-sorted?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(68)p Black(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 27 w(71)p Black 2213 2610 a Fo(list-stable-sor)o(t)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(68)p Black 2213 2710 a Fo(list-stable-sor)o(t!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(68)p Black 2213 2811 a Fo(load-dynamic-ex)o(ter)o(na)o(ls)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(110)p Black 2213 2911 a Fo(lock?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(97)p Black 2213 3011 a Fo(lookup-environm)o(ent)o(-v)o(ar)o(iab)o(le)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(134)p Black 2213 3111 a Fo(lookup-exported)o(-bi)o(nd)o(in)o(g)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(108)p Black 2213 3211 a Fo(lookup-imported)o(-bi)o(nd) o(in)o(g)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(107)p Black 2213 3404 a Fo(machine-name)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(135)p Black 2213 3504 a Fo(make-array)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(43)p Black 2213 3604 a Fo(make-byte-vecto)o(r)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(40)p Black 2213 3704 a Fo(make-cell)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(41)p Black 2213 3804 a Fo(make-channel)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(100)p Black 2213 3904 a Fo(make-condvar)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(96)p Black 2213 4005 a Fo(make-date)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(141)p Black 2213 4105 a Fo(make-directory)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(137)p Black 2213 4205 a Fo(make-empty-prof)o(ile)o(-d)o(at)o(a)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(56)p Black 2213 4305 a Fo(make-fifo)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(138)p Black 2213 4405 a Fo(make-fluid)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(52)p Black 2213 4505 a Fo(make-integer-ta)o(ble)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(50)p Black 2213 4606 a Fo(make-jar)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(101)p Black 2213 4706 a Fo(make-lock)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(97)p Black 2213 4806 a Fo(make-os-string)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(53)p Black 2213 4906 a Fo(make-placeholde)o(r)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(98)p Black(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(101)p Black 2213 5006 a Fo(make-proposal)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(96)p Black Black 2109 5255 a(158)p Black eop end %%Page: 159 167 TeXDict begin 159 166 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 291 523 a Fo(make-queue)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(41)p Black 291 623 a Fo(make-record)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(45)p Black 291 723 a Fo(make-record-typ)o(e)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(46)p Black 291 823 a Fo(make-regexp)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(145)p Black 291 923 a Fo(make-shared-arr) o(ay)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(43)p Black 291 1023 a Fo(make-signal-que)o(ue)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(133)p Black 291 1122 a Fo(make-sparse-vec)o(tor)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(41)p Black 291 1222 a Fo(make-string-inp) o(ut-)o(po)o(rt)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(51)p Black 291 1322 a Fo(make-string-out)o(put)o(-p)o(or)o(t)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(51)p Black 291 1422 a Fo(make-string-tab) o(le)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(50)p Black 291 1522 a Fo(make-symbol-tab)o(le)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(50)p Black 291 1622 a Fo(make-syslog-mas)o(k)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(148)p Black 291 1722 a Fo(make-syslog-opt)o(ion) o(s)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(146)p Black 291 1822 a Fo(make-table)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(50)p Black 291 1922 a Fo(make-table-immu)o(tab)o(le)o(!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(50)p Black 291 2022 a Fo(make-table-make) o(r)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(50)p Black 291 2122 a Fo(make-text-codec)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(88)p Black 291 2221 a Fo(make-time)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(141)p Black 291 2321 a Fo(make-tracking-i)o(npu)o(t-)o(po)o(rt)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(51)p Black 291 2421 a Fo(make-tracking-o) o(utp)o(ut)o(-p)o(ort)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(51)p Black 291 2521 a Fo(match)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(79)p Black 291 2621 a Fo(match-end)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(79)p Black(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(145)p Black 291 2721 a Fo(match-start)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(79)p Black(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 27 w(145)p Black 291 2821 a Fo(match-submatche)o(s)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(79)p Black 291 2921 a Fo(match?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(145)p Black 291 3021 a Fo(maybe-commit)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(95)p Black 291 3121 a Fo(maybe-commit-an)o(d-b)o(lo)o(ck)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(98)p Black 291 3220 a Fo(maybe-commit-an) o(d-b)o(lo)o(ck)o(-on)o(-q)o(ueu)o(e)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 14 w(98)p Black 291 3320 a Fo(maybe-commit-an)o(d-m)o(ak)o(e-)o(rea)o (dy)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(98)p Black 291 3420 a Fo(maybe-commit-an)o(d-s)o(et)o(-c)o(ond)o(va)o(r!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 14 w(96)p Black 291 3520 a Fo(maybe-commit-an) o(d-w)o(ai)o(t-)o(for)o(-c)o(ond)o(va)o(r)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 623 3620 a(96)p Black 291 3720 a Fo(maybe-dequeue!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(42)p Black 291 3820 a Fo(maybe-dequeue-s) o(ign)o(al)o(!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(133)p Black 291 3920 a Fo(maybe-dequeue-t)o(hre)o(ad)o(!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(98)p Black 291 4019 a Fo(maybe-obtain-lo) o(ck)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(97)p Black 291 4119 a Fo(maybe-queue-hea)o(d)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(41)p Black 291 4219 a Fo(memq?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(38)p Black 291 4319 a Fo(modify)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(27)p Black 291 4507 a Fo(n=)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(38)p Black 291 4607 a Fo(name->errno)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(149)p Black 291 4707 a Fo(name->group-inf)o(o)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(135)p Black 291 4806 a Fo(name->signal)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(131)p Black 291 4906 a Fo(name->user-info)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(135)p Black 291 5006 a Fo(negate)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(77)p Black Black Black 1764 523 a Fo(neq?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(38)p Black 1764 623 a Fo(never-rv)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(99)p Black 1764 723 a Fo (new-external-even)o(t)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(123)p Black 1764 823 a Fo(new-external-even)o(t-)o(uid)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(123)p Black 1764 923 a Fo(no-op)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(38)p Black 1764 1023 a Fo(no-submatches)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(79)p Black 1764 1123 a Fo(null-list?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(38)p Black 1764 1223 a Fo(null-text-codec)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(87)p Black 1764 1414 a Fo(obtain-lock)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(97)p Black 1764 1514 a Fo(on-queue?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(42)p Black 1764 1614 a Fo(one-of)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(78)p Black 1764 1714 a Fo(open-directory-st)o(re)o(am)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(136)p Black 1764 1814 a Fo(open-file)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(136)p Black 1764 1914 a Fo(open-pipe)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(143)p Black 1764 2014 a Fo(open-socket)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(55)p Black 1764 2114 a Fo(open-syslog-chann)o(el)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(149)p Black 1764 2214 a(OS)28 b(string,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 27 w(53)p Black 1764 2314 a Fo(os-name)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(135)p Black 1764 2414 a Fo(os-node-name)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(135)p Black 1764 2514 a Fo(os-release-name)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(135)p Black 1764 2615 a Fo(os-string->byte-v)o (ec)o(tor)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(54)p Black 1764 2715 a Fo(os-string->string)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(54)p Black 1764 2815 a Fo(os-string-text-co)o(de)o(c)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(54)p Black 1764 2915 a Fq(os-string-thing)8 b Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 27 w(53)p Black 1764 3015 a Fo(os-string=?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(54)p Black 1764 3115 a Fo(os-string?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(53)p Black 1764 3215 a Fo(os-version-name)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(135)p Black 1764 3405 a Fo(p)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 28 w(40)p Black 1764 3505 a Fo(partition-list)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(39)p Black 1764 3605 a Fo(partition-list!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(39)p Black 1764 3705 a Fo(placeholder-set!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(98)p Black(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 27 w(101)p Black 1764 3805 a Fo(placeholder-value)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(98)p Black(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 27 w(101)p Black 1764 3906 a Fo(placeholder-value)o(-r)o(v)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(101)p Black 1764 4006 a Fo(placeholder?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(98)p Black(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 27 w(101)p Black 1764 4106 a Fo(port->fd)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(144)p Black 1764 4206 a Fo(port-is-a-termina)o(l?)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(144)p Black 1764 4306 a Fo(port-terminal-nam)o(e)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(144)p Black 1764 4406 a Fo(port-text-codec)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(87)p Black 1764 4506 a Fo(prefix)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(27)p Black 1764 4606 a Fo(pretty-print)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(40)p Black 1764 4706 a Fo(primary-category?)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(85)p Black 1764 4806 a Fo(process-id->integ)o(er)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(130)p Black 1764 4906 a Fo(process-id-exit-s)o(ta)o(tus)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(130)p Black 1764 5006 a Fo(process-id-termin)o(at)o(ing)o(-s)o(ig)o(nal)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 15 w(130)p Black Black 1660 5255 a(159)p Black eop end %%Page: 160 168 TeXDict begin 160 167 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 739 523 a Fo(process-id=?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(130)p Black 739 625 a Fo(process-id?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(130)p Black 739 726 a Fo(profile-data-end)o(ti)o(me)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(56)p Black 739 828 a Fo(profile-data-gcr) o(un)o(s)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(56)p Black 739 929 a Fo(profile-data-int)o(er)o(rup)o(tt)o(ime)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(56)p Black 739 1031 a Fo(profile-data-mem)o(or)o (yus)o(e)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(56)p Black 739 1133 a Fo(profile-data-run)o(ti)o(me)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(56)p Black 739 1234 a Fo(profile-data-sam)o(pl)o(es)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(56)p Black 739 1336 a Fo (profile-data-sta)o(rt)o(tim)o(e)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(56)p Black 739 1438 a Fo(profile-display)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(56)p Black 739 1539 a Fo(profile-display-)o(fl)o (at)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(56)p Black 739 1641 a Fo(profile-display-)o(ov)o(erv)o(ie)o(w)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(56)p Black 739 1742 a Fo(profile-display-)o(tr)o(ee)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(56)p Black 739 1844 a Fo (profile-function)o(-c)o(all)o(s)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(56)p Black 739 1946 a Fo(profile-function)o(-h)o(ist)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(57)p Black 739 2047 a Fo (profile-function)o(-m)o(emo)o(ry)o(use)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(57)p Black 739 2149 a Fo(profile-function)o(-n)o(onr)o (ec)o(cal)o(ls)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(56)p Black 739 2250 a Fo(profile-function)o(-o)o(ccu)o(rs)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(56)p Black 739 2352 a Fo(profile-function)o(-r)o (ecc)o(al)o(ls)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(56)p Black 739 2454 a Fo(profile-function)o(-t)o(ime)o(-c)o(umu)o(la)o(ti)o(ve)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 1071 2553 a(57)p Black 739 2655 a Fo(profile-function)o(-t)o(ime)o(-s)o(elf)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(57)p Black 739 2756 a Fo(profile-function)o(-t)o (ime)o(sh)o(are)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(57)p Black 739 2858 a Fo(profile-thunk)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(56)p Black 739 2960 a Fo(proposal-active?)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(95)p Black 739 3061 a Fo(provisional-byte)o(-v)o (ect)o(or)o(-re)o(f)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(94)p Black 739 3163 a Fo(provisional-byte)o(-v)o(ect)o(or)o(-se)o(t!)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(94)p Black 739 3264 a Fo(provisional-car) p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(93)p Black 739 3366 a Fo(provisional-cdr)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(93)p Black 739 3468 a Fo(provisional-cell)o(-r)o(ef)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(93)p Black 739 3569 a Fo(provisional-cell)o(-s)o (et!)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(94)p Black 739 3671 a Fo(provisional-set-)o(ca)o(r!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(93)p Black 739 3773 a Fo(provisional-set-)o(cd)o(r!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(93)p Black 739 3874 a Fo (provisional-stri)o(ng)o(-re)o(f)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(94)p Black 739 3976 a Fo(provisional-stri)o(ng)o(-se)o(t!)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(94)p Black 739 4077 a Fo (provisional-vect)o(or)o(-re)o(f)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(94)p Black 739 4179 a Fo(provisional-vect)o(or)o(-se)o(t!)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(94)p Black 739 4397 a Fo(queue->list)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(42)p Black 739 4498 a Fo(queue-empty?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(41)p Black 739 4600 a Fo(queue-head)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(41)p Black 739 4701 a Fo (queue-head-or-th)o(un)o(k)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(41)p Black 739 4803 a Fo(queue-head-or-va)o(lu)o(e)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(41)p Black 739 4905 a Fo(queue-length)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(42)p Black 739 5006 a Fo(queue?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(41)p Black Black Black 2213 523 a Fo(range)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(77)p Black 2213 623 a Fo(ranges)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(77)p Black 2213 723 a Fo(read-directory-)o(str)o(ea)o(m)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(136)p Black 2213 823 a Fo(read-symbolic-l)o(ink)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(140)p Black 2213 923 a Fo(receive)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(100)p Black 2213 1023 a Fo(receive-rv)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(100)p Black 2213 1122 a Fo(record)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(45)p Black 2213 1222 a Fo(record-accessor)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(46)p Black 2213 1322 a Fo(record-construc)o(tor)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(46)p Black 2213 1422 a Fo(record-length)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(45)p Black 2213 1522 a Fo(record-modifier)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(46)p Black 2213 1622 a Fo(record-predicat)o(e)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(46)p Black 2213 1722 a Fo(record-ref)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(45)p Black 2213 1822 a Fo(record-set!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(45)p Black 2213 1922 a Fo(record-type)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(45)p Black 2213 2022 a Fo(record-type-fie)o(ld-)o(na)o(me)o(s)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(46)p Black 2213 2121 a Fo(record-type-nam)o(e)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(46)p Black 2213 2221 a Fo(record-type?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(46)p Black 2213 2321 a Fo(record?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(45)p Black 2213 2421 a Fo(regexp-match)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(145)p Black 2213 2521 a Fo(regexp?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(76)p Black(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 27 w(145)p Black 2213 2621 a Fo(release-lock)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(97)p Black 2213 2721 a Fo(relinquish-time)o(sli)o(ce)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(91)p Black 2213 2821 a Fo(reload-dynamic-)o(ext)o(er)o(na)o(ls)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(110)p Black 2213 2921 a Fo(remap-file-desc)o(rip)o(to) o(rs)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(144)p Black 2213 3021 a Fo(remove-current-)o(pro)o(po)o(sa)o(l!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(95)p Black 2213 3120 a Fo(remove-director)o(y)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(138)p Black 2213 3220 a Fo(remove-duplicat)o(es)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(39)p Black 2213 3320 a Fo(remove-signal-q)o(ueu)o(e-)o(si)o(gna)o(l!) o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(133)p Black 2213 3420 a Fo(rename)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(138)p Black 2213 3520 a Fo(repeat)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(78)p Black 2213 3620 a Fo(reverse!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(39)p Black 2213 3807 a Fo(scalar-value->c)o(har)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(83)p Black 2213 3907 a Fo(scalar-value?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(83)p Black 2213 4007 a Fo(select)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(100)p Black 2213 4107 a Fo(send)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(100)p Black 2213 4207 a Fo(send-rv)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(100)p Black 2213 4307 a Fo(sequence)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(78)p Black 2213 4407 a Fo(set)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(77)p Black 2213 4507 a Fo(set-close-on-ex)o(ec?)o(!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(144)p Black 2213 4607 a Fo(set-condvar-has)o(-va)o(lu)o(e?)o(!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(96)p Black 2213 4707 a Fo(set-condvar-val)o(ue!)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(96)p Black 2213 4806 a Fo(set-current-pro)o(pos)o(al)o(!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(96)p Black 2213 4906 a Fo(set-effective-g)o(rou)o(p-)o(id)o(!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(134)p Black 2213 5006 a Fo(set-effective-u)o(ser)o(-i) o(d!)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(134)p Black Black 2109 5255 a(160)p Black eop end %%Page: 161 169 TeXDict begin 161 168 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 291 523 a Fo(set-environment)o(-va)o(ri)o(ab)o(le!)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(134)p Black 291 623 a Fo(set-file-creati) o(on-)o(ma)o(sk)o(!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(137)p Black 291 722 a Fo(set-group-id!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(134)p Black 291 822 a Fo(set-i/o-flags!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(144)p Black 291 922 a Fo(set-port-text-c)o(ode)o (c!)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(87)p Black 291 1021 a Fo(set-port-text-c)o(ode)o(c-)o(ac)o(cor)o(di)o(ng-)o(to)o(-bo)o(m!)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 623 1121 a(87)p Black 291 1220 a Fo(set-user-id!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(134)p Black 291 1320 a Fo(set-working-dir)o(ect)o(or)o(y!)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(136)p Black 291 1420 a Fo(shared-binding-)o(is-)o(im)o(po)o(rt?)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(108)p Black 291 1519 a Fo(shared-binding-)o(nam)o(e)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(108)p Black 291 1619 a Fo(shared-binding-)o(ref)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(107)p Black 291 1719 a Fo(shared-binding-)o(set)o(!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(108)p Black 291 1818 a Fo(shared-binding?)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(108)p Black 291 1918 a Fo(signal-name)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(131)p Black 291 2017 a Fo(signal-os-numbe)o(r)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(131)p Black 291 2117 a Fo(signal-process)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(133)p Black 291 2217 a Fo(signal-queue-mo)o(nit)o(or)o(ed)o(-si)o(gn)o(als)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 15 w(133)p Black 291 2316 a Fo(signal-queue?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(133)p Black 291 2416 a Fo(signal=?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(131)p Black 291 2516 a Fo(signal?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(131)p Black 291 2615 a Fo(sleep)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(91)p Black 291 2715 a Fo(socket-accept)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(55)p Black 291 2814 a Fo(socket-client)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(55)p Black 291 2914 a Fo(socket-port-num) o(ber)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(55)p Black 291 3014 a Fo(sparse-vector->)o(lis)o(t)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(41)p Black 291 3113 a Fo(sparse-vector-r)o(ef)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(41)p Black 291 3213 a Fo(sparse-vector-s) o(et!)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(41)p Black 291 3313 a Fo(spawn)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(91)p Black 291 3412 a Fo(string->os-byte)o(-ve)o(ct)o(or)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(54)p Black 291 3512 a Fo(string->os-stri) o(ng)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(53)p Black 291 3611 a Fo(string-downcase)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(86)p Black 291 3711 a Fo(string-end)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(77)p Black 291 3811 a Fo(string-foldcase)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(86)p Black 291 3910 a Fo(string-hash)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(50)p Black 291 4010 a Fo(string-output-p) o(ort)o(-o)o(ut)o(put)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(51)p Black 291 4110 a Fo(string-start)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(77)p Black 291 4209 a Fo(string-titlecas)o(e)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(86)p Black 291 4309 a Fo(string-upcase)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(86)p Black 291 4408 a Fo(submatch)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(79)p Black 291 4508 a Fo(subset)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(27)p Black 291 4608 a Fo(subtract)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(77)p Black 291 4707 a Fo(symbol-hash)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(50)p Black 291 4807 a Fo(sync)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(100)p Black 291 4907 a Fo(syslog)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(148)p Black(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(149)p Black 291 5006 a Fo(syslog-facility)o(?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(147)p Black Black Black 1764 523 a Fo(syslog-level?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(147)p Black 1764 623 a Fo(syslog-mask-all)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(148)p Black 1764 723 a Fo(syslog-mask-upto)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(148)p Black 1764 823 a Fo(syslog-mask?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(148)p Black 1764 923 a Fo(syslog-option?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(146)p Black 1764 1023 a Fo(syslog-options?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(146)p Black 1764 1123 a Fo(system)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(54)p Black 1764 1314 a Fo(table->entry-list)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(50)p Black 1764 1414 a Fo(table-ref)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(50)p Black 1764 1514 a Fo(table-set!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(50)p Black 1764 1614 a Fo(table-walk)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(50)p Black 1764 1714 a Fo(table?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(50)p Black 1764 1814 a Fo(terminate-current)o(-t)o(hre)o(ad)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(91)p Black 1764 1914 a Fo(terminate-thread!)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(92)p Black 1764 2014 a Fo(text)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(78)p Black 1764 2114 a(text)28 b(co)r(dec,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 28 w(87)p Black 1764 2214 a Fo(text-codec-decode)o(-c)o(har)o(-p)o(ro)o(c)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(88)p Black 1764 2314 a Fo(text-codec-encode)o(-c)o(har)o(-p)o(ro)o(c)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(88)p Black 1764 2414 a Fo(text-codec-names)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(88)p Black 1764 2514 a Fo(text-codec?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(87)p Black 1764 2615 a Fo(thread-name)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(92)p Black 1764 2715 a Fo(thread-queue-empt)o(y?)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(98)p Black 1764 2815 a Fo(thread-uid)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(92)p Black 1764 2915 a Fo(thread?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(91)p Black 1764 3015 a Fo(time->local-date)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(142)p Black 1764 3115 a Fo(time->string)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(141)p Black 1764 3215 a Fo(time->utc-date)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(142)p Black 1764 3315 a Fo(time-seconds)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(141)p Black 1764 3415 a Fo(time<=?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(141)p Black 1764 3515 a Fo(time=?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(141)p Black 1764 3815 a Fo(time>?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(141)p Black 1764 3915 a Fo(time?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(141)p Black 1764 4106 a Fo(undefine-exported)o(-b)o (ind)o(in)o(g)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(108)p Black 1764 4206 a Fo(undefine-imported)o(-b)o(ind)o(in)o(g)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(108)p Black 1764 4306 a Fo(union)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(77)p Black 1764 4406 a Fo(unlink)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(138)p Black 1764 4506 a Fo(unload-dynamic-ex)o(te)o(rna)o(ls)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(110)p Black 1764 4606 a Fo(us-ascii-codec)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(87)p Black 1764 4706 a Fo(use-case)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 25 w(78)p Black 1764 4806 a Fo(user-id->integer)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(135)p Black 1764 4906 a Fo(user-id->user-inf)o (o)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(135)p Black 1764 5006 a Fo(user-id=?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(135)p Black Black 1660 5255 a(161)p Black eop end %%Page: 162 170 TeXDict begin 162 169 bop 0 TeXcolorgray Black Black Black 739 523 a Fo(user-id?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 24 w(135)p Black 739 623 a Fo(user-info-group)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(135)p Black 739 722 a Fo(user-info-home-d)o(ir)o (ect)o(or)o(y)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(135)p Black 739 822 a Fo(user-info-id)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(135)p Black 739 922 a Fo(user-info-name)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(135)p Black 739 1021 a Fo(user-info-shell)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(135)p Black 739 1121 a Fo(user-info?)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(135)p Black 739 1220 a Fo(utf-16be-codec)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(87)p Black 739 1320 a Fo(utf-16le-codec)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(87)p Black 739 1420 a Fo(utf-32be-codec)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(87)p Black 739 1519 a Fo(utf-32le-codec)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(87)p Black 739 1619 a Fo(utf-8-codec)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(87)p Black 739 1802 a Fo (vector-binary-se)o(ar)o(ch)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 21 w(74)p Black 739 1901 a Fo(vector-binary-se)o(ar)o(ch3)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(74)p Black 739 2001 a Fo (vector-delete-ne)o(ig)o(hbo)o(r-)o(dup)o(s)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 14 w(69)p Black(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 19 w(73)p Black 739 2100 a Fo(vector-heap-sort)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(72)p Black 739 2200 a Fo(vector-heap-sort)o(!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(72)p Black 739 2300 a Fo (vector-insert-so)o(rt)o Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(73)p Black 739 2399 a Fo(vector-insert-so)o(rt)o(!)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 22 w(73)p Black 739 2499 a Fo(vector-merge)p Fr(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 23 w(69)p Black(,)p 0 0 1 TeXcolorrgb 26 w(71)p Black 739 2599 a 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Ís¶kk/1[i<öFy´q=íÙÖ&möÓxl ñ´¿X›´ç» <íQgÛŒÇ>OÛµµ?[Ù/å± ôèî{Úx¬ÆÚZÌ&]/şñØqéñ×CõşnõÆ.ÿ*7v—¾í.{/wÙú²Ë¦©]vĞíò7Ã]:;»lAŞ¥‡·Ë–¹]ÌÛe¯Ë.{5v­néùêû­ş—óÿ&„xŸ endstream endobj startxref 612597 %%EOF scheme48-1.9/doc/deriving.txt000644 004306 005702 00000003410 12067075540 017141 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. The following information is only a suggestion applicable to the Scheme 48 1.9 distribution. It constitutes neither legal advice nor a license. The license in file COPYING permits you and others to build on the work found in this distribution and redistribute the resulting work(s), as long as you meet the terms of that license. That license applies to material that comes from our work, not necessarily your additions. If you happen to like the license in COPYING, you might consider licensing the resulting work as follows: 1. Add your own copyright notice immediately above "All rights reserved" in file COPYING: Copyright © 1986-2001 Richard Kelsey and Jonathan Rees. Copyright © 2001-2007 Michael Sperber and Martin Gasbichler. Copyright © 2007-2012 Michael Sperber and Marcus Crestani. Copyright © 2086 Energetic Hacker. All rights reserved. 2. Change occurrences of "Scheme 48 1.9" to a name of your choice when appropriate, e.g. in the paragraph preceding the notices and at the top of COPYING (but NOT in "Scheme 48 0.58 [...] was developed by Richard Kelsey and Jonathan Rees"!). 3. Adjust the explanations in COPYING, specifically the sentence starting "Scheme 48 1.9 derives" to something like this: Better Scheme 2.0 derives from Scheme 48 1.9. Scheme 48 1.9 derives from Scheme 48 0.58, which was developed by Richard Kelsey and Jonathan Rees and incorporates PreScheme 0.5 by Richard Kelsey. If you've made modifications to our source files, the statement "Part of Scheme 48 1.9" in those files will not be true of the changed files. Those files should be updated to say "Derived from Scheme 48 1.9" or "Part of Better Scheme 2.0" or something similar that is true. scheme48-1.9/doc/hacking.txt000644 004306 005702 00000015410 12067075233 016740 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 ,bench ,load-package linker ,new-package =link= linker debuginfo defpackage ,load scripts.scm (link-initial-system) To change between initial image starting in mini-command (MINI) and command (MAXI): 1. Definition of initial system's command module in comp-packages.scm: MINI: (make-mini-command scheme) MAXI: (make-command scheme) 2. Location of (define-module (make-command ...)...): MINI: more-packages.scm MAXI: comp-packages.scm 3. Location of (define-interface command-interface ...): MINI: more-interfaces.scm MAXI: interfaces.scm > ,new-package z architecture primitives packages table enumerated debug-data z> (let ((i 0)) (table-walk (lambda (x y) (set! i (+ i 1))) location-name-table) i) 1385 z> (vector-length (find-all-xs (name->enumerand 'location stob))) 1259 (vector-length (find-all-xs (name->enumerand 'record stob))) 2150 (find-all-xs (name->enumerand 'record stob)) z> (do ((i 0 (+ i 1)) (j 0 (if (package? (vector-ref rs i)) (+ j 1) j))) ((= i (vector-length rs)) j)) 72 z> > ,new-package z architecture primitives compiler table z> (vector-ref stob 10) 'template z> stob '#(pair symbol vector closure location port ratio record continuation extended-number template weak-pointer external unused-d-header1 unused-d-header2 string code-vector double bignum) z> (vector-ref stob 7) 'record z> (define rs (find-all-xs 7)) z> (vector-length rs) 2178 z> (define ls (find-all-xs 4)) z> (vector-length ls) 1266 z> To get a fresh config package: ,in config (define-structures ((config1 (export))) (open defpackage built-in-structures more-structures)) ,config-package-is config1 To load a linker with a fresh new compiler: x48 -i new-scheme48.image -h 10000000 ,in reification reify-structures '#{Procedure 8447 reify-structures} debug-config> (define reify-structures ##) debug-config> make-simple-package Error: undefined variable make-simple-package (package debug-config) 1 debug-config> debug-config> (define-structures ((p (export start))) (open initial-system scheme-level-2 packages)) debug-config> (define go (in p `(start ,(reify-structures (desirable-packages) (lambda (loc) `',loc))))) ### Small images for exercising the linker and/or runtime system debug/tiny.image: debug/tiny.scm $(LINKER_IMAGE) ($(START_LINKER_RUNNABLE) \ echo "(load \"debug/tiny-packages.scm\")"; \ echo "(link-simple-system '(debug tiny) 'start tiny-system)") \ | $(LINKER_RUNNABLE) -i $(LINKER_IMAGE) debug/little.image: $(LINKER_IMAGE) $(CONFIG_FILES) $(little-files) ($(START_LINKER_RUNNABLE) \ echo "(load \"scripts.scm\")"; \ echo "(link-little-system)") \ | $(LINKER_RUNNABLE) -i $(LINKER_IMAGE) $(BIG_HEAP) debug/medium.image: $(LINKER_IMAGE) $(CONFIG_FILES) $(medium-files) ($(START_LINKER_RUNNABLE) \ echo "(load \"scripts.scm\")"; \ echo "(link-medium-system)") \ | $(LINKER_RUNNABLE) -i $(LINKER_IMAGE) $(BIG_HEAP) echo "(define l-f (package-all-filenames little-system))"; \ echo "(define m-f (package-all-filenames medium-system))"; \ 'little-files l-f 'medium-files m-f \ [The following is from June 1992, and probably not quite compatible with the current compiler internals.] To eliminate use of the stack GC to implement tail recursion, change comp.scm as follows: (define (compile-unknown-call exp cenv depth cont) (note-source-code exp (maybe-push-continuation (sequentially (push-all (cdr exp) cenv 0) (compile (car exp) cenv (length (cdr exp)) (fall-through-cont)) (instruction (if (return-cont? cont) op/move-args-and-call op/call) (length (cdr exp)))) depth cont))) -------------------- Here's another cool thing. 6/28/93 (define-interface evaluation-interface (export eval load eval-from-file)) (define-structure run evaluation-interface (open scheme-level-2 syntactic packages scan environments signals locations features ;force-output table fluids) (files (debug run))) ,load-package run ,in run ,in package-commands (environment-for-syntax-promise) (define cool (make-simple-package (list scheme) eval ## 'cool)) ,in command set-environment-for-commands! (## cool) cool> ,inspect (lambda (x) x) '#{Procedure 6394} [0: exp] '(lambda (x) x) [1: env] '#{Package 286 cool} inspect: inspect: q cool> (define (z s) (define (show-type name static) (write name) (display " : ") (write (static-type static)) (newline)) (if (package? s) (for-each-definition (lambda (name static loc) (show-type name static)) s) (interface-walk (lambda (name type) (show-type name (car (structure-lookup s name #t)))) (structure-interface s)))) ; ,open expander syntactic packages reconstruction (define (e x) (let ((p (interaction-environment))) (let ((node (expand-form x p))) (write (node-type node (package->environment p))) (newline) (eval node p)))) > (define hunk3 (lap hunk3 0 (check-nargs= 3) 2 (pop) 3 (make-stored-object 3 0) 6 (return))) > (hunk3 1 2 3) '(1 . 2) > (define cxr (lap cxr 0 (check-nargs= 2) 2 (pop) 3 (stored-object-indexed-ref 0) 5 (return))) > (cxr (hunk3 1 2 3) 2) 3 > (define-syntax %cons (lambda (e r c) (let ((n (cadr e)) (kind (caddr e))) `(,(r 'lap) (%cons ,n ,kind) (check-nargs= ,n) (pop) (make-stored-object ,n ,kind) (return))))) (define (& x) (or (node-ref x 'uid) (begin (set! *n* (+ *n* 1)) (node-set! x 'uid *n*) *n*)) x) (define (uid n) (node-ref (& n) 'uid)) (define *n* 0) scheme48-1.9/doc/install.txt000644 004306 005702 00000013163 12067075324 017006 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 -*- Mode: Indented-text; -*- Here are some remarks to complement what's in the INSTALL file. ----- Building packages The Makefile uses the DESTDIR variable to indicate where the installed files actually go. So, for example make DESTDIR=/usr/local/build/scheme48 allows populating /usr/local/build/scheme48 with an installation of Scheme 48, regardless of where it goes when actually installed. Note that, if DESTDIR is not the same as the --prefix option specified with the 'configure' script, the Scheme 48 installation in $(DESTDIR) will not actually run from there---it needs to be moved to the prefix directory to work correctly, as several paths are compiled into the scheme48 script as well as scheme48.image. ----- Customizing scheme48.image By default, the image consists of a core Scheme system (Revised^5 Scheme plus a very minimal read-eval-print loop) together with a standard set of "options" (command processor, debugging commands, inspector, disassembler, generic arithmetic). The set of options is controlled by the definitions of USUAL-COMMANDS and USUAL-FEATURES in more-packages.scm. If you make the (open ...) clause empty, then "make scheme48.image" will create a Scheme system without any extras (such as error recovery), and the image will be smaller. The files are listed in approximate order of decreasing desirability; you'll probably want at least these: package-commands, build - necessary for the scheme48.image script to work debuginfo, disclosers - necessary if you want error messages to be at all helpful debugging - defines important debugging commands such as ,preview and ,trace After editing the definition of usual-features, simply make scheme48.image to rebuild the image. ----- Deeper changes to the system -- for example, edits to most of the files in the rts/ directory -- will require using the static linker to make a new initial.image. Say make image to get the linker to build a new initial.image and initial.debug. scheme48.image will then be built from those. You need a working installation of Scheme 48 in your path for this to work. This installation should be Scheme 48 1.5 or later. If your installed Scheme 48 is version 1.4 or earlier, you can still build, but need to make a small change to the Makefile. Instructions are in the Makefile---look for "LINKER_WRITEBYTE". You might think that "make scheme48.image" ought to do this, but the circular dependency between scheme48.image and initial.image needs to be broken somewhere, or else make will (justifiably) barf. I chose to break the cycle by making scheme48.image not depend on initial.image, since this is most robust for installation purposes. ----- Changes to the VM require compiling the Scheme code to C code using the PreScheme compiler. Use make i-know-what-i-am-doing to rebuild the C sources from the Scheme sources. (And you should know what you're doing when attempting this.) This requires a working installation of Scheme 48 in the path. ----- Other generated files: filenames.make is "include"d by the Makefile, but is automatically generated from the module dependencies laid out in the various configuration files (*-packages.scm). If you edit any of these .scm files, you may want to do a "make filenames.make" before you do any further "make"s in order to update the depedencies. This step isn't necessary if you're using GNU make, because GNU make will make included files automatically. Various tables for handling Unicode are also automatically generated by the default make target. However, the generated files ship with the system, so you shouldn't need to do this unless you change the input files or the code generating them. ----- Editor support We recommend interacting with the Scheme 48 command processor using the emacs/scheme interface written by Olin Shivers at CMU. Copies of the relevant .el files, together with a "cmuscheme48.el", are in the emacs/ subdirectory of the release. If you're an XEmacs user, note that cmuscheme48.el is part of the scheme XEmacs package, and is thus probably installed already. You will probably want to byte-compile the .el files to get .elc files. Use M-x byte-compile-file to do this. ----- Performance If you don't have a C compiler that optimizes as well as gcc does, then performance may suffer. Take a look at the automatically generated code in scheme48vm.c to find out why. With a good register allocator, all those variables (including some of the virtual machine's virtual registers) get allocated to hardware registers, and it really flies. Without one, performance can be pretty bad. The configure script automatically sets the Makefile variable CFLAGS to -O2 -g if gcc is available, or to -O if it isn't. This can be overriden by specifying a different CFLAGS, e.g. "make CFLAGS=-g" for no optimization. Even if you do have a good compiler, you should be able to improve overall performance even more, maybe about 6-10%, by removing the range check from the interpreter's instruction dispatch. To do this, use the -S flag to get assembly code for scheme48vm.c, then find the instructions in scheme48vm.s corresponding to the big dispatch in restart(): L19173: { code_pointer_83X = arg1K0; switch ((*((unsigned char *) code_pointer_83X))) { ... } There will be one or two comparison instructions to see whether the opcode is in range; just remove them. For the 68000 I use a "sed" script /cmpl #137,d0/ N /cmpl #137,d0\n jhi L/ d but of course the constant will probably have to change when a new release comes along. See the user's guide for information on the ,bench command, which makes programs run faster. scheme48-1.9/doc/io.txt000644 004306 005702 00000020427 10662041705 015743 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 [This is somewhat out of date. It predates the switch to using optimistic concurrency for mutual exclusion. -RK 5/21/01] There are two types of I/O objects in Scheme 48, channels and ports. Channels are the raw, unbuffered ports of the operating system. The only I/O operations the VM supports for channels are block reads and writes. Ports are the actual Scheme ports and are implemented in Scheme, with some support from the VM for READ-CHAR, PEEK-CHAR, and WRITE-CHAR for efficiency. The run-time system provides ports that are buffered versions of channels. Other sorts of ports are in big/more-port.scm. Source files: rts/port.scm port operations and port handlers rts/current-port.scm current-input-port, etc. rts/channel.scm blocking on channels and handling i/o interrupts rts/channel-port.scm ports that read and write to channels rts/low.scm CHANNEL-READ and CHANNEL-WRITE big/more-port.scm additional kinds of ports vm/arch.scm fields of ports and channels vm/prim-io.scm VM i/o opcodes vm/vmio.scm implementation of channels ---------------------------------------------------------------- CHANNELS The VM instructions that deal with channels are: (OPEN-CHANNEL ) -> channel is a from the enumeration OPEN-CHANNEL-OPTION in arch.scm. is either a filename (as a string) or an OS port (as a one-word code-vector), depending on the mode. (CLOSE-CHANNEL ) -> unspecific (CHANNEL-MAYBE-READ ) -> number of bytes read or the eof-object (CHANNEL-MAYBE-WRITE ) -> number of bytes written These read or write up to the specified number of characters or bytes from or to the string or code-vector, with the first character or byte going at . (CHANNEL-ABORT ) -> number of bytes read or written or the eof-object This aborts any pending read or write operation on the channel. The return value reflects any partial completion. CHANNEL-MAYBE-READ and CHANNEL-MAYBE-WRITE do not block. If the read or write cannot be completed immediately a PENDING-CHANNEL-I/O exception is raised. It is then up to the run-time system to either wait or run some other thread. The VM raises an I/O-COMPLETION interrupt whenever an i/o operation completes. Because CHANNEL-MAYBE-READ and CHANNEL-MAYBE-WRITE are awkward to use, the RTS defines somewhat simpler versions: (CHANNEL-READ ) -> number of bytes read or the eof-object (CHANNEL-WRITE ) -> unspecified is either a string or code vector and is the index of the first character read or written. is one of: N > 0 : the call returns when this many characters has been read or an EOF is reached. 'IMMEDIATE : the call reads as many characters as are available and returns immediately. 'ANY : the call returns as soon as at least one character has been read or an EOF is reached. is the number of characters to be written. CHANNEL-READ will read the requested number of characters unless an EOF is reached. CHANNEL-WRITE will write the requested number of characters. ---------------------------------------------------------------- PORTS Ports are actual Scheme port and are (usually) buffered. They are fully exposed to the run-time system. The VM instructions on ports could be implemented in Scheme; they are in the VM for efficiency. Buffers are code-vectors (this is a micro-hack; strings have a slightly higher overhead because of the null terminating byte for C compatibility) (code-vectors are just vectors of bytes). The fields of a port are: PORT-STATUS: a bit set represented as a fixnum. Indices into this bit set are from the PORT-STATUS-OPTIONS enumeration in arch.scm. The current bits are: input, output, open-for-input, open-for-output (the last two are for things like sockets, on which you need to block but which do not support normal reading or writing). PORT-HANDLER: a record containing three procedures. These handle printing the port, closing the port, and filling (for input ports) or emptying (for output ports) buffers. PORT-DATA: ? Whatever stuff the handler needs. PORT-LOCKED?, PORT-LOCK: used by the system to guarentee the atomicity of i/o operations. PORT-BUFFER: a code-vector. The input or output buffer of the port. PORT-INDEX: a fixnum. The index of the next byte to read or written. PORT-LIMIT: a fixnum. One past the end of the valid/available buffer space. PORT-PENDING-EOF?: true if the next read to this port should return EOF. Additional operations on ports: (READ-BLOCK string-or-code-vector start count input-port) Read COUNT bytes into STRING-OR-CODE-VECTOR starting at index START. Returns the number of bytes read. Only an end-of-file will prevent the requested number of bytes from being read. (WRITE-STRING string output-port) Write the characters in the string to the port. (WRITE-BLOCK string-or-code-vector start count output-port) The output counterpart to READ-BLOCK. This always writes out the requested number of bytes. Its return value is unspecified. (FORCE_OUTPUT output-port) Causes any buffered characters to be written out. (CURRENT-ERROR-PORT) The current error port, analogous to Scheme's CURRENT-INPUT-PORT and CURRENT-OUTPUT-PORT. The system maintains a list of output ports whose buffers should be periodically flushed. The default output port and ports made by OPEN-OUTPUT-FILE are on this list. (PERIODICALLY-FORCE-OUTPUT! ) may be used to add others. ---------------------------------------------------------------- PORT HANDLERS Every port has a handler with three procedures. The first two are used for printing and closing ports and have the same type for all ports: (DISCLOSE port-data) -> disclose list (CLOSE port-data) -> unspecific For CLOSE, The system takes care of modifying the port's status. The third procedure is used to fill and empty buffers. Its arguments and return values depend on the kind of port: Buffered output ports: (BUFFER-PROC port-data buffer start-index byte-count) -> unspecific BYTE-COUNT bytes should be copied from the buffer beginning at START-INDEX. The buffer may be either a string or a code-vector. Unbuffered output ports: (BUFFER-PROC port-data char) -> unspecific Write out the given character. The system uses this for the default error port. Input ports: (BUFFER-PROC data buffer start-index needed-bytes) -> EOF or number of bytes read (before an EOF) Bytes should be copied into the buffer starting at START-INDEX. The buffer may be either a string or a code-vector. NEEDED-BYTES is one of: 'IMMEDIATE The call should return immediately after transfering whatever number of bytes are currently available, possibly none (this is used for CHAR-READY?). The maximum number of characters is determined by the length of BUFFER. 'ANY The call should wait until at least one byte is available or an EOF occurs (used for READ-CHAR and PEEK-CHAR). The maximum number of characters is determined by the length of BUFFER. N > 0 The call should wait until N bytes have been copied into the buffer or an EOF occurs. If the return value is less than NEEDED-BYTES the port code inserts an EOF after the last byte. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Ports and the Virtual Machine Ports could be implemented entirely in Scheme, with no support from the VM. For efficiency reasons VM instructions are supplied for three port operations: (READ-CHAR ) (PEEK-CHAR ) (WRITE-CHAR ) For each of these, if there is sufficient data or space in the appropriate buffer the VM performs the operation. Otherwise a buffer-full/empty exception is raised and the exception handler uses the buffer procedure from the port's handler to fill or empty the buffer. scheme48-1.9/doc/news.txt000644 004306 005702 00000153760 12070060452 016312 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 -*- Mode: org; -*- Recent changes to Scheme 48. * 2012-12-31 (version 1.9) ** Additions - A new C FFI as added, thanks to Crestani, Harald Glab-Plhak. The old one is still there but will eventually be phased out. See Crestani's paper "Foreign-Function Interfaces for Garbage-Collected Programming Languages" http://www-pu.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/users/crestani/publications/2008-sws-ffi.pdf - A new networking code layer was added with full support for IPv6, UDP etc. (undocumented as of yet) - Records now support single inheritance (accessible through the r6rs-records packages) - `letrec*' was added to the `scheme' structure - A `r5rs' structure was added. - A new condition system based on R6RS's system has replaced the old system. - Some R6RS libraries were added (with help from Robert Ransom). - A statistical profiler was added (Marcel Turino, Manuel Dietrich) - check the documentation for details. - TLC tables (`eq?' tables) were added by Marcus Crestani and David Frese. - The module system warns on cycles and redefinitions - When the VM is compiled with GNU C, it uses direct threading for instruction dispatch, which speeds up the VM noticeable (done by Timo Harter) - The reader for a structure is configurable (again). - SRFI 19 now works on Windows - `list-spine{,-cycle-safe}[*%]' sequence macros were added to `reduce' structure by Robert Ransom - The Windows build can be done via a Boo script (contributed by Robert Ransom) - The unquote and unquote-splicing were generalized to several operands, in line with R6RS. - Commands ,show-known-packages, ,show-interface, and ,show-default-package were added to support SDT (Marcus Crestani, Sebastian Rheinecker). - `placeholder-value' now accepts a `deadlock?' argument that says whether blocking on the placeholder contributes to deadlock. - Most source files now carry author information. - A document =doc/deriving.txt= was added that clarifies how works derived from Scheme 48 should be labelled. ** Changes - The BIBOP GC was heavily debugged and is now considered stable - it is enabled by default. - The system builds on Windows Visual Studio Express 2010 instead of Visual Studio 2005. - The BIBOP GC code was simplified significantly. - The `syntax-rules' implementation was rewritten by Richard Kelsey - Some structures were added to the POSIX subsystem (`posix-errnos', `posix-syslog') - Various procedures were added to the POSIX structures by Roderic Morris to support scsh. - The autoconf code was reorganized by Ivan Shmakov. - The REPL now prints values without quotes and auto-capitalization of record-type names. - The Makefile now builds the documentation upon `make install'. (This requires a working LaTeX installation and tex2page.) A target `install-no-doc' is available that does not. - The license information was clarified. - The external-events API was changed to fix a design bug; it now correctly accomodates "fire-once" applications such as wait-`for-child-process' (with help from Robert Ransom, Roderic Morris). ** Bug fixes - Many. * 01/20/08 (version 1.8) ** Additions - An experimental framework for asynchronous events from external code was added. It's now used for asynchronous host-name lookups on systems with pthreads. - Support for 64-bit architectures was added (thanks to Taylor Campbell, Marcus Crestani, and David Frese) - The installation now includes an (experimental) "scheme48-config" script that reports C compiler and linker and associated flags that may be used for compiling dynamic externals. ** Changes - The layout of the installed system now conforms to FHS. - The old dynamic-loading code was removed; correspondingly, the -o flag for scheme48vm was removed. - The filename translations apply to dynamic externals as well. - On Unix, the central event loop uses poll() instead of select() on systems that have it (thanks to Marcus Crestani) - The external code for the POSIX libraries and SRFI 27 was moved to dynamically-loaded externals. (Cygwin support for this thanks to Harald Glab-Plhak) ** Bug fixes - A bug in the division simplifier of the PreScheme compiler was fixed. - The PreScheme compiler can now emit code for unsigned longs. - The implementations of SRFI 19 and SRFI 42 now include the latest fixes from the reference implementations. - A race condition in the implementation of queues was fixed. * 09/06/07 (version 1.7) ** Additions - A new, experimental garbage collector written by David Frese has been added. It can be enabled by specifying "--enable-gc=bibop" on the configure command line. (It is disabled by default on Unix, but enabled on Windows.) - DESTDIR support has been added to the Makefile (thanks to Markus Weissmann, Ivan Shmakov, Will Job von Foo) ** Bug fixes - Ctrl-C now works more reliably on Windows. - An I/O bug on Windows where an EOF on read would cause a crash has been fixed. (reported by Christoph Bauer) - A bug that would cause spurious deadlocks with the interactive REPL was fixed. - A bug where the last exception handler would get de-installed has been fixed (reported by Emilio Lopes) - A bug in BYTES->STRING-N that would cause it to break on incomplete incodings was fixed (reported by Emilio Lopes) - CURRENT-OS-STRING-TEXT-CODEC is now exported from OS-STRINGS as documented (reported by Emilio Lopes) - A bug where random text would be printed when a port was closed by GC was fixed. (reported by Will Clinger) - A bug in the UDP sockets was fixed. * 03/19/07 (version 1.6) ** Additions - An autogen.sh script for generating the various generated files from source was added. - Infrastructure for creating, running and composing test suites was added. As a result, "make check" now runs more tests than before. - It is now possible for adventurous users to run the linker in PLT Scheme. ** Changes - "make image" now assumes a Unicode-capable Scheme 48. ** Bug fixes - A bug where automatic port-flushing would churn trying to write to a blocking socket was fixed. - An infinite loop upon (/ 0.0 0.0) was fixed. (reported by Taylor Campbell) - A bug that made SYSTEM unusable was fixed. (reported by Marco Benelli) - A bug with package mutation, which made running the PreScheme compiler on the VM break was fixed. - Bugs related to the conversion between OS strings and strings on command-line handling were fixed. (reported by Andreas Rottmann) - Compilation using gcc now uses the -munaligned-doubles flag where available, which is needed on SPARCs to make floating-point arithmetic work. - Compilation older versions Cygwin that don't have langinfo.h should be fixed. - Some problems with installing and running on Windows Vista were fixed. (thanks to Axel T. Schreiner) * 01/12/07 (version 1.5) ** Additions - Comprehensive Unicode support was added. See the manual for details. - An implementation of SRFI 19 was added. (thanks to Emilio Lopes) - SYNTAX-RULES now supports vector patterns and templates. - The ,bound? command now produces more output. (thanks to Taylor Campbell) ** Changes - Many of the POSIX procedures that accepted or returned strings previously now accept or return OS strings. See the manual for details. - The ,build command now accepts a procedure that will be called with a list of OS strings rather than regular strings. - The ASCII->CHAR and CHAR->ASCII procedures from the ASCII structure covers only ASCII (codes 0-127) now. (Previously, the range included 128-255 as well.) ** Bug fixes - A bug with package mutation was fixed. (reported by Taylor Campbell) * 12/23/06 (version 1.4) ** Additions - REGEXP? is now exported from the REXEXPS structure. - SRFIs 4, 39, 40, 43, 43, 60, 61, 63, 66, 67, 71, 78 (mostly thanks to David Van Horn) - In the command processor, switches were generalized to settings, specifically to customize various printing parameters. See the manual for details. - A generic byte-code parser was added to the system; the disassembler uses it. - A REINITIALIZERS package for register actions to be performed after resuming an image was added. - A VARIABLE-ARGUMENTS-LISTS structure implementing a macro for dealing with optional default parameters was added. - A GET-INTERRUPT-HANDLER procedure was added. - An --enable-universal-binary option was added to configure to facilitate building universal binaries on Mac OS X. - The C code now has access to enum sets. ** Changes - FILE-OPTIONS (in the POSIX libary) are now enum sets; this allows using enum-set operations on them. - Various changes were made to the VM to enable native-code compilation. - Socket addresses are always reusable. - 1+ and 1- are no longer valid identifiers. - The ordering of in/out thunks of DYNAMIC-WIND was changed to be consistent with itself and with the upcoming R6RS. - The Windows build is now done using Visual Studio 2005. ** Bug fixes - Macro-defining macros now work in PreScheme. - Opening a file for both read and write via the POSIX libraries wouldn't work correctly. (Reported by Andreas Rottmann.) - PreScheme's COPY-MEMORY! now works for overlapping regions. Various C compilation problems were fixed. - cmuscheme48.el should now work under GNU Emacs as well as XEmacs. - Numerous problems with floating-point arithmetic were fixed. - A race condition with queues was fixed. (thanks to David Frese) - Part of script messages were printed on stdout rather than stderr; fixed. (thanks to Andreas Rottmann) - A shadowing bug in the DEBUGGING package was fixed. (thanks to Taylor Campbell) - A bug in the CML SYNC-GROUP primitive was fixed. (thanks to Heath Putnam) - Various errors in SRFI 13 were fixed. - A bug in the auto-integrator was fixed. (thanks to Taylor Campbell) - A bug in LOAD-DYNAMIC-EXTERNALS was fixed. (thanks to Taylor Campbell) - Several bugs in VECTOR-MERGE were fixed. (reported by Matthias Radestock) - The CML WRAP was made correctly tail-recursive. (reported by Heath Putnam) - A bug in the PreScheme C backend, that would sometimes incorrectly delete tail calls without a return value, was fixed. (reported by Eric Merritt) - Several bugs in interface walking were fixed. (reported by Taylor Campbell) - A bug in the PreScheme compiler affecting the removal of unused procedures was fixed. (thanks to Eric Knauel) - Some precedence bugs in the C stubgs for the regexp code were fixed. (thanks to Matthew Dempsky) - A bug in the REGEXPS package for regexps without submatches was fixed. - (set-current-proposal! (current-proposal)) no longer raises an exception. (thanks to Taylor Campbell) - A bug in package caching was fixed. (thanks to Taylor Campbell) - A bug in the generation of environment maps was fixed. (thanks to Taylor Campbell) - The Windows installer package should now work even on systems that have delayed variable expansion on by default. (thanks to Emilio Lopes) - Exception handlers that return from RAISE are now handled correctly. (reported by Norbert Freudemann) * 05/01/05 (version 1.3) ** Additions - A collection of libraries implementing the Concurrent ML model for concurrent programming has been added; it is compatible to the CML libraries in Sunterlib. See the documentation for details. - Support for SRFIs 34-36 ("Exception handling for programs", "Conditions", "I/O conditions") has been added. This is in the CONDITIONS, EXCEPTIONS, and I/O-CONDITIONS structures, for which the SRFI-34, SRFI-35, and SRFI-36 structures are essentially aliases. A bridging infrastructure between the old condition system and the new one translates condition objects back and forth, hopefully transparently for the user. - A new infrastructure for dynamically loading external libraries from shared objects has been added; check the manual for details. The old infrastructure is still presented, but is unsupported on Windows and will be removed in a future release. - The S48_GC_UNPROTECT_GLOBAL macro has been added, which allows to remove a root added by S48_GC_PROTECT_GLOBAL. - The Scheme 48 header files should now be compileable by a C++ compiler. - An experimental Windows port has been added. ** Changes - The HTML manual is now generated with tex2page. - A number of changes to the VM to support the (future) native-code compiler have been made. - The PreScheme type rule for IF is now more strict, thus disallowing code that would lead to invalid C output. (This fixes a bug reported by Markus Ziegler.) ** Bug fixes - The TRAVERSE structure for displaying heap statistics has been re-enabled. - A number of misues of CALL-ERROR have been corrected (reported by Taylor Campbell). - The VALUE-PIPES package works again (fix by Taylor Campbell). - In PreScheme it is now possible to shift integers by non-constant shift widths. - Logical right shifts in PreScheme work now (reported by Taylor Campbell). - A bug in TERMINATE-THREAD! was fixed (reported by Taylor Campbell). - A bug in the implementation of ,exit-when-done was fixed. - A bug in the regexp-matching code that prevented matching the empty string correctly was fixed. - A bug in the implementation of STRING-CONTAINS from SRFI-13 was fixed. - A bug in the implementation of :WHILE in SRFI-42 was fixed (submitted by Sebastian Egner). - Bugs in the implementations of ANGLE and MAGNITUDE were fixed. - An obscure bug in the implementation of APPLY (which was triggered by certain instances of (apply apply ...) ) was fixed. - For a degenerate case of ITERATE, the code was made to conform the documentation (reported by Taylor Campbell). - Various miscellaneous fixes. * 12/05/04 (version 1.2) ** Additions - The LU-DECOMPOSITIONS structure was added for good. - The CONDVAR structure now exports CONDVAR?. - SRFI 22 ("Running Scheme Scripts on Unix") is fully supported. - An implementation of SRFI 45 was added. - Scheme 48 now builds from a directory other than the source directory. This enables builds for multiple platforms from a single source directory. ** Changes - Scheme 48 uses floating-point arithmetic by default now---as if FLOATNUMS were loaded in a previous release. To that end, Scheme 48 now uses Bob Burger's lightning-fast free-format floating-point printer. - "make install" now creates the installation directories. ** Bug fixes - The PreScheme compiler works again for the VM---in 1.1, there was a bug in the type inferencer related to exactness. - A number of bugs in the REGEXPS structure were fixed (many noted by James B Crigler). - The closed compilator for ERROR was buggy (reported by Taylor Campbell). - A number of documentation bugs were fixed. - The assembler works again, at least rudimentarily. - The SPATIAL structure loads and works again. - Most of the code in scheme/misc (ANNOTATIONS, DOODL, SICP, INTEGER-LENGTHS) works again. - SPAWN now returns the created thread, and the THREADS structure exports CURRENT-THREAD. (As the 1.1 documentation already claimed.) - Floating-point numbers are now printed correctly. (See above.) - "make install" now installs scheme48write-barrier.h. - Two subtle GC bugs related to threads were fixed (reported by Jorgen Schaefer). - Some arithmetic bugs were fixed (reported by Aubrey Jaffer). - A number of bugs related to the handling of I/O error were fixed. - The debugger now prints more information about the context of a VM exception. - A GC bug related to POSIX signals was fixed. - The POSIX-PROCESSES structure now exports SIGNAL? and SIGNAL=?. * 05/07/04 (version 1.1) ** Additions - Added Enum-sets (which are in big/enum-set.scm along with their struct). - Added SRFIs 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 37, 42. - Added documentation for the thread system. - Added documentation for numerous other libraries. - Added structure definition for LU-DECOMPOSITIONS. - Added Hilbert vectors to the regular build. ** Changes - DUP, DUP-SWITCHING-MODE, and DUP2 now takes ports as arguments, as the manual says, instead of channels. - Added a 'start' index argument to the Posix regular-expression matcher (this is an incompatible change). - BLOCK and MAKE-READY are no longer exported by the thread package. Use the MAYBE-COMMIT-AND-... versions instead. - Placeholders now use the commit mechanism instead of disabling interrupts. - lock.scm has been moved from rts/ to big/ because the S48 system no longer uses them. - The old SORT library has been replaced by Olin Shiver's collection of sort libraries. (The SORT structure retains its old interface.) - It's possible to quote filenames for , commands. ** Bug fixes - Locks and placeholders work correctly. - INEXACT->EXACT now works on exact numbers and vice versa. - LETREC is now compiled correctly. - CALL-WITH-VALUES now works correctly for the one-return-value case. - SRFI 0 now exports MAP, FOR-EACH, MEMBER, and ASSOC. - Blocking threads are held onto via cells to allow terminated threads to be summarily removed. MAYBE-COMMIT-AND-BLOCK is passed this cell as an argument. This fixes a race condition in the blocking mechanism. Also as a result of this, locks etc. use regular queues instead of thread-queues. - Package mutation code now knows that structure clients may be either packages or structures (found and fixed by Martin Gasbichler). - c/write-barrier.h has been renamed c/scheme48write-barrier.h (a change) and added to the list of include files that are installed (it is #include'd by scheme48.h which was already being installed). - INTEGER? now works correctly on floats. - The sources can now be compiled by a C++ compiler. - Numerous minor type issues in the C code were fixed. - Some GC problems with the POSIX code were fixed. - The SRFI 5 implementation now conforms to the specification. - Channels closed by CALL-WITH-{INPUT,OUTPUT}-FILE through GC no longer cause a mesage to be printed. * 10/7/01 (version 1.0) ** Bug fixes - Fixed a problem with the debug data for LETREC environments. - Null output ports now marked as output ports. - Command reader now checks that , is followed by a symbol. - Got rid of 'return ;' in void functions in vm/*.c files. ** Changes - The byte-code architecture has been changed. It no longer has dedicated registers for the template and environment. All values are now accessed via the stack pointer. - Image writer now uses hash tables instead of breaking hearts. This allows for more careful construction of the image files and means that having static areas no longer prevents writing images. - Continuations no longer have headers when on the stack, making non-tail calls a little bit faster. - Removed the unused PORT-LOCKED? from ports. - Made for less duplication of code between the VM and RTS: put the continuation offsets into vm/arch.scm, moved some code around so that vm/data.scm could be used by the RTS, the interface definitions for vm/arch.scm and vm/data.scm are now shared. - The VM's stack pointer (*stack*) now points to the top value on the stack instead of the unused location just above. - The VM files are now in organized into subdirectories. - The interrupt and stack overflow checks have been merged into a single test. Calls are a little bit faster. * 7/15/01 (version 0.57) ** Additions - Added a SYSTEM procedure that calls the C system() function (in structure c-system-function). - Added SRFIs 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, and 23. ** Bug fixes - Removed duplicate definitions of S48_{ENTER|EXTRACT}_BOOLEAN from c/scheme48.h. - Fixed a problem in lookup_record() in c/posix/proc.c that was causing crashes. - Added scheme/srfi to the list of directories that get installed. - Zeroed sockaddr structs in c/unix/socket.c. - Added configuration tests for socklen_t. - Marked DEFINE-RECORD-TYPE as syntax in the SRFI-9 interface. - Fixed (another) bug in s48-shorten-bignum. - Fixed off-by-one error that caused one resumer record to be ignored when writing out images. - Fixed problem with macros expanding into uses of finite types. - Added a handler for the TIME opcode to take care of any arithmetic overflow. * 5/30/01 (version 0.56) ** Bug fixes - Fixed problems with s48-shorten-bignum that were causing crashes. - Patched PreScheme compiler so that the VM would compile (how did this not get noticed earlier?). - Added scheme/posix to the list of directories that get installed. - Replaced sa.sa_action = ... with sa.sa_handler = ... in c/posix/proc.c. - Added one-argument version of ATAN. - Fixed macro-defining-macro bug that showed up in SLIB's FLUID-LET. - SLEEP checks that its argument is a positive real number and correctly handles rationals and inexacts. - Fixed a few typos in the manual. * 5/21/01 (version 0.55) ** Additions - The inspector is more efficient in dealing with large vectors, long lists and circular lists. ** Bug fixes - Added an error handler to command-levels.scm to avoid bad interaction between ,break-on-warnings and the handler-raised undefined-variables warning. - Fixed endless recursion occuring when loading floatnums after creating inexact rationals. - Made ,reset throw away the old value stack - build/filenames.scm now loads the interface files so we no longer get the plethora of "undefined variable" warnings. - The flat-environment optimizer is now idempotent. - Fixed a problem with single-argument receivers as in (call-with-values ... (lambda (x) ...)) - Minor edits to the documentation. - Fixed a problem that occured when (optimize auto-integrate) was used in the presence of definition-producing macros. - Changes to the socket code to work around an oddity in FreeBSD. - Added the os-{...-}name functions to the Posix interface. - The socket code uses socklen_t instead of ints in the appropriate places (the configure script defines socklen_t if necessary). (thanks to Martin Gasbichler). ** Changes - Replaced all uses of FLUID-SET! with fluids bound to cells. - Renamed WRITE-ONE-LINE (which did nothing of the sort) to LIMIT-OUTPUT; the old name is still there for compatibility. - Added vertical tab (ascii->char 11) to ascii-whitespaces to make our definition of whitespace the same as POSIX's. - The procedures in the records and records-internal structures are now in three structures: 'records' has the low-level, vector-like primitives, 'record-types' has everything relating to the type records, and 'records-internal' has the leftovers. - Removed many of the uses of STRUCTURE-REF (because the manual doesn't mention it). * 3/20/01 (version 0.54) ** Additions - SET and UNSET commands for modifying switch values. The following commands are now obsolete (but still work): batch, bench, break-on-warnings, form-preferred, and levels. - Support for some SRFIs. - Support for some Posix functionality. - Functional interface to Posix regular expression matching. - ITERATE and REDUCE macros for writing loops. - Much of the documentation is now in a single manual (doc/manual.ps or doc/html/manual.html). - MODIFY added to the module language for interface mangling. - LETREC-CLOSURE opcode for LETREC's when using flat environments. OUTPUT-PORT-READY? in I/O is CHAR-READY? for output ports. ** Deletions - Removed misc/syscall.scm and misc/getenv.scm. Use the posix calls instead. - Removed the .notify rule. ** Changes - Bignums are now handled in C code borrowed from MITScheme (thanks to Martin Gasbichler). - Replaced ,levels with ,reset and added ,resume . - The command interpreter loads ,OPENed packages without asking. Do `,set ask-before-loading' to get the old behavior. - The command interpreter no longer prints out the names of files and modules being loaded. Do `,unset load-silently' to get the old behavior. - The command interpreter has changed in a number of other ways. See the manual. - Changed misc/either.scm to use fluid variables and replaced (init) with (with-nondeterminism ). Moved the sources to big/either.scm and the structure definition to more-packages.scm. - Moved the programming-environment packages out of more-packages.scm and into env-packages.scm. more-packages.scm was getting too large. - Modified the opt/analyzer.scm code to get CADR to inline. - The last-resort condition handler now uses DEBUG-MESSAGE to print, in the hope that it will be more robust this way. The message is a bit more wordy as well. - CHAR-READY? no longer causes any characters to be read from OS ports. ** Bug fixes - The flat-environment optimizer can now handle large environments. - Removed command-interpreter's saved focus values from the stack to keep them from being captured by call/cc. - The code in misc/pipe.scm works again. - Changed variable `errno' in c/unix/misc.c to something that does not conflict with glibc. - Fixed (lambda () (define x 1) (define y 2)) bug. - Added Mike Sperber's more generalized alt/ fixes. - Fixed definition of S48_SET_CAR() and friends in c/scheme48.h. - Added EINTR checks to more of the system calls. - Made macro-defining SYNTAX-RULES macros work. * 2/24/99 (version 0.53) ** Additions - DEFINE-FINITE-TYPE and DEFINE-ENUMERATED-TYPE (in structure FINITE-TYPES; documented in doc/utilities.ps and doc/html/utilities.html. - Added CHAR-SOURCE->INPUT-PORT, CHAR-SOURCE->OUTPUT-PORT, MAKE-STRING-OUTPUT-PORT, STRING-OUTPUT-SOURCE-OUTPUT to the extended-ports structure. - The structure BYTE-VECTORS is the same as CODE-VECTORS with `byte' replacing `code' in all the names. The underlying datatype is the same for both, and uses `byte' when printing. - There is a new and much improved interface to C code, thanks to Mike Sperber. It is documented in in doc/external.ps and doc/html/external.html. ** Bug fixes - Session-data and user-context records are no longer in the fluid env. - Lexical environments can now be nested up to 65k deep. - ,expand no longer prints `definition in expression context' warnings. - Added ARRAY? and SEARCH-TREE? to the array and search tree structures. - Flat environments work again. - Templates of the form `var ... ...' now work in syntax rules. - Reinstated caching of SCHEMIFY results to greatly reduce the space used by debugging info. - Added argument checking to STRING->NUMBER and NUMBER->STRING. - Fixed space blow-up in LOAD. - Unused ports are closed more reliably. ** Changes - The heap, gc, and image code is now in three separate modules. - The symbol table is now held in a VM register. - Inlined SHOWING-FOCUS-VALUES into the main command loop and moved the sentinel call to reduce the noise at the base of ,preview output. - The tables returned by MAKE-TABLE now use EQV? for comparison (instead of EQ?). This makes these tables about 50% slower when numbers are used as keys, but significantly more accurate. - Floating-point numbers are no longer double boxed. * 7/22/98 (version 0.52) ** Bug fixes - Fixed problems with unbound variables in SET! and the inliner. - Made macro expansion a bit less eager; this should reduce the amount of heap space needed for compilation. * 6/29/98 (version 0.51) ** Incompatible changes - BIG-SCHEME no longer exports its version of DEFINE-RECORD-TYPE (but it is available from the structure DEFRECORD). I am slowly removing all uses of this version of DEFINE-RECORD-TYPE from the sources. - The version of DEFINE-RECORD-TYPE exported by DEFINE-RECORD-TYPES checks that every constructor argument corresponds to a field. - Uses of LAP must list their free variables (see env/assem.scm). ** Changes - The functions exported by BIG-SCHEME that were not available elsewhere are now exported by BIG-UTIL as well. - MAKE-RANDOM now checks its argument (but is still a fairly poor source of pseudo-randomness). - SIGPIPE no longer kills the S48 process (this was done earlier but not listed here). - The macro/module/compiler code has been reorganized. Hopefully the only noticable difference is in the babble written when loading files and packages. - Added CODE-QUOTE (in its own structure of the same name) for use in writing hygienic macro-generating macros. CODE-QUOTE is the same as QUOTE except that it does not strip off any of the macro system's name annotations. - The FLOATNUMS package now exports FLOATNUM?. ** Bug fixes - Fixed phony stack-overflow bug. - Fixed a bug in thread time-debit mechanism. - Made floating point numbers always print as inexact. - Got rid of bogus type-error warnings when using floatnums. - Fixed declaration of call_startup_procedure in c/main.c. * 2/11/98 (version 0.50) ** Bug fixes - Fixed bug in closed-compiled version of READ-CHAR. - Fixed negative-key bug in integer tables. * 11/18/97 (version 0.49) ** Bug fixes - Removed some non-portable Kali code that had been accidentally included in c/extension.c. * 10/29/97 (version 0.48) - The VM's calling convention now has the caller doing protocol checking, instead of the callee. The *NARGS* register no longer exists. - Scheme's variable-arity procedures (APPLY, MAKE-VECTOR, +, -, etc.) are usually handled without raising an exception. Calls with an `atypical' number of arguments are now much faster. - Opcodes were added for >, <=, and >=. - Procedures can take up to about 8k arguments. The limit is determined by the value of AVAILABLE-STACK-SPACE in scheme/vm/arch.scm. - Compiler detects wrong number of arguments in ((lambda ...) ...). - Removed the dynamic point from the dynamic environment to make DYNAMIC-WIND behave reasonably with threads. - KILL-THREAD! should work more reliably. - The I/O primitives now pass OS error messages to the exception handlers. - I/O errors when flushing buffers no longer crash the system. - The Pre-Scheme compiler's hack for shadowing global variables with local copies is no longer used. ** Incompatible changes - The internal thread interface was simplified. - There are some architecture changes; .image files will have to be rebuilt. - ACCESS-SCHEME-48 and scheme/misc/slib-init.scm have been removed (thanks to Mike Sperber's updating of slib). * 1/27/97 (version 0.47) - Fixed ,exit and added ,exit-when-done. - CASE now uses EQV? exclusively. * 11/5/96 (version 0.46) - Fixed a few minor thread problems. - opt/analyze.scm now writes to current-noise-port. - DELQ and DELETE now delete every instance, as the documentation claims. - There should be no more spurious heap-overflow interrupts. - Fixed bugs that caused the system to die if stdout blocked. - Template offsets have been increased to two bytes. - Disassembly of flat-lambda now works (fix from Michael Sperber). * 8/23/96 (version 0.45) - Fixed various problems with thread termination and nested schedulers. - Changed thread-internal interface to make schedulers easier to write. - BITWISE-{AND,IOR,XOR} now take an arbitrary number of arguments. - Output ports have their buffers flushed when Scheme 48 terminates. - In keeping with RnRS, CLOSE-{IN,OUT}PUT-PORT are now idempotent. - MODULO now handles negative arguments properly. * 6/20/96 (version 0.44) - The VM's byte-code interpreter and storage management code are now compiled to separate C files. - The socket code works again. * 5/10/96 (version 0.42-0.43) - Various fixes to the thread and I/O systems. - The Unix interface code is more portable. - EOF (control-D) now resumes running all non-broken threads on resumed command level. Thus EOF after a keyboard interrupt (control-C) resumes running the interrupted thread. * 11/30/95 (version 0.41) - The distribution has been reorganized to reduce the number of files in the top-level directory. - The threads implementation has been replaced with one based on engines to allow for nested schedulers. - Threads are now included in the initial image. - The I/O system has been fixed and automatic periodic output buffer flushing has been reinstalled. - Command levels have been integrated with the threads system to ensure that at most one REPL is active at any time. - CONDVAR has been changed to PLACEHOLDER (condition variables being something quite different). - ,profile no longer works, it will be fixed in a later version. MIN and MAX now do inexact contagion. * 4/13/95 (version 0.40) - Renamed error-output-port to current-error-port. - Reinstated ".gdbinit"... - segment->template now takes parent templates debug data as an argument. - Automatic periodic output buffer flushing has been temporarily disabled. A future version of the I/O system will fix it. - Fixed expansion of named LET. - The bummed-define-record-types structure is now gone; use define-record-types instead. - There is somewhat better syntax checking now. * 8/12/94 (versions 0.38-0.39) - ,profile prints out profiling information - An interrupt is raised after every GC; the default handler checks to see if some reasonable amount of storage was reclaimed. - Some of the standard Scheme procedures, including LENGTH, FOR-EACH, VECTOR, and ASSQ, are now significantly faster. - Making, accessing, and setting records is faster. - tar file now includes the top-level directory - The "scheme-level-2-internal" structure has been renamed to "usual-resumer". - ` ( . ' is now illegal (as required by the R4RS grammar). - Made DELAY and FORCE comply with R4RS. - The EXPAND optimizer does a topological sort on definitions. - (optimize flat-environments) causes the compiler to produce flat (instead of nested) lexical environments. - The I/O system has been rewritten to do its own buffering. There are significant changes to unix.c to support this. See doc/io.txt. - (ERROR-OUTPUT) is now available from the structure i/o. - jar-defrecord has been replaced with a modified bummed-jar-defrecord - Files load about 25% faster, for a number of reasons. - Removed the copy of vm/arch.scm from the rts directory. - Threads and sockets work together; SOCKET-ACCEPT no longer blocks. - The compiler no longer prints out .'s as it compiles definitions. * 7/5/94 (version 0.37) - I/O opcodes now raise an interrupt instead of blocking (they still block if no corresponding interrupt handler has been installed). - The threads code has been rewritten; threads that block on I/O do not busy wait and THREAD-READ-CHAR and THREAD-PEEK-CHAR have been removed. - Attempting to obtain a lock twice or to release an unowned lock now signal errors. - READ-CHAR-WITH-TIMEOUT returns #F if the timeout occurs. - The socket structure is back in more-packages.scm. - Renamed .gdbinit to gdbinit - tar file now contains a top-level directory * 3/22/94 (version 0.36) - Removed doc/lsc.ps for copyright reasons. - Fixed (* 47123 46039) multiply bug. - Modified vm/README to make it easier to run the VM. * 3/16/94 (version 0.35) - Fixed (exact->inexact 0.1) -> 0..1. bug. - Fixed VM bug that permitted the creation of stored objects with negative sizes. * 3/8/94 (version 0.34) - "make check" target tests out various features. - Fixes for SGI IRIX 4.0.5 and MIPS RISC/OS 4.51, courtesy Bryan O'Sullivan. - debug/run.scm and the "medium system" work again now. - misc/static.scm should work on the 68000. - Command processor no longer fluid-binds (interaction-environment) on recursive entry. * 2/24/94 (version 0.33) - Fixed bug in VM's interrupt system. - Made non-local srcdir work in Makefile. - Added (load-package 'bigbit) to vm/README. * 2/23/94 (version 0.32) - Some incompatible changes to the VM; .image files will have to be rebuilt. - Improvements to configuration script and to unix.c to support a wider variety of Unixes. The system should now work under any Posix-compliant Unix (except maybe for char-ready?; see comments in unix.c). - Upped the default heap size from 4 meg (2 per semispace) to 6 meg (3 per semispace). - New command line argument -s for specifying size of stack buffer. Default is 2500 (words). - $@ -> "$@" in script (thanks to Paul Stodghill for this fix). - Obscure interrupt/exception VM bug fixed. - It is now possible to put an initial heap image into static memory (effectively allocated by OS process creation). Immutable initial objects go into static read-only memory, and mutable initial objects go into static read-write memory. Initial objects not copied by the GC. There is no documentation yet, but look at the rules for little and debug/little.o in the Makefile if you're interested. * 2/13/94 (version 0.31) ** Incompatible changes - In interfaces, all exported syntactic keywords must be given type :syntax. For example, (define-interface my-macros (export (my-macro :syntax) ...)) - Image entry procedures for the ,build command are now passed a list of strings, not just a single string, for the command line arguments following -a. - The names of the macros defined in scheme48.h (pairp, car, string_length, etc.) are now all upper case. - New "configure" script generates Makefile from Makefile.in and sysdep.h from sysdep.h.in (thanks to Gnu autoconf). See INSTALL and doc/install.txt. ** Bug fixes - Can now make vectors (strings, etc.) as big as the amount of heap space available (but you're still screwed if you try to make one bigger than 2^23-1 bytes - don't do it). - Non-ANSI-ness fixed in scheme48vm.c (jump out of, then back into, a block expected block-local variables to be unchanged). - Fixed big/external.scm (had VECTOR-POSQ instead of ENUM). - In (define-syntax foo bar) you got an error if bar was a variable reference. - Plugged a storage leak (file-environments table in env/debug.scm). Images made with ,build were too large. - Flushed extraneous delay from make-reflective-tower. - Renamed variables in Makefile to resemble Gnu standards. - Fixed definition of LINKER_RUNNABLE in Makefile. - Added doc/call-back.txt. - Fixed define-enumerated documentation (doc/big-scheme.txt). - Environment maps no longer retained for things in initial.image and scheme48.image. This makes scheme48.image about 170K smaller. * 2/3/94 (version 0.30) - Faster EXPT. - FLOATNUMS improvement: (inexact->exact ) should now work, e.g. (inexact->exact (/ 1. 3.)) => 6004799503160661/18014398509481984 - Reinstated ACCESS-SCHEME-48 for the benefit of PSD (portable scheme debugger) and a certain other software package that shall remain nameless. It only knows about a small number of procedures, including things like ERROR and FORCE-OUTPUT. - Various changes to support the Pre-Scheme compiler, notably SET-REFLECTIVE-TOWER-MAKER!. - Incompatible change to the ENUMERATED structure: the names foo/bar no longer become defined. Write (enum foo bar) instead. This will macro expand into the correct small integer. * 1/30/94 (version 0.29) - Fixed ps_run_time() to call sysconf() to find out how many ticks there are per second. It used to assume 60. This affects the output of the ,time command, so don't try comparing numbers from this version with numbers from older versions. - ,time command will now accept a command, e.g. ,time ,load foo.scm. - It appears that if multiple arguments follow -a on the argument line, they are concatenated together with spaces separating them and passed to the startup procedure. I don't know how long this has worked. This will change in the future so that the startup procedure gets a list of strings. - Installed what used to be called the GENERAL-TABLES structure as the TABLES structure used by the system. This allows the use of other comparison predicates besides EQ?, and eliminates some code that had a restrictive copyright notice. - ENUM, NAME->ENUMERAND, and ENUMERAND->NAME are all macros. - Enumerated types themselves are now macros as well. - Fixed bad multiplication bug in VM: (* 214760876 10) was returning 125112. - Moved RECORD-TYPE? and RECORD-TYPE-FIELD-NAMES from the RECORDS-INTERNAL interface to the RECORDS interface, for a somewhat closer approximation to MIT Scheme. - Various type system improvements. - Still no documentation for the ,exec package, but see link/load-linker.exec for an example. - New generic function feature, exported by the METHODS interface (see interfaces.scm), almost like in a certain dynamic object-oriented language. * 1/11/94 (version 0.27) * Changes - The isomorphism used by CHAR->INTEGER and INTEGER->CHAR is no longer ASCII. This change was introduced in order to assist the development of portable programs. If you need ASCII encoding, you should open the ASCII structure and use the procedures CHAR->ASCII and ASCII->CHAR. * Features - The help system is somewhat improved. - New form DEFINE-STRUCTURE defines a single structure. * Incompatible changes to package system - Renamed DEFINE-PACKAGE to DEFINE-STRUCTURES - Renamed DEFINE-STRUCTURE to DEFINE - Renamed all the base types from FOO to :FOO. E.g. :SYNTAX, :VALUE, :PAIR, etc. * Other - Removed socket support due to restrictive copyright on some of the C code that was in extension.c. - ,take has been flushed in favor of ,exec ,load. Commands are now accessed via a distinguished package instead of a table. Documentation pending. - Postscript (.ps) files now included in doc/ subdirectory. (I thought they had been there all along, but apparently I was wrong.) - Enhanced, but still kludgey, floating point support. Use ,open floatnum. * 12/12/93 (version 0.26) - NetBSD port. - Hacked write-level and write-depth for inspecting circular structure. - Recursive FORCEs signal errors, e.g. (force (letrec ((loser (delay (force loser)))) loser)) * 12/7/93 (version 0.25) ** Bug fixes - filenames.make can now be remade using initial.image. This means that you can snarf a distribution and then edit USUAL-FEATURES before making scheme48.image. ** Incompatible changes - Change of terminology: "signature" --> "interface". This means that DEFINE-SIGNATURE is now called DEFINE-INTERFACE, etc. - Some structures have been renamed: condition -> conditions continuation -> continuations exception -> exceptions queue -> queues port -> ports record -> records, record-internal -> records-internal table -> tables template -> templates - The ,load-into command has been removed. Use ,in ... ,load instead (see below), e.g. ,in mumble ,load myfile.scm - The heap size for -h is specified in words, not bytes. As before, the size must account for both semispaces; -h 2n means n words per semispace. This change was actually made a while ago, but I was confused as to what it meant. ** Bug fixes - #e1.7 reads as 17/10, (exact? 1+1.0i) => #f, and 1.0+i prints. * Features - Things like ((structure-ref scheme if) 1 2 3) work. - The following commands now take arbitrary commands to execute in the specified package, not just forms: ,config ,user ,for-syntax ,in For example, you can say ,in mumble ,trace foo This subsumes the functionality of the ,load-into and ,load-config commands. - Dynamic loading of shared libraries for System V systems (untested). * Documentation - Somewhat improved. user-guide.txt now lists most of the interesting built-in packages. lsc.ps is a draft of "A Tractable Scheme Implementation," a paper submitted to Lisp and Symbolic Computation. See also doc/big-scheme.txt, doc/thread.txt, and doc/external.txt. * 10/30/93 - LET-SYNTAX and LETREC-SYNTAX. - Arrays (see big/array.scm). - Lots of internal changes. * 7/20/93 ** Features - Type system. See doc/types.txt. * 7/4/93 ** Features - New define-package clause (for-syntax *). E.g. (define-package ((my-package ...)) (open ...) (for-syntax (open scheme my-utilities) (files more-crud-for-syntax)) ...) - A file name to package map is now used by the emacs interface. Whenever you load a file, or zap from a file that hasn't been previously loaded or zapped, the package in which forms are being evaluated is remembered in a table. The next time you zap some forms from the same file, they will be evaluated in that package. Sometimes you may get an association you don't want. In that situation, you can use the ,forget command to delete an entry in the table. - A new ,push command goes to a deeper command level. - Experimental "command preferred" command processor mode: if you give the command ",form-preferred off", commands will be "preferred" to forms, meaning that you don't need to type a comma before giving a command. To see the value of a variable FOO you have to say (begin foo). - Experimental "no levels" command processor mode: if you give the command ",levels off", then an error will not push a new command level. If you want to ignore an error, you don't need to take any action - further evaluations will happen at top level. If you want to enter the inspector or get a preview, you can issue these commands or a ,push command immediately after the error occurs (more precisely, any time until the focus object is set by some other command). - All of the mode-control commands (batch, bench, break-on-warnings, form-preferred, and levels) take an optional argument. When no argument is given, they will toggle the corresponding mode. With an argument of ON or OFF, they turn the mode on or off. - The ,flush and ,keep commands have been made more flexible and verbose. * 6/18/93 ** Incompatible changes - The access-scheme48 procedure has gone away. Use ,open or the module system instead. - The user, configuration, and for-syntax packages no longer have variables bound to them in the configuration package. Where previously you said: Now you should say: ,in user

,user ,in config ,config ,in for-syntax ,for-syntax ,load-into config ,load-config ,load-into for-syntax ,for-syntax (load "file") ** Features - There is an ,expand command for debugging macros. - The ,open command takes any number of structure names, and opens them all (like ,new-package). - New procedure DEFINE-INDENTATION exported by the PP structure. E.g. (define-indentation 'let-fluid 1) is like Gnu emacs's (put 'let-fluid 'scheme-indent-hook 1). - The inspector simplifies generated names in continuation source code display. E.g. when formerly it said "Waiting for (#{Generated lambda} () (x->node (car exps)))" now it says "Waiting for (lambda () (x->node (car exps)))" - Macros can signal syntax errors by returning input expression unchanged. (Comparison uses EQ?.) ** Documentation - The doc/ directory contains a draft of a "Scheme 48 Progress Report." ** Cleanup - Procedure NULL-TERMINATE added to structure EXTERNALS's signature. - "Vulgar Scheme" renamed to "Big Scheme". - Two new subdirectories, env/ (for programming environment) and big/ (for Big Scheme), now contain most of what was in the misc/ directory. - Several source files that were in the top level and link/ directories have moved to the env/ and alt/ directories. * 5/6/93 ** Bug fixes - Fixed -h command line switch. The size was being improperly divided by 4, so if you asked for an N megabyte heap, you'd actually only get an N/4 megabyte heap. - Nested backquotes were broken for a while; should be fixed now. ** Features - Quoted structure is read-only: e.g. (set-car! '(a b) 3) will produce an exception. - ,config [] and ,user [] are like ,in . - Unix socket support; see misc/socket.scm. - Now using gzip instead of compress for distributions. - ,open command offers to load packages. - A .gdbinit file sets a breakpoint at CM's exception raising code, and defines a handy "preview" command. * 1/18/93 ** Features - Scheme 48 distributions now have version numbers. The version number is printed in the image startup message. Please include it in bug reports. - The module system is now documented. See doc/module.tex. * 12/17/92 ** Bug fixes - Macro templates of the form (x ... y) are supported. - Macro templates are now less fussy about meta-variable rank: you can do "(x y) ..." even when the rank of either x or y (but not both) is too low; the low-ranking text will be copied as many times as necessary. (A meta-variable's "rank" is the number of ...'s it sits under in the left-hand side of the rewrite rule.) - SYNTAX-RULES is now itself hygienic. This means you can have a meta-variable named CAR, for instance. - New development environment features: Commands now start with comma (",") instead of colon (":"). (Easier to type since it's not shifted.) values, call-with-values, dynamic-wind, eval, interaction-environment, and scheme-report-environment added per upcoming Revised^5 Scheme report. See doc/meeting.tex. Modifications to quoted structure will now be detected and reported as errors. An interrupt will occur if an insufficient amount of memory is reclaimed by a garbage collection. Inspector now accepts arbitrary command processor commands (with or without leading comma) ,keep command controls retention of debugging information. ** Features removed - #\page and #\tab. These aren't in the Scheme report. Their absence in Scheme 48 will encourage portability. - access-scheme48 works with fewer names than before. Use the package system instead. - Complex numbers not in the system, by default. Get them back by changing usual-features in more-packages.scm. ** Features changed - Many changes to package system. See doc/module.tex. - The :identify-image command is gone. Instead, supply a second argument (optional) to the ,dump command. - The inspector's TEM command has been shortened to T. ** Internal changes and features - Stored objects types are now part of the virtual machine architecture, i.e. known to the byte-code compiler. - Run-time system is split up into many little modules. - File names are retained in debug database. (But not used for anything yet...) - Tweaks to table package reduce standard image size by 50K and increase compiler speed by 7%. - Immutability bit in object headers. - Weak pointers. * 7/18/92 ** Features removed - Table package's default hash function no longer supports string, pairs, or vectors. * 7/9/92 ** Bug fixes: - (- 0 -536870912) - Inspector now uses command i/o ports instead of current ones - Inexact integers print as N. instead of #iN - Throwing back into a call-with-....put-port now produces a warning instead of an error ** Feature fixes - In DEFINE-PACKAGE, OPEN no longer implies ACCESS. - misc/receive.scm renamed to rts/values.scm, made to conform with Revised^5 Report, and installed internally. ** Features - New :load-package command. Uses file names in (file ...) clause of a define-package. These are interpreted relative to the directory in which the file containing the define-package was found. - #\tab and #\page now print this way. * 6/17/92 ** Bug fixes: - Fixed bug in modulo. - Flushed LAST-PAIR (which disappeared between R^3 and R^4). - DEFINE-SYNTAX and SYNTAX-RULES now exist. - CEILING, FLOOR, and ROUND now exist. - GCD and LCM are now n-ary. - STRING-CI=? and STRING-COPY fixed. - STRING->SYMBOL now copies its argument before handing it to INTERN. - =, <, etc. now work with more than two arguments. - CHAR-READY? exists. - Calls via APPLY are now tail-recursive. - DISPLAY of vectors and lists works (ugh). ** Development environment improvements - Type ? at inspector to get list of inspector commands. - Inspector D command goes to next continuation. - Inspector M command shows more of a long menu. - Inspector TEM command goes to a continuation's or closure's template. - For closures and continuations, inspector displays local variables with their names. - For continuations, inspector displays source code for expression into which control will return. - Multiple command loop levels. EOF (control-D) now only pops out a single level. :reset pops all the way out. :level n goes out to level n. - Can disable benchmark mode. - Procedures made with (let ((f (lambda ...))) ...) now print with names. ** Features - Package system: special forms define-package and package-ref; command processor commands :set-package, :load-into, :clear-package, :new-package, :export, :open-package, etc. - In misc directory: threads, queues, extended ports, format, etc. - Changes to system environment: user-initial-environment -> user-package record-updator -> record-modifier primitive-throw superseded by with-continuation ash -> arithmetic-shift New bootstrap regime. Support for threads: alarm clock interrupt, etc. - Liberal COPYRIGHT file, and a little notice in each source file. - INSTALL and NEWS split off from README. - doc.txt renamed to user-guide.txt. - The Makefile now provides two ways to make "s48" for installation. One depends on the exec #! script execution feature and the other doesn't. - "make" targets for testsys.image and little.image. - Runs Jaffer's test suite and library. - Flushed s48.el. Use cmuscheme instead. * 9/5/90 - Command processor argument parser revamped. :load, :trace, and :untrace commands take arbitrary number of arguments. Argument to :proceed is optional. New (but undocumented) :identify-image command. - Better error messages: wrong number of arguments, undefined variable. - +, *, min, max, apply are now n-ary; -, /, make-string, make-vector, read-char, peek-char, write-char have appropriate argument optionality. - Better internal support for macros; not yet ready for release. - Added STRING as per R^3.99RS. - More testing of Scheme version of bytecode interpreter. - Better scoping of ##; files can't see command processor context. - OR and CASE don't cons closures. - VM checks for non-existent heap image file, gives error message instead of "bus error". - Numerous internal changes in compiler and exception system. - Fixed charnumber. * 8/26/90 - Tested (link-system) inside of T; seems to work. - Benchmark mode available via :BENCH command. - System is 15K bigger due to new fatter global environment representations. - Inspector abbreviation improved. - Disassembler now works on continuations, sort of. * 7/26/90 - ((lambda ...) ...) no longer makes a closure - Features now in default system: :inspect :dis[assemble] Generic arithmetic: bignums, rationals, complexes rationalize :time command is more verbose - MOREFILES variable in Makefile for loading extra stuff - Default heap size increased to 2 megabytes per semispace scheme48-1.9/doc/no-leaf-env.txt000644 004306 005702 00000012005 10662041705 017434 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 Return-Path: Date: Mon, 14 Jun 93 14:34:40 -0400 To: jar@cs.cornell.edu Subject: environments for leaf procedures From: kelsey@flora.ccs.neu.edu Sender: kelsey@ccs.neu.edu I merged the no-leaf-environments code back into the system, and this time it may be worth it. Loading pp.scm sped up by 2%, even though the compiler is doing more work. Benchmark times (in seconds): old new speedup quicksort 1.48 1.39 6% towers 1.05 1.05 0% matrix-multiply 3.32 3.10 7% matrix-multiply2 1.94 1.80 7% Local variable names are screwed up: > (define (f x) (let ((y 4)) (+ x y))) > (f 'a) Error: exception (+ 'a 4) 1> ,debug '#{Continuation (pc 13) f} [0] 4 [1: y] 'a inspect: There is probably a simple fix for this. Here is the diff: % diff comp.scm comp.scm.save 26d25 < (define $compiling-leaf (make-fluid 'no)) 28,33d26 < (define (note-not-leaf!) < (set-fluid! $compiling-leaf 'no)) < < (define (compiling-leaf?) < (eq? 'yes (fluid $compiling-leaf))) < 63,82c56,66 < (deliver-value (if (env-ref? den) < (local-variable den cenv depth #f) < (instruction-with-variable op/global exp den #f)) < cont))) < < (define (local-variable den cenv depth set?) < (let ((back (env-ref-back den cenv)) < (over (env-ref-over den))) < (if (and (compiling-leaf?) < (= back 0)) < (instruction (if set? op/stack-set! op/stack-ref) < (+ (- over 1) depth)) < (let ((back (if (compiling-leaf?) (- back 1) back))) < (if set? < (instruction op/set-local! back over) < (case back < ((0) (instruction op/local0 over)) ;+++ < ((1) (instruction op/local1 over)) ;+++ < ((2) (instruction op/local2 over)) ;+++ < (else (instruction op/local back over)))))))) --- > (if (env-ref? den) > (let ((back (env-ref-back den cenv)) > (over (env-ref-over den))) > (deliver-value (case back > ((0) (instruction op/local0 over)) ;+++ > ((1) (instruction op/local1 over)) ;+++ > ((2) (instruction op/local2 over)) ;+++ > (else (instruction op/local back over))) > cont)) > (deliver-value (instruction-with-variable op/global exp den #f) > cont)))) 143,145c127,132 < (if (env-ref? den) < (local-variable den cenv depth #t) < (instruction-with-variable op/set-global! name den #t))) --- > (cond ((env-ref? den) > (instruction op/set-local! > (env-ref-back den cenv) > (env-ref-over den))) > (else > (instruction-with-variable op/set-global! name den #t)))) 203d189 < (note-not-leaf!) ; this isn't strictly necessary, but it keeps things simpler 222,231c208,215 < (cond ((return-cont? cont) < code) < (else < (note-not-leaf!) ; this isn't strictly necessary, but it keeps things simpler < (sequentially (instruction-with-offset&byte op/make-cont < (segment-size code) < depth) < (note-source-code (cont-source-info cont) < code) < (cont-segment cont))))) --- > (if (return-cont? cont) > code > (sequentially (instruction-with-offset&byte op/make-cont > (segment-size code) > depth) > (note-source-code (cont-source-info cont) > code) > (cont-segment cont)))) 264d247 < (note-not-leaf!) 280,315c263,284 < (let-fluids $compiling-leaf 'maybe < (lambda () < (let ((code (really-compile-lambda-code formals body cenv name))) < (if (eq? (fluid $compiling-leaf) 'maybe) < (let-fluids $compiling-leaf 'yes < (lambda () < (really-compile-lambda-code formals body cenv name))) < code))))) < < (define (really-compile-lambda-code formals body cenv name) < (let* ((nargs (number-of-required-args formals)) < (vars (normalize-formals formals)) < (cenv (if (null? formals) < cenv ;+++ < (bind-vars vars cenv)))) < (sequentially < (cond ((n-ary? formals) < (sequentially < (instruction op/make-rest-list nargs) < (instruction op/push) < (if (compiling-leaf?) < empty-segment < (instruction op/make-env (+ nargs 1))))) < ((null? formals) < (note-not-leaf!) ; no point if no variables < empty-segment) < ((compiling-leaf?) < empty-segment) < (else < (instruction op/make-env nargs))) < (note-environment < vars < (compile-body body < cenv < 0 < (return-cont name)))))) --- > (if (null? formals) > (compile-body body ;+++ Don't make null environment > cenv > 0 > (return-cont name)) > (sequentially > (let ((nargs (number-of-required-args formals))) > (if (n-ary? formals) > (sequentially > (instruction op/make-rest-list nargs) > (instruction op/push) > (instruction op/make-env (+ nargs 1))) > (instruction op/make-env nargs))) > (let* ((vars (normalize-formals formals)) > (cenv (bind-vars vars cenv))) > (note-environment > vars > (compile-body body > cenv > 0 > (return-cont name))))))) > scheme48-1.9/doc/todo.txt000644 004306 005702 00000017741 12067075540 016313 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 --*- Mode: Indented-text; -*- Scheme 48: list of bugs and things to do. Last update by RAK on 26 Feb 2001. Programming environment: Fuller on-line documentation. Error recovery. Can do better than ,proceed. LOAD should set up restart continuations. Types in scheme-interface (and elsewhere) aren't as tight as they could be. Add LET continuation "pessimization" to retain the environment longer. Have the disassembler display local variable names. This ought to be recoverable, but isn't always: > (let loop ((x '())) (loop (cons 3 x))) not enough room in heap for stack ,exit 'not-a-fixnum should not exit Semicolon comments don't quite work after commands (extra newline required). Command (and procedure) to change current directory. Some procedure in EXEC to take the place of ## in moving values from one package to another: (transport []), and/or have eval etc. commands return the value Batch mode should write error messages to (error-output). In command preferred mode you have to do in foo run bar instead of in foo bar if foo is a read-only package ,reset should flush the input buffer Export the VM's preview displayer as a procedure for debugging. Performance: More compact representation for debugging data? Leaf procedure compilation (RK's rts/no-leaf-env.scm): if no continuations or lambdas, skip the make-env and access locals using stack-ref. Expected to gain about 6% in speed. Optimize loops somehow (maybe using call-template opcode and/or opportunistic compilation). The CAML light implementation has good documentation and patches for optimizing the interpreter's switch (*pc++); perhaps we could lift some of it. (Range check isn't necessary.) Floating point support in VM. Faster bignum printer (e.g. the one Richard wrote - but it would be nice if it were an option tied to bignums, not built in to the initial image). Ratnum multiplication and division might be made more efficient by taking cross-GCD's. Native code compiler... Compiler bugs / features: Inliner is buggy: if (lambda (x) (f) x) is in-lined the call to F fill occur before the argument is evaluated. It would be nice if macro's and inliner's sources were saved only if we are going to be doing doing any reificiation. Big Scheme bugs / features: It would be nice to be able to simulate control-C interrupts on a port other than the initial input port - e.g., on a socket. This would require creating a new thread to act as a front end. The new thread would read characters eagerly, buffering everything except control-C's for the thread that is doing the real work, and converting control-C's into interrupts. big/pipe.scm uses the old port interface Tracking output ports are not thread safe. Module system bugs: ,untrace should undefine as well if the variable wasn't bound before. Compound signatures don't get updated when a component signature changes. They contain a list of signatures with no reinitialization thunk a la structures and packages. Module system features: Check for name conflicts between opened structures. Check for cycles in structure inheritance. Deal with package system state better (for linker). Maybe each package should point to a data structure containing *location-uid*, location-name-table, *package-uid*, package-name-table, and perhaps the compiler-state as well (see segment.scm). VM: Add a test to configure.in that can determine whether ld -A works. If both it and dlopen() work, then both kinds of dynamic loading should be made available. Interrupt while writing out image causes an exit. [Fixed?] A jump-back instruction? Might be easier to use than call-template. Scrutinize all VM fatal errors to see if any can be recovered from. E.g. "out of ports" shouldn't cause a VM halt, it should just cause open-port to return #f or an error code. [Fixed?] Get VM interp.scm-without-gc.scm working again. Documentation: Describe (optimize auto-integrate). How to use the static linker. How initial.image and scheme48.image get built, really. Techniques for debugging the runtime system (debug/for-debugging.scm). Cleanup: VM: Rename "unassigned" to "uninitialized"? Or phase it out entirely. In unix.c, use getrusage(), when available, to get run time. Run-time / features / development environment: A DIVIDE procedure (maybe an instruction as well) that returns two values. Figure out how to merge the two type systems (META-METHODS and META-TYPES). The generic function system could make use of the SUBTYPE? and INTERSECT? predicates. Correct floating point, esp. reading and printing. And (= 1/3 (/ 1. 3.)) returns #t, but ought to return #f. Parameterize over file name syntax somehow. Currently big/filename.scm assumes Unix (cf. DIRECTORY-COMPONENT-SEPARATOR, FILE-NAME-PREFERRED-CASE). Perhaps there should be VM support for this. Make sure that the disassembler and assembler are inverses of one another. Disassembler should generate S-expression first, and then print it independently. Combine conditions, signals, and handle into a single structure? Figure out a better way to implement ##. Be consistent about "filename" versus "file-name". Compiler / linker / module system: The fluids $losers and $package-losers in env/pedit.scm are never bound. Could they be replaced with cells? The "reflective tower" isn't really a reflective tower, it's a syntactic tower. Rename it. The scanner (file loader) should operate on streams, not lists. This would result in more uniform and flexible internal protocols for reading files, scanning for DEFINEs, compiling, and running - passes could be interleaved or separated easily. Flush link/data.scm. Linker should instead open the VM module that includes vm/data.scm. Flush (optimize ...) clause in DEFINE-STRUCTURE in favor of optimizer argument to SCAN-STRUCTURES. Vector templates ought to be supported in SYNTAX-RULES. The DEFINE-INTERFACE forms should contain types for every exported variable; the code in cprim.scm (and recon.scm?) shouldn't have to worry about setting up types. Add ENVIRONMENT-DEFINED? ? Make USUAL-TRANSFORM return a transform? make-c-header-file should put definitions for the interrupt enumeration into scheme48.h, and unix.c et al should use them. Flatloading and loading are very different operations, so FLATLOAD shouldn't do SET-PACKAGE-LOADED?!; instead it should maintain its own list of flatloaded packages (in a global variable, say). Etc: Start using a source control system (like rcs or Perforce). There ought to be a sanity check to ensure that the size of the area as computed by static.scm agrees with the size as computed by C's sizeof() operator. What should (syntax-rules (x) ((foo ?body) (let ((x 1)) ?body))) do? To: jar@cs.cornell.edu Subject: Not a bug this time. :-) Date: Tue, 22 Feb 94 19:13:37 -0500 From: Paul Stodghill The result of ,expand can be confusing. In particular, it doesn't distinguish between different identifiers that have the same name. For instance, in the example below, it would be more useful if the result of the ,expand was something like, '((lambda (.x.1) (set! x (- .x.1))) x) Welcome to Scheme 48 0.31 (made by jar on Sun Feb 13 18:33:57 EST 1994). Copyright (c) 1993, 1994 by Richard Kelsey and Jonathan Rees. Please report bugs to scheme-48-bugs@altdorf.ai.mit.edu. Type ,? (comma question-mark) for help. > (define-syntax foo (syntax-rules () ((foo var) ((lambda (x) (set! var (- x))) var)))) > (define x 1) > ,expand (foo x) '((lambda (x) (set! x (- x))) x) > scheme48-1.9/doc/type.txt000644 004306 005702 00000017141 10662041705 016314 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 The Type System Scheme 48 has a rudimentary type system. Its main purpose is to generate helpful compile-time diagnostics. Currently you don't get much checking beyond wrong number of arguments warnings unless you're compiling a package that has an (OPTIMIZE ...) clause in its definition (e.g. (OPTIMIZE EXPAND) or (OPTIMIZE AUTO-INTEGRATE)). The reason that type checking is disabled most of the time is that it increases compilation time by about 33%. A design goal is to assign types to all valid Scheme programs. That is, type warnings should not be generated for programs that could work according to Scheme's dynamic semantics. For example, no warning should be produced for (define (foo x y) (if x (+ y 1) (car y))) Warnings could in principle be produced for particular calls to FOO that would definitely go wrong, such as (foo #t 'a). The type system assumes that all code is potentially reachable. This means that there will be some warnings for programs that cannot go wrong, e.g. (if #t 3 (car 7)). Additionally, it's assumed that in a (BEGIN ...) or combination, every argument or command will always be executed. This won't be the case if there can be a throw out of the middle. For example, in (call-with-current-continuation (lambda (k) (if (not (number? x)) (k #f)) (+ x 1))) the type system might deduce that X must be a number (which is false). The type reconstruction algorithm (such as it is) is in bcomp/recon.scm. The implementation finds some specific procedure types for LAMBDA expressions, but generally gives up pretty quickly. Notation -------- F : T means that form F has static type T. T1 <= T2, or T1 is under T2, means that T1 is a subtype of T2; that is, if a form of type T2 is acceptable in some context, then so is a form of type T1. Non-expressions --------------- Not every valid Scheme form is an expression. Forms that are not expressions are syntactic keywords, definitions, types, and structure names. If a name is bound to a macro or special operator, then an occurrence of that name has type :SYNTAX. E.g. cond : :syntax Definitions have type :DEFINITION. E.g. (begin (define x 1) (define y 2)) : :definition Thus type checking subsumes syntax checking. Types (other than :TYPE itself?) have type :TYPE. The type of a structure is its interface. E.g. (define-structure foo (export a b) ...) foo : (export a b) Values ------ All expressions have type :VALUES. They may have more specific types as well. If E1 ... En have types T1 ... Tn with Ti <= :VALUE, then the expression (VALUES E1 ... En) has type (SOME-VALUES T1 ... Tn). If T <= :VALUE then (SOME-VALUES T) is equivalent to T. Procedure types --------------- Procedure types have the form (PROCEDURE T1 T2), where T1 and T2 are under :VALUES. Examples: (lambda (x) (values x 1)) : (procedure (some-values :value) (some-values :value :number)) cons : (procedure (some-values :value :value) :pair) Fixed-arity procedure types (PROCEDURE (SOME-VALUES T1 ... TN) T) are so common that the abbreviated syntax (PROC (T1 ... Tn) T) is defined to mean the same thing. E.g. cons : (proc (:value :value) :pair) E : (PROCEDURE T1 T2) means that in a call to a value of E, if the argument sequence has any type other than T1, then the call can be expected to "go wrong" (provoke a type error) at run time. This is not to say it will definitely go wrong, but that it is just a matter of luck if it doesn't. If the argument sequence does have type T1, then the call might or might not go wrong, and any return value(s) will have type T2. For example, (lambda (x) (+ (begin (set! x '(3)) 5) (car x))) : (proc (:pair) :value), because if the arguments to + are evaluated from right to left, and X is not a pair, then there will be a run time type error. Some primitive procedures have their own special typing rules. Examples include VALUES, CALL-WITH-VALUES, and PRIMITIVE-CATCH. Variable types -------------- Assignable variables have type (VARIABLE T), where T for now will always be :VALUE. In (SET! V E), V must have type (VARIABLE T) for some T. Loopholes --------- The construct (loophole T E) is considered to have type T no matter what type E has. Among other things, this allows a rudimentary static abstract data type facility. For example, record types defined using DEFINE-RECORD-TYPE (rts/bummed-jar-defrecord.scm) are established as new base types. Type lattice ------------ The subtype relation is implemented by the procedure COMPATIBLE-TYPES? (in bcomp/mtypes.scm). If (COMPATIBLE-TYPES? T1 T2) is 'definitely, then T1 <= T2. If it's #T, then T1 and T2 intersect. The type lattice has no bottom or top elements. The types :SYNTAX, :VALUES, :DEFINITION, :STRUCTURE, and :TYPE are incomparable and maximal. The following are a comprehensive set of subtyping rules for the type system as it stands. Additional rules may be added in the future. - (SOME-VALUES T1 ... Tn) <= :VALUES. - If T1 <= T1', ..., Tn <= Tn' then (SOME-VALUES T1 ... Tn) <= (SOME-VALUES T1' ... Tn'). - T <= (SOME-VALUES T). - Basic value types, which include :NUMBER, :CHAR, :BOOLEAN, :PAIR, :STRING, and :UNSPECIFIC, are all under :VALUE. - If T1' <= T1 and T2 <= T2', then (PROCEDURE T1 T2) <= (PROCEDURE T1' T2'). - (VARIABLE T) <= T. - :ZERO, the result type of infinite loops and calls to continuations, is under :VALUE, but perhaps shouldn't be. (E.g. maybe it should be just under :VALUES instead.) - (EXPORT ( T) ...) is under :STRUCTURE. [Not yet implemented.] Type well-formedness -------------------- In (SOME-VALUES T1 ... Tn), T1 ... Tn must be under :VALUE. In (PROCEDURE T1 T2), T1 and T2 must be under :VALUES. In (VARIABLE T), T must be under :VALUE. Module system ------------- The rules for interfaces and structures are not yet very well worked out. Interfaces are types. The type of a structure is its interface. (Compare with Pebble's "bindings" and "declarations".) An interface has the basic form (EXPORT ( ) ...). There are two kinds of abbreviations: - (EXPORT ... ...) means the same as (EXPORT ... ( :VALUE) ...) - (EXPORT ... (( ...) ) ...) means the same as (EXPORT ... ( ) ( ) etc. ...) Distinct interfaces are not comparable. If a form S has type (EXPORT ... (name T) ...), then the form (STRUCTURE-REF S name) has type T. Note that T needn't be a :VALUE type; e.g. (structure-ref scheme cond) : :syntax When a package is loaded or otherwise compiled, the type that is reconstructed or inherited for each exported name is checked against the type specified in the signature. (Cf. procedure SCAN-STRUCTURES in bcomp/scan.scm.) Future work ----------- There probably ought to be dependent sums and products and/or universal and existential types. In particular, it would be nice to be able to get static checking for abstract types, even if they're not implemented using records. Type constructors (like STREAM-OF or COMPUTATION-OF) would be nice. There are many loose ends in the implementation. For example, type and type constructor names aren't always lexically scoped; sometimes their scope is global. Packages that open the LOOPHOLES structure (which exports LOOPHOLE) don't always open TYPES (which would be a bad idea given the way TYPES is currently defined); LOOPHOLE works in spite of that. Figure out whether :TYPE : :TYPE. ----- Original by JAR, 20 July 93. Updated by JAR, 5 December 93. scheme48-1.9/doc/html/manual-Z-H-1.html000644 004306 005702 00000102304 12074535600 020430 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 The Incomplete Scheme 48 Reference Manual for release 1.9
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Acknowledgements

Thanks to Scheme 48's users for their suggestions, bug reports, and forbearance. Thanks also to Deborah Tatar for providing the Yeats quotation.

Copyright � 1986-2001 Richard Kelsey and Jonathan Rees.
Copyright � 1993-2001 Richard Kelsey.
All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
   notices, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
   notices, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. The name of the authors may not be used to endorse or promote products
   derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
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Contents

    1  Introduction

    2  User's guide
        2.1  Command line arguments
        2.2  Command processor
        2.3  Editing
        2.4  Performance
        2.5  Disassembler
        2.6  Module system
        2.7  Library

    3  Command processor
        3.1  Current focus value and ##
        3.2  Command levels
        3.3  Logistical commands
        3.4  Module commands
        3.5  Debugging commands
        3.6  Profiling commands
            3.6.1  How the profiler works
        3.7  Settings
        3.8  Inspection mode
        3.9  Command programs
        3.10  Building images
        3.11  Resource query and control
        3.12  Threads
        3.13  Quite obscure

    4  Module system
        4.1  Introduction
        4.2  The configuration language
        4.3  Interfaces
        4.4  Macros
        4.5  Higher-order modules
        4.6  Compiling and linking
        4.7  Semantics of configuration mutation
        4.8  Command processor support
        4.9  Configuration packages
        4.10  Discussion

    5  Libraries
        5.1  General utilities
        5.2  Pretty-printing
        5.3  Bitwise integer operations
        5.4  Byte vectors
        5.5  Sparse vectors
        5.6  Cells
        5.7  Queues
        5.8  Arrays
        5.9  Records
            5.9.1  Low-level access to records
            5.9.2  Record types
        5.10  Finite record types
        5.11  Sets over finite types
        5.12  Hash tables
        5.13  Port extensions
        5.14  Fluid bindings
        5.15  OS strings
        5.16  Shell commands
        5.17  Sockets
        5.18  Profiling
        5.19  Macros for writing loops
            5.19.1  Iterate
            5.19.2  Reduce
            5.19.3  Sequence types
            5.19.4  Synchronous sequences
            5.19.5  Examples
            5.19.6  Defining sequence types
            5.19.7  Expanded code
        5.20  Sorting lists and vectors
            5.20.1  Design rules
                    What vs. how
                    Consistency across procedure signatures
                    Less-than parameter first, data parameter after
                    Ordering, comparison procedures and stability
                    All vector operations accept optional subrange parameters
                    Required vs. allowed side-effects
            5.20.2  Procedure specification
                    Procedure naming and functionality
                    Types of parameters and return values
                5.20.2.1  sorting—general sorting package
                5.20.2.2  Algorithm-specific sorting packages
                    sorted—sorted predicates
                    list-merge-sort—list merge sort
                    vector-merge-sort—vector merge sort
                    vector-heap-sort—vector heap sort
                    vector-quick-sort—vector quick sort
                    vector-quick-sort3—vector quick sort with 3-way comparisons
                    vector-insert-sort—vector insertion sort
                    delete-neighbor-duplicates—list and vector delete neighbor duplicates
                    binary-searches—vector binary search
            5.20.3  Algorithmic properties
        5.21  Regular expressions
            5.21.1  Character sets
            5.21.2  Anchoring
            5.21.3  Composite expressions
            5.21.4  Case sensitivity
            5.21.5  Submatches and matching
        5.22  SRFIs

    6  Unicode
        6.1  Characters and their codes
        6.2  Character and string literals
            6.2.1  Character literals
            6.2.2  String literals
            6.2.3  Identifiers and symbol literals
        6.3  Character classification and case mappings
        6.4  SRFI 14
        6.5  R6RS
        6.6  I/O
            6.6.1  Text codecs
            6.6.2  Text-codec utilities
            6.6.3  Creating text codecs
        6.7  Default encodings

    7  Threads
        7.1  Creating and controlling threads
        7.2  Advanced thread handling
        7.3  Debugging multithreaded programs
        7.4  Optimistic concurrency
        7.5  Condition variables
        7.6  Mutual exclusion
            7.6.1  Locks
            7.6.2  Placeholders
        7.7  Writing custom synchronization abstractions
        7.8  Concurrent ML abstractions
            7.8.1  Basic rendezvous combinators
            7.8.2  Synchronous channels
            7.8.3  Synchronous variables
                7.8.3.1  Placeholders
                7.8.3.2  Jars
            7.8.4  Timeouts
            7.8.5  CML to Scheme correspondence

    8  Mixing Scheme 48 and C
        8.1  Available facilities
            8.1.1  Scheme structures
            8.1.2  C naming conventions
            8.1.3  Garbage collection and reference objects
        8.2  Shared bindings
            8.2.1  Exporting Scheme values to C
            8.2.2  Exporting C values to Scheme
            8.2.3  Complete shared binding interface
        8.3  Calling C functions from Scheme
        8.4  Dynamic loading
        8.5  Accessing Scheme data from C
            8.5.1  Constants
            8.5.2  Converting values
            8.5.3  C versions of Scheme procedures
        8.6  Calling Scheme functions from C
        8.7  Interacting with the Scheme heap
            8.7.1  Registering global references
            8.7.2  Local buffers
            8.7.3  Special treatment for byte vectors
            8.7.4  Memory overhead
            8.7.5  Keeping C data structures in the Scheme heap
            8.7.6  C code and heap images
        8.8  Using Scheme records in C code
        8.9  Raising exceptions from external code
        8.10  External events
            8.10.1  Collecting external events in external code
            8.10.2  Handling external events in Scheme
        8.11  Unsafe functions and macros
        8.12  Converting external code to the new foreign-function interface

    9  Access to POSIX
        9.1  Process primitives
            9.1.1  Process creation and termination
            9.1.2  Exec
        9.2  Signals
            9.2.1  POSIX signals
            9.2.2  Other signals
            9.2.3  Sending signals
            9.2.4  Receiving signals
        9.3  Process environment
            9.3.1  Process identification
            9.3.2  Environment variables
        9.4  Users and groups
        9.5  OS and machine identification
        9.6  Files and directories
            9.6.1  Directory streams
            9.6.2  Working directory
            9.6.3  File creation and removal
            9.6.4  File information
            9.6.5  File modes
            9.6.6  Symbolic links
        9.7  Time and Date
            9.7.1  Time
            9.7.2  Date
        9.8  I/O
        9.9  Regular expressions
        9.10  Syslog facility
        9.11  Error codes
            9.11.1  POSIX errnos
        9.12  C to Scheme correspondence

    Bibliography

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scheme48-1.9/doc/html/manual-Z-H-10.html000644 004306 005702 00000321666 12074535603 020531 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 The Incomplete Scheme 48 Reference Manual for release 1.9
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Chapter 9

Access to POSIX

This chapter describes Scheme 48's interface to the POSIX C calls [1]. Scheme versions of most of the functions in POSIX are provided. Both the interface and implementation are new and are likely to change in future releases. Section 9.12 lists which Scheme functions call which C functions.

Scheme 48's POSIX interface will likely change significantly in the future. The implementation is new and may have significant bugs.

The POSIX bindings are available in several structures:

posix-processes fork, exec, and friends
posix-process-data information about processes
posix-files files and directories
posix-i/o operations on ports
posix-time time functions
posix-users users and groups
posix-regexps regular expression matching
posix-syslog POSIX logging facility
posix-errnos POSIX error codes
posix all of the above

Scheme 48's POSIX interface differs from Scsh's [11, 12] in several ways. The interface here lacks Scsh's high-level constructs and utilities, such as the process notation, awk procedure, and parsing utilities. Scheme 48 uses distinct types for some values that Scsh leaves as symbols or unboxed integers; these include file types, file modes, and user and group ids. Many of the names and other interface details are different, as well.

9.1  Process primitives

The procedures described in this section control the creation of processes and the execution of programs. They are in the structures posix-process and posix.

9.1.1  Process creation and termination

  • (fork) –> process-id or #f

  • (fork-and-forget thunk)

Fork creates a new child process and returns the child's process-id in the parent and #f in the child. Fork-and-forget calls thunk in a new process; no process-id is returned. Fork-and-forget uses an intermediate process to avoid creating a zombie process.

  • (process-id? x) –> boolean

  • (process-id=? process-id0 process-id1) –> boolean

  • (process-id->integer process-id) –> integer

  • (integer->process-id integer) –> process-id

Process-id? is a predicate for process-ids, process-id=? compares two to see if they are the same, and process-id-uid returns the actual Unix id. Process-id->integer and integer->process-id convert process ids to and from integers.

  • (process-id-exit-status process-id) –> integer or #f

  • (process-id-terminating-signal process-id) –> signal or #f

  • (wait-for-child-process process-id)

If a process terminates normally process-id-exit-status will return its exit status. If the process is still running or was terminated by a signal then process-id-exit-status will return #f. Similarly, if a child process was terminated by a signal process-id-terminating-signal will return that signal and will return #f if the process is still running or terminated normally. Wait-for-child-process blocks until the child process terminates. Scheme 48 may reap child processes before the user requests their exit status, but it does not always do so.

  • (exit status)

Terminates the current process with the integer status as its exit status.

9.1.2  Exec

  • (exec program-name arg0 ...)

  • (exec-with-environment program-name env arg0 ...)

  • (exec-file filename arg0 ...)

  • (exec-file-with-environment filename env arg0 ...)

  • (exec-with-alias name lookup? maybe-env arguments)

All of these replace the current program with a new one. They differ in how the new program is found, what its environment is, and what arguments it is passed. Exec and exec-with-environment look up the new program in the search path, while exec-file and exec-file-with-environment execute a particular file. The environment is either inherited from the current process (exec and exec-file) or given as an argument (...-with-environment). Program-name and filename and any argi should be os-string-thing arguments (see section 5.15. Env should be a list of os-string-thing arguments of the form "name=value". The first four procedures add their first argument, program-name or filename, before the arg0 ... arguments.

Exec-with-alias is an omnibus procedure that subsumes the other four. Name is looked up in the search path if lookup? is true and is used as a filename otherwise. Maybe-env is either a list of os-string-things for the environment of the new program or #f in which case the new program inherits its environment from the current one. Arguments should be a list of os-string-things; unlike with the other four procedures, name is not added to this list (hence -with-alias).

9.2  Signals

There are two varieties of signals available, named and anonymous. A named signal is one for which we have a symbolic name, such as kill or pipe. Anonymous signals, for which we only have the current operating system's signal number, have no meaning in other operating systems. Named signals preserve their meaning in image files. Not all named signals are available from all OS's and there may be multiple names for a single OS signal number.

  • (signal signal-name) –> signal     (syntax)

  • (name->signal symbol) –> signal or #f

  • (integer->signal integer) –> signal

  • (signal? x) –> boolean

  • (signal-name signal) –> symbol or #f

  • (signal-os-number signal) –> integer

  • (signal=? signal0 signal1) –> boolean

The syntax signal returns a (named) signal associated with signal-name. Name->signal returns a (named) signal or #f if the the signal name is not supported by the operating system. The signal returned by integer->signal is a named signal if integer corresponds to a named signal in the current operating system; otherwise it returns an anonymous signal. Signal-name returns a symbol if signal is named and #f if it is anonymous. Signal=? returns #t if signal0 and signal1 have the same operating system number and #f if they do not.

9.2.1  POSIX signals

The following lists the names of the POSIX signals.

abrt abort - abnormal termination (as by abort())
alrm alarm - timeout signal (as by alarm())
fpe floating point exception
hup hangup - hangup on controlling terminal or death of controlling process
ill illegal instruction
int interrupt - interaction attention
kill kill - termination signal, cannot be caught or ignored
pipe pipe - write on a pipe with no readers
quit quit - interaction termination
segv segmentation violation - invalid memory reference
term termination - termination signal
usr1 user1 - for use by applications
usr2 user2 - for use by applications
chld child - child process stopped or terminated
cont continue - continue if stopped
stop stop - cannot be caught or ignored
tstp interactive stop
ttin read from control terminal attempted by background process
ttou write to control terminal attempted by background process
bus bus error - access to undefined portion of memory

9.2.2  Other signals

The following lists the names of the non-POSIX signals that the system is currently aware of.

trap trace or breakpoint trap
iot IOT trap - a synonym for ABRT
emt
sys bad argument to routine (SVID)
stkflt stack fault on coprocessor
urg urgent condition on socket (4.2 BSD)
io I/O now possible (4.2 BSD)
poll A synonym for SIGIO (System V)
cld A synonym for SIGCHLD
xcpu CPU time limit exceeded (4.2 BSD)
xfsz File size limit exceeded (4.2 BSD)
vtalrm Virtual alarm clock (4.2 BSD)
prof Profile alarm clock
pwr Power failure (System V)
info A synonym for SIGPWR
lost File lock lost
winch Window resize signal (4.3 BSD, Sun)
unused Unused signal

9.2.3  Sending signals

  • (signal-process process-id signal)

Send signal to the process corresponding to process-id.

9.2.4  Receiving signals

Signals received by the Scheme process can be obtained via one or more signal-queues. Each signal queue has a list of monitored signals and a queue of received signals that have yet to be read from the signal-queue. When the Scheme process receives a signal that signal is added to the received-signal queues of all signal-queues which are currently monitoring that particular signal.

  • (make-signal-queue signals) –> signal-queue

  • (signal-queue? x) –> boolean

  • (signal-queue-monitored-signals signal-queue) –> list of signals

  • (dequeue-signal! signal-queue) –> signal

  • (maybe-dequeue-signal! signal-queue) –> signal or #f

Make-signal-queue returns a new signal-queue that will monitor the signals in the list signals. Signal-queue? is a predicate for signal queues. Signal-queue-monitored-signals returns a list of the signals currently monitored by signal-queue. Dequeue-signal! and maybe-dequeue-signal both return the next received-but-unread signal from signal-queue. If signal-queue's queue of signals is empty dequeue-signal! blocks until an appropriate signal is received. Maybe-dequeue-signal! does not block; it returns #f instead.

There is a bug in the current system that causes an erroneous deadlock error if threads are blocked waiting for signals and no other threads are available to run. A work around is to create a thread that sleeps for a long time, which prevents any deadlock errors (including real ones): 

> ,open threads
> (spawn (lambda ()
           ; Sleep for a year
           (sleep (* 1000 60 60 24 365))))

  • (add-signal-queue-signal! signal-queue signal)

  • (remove-signal-queue-signal! signal-queue signal)

These two procedures can be used to add or remove signals from a signal-queue's list of monitored signals. When a signal is removed from a signal-queue's list of monitored signals any occurances of the signal are removed from that signal-queue's pending signals. In other words, dequeue-signal! and maybe-dequeue-signal! will only return signals that are currently on the signal-queue's list of signals.

9.3  Process environment

These are in structures posix-process-data and posix.

9.3.1  Process identification

  • (get-process-id) –>  process-id

  • (get-parent-process-id) –>  process-id

These return the process ids of the current process and its parent. See section 9.1.1 for operations on process ids.

  • (get-user-id) –>  user-id

  • (get-effective-user-id) –>  user-id

  • (set-user-id! user-id)

  • (set-effective-user-id! user-id)

  • (get-group-id) –>  group-id

  • (get-effective-group-id) –>  group-id

  • (set-group-id! group-id)

  • (set-effective-group-id! group-id)

Every process has both the original and effective user id and group id. The effective values may be set, but the original ones can only be set if the process has appropriate privelages.

  • (get-groups) –>  group-ids

  • (get-login-name) –>  os-string

Get-groups returns a list of the supplementary groups of the current process. Get-login-name returns a user name for the current process.

9.3.2  Environment variables

  • (lookup-environment-variable os-string-thing) –> os-string or #f

  • (set-environment-variable! name value)

  • (environment-alist) –> alist

Lookup-environment-variable looks up its argument in the environment list and returns the corresponding value or #f if there is none. Set-environment-variable! sets the value of name in the environment list to value. If name is not already an environment variable, it's created. If it already exists, its value is overwritten with value. Both arguments must be os-string-things. Environment-alist returns the entire environment as a list of (name-os-string . value-os-string) pairs.

9.4  Users and groups

User-ids and group-ids are boxed integers representing Unix users and groups. The procedures in this section are in structures posix-users and posix.

  • (user-id? x) –> boolean

  • (user-id=? user-id0 user-id1) –> boolean

  • (user-id->integer user-id) –> integer

  • (integer->user-id integer) –> user-id

  • (group-id? x) –> boolean

  • (group-id=? group-id0 group-id1) –> boolean

  • (group-id->integer group-id) –> integer

  • (integer->group-id integer) –> group-id

User-ids and group-ids have their own own predicates and comparison, boxing, and unboxing functions.

  • (user-id->user-info user-id) –> user-info

  • (name->user-info os-string) –> user-info

These return the user info for a user identified by user-id or name.

  • (user-info? x) –>  boolean

  • (user-info-name user-info) –>  os-string

  • (user-info-id user-info) –>  user-id

  • (user-info-group user-info) –>  group-id

  • (user-info-home-directory user-info) –>  os-string

  • (user-info-shell user-info) –>  os-string

A user-info contains information about a user. Available are the user's name, id, group, home directory, and shell.

  • (group-id->group-info group-id) –> group-info

  • (name->group-info os-string) –> group-info

These return the group info for a group identified by group-id or name.

  • (group-info? x) –>  boolean

  • (group-info-name group-info) –>  os-string

  • (group-info-id group-info) –>  group-id

  • (group-info-members group-info) –>  user-ids

A group-info contains information about a group. Available are the group's name, id, and a list of members.

9.5  OS and machine identification

These procedures return strings that are supposed to identify the current OS and machine. The POSIX standard does not indicate the format of the strings. The procedures are in structures posix-platform-names and posix.

  • (os-name) –> string

  • (os-node-name) –> string

  • (os-release-name) –> string

  • (os-version-name) –> string

  • (machine-name) –> string

9.6  Files and directories

These procedures are in structures posix-files and posix.

9.6.1  Directory streams

Directory streams are like input ports, with each read operation returning the next name in the directory.

  • (open-directory-stream name) –> directory

  • (directory-stream? x) –> boolean

  • (read-directory-stream directory) –> name or #f

  • (close-directory-stream directory)

Open-directory-stream opens a new directory stream. Directory-stream? is a predicate that recognizes directory streams. Read-directory-stream returns the next name in the directory or #f if all names have been read. Close-directory-stream closes a directory stream.

  • (list-directory name) –> list of os-strings

This is the obvious utility; it returns a list of the names in directory name.

9.6.2  Working directory

  • (working-directory) –> os-string

  • (set-working-directory! os-string-thing)

These return and set the working directory.

9.6.3  File creation and removal

  • (open-file path file-options) –> port

  • (open-file path file-options file-mode) –> port

Open-file opens a port to the file named by path, which must be a os-string-thing argument. The file-options argument determines various aspects of the returned port. The optional file-mode argument is used only if the file to be opened does not already exist. The returned port is an input port if file-options includes read-only; otherwise it returns an output port. Dup-switching-mode can be used to open an input port for output ports opened with the read/write option.

  • (file-options file-option-name ...) –> file-options     (syntax)

  • (file-options-on? file-options file-options) –> boolean

  • (file-options-union file-options file-options) –> file-options

The syntax file-options returns a file-option with the indicated options set. File-options-on? returns true if its first argument includes all of the options listed in the second argument. File-options-union returns a file-options argument containing exactly all of the options listed in either argument. The following file options may be used with open-file.

create create file if it does not already exist; a file-mode argument is required with this option
exclusive an error will be raised if this option and create are both set and the file already exists
no-controlling-tty if path is a terminal device this option causes the terminal to not become the controlling terminal of the process
truncate file is truncated
append writes are appended to existing contents
nonblocking read and write operations do not block
read-only port may not be written
read-write file descriptor may be read or written
write-only port may not be read

Only one of the last three options may be used. If read-write is specified, an output port is returned.

For example 

(open-file "some-file.txt"
           (file-options create write-only)
           (file-mode read owner-write))

returns an output port that writes to a newly-created file that can be read by anyone and written only by the owner. Once the file exists, 

(open-file "some-file.txt"
           (file-options append write-only))

will open an output port that appends to the file.

The append and nonblocking options and the read/write nature of the port can be read using i/o-flags. The append and nonblocking options can be set using set-i/o-flags!.

To keep port operations from blocking the Scheme 48 process, output ports are set to be nonblocking at the time of creation (input ports are managed using select()). You can use set-i/o-flags! to make an output port blocking, for example just before a fork, but care should be exercised. The Scheme 48 runtime code may get confused if an I/O operation blocks.

  • (set-file-creation-mask! file-mode)

Sets the file creation mask to be file-mode. Bits set in file-mode are cleared in the modes of any files or directories created by the current process.

  • (link existing new)

Both existing and new must be os-string-thing arguments. Link makes path new be a new link to the file pointed to by path existing. The two paths must be in the same file system.

  • (make-directory path file-mode)

  • (make-fifo path file-mode)

These two procedures make new directories and fifo files. In both cases, path must be a os-string-thing argument.

  • (unlink path)

  • (remove-directory path)

  • (rename old-path new-path)

Path, old-path and new-path must all be os-string-thing arguments. Unlink removes the link indicated by path. Remove-directory removes the indicated (empty) directory. Rename moves the file pointed to by old-path to the location pointed to by new-path (the two paths must be in the same file system). Any other links to the file remain unchanged.

  • (accessible? path access-mode . more-modes) –> boolean

  • (access-mode mode-name) –> access-mode     (syntax)

Accessible? returns true if path (which must be a os-string-thing argument) is a file that can be accessed in the listed mode. If more than one mode is specified accessible? returns true if all of the specified modes are permitted. The mode-names are: read, write, execute, exists.

9.6.4  File information

  • (get-file-info path) –> file-info

  • (get-file/link-info name) –> file-info

  • (get-port-info fd-port) –> file-info

Get-file-info and get-file/link-info both return a file info record for the file named by path, which must be a os-string-thing argument. Get-file-info follows symbolic links while get-file/link-info does not. Get-port-info returns a file info record for the file which port reads from or writes to. An error is raised if fd-port does not read from or write to a file descriptor.

  • (file-info? x) –> boolean

  • (file-info-name file-info) –> os-string

File-info? is a predicate for file-info records. File-info-name is the name which was used to get file-info, either as passed to get-file-info or get-file/link-info, or used to open the port passed to get-port-info.

  • (file-info-type file-info) –> file-type

  • (file-type? x) –> boolean

  • (file-type-name file-type) –> symbol

  • (file-type type) –> file-type     (syntax)

File-info-type returns the type of the file, as a file-type object File types may be compared using eq?. The valid file types are:

regular
directory
character-device
block-device
fifo
symbolic-link
socket
other

Symbolic-link and socket are not required by POSIX.

  • (file-info-device file-info) –> integer

  • (file-info-inode file-info) –> integer

The device and inode numbers uniquely determine a file.

  • (file-info-link-count file-info) –> integer

  • (file-info-size file-info) –> integer

These return the number of links to a file and the file size in bytes. The size is only meaningful for regular files.

  • (file-info-owner file-info) –> user-id

  • (file-info-group file-info) –> group-id

  • (file-info-mode file-info) –> file-mode

These return the owner, group, and access mode of a file.

  • (file-info-last-access file-info) –> time

  • (file-info-last-modification file-info) –> time

  • (file-info-last-status-change file-info) –> time

These return the time the file was last read, modified, or had its status modified.

9.6.5  File modes

A file mode is a boxed integer representing a file protection mask.

  • (file-mode permission-name ...) –> file-mode     (syntax)

  • (file-mode? x) –> boolean

  • (file-mode+ file-mode ...) –> file-mode

  • (file-mode- file-mode0 file-mode1) –> file-mode

File-mode is syntax for creating file modes. The mode-names are listed below. File-mode? is a predicate for file modes. File-mode+ returns a mode that contains all of permissions of its arguments. File-mode- returns a mode that has all of the permissions of file-mode0 that are not in file-mode1.

  • (file-mode=? file-mode0 file-mode1) –> boolean

  • (file-mode<=? file-mode0 file-mode1) –> boolean

  • (file-mode>=? file-mode0 file-mode1) –> boolean

File-mode=? returns true if the two modes are exactly the same. File-mode<=? returns true if file-mode0 has a subset of the permissions of file-mode1. File-mode>=? is file-mode<=? with the arguments reversed.

  • (file-mode->integer file-mode) –> integer

  • (integer->file-mode integer) –> file-mode

Integer->file-mode and file-mode->integer translate file modes to and from the classic Unix file mode masks. These may not be the masks used by the underlying OS.

Permission name Bit mask
set-uid #o4000 set user id when executing
set-gid #o2000 set group id when executing
owner-read #o0400 read by owner
owner-write #o0200 write by owner
owner-exec #o0100 execute (or search) by owner
group-read #o0040 read by group
group-write #o0020 write by group
group-exec #o0010 execute (or search) by group
other-read #o0004 read by others
other-write #o0002 write by others
other-exec #o0001 execute (or search) by others

Names for sets of permissions
owner #o0700 read, write, and execute by owner
group #o0070 read, write, and execute by group
other #o0007 read, write, and execute by others
read #o0444 read by anyone
write #o0222 write by anyone
exec #o0111 execute by anyone
all #o0777 anything by anyone

9.6.6  Symbolic links

  • (create-symbolic-link path1 path2)

This creates a symbolic link at path2 that contains path1. Path1 and path2 must be os-string-thing arguments.

  • (read-symbolic-link path) –>  os-string

This returns contents of the symbolic link at path. Path must be an os-string-thing argument.

9.7  Time and Date

These procedures are in structures posix-time and posix.

9.7.1  Time

  • (make-time integer) –> time

  • (current-time) –> time

  • (time? x) –> boolean

  • (time-seconds time) –> integer

A time record contains an integer that represents time as the number of second since the Unix epoch (00:00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970). Make-time and current-time return times, with make-time's using its argument while current-time's has the current time. Time? is a predicate that recognizes times and time-seconds returns the number of seconds time represents.

  • (time=? time time) –> boolean

  • (time<? time time) –> boolean

  • (time<=? time time) –> boolean

  • (time>? time time) –> boolean

  • (time>=? time time) –> boolean

These perform various comparison operations on the times.

  • (time->string time) –> string

Time->string returns a string representation of time in the locale's version of the following form. 

"Wed Jun 30 21:49:08 1993
"

9.7.2  Date

A date is a time specification relative to a specific but implicit time zone, broken out into the familar year-month-day-hour-minute-second format.

  • (make-date second minute hour month-day month year week-day year-day dst) –> date

  • (date? x) –> boolean

  • (date-second date) –> second

  • (date-minute date) –> minute

  • (date-hour date) –> hour

  • (date-month-day date) –> month-day

  • (date-month date) –> month

  • (date-year date) –> year

  • (date-week-day date) –> week-day

  • (date-year-day date) –> year-day

  • (date-date-dst date) –> dst

These are the constructor, predicate and corresponding accessors for date objects. The meaning of the various field types are as follows:

seconds seconds (0–60)
minutes minutes (0–59)
hour hours (0–23)
month-day day of month (1–31)
mon month of year (0–11)
year year since 1900
week-day day of week (Sunday = 0)
year-day day of year (0–365)
dst is summer time in effect? #t, #f or unspecific

  • (date->string date) –> string

returns a string representation of date in the locale's version of the following form: 

"Wed Jun 30 21:49:08 1993
"

  • (time->utc-date time) –> date

  • (time->local-date time) –> date

These convert a time object into a date object; the first does this relative to the UTC time zone, the second relative to the current timezone setting.

  • (date->time date) –> time

This converts a date object into a time object relative to the current timezone setting.

  • (format-date string date) –> string

This formats a date into a string, according to the format specification in the first argument. The format specification is according to the specification of the C strftime function:

lp0.9 %a & is replaced by the locale's abbreviated weekday name.
%A & is replaced by the locale's full weekday name.
%b & is replaced by the locale's abbreviated month name.
%B & is replaced by the locale's full month name.
%c & is replaced by the locale's appropriate date and time representation.
%C & is replaced by the year divided by 100 and truncated to an integer, as a decimal number (00–99).
%d & is replaced by the day of the month as a decimal number (01–31).
%D & is equivalent to “%m/%d/%y”.
%e & is replaced by the day of the month as a decimal number (1–31); a single digit is preceded by a space.
%F & is equivalent to “%Y‑%m‑%d” (the ISO 8601 date format).
%g & is replaced by the last 2 digits of the week-based year (see below) as a decimal number (00–99).
%G & is replaced by the week-based year (see below) as a decimal number (e.g., 1997).
%h & is equivalent to “%b”.
%H & is replaced by the hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number (00–23).
%I & is replaced by the hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number (01–12).
%j & is replaced by the day of the year as a decimal number (001–366).
%m & is replaced by the month as a decimal number (01–12).
%M & is replaced by the minute as a decimal number (00–59).
%n & is replaced by a new-line character.
%p & is replaced by the locale's equivalent of the AM/PM designations associated with a 12-hour clock.
%r & is replaced by the locale's 12-hour clock time.
%R & is equivalent to “%H:%M”.
%S & is replaced by the second as a decimal number (00–60).
%t & is replaced by a horizontal-tab character.
%T & is equivalent to “%H:%M:%S” (the ISO 8601 time format).
%u & is replaced by the ISO 8601 weekday as a decimal number (1–7), where Monday is 1.
%U & is replaced by the week number of the year (the first Sunday as the first day of week 1) as a decimal number (00–53).
%V & is replaced by the ISO 8601 week number (see below) as a decimal number (01–53).
%w & is replaced by the weekday as a decimal number (0–6), where Sunday is 0.
%W & is replaced by the week number of the year (the first Monday as the first day of week 1) as a decimal number (00–53).
%x & is replaced by the locale's appropriate date representation.
%X & is replaced by the locale's appropriate time representation.
%y & is replaced by the last 2 digits of the year as a decimal number (00–99).
%Y & is replaced by the year as a decimal number (e.g., 1997).
%z & is replaced by the offset from UTC in the ISO 8601 format “‑0430” (meaning 4 hours 30 minutes behind UTC, west of Greenwich), or by no characters if no time zone is determinable.
%Z & is replaced by the locale's time zone name or abbreviation, or by no characters if no time zone is determinable.
%% & is replaced by %.

9.8  I/O

These procedures are in structures posix-i/o and posix.

  • (open-pipe) –> input-port + output-port

Open-pipe creates a new pipe and returns the two ends as an input port and an output port.

A file descriptor port (or fd-port) is a port that reads to or writes from an OS file descriptor. Fd-ports are returned by open-input-file, open-output-file, open-file, open-pipe, and other procedures.

  • (fd-port? port) –> boolean

  • (port->fd port) –> integer or #f

Fd-port? returns true if its argument is an fd-port. Port->fd returns the file descriptor associated with or #f if port is not an fd-port.

  • (remap-file-descriptors fd-spec ...)

Remap-file-descriptors reassigns file descriptors to ports. The fd-specs indicate which port is to be mapped to each file descriptor: the first gets file descriptor 0, the second gets 1, and so forth. A fd-spec is either a port that reads from or writes to a file descriptor, or #f, with #f indicating that the corresponding file descriptor is not used. Any open ports not listed are marked `close-on-exec'. The same port may be moved to multiple new file descriptors.

For example, 

(remap-file-descriptors (current-output-port)
                        #f
                        (current-input-port))

moves the current output port to file descriptor 0 and the current input port to file descriptor 2.

  • (dup fd-port) –> fd-port

  • (dup-switching-mode fd-port) –> fd-port

  • (dup2 fd-port file-descriptor) –> fd-port

These change fd-port's file descriptor and return a new port that uses ports's old file descriptor. Dup uses the lowest unused file descriptor and dup2 uses the one provided. Dup-switching-mode is the same as dup except that the returned port is an input port if the argument was an output port and vice versa. If any existing port uses the file descriptor passed to dup2, that port is closed.

  • (close-all-but port ...)

Close-all-but closes all file descriptors whose associated ports are not passed to it as arguments.

  • (close-on-exec? port) –> boolean

  • (set-close-on-exec?! port boolean)

Close-on-exec? returns true if port will be closed when a new program is exec'ed. Set-close-on-exec?! sets port's close-on-exec flag.

  • (i/o-flags port) –> file-options

  • (set-i/o-flags! port file-options)

These two procedures read and write various options for port. The options that can be read are append, nonblocking, read-only, write-only, and read/write. Only the append and nonblocking can be written.

  • (port-is-a-terminal? port) –> boolean

  • (port-terminal-name port) –> string

Port-is-a-terminal? returns true if port has an underlying file descriptor that is associated with a terminal. For such ports port-terminal-name returns the name of the terminal, for all others it returns #f.

9.9  Regular expressions

The procedures in this section provide access to POSIX regular expression matching. The regular expression syntax and semantics are far too complex to be described here. Due to limitations in the underlying facility, only Latin-1 strings are guaranteed to work here—on some platforms, only ASCII may function correctly. Moreover, because the C interface uses zero bytes for marking the ends of strings, patterns and strings that contain zero bytes will not work correctly.

These procedures are in structures posix-regexps and posix.

An abstract data type for creating POSIX regular expressions is described in section 5.21.

  • (make-regexp string . regexp-options) –> regexp

  • (regexp-option option-name) –> regexp-option     (syntax)

Make-regexp makes a new regular expression, using string as the pattern. The possible option names are:

extended use the extended patterns
ignore-case ignore case when matching
submatches report submatches
newline treat newlines specially

The regular expression is not compiled until it matched against a string, so any errors in the pattern string will not be reported until that point.

  • (regexp? x) –> boolean

This is a predicate for regular expressions.

  • (regexp-match regexp string start submatches? starts-line? ends-line?)

    –> boolean or list of matches

  • (match? x) –> boolean

  • (match-start match) –> integer

  • (match-end match) –> integer

Regexp-match matches the regular expression against the characters in string, starting at position start. If the string does not match the regular expression, regexp-match returns #f. If the string does match, then a list of match records is returned if submatches? is true, or #t is returned if it is not. Each match record contains the index of the character at the beginning of the match and one more than the index of the character at the end. The first match record gives the location of the substring that matched regexp. If the pattern in regexp contained submatches, then the results of these are returned in order, with a match records reporting submatches that succeeded and #f in place of those that did not.

Starts-line? should be true if string starts at the beginning of a line and ends-line? should be true if it ends one.

9.10  Syslog facility

The procedures in this section provide access to the POSIX syslog facility. The functionality is in a structure called posix-syslog. The Scheme 48 interface to the syslog facility differs significantly from that of the Unix library functionality in order to support multiple simultaneous connections to the syslog facility.

Log messages carry a variety of parameters beside the text of the message itself, namely a set of options controlling the output format and destination, the facility identifying the class of programs the message is coming from, an identifier specifying the concrete program, and the level identifying the importance of the message. Moreover, a log mask can prevent messages at certain levels to be actually sent to the syslog daemon.

Log options

A log option specifies details of the I/O behavior of the syslog facility. A syslog option is an element of a finite type (see Section 5.10) constructed by the syslog-option macro. The syslog facility works with sets of options which are represented as enum sets (see Section 5.11).

  • (syslog-option option-name) –> option     (syntax)

  • (syslog-option? x) –> boolean

  • (make-syslog-options list) –> options

  • (syslog-options option-name ...) –> options     (syntax)

  • (syslog-options? x) –> boolean

Syslog-option constructs a log option from the name of an option. (The possible names are listed below.) Syslog-option? is a predicate for log options. Options are comparable using eq?. Make-syslog-options constructs a set of options from a list of options. Syslog-options is a macro which expands into an expression returning a set of options from names. Syslog-options? is a predicate for sets of options.

Here is a list of possible names of syslog options:

console
If syslog cannot pass the message to syslogd it will attempt to write the message to the console.

delay
Delay opening the connection to syslogd immediately until the first message is logged.

no-delay
Open the connection to syslogd immediately. Normally the open is delayed until the first message is logged. Useful for programs that need to manage the order in which file descriptors are allocated.

NOTA BENE: The delay and no-delay options are included for completeness, but do not have the expected effect in the present Scheme interface: Because the Scheme interface has to multiplex multiple simultaneous connections to the syslog facility over a single one, open and close operations on that facility happen at unpredictable times.

log-pid
Log the process id with each message: useful for identifying instantiations of daemons.

no-wait
Do not wait for child processes.

Log facilities

A log facility identifies the originator of a log message from a finite set known to the system. Each originator is identified by a name:

  • (syslog-facility facility-name) –> facility     (syntax)

  • (syslog-facility? x) –> boolean

Syslog-facility is macro that expands into an expression returning a facility for a given name. Syslog-facility? is a predicate for facilities. Facilities are comparable via eq?.

Here is a list of possible names of syslog facilities:

authorization
The authorization system: login, su, getty, etc.

cron
The cron daemon.

daemon
System daemons, such as routed, that are not provided for explicitly by other facilities.

kernel
Messages generated by the kernel.

lpr
The line printer spooling system: lpr, lpc, lpd, etc.

mail
The mail system.

news
The network news system.

user
Messages generated by random user processes.

uucp
The uucp system.

local0 local1 local2 local3 local4 local5 local6 local7
Reserved for local use.

Log levels

A log level identifies the importance of a message from a fixed set of possible levels.

  • (syslog-level level-name) –> level     (syntax)

  • (syslog-level? x) –> boolean

Syslog-level is macro that expands into an expression returning a facility for a given name. Syslog-level? is a predicate for facilities. Levels are comparable via eq?.

Here is a list of possible names of syslog levels:

emergency
A panic condition. This is normally broadcast to all users.

alert
A condition that should be corrected immediately, such as a corrupted system database.

critical
Critical conditions, e.g., hard device errors.

error
Errors.

warning
Warning messages.

notice
Conditions that are not error conditions, but should possibly be handled specially.

info
Informational messages.

debug
Messages that contain information normally of use only when debugging a program.

Log masks

A log masks can mask out log messages at a set of levels. A log mask is an enum set of log levels.

  • (make-syslog-mask list) –> mask

  • (syslog-mask level-name ...) –> mask     (syntax)

  • syslog-mask-all     ( mask)

  • (syslog-mask-upto level) –> mask

  • (syslog-mask? x) –> boolean

Make-syslog-mask constructs a mask from a list of levels. Syslog-mask is a macro which constructs a mask from names of levels. Syslog-mask-all is a predefined log mask containing all levels. Syslog-mask-upto returns a mask consisting of all levels up to and including a certain level, starting with emergency.

Logging

Scheme 48 dynamically maintains implicit connections to the syslog facility specifying a current identifier, current options, a current facility and a current log mask. Every thread maintains it own implicit connection to syslog. Note that the connection is not implicitly preserved across a spawn.

  • (with-syslog-destination string options facility mask thunk) –> value

With-syslog-destination dynamically binds parameters of the implicit connection to the syslog facility and runs thunk within those parameter bindings, returning what thunk returns. Each of the parameters may be #f in which case the previous values will be used.

  • (syslog level message)

  • (syslog level message string)

  • (syslog level message string options)

  • (syslog level message string options syslog-facility)

  • (syslog level message channel)

Syslog actually logs a message. Each of the parameters of the implicit connection (except for the log mask) can be explicitly specified as well for the current call to syslog, overriding the parameters of the channel. The parameters revert to their original values after the call.

The final form specifies the destination of the log message as a channel; see the next section.

Syslog channels

These procedures allow direct manipulation of syslog channels, the objects that represent connections to the syslog facility. Note that it is not necessary to explicitly open a syslog channel to do logging.

  • (open-syslog-channelstring options facility mask) –> channel

  • (close-syslog-channelchannel)

  • (with-syslog-destination channel thunk) –> value

Open-syslog-channel and close-syslog-channel create and destroy a connection to the syslog facility, respectively. The specified form of calling syslog logs to the specified channel.

With-syslog-channel dynamically binds parameters of the implicit connection to the syslog facility to those specified in channel and runs thunk within those parameter bindings, returning what thunk returns.

9.11  Error codes

POSIX functions report the nature of an error via system error numbers—OS-specific integers that encode a variety of different error situations. At the Scheme level, error numbers are represented as errnos, objects that specify a name for the error sitation. Errnos are definted in the structures posix-errnos and posix.

Currently, the system reports such error situations by raising exceptions with condition type &os-error. The &os-error condition type has a field code that contains the system error number.

There are two varieties of errnos available, named and anonymous. A named errno is one for which we have a symbolic name, such as fault or intr. Anonymous errnos, for which we only have the current operating system's errno number, have no meaning in other operating systems. Named errnos preserve their meaning in image files. Not all named errnos are available from all OS's and there may be multiple names for a single OS errno number.

  • (errno errno-name) –> errno     (syntax)

  • (name->errno symbol) –> errno or #f

  • (integer->errno integer) –> errno

  • (errno? x) –> boolean

  • (errno-name errno) –> symbol or #f

  • (errno-os-number errno) –> integer

  • (errno=? errno0 errno1) –> boolean

The syntax errno returns a (named) errno associated with errno-name. Name->errno returns a (named) errno or #f if the the errno name is not supported by the operating system. The errno returned by integer->errno is a named errno if integer corresponds to a named errno in the current operating system; otherwise it returns an anonymous errno. Errno-name returns a symbol if errno is named and #f if it is anonymous. Errno=? returns #t if errno0 and errno1 have the same operating system number and #f if they do not.

9.11.1  POSIX errnos

The following lists the names of the POSIX errnos.

@lp0.6 toobig                         Argument list too long.
acces                                 Permission denied.
addrinuse                                 Address in use.
addrnotavail                         Address not available.
afnosupport                 Address family not supported.
again Resource unavailable, try again.
already                         Connection already in progress.
badf                                 Bad file descriptor.
badmsg                                 Bad message.
busy                                 Device or resource busy.
canceled                                 Operation canceled.
child                                 No child processes.
connaborted                         Connection aborted.
connrefused                         Connection refused.
connreset                                 Connection reset.
deadlk                         Resource deadlock would occur.
destaddrreq                 Destination address required.
dom         Mathematics argument out of domain of function.
dquot                                 Reserved.
exist                                 File exists.
fault                                 Bad address.
fbig                                 File too large.
hostunreach                         Host is unreachable.
idrm                                 Identifier removed.
ilseq                                 Illegal byte sequence.
inprogress                                 Operation in progress.
intr                                 Interrupted function.
inval                                 Invalid argument.
io                                         I/O error.
isconn                                 Socket is connected.
isdir                                 Is a directory.
loop                         Too many levels of symbolic links.
mfile                                 Too many open files.
mlink                                 Too many links.
msgsize                                 Message too large.
multihop                                 Reserved.
nametoolong                         Filename too long.
netdown                                 Network is down.
netreset                         Connection aborted by network.
netunreach                                 Network unreachable.
nfile                         Too many files open in system.
nobufs                                 No buffer space available.
nodata No message is available on the STREAM head read queue.
nodev                                 No such device.
noent                                 No such file or directory.
noexec                         Executable file format error.
nolck                                 No locks available.
nolink                                 Reserved.
nomem                                 Not enough space.
nomsg                         No message of the desired type.
noprotoopt                                 Protocol not available.
nospc                                 No space left on device.
nosr                                 No STREAM resources.
nostr                                 Not a STREAM.
nosys                                 Function not supported.
notconn                                 The socket is not connected.
notdir                                 Not a directory.
notempty                                 Directory not empty.
notsock                                 Not a socket.
notsup                                 Not supported.
notty                         Inappropriate I/O control operation.
nxio                                 No such device or address.
opnotsupp                         Operation not supported on socket.
overflow                 Value too large to be stored in data type.
perm                                 Operation not permitted.
pipe                                 Broken pipe.
proto                                 Protocol error.
protonosupport                         Protocol not supported.
prototype                         Protocol wrong type for socket.
range                                 Result too large.
rofs                                 Read-only file system.
spipe                                 Invalid seek.
srch                                 No such process.
stale                                 Reserved.
time                         Stream ioctl() timeout.
timedout                                 Connection timed out.
txtbsy                                 Text file busy.
wouldblock         Operation would block.
xdev                                 Cross-device link.

9.12  C to Scheme correspondence

The following table lists the Scheme procedures that correspond to particular C procedures. Not all of the Scheme procedures listed are part of the POSIX interface.

C procedure Scheme procedure(s)
C procedure Scheme procedure(s)
accessaccessible?
asctimedate->string
chdirset-working-directory!
closeclose-input-port, close-output-port,
close-channel, close-socket
closedirclose-directory-stream
creatopen-file
ctimetime->string
dupdup, dup-switching-mode
dup2dup2
exec[l|v][e|p|ε] exec, exec-with-environment,
exec-file, exec-file-with-environment,
exec-with-alias
_exitexit
fcntlio-flags, set-io-flags!,
close-on-exec, set-close-on-exec!
forkfork, fork-and-forget
fstatget-port-info
getcwdworking-directory
getegidget-effective-group-id
getenvlookup-environment-variable,
environment-alist
geteuidget-effective-user-id
getgidget-group-id
getgroupsget-groups
getloginget-login-name
getpidget-process-id
getppidget-parent-process-id
getuidget-user-id
gmtimetime->local-date
isattyport-is-a-terminal?
linklink
localtimetime->utc-date
lstatget-file/link-info
mkdirmake-directory
mkfifomake-fifo
mktimedate->time
openopen-file
opendiropen-directory-stream
pipeopen-pipe
readread-char, read-block
readdirread-directory-stream
readlinkread-symbolic-link
renamerename
rmdirremove-directory
setgidset-group-id!
setegidset-effective-group-id!
setuidset-user-id!
seteuidset-effective-user-id!
statget-file-info
strftimeformat-date
symlinkcreate-symbolic-link
syslogsyslog
timecurrent-time
ttynameport-terminal-name
umaskset-file-creation-mask!
unameos-name, os-node-name,
os-release-name, os-version-name,
machine-name
unlinkunlink
waitpidwait-for-child-process
writewrite-char, write-block

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Bibliography

[1]   Information technology – Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX). ISO/IEC 9945-1 ANSI/IEEE Std 1003.1. 2nd Ed., 1996.

[2]   William Clinger and Jonathan Rees. Macros that work. Principles of Programming Languages, January 1991.

[3]   William Clinger and Jonathan Rees (editors). Revised4 report on the algorithmic language Scheme. LISP Pointers IV(3):1–55, July-September 1991.

[4]   Pavel Curtis and James Rauen. A module system for Scheme. ACM Conference on Lisp and Functional Programming, pages 13–19, 1990.

[5]   Richard Kelsey and Jonathan Rees. A Tractable Scheme Implementation. Lisp and Symbolic Computation 7:315–335 1994.

[6]   Richard Kelsey, Will Clinger, Jonathan Rees (editors). Revised5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme. Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation, Vol. 11, No. 1, September, 1998. and ACM SIGPLAN Notices, Vol. 33, No. 9, October, 1998.

[7]   David MacQueen. Modules for Standard ML. ACM Conference on Lisp and Functional Programming, 1984.

[8]   Jonathan Rees and Bruce Donald. Program mobile robots in Scheme. International Conference on Robotics and Automation, IEEE, 1992.

[9]   John H. Reppy. Concurrent Programming in ML. Cambridge University Press, 1999.

[10]   Mark A. Sheldon and David K. Gifford. Static dependent types for first-class modules. ACM Conference on Lisp and Functional Programming, pages 20–29, 1990.

[11]   Olin Shivers, Brian D. Carlstrom, Martin Gasbichler and Mike Sperber. Scsh Reference Manual, scsh release 0.6.6. Available at URL http://www.scsh.net/.

[12]   Olin Shivers. A universal scripting framework, or Lambda: the ultimate “little language”. Concurrency and Parallelism, Programming, Networking, and Security, pages 254–265, Springer 1996. Joxan Jaffar and Roland H. C. Yap, editors.

 

Index


accessible?, 10
add-signal-queue-signal!, 10
after-time-rv, 8
always-rv, 8
any, 6
any-match?, 6
any?, 6
arithmetic-shift, 6
array, 6
array->vector, 6
array-ref, 6
array-set!, 6
array-shape, 6
array?, 6
ascii-range, 6
ascii-ranges, 6
at-real-time-rv, 8
atom?, 6
atomically!, 8


bit-count, 6
bitwise-and, 6
bitwise-ior, 6
bitwise-not, 6
bitwise-xor, 6
byte-vector, 6
byte-vector->os-string, 6
byte-vector-length, 6
byte-vector-ref, 6
byte-vector-set!, 6
byte-vector=?, 6
byte-vector?, 6


call-atomically, 8
call-atomically!, 8
call-ensuring-atomicity, 8
call-ensuring-atomicity!, 8
call-imported-binding-2, 9
call-with-os-string-text-codec, 6
cell-ref, 6
cell-set!, 6
cell?, 6
channel?, 8
char->scalar-value, 7
char-foldcase, 7
char-general-category, 7
char-titlecase, 7
char-titlecase?, 7
choose, 8
close-all-but, 10
close-directory-stream, 10
close-on-exec?, 10
close-socket, 6
close-syslog-channel, 10
compound-interface, 5
concatenate-symbol, 6
condvar-has-value?, 8
condvar-value, 8
condvar?, 8
copy-array, 6
create-symbolic-link, 10
current-column, 6
current-os-string-text-codec, 6
current-proposal, 8
current-row, 6
current-thread, 8
current-time, 10


date->string, 10
date->time, 10
date-date-dst, 10
date-hour, 10
date-minute, 10
date-month, 10
date-month-day, 10
date-second, 10
date-week-day, 10
date-year, 10
date-year-day, 10
date?, 10
debug-message, 8
default-hash-function, 6
define-exported-binding, 9
define-imported-binding, 9
define-interface, 5
define-record-discloser, 6, 6ii
define-record-resumer, 6, 9
define-structure, 5
define-text-codec, 7, 7ii
delete, 6
delete-from-queue!, 6
delq, 6
delq!, 6
dequeue!, 6
dequeue-or-thunk!, 6
dequeue-or-value!, 6
dequeue-signal!, 10
directory-stream?, 10
dup, 10
dup-switching-mode, 10
dup2, 10


empty-queue!, 6
enqueue!, 6
enqueue-many!, 6
ensure-atomicity!, 8
enum-set->list, 6
enum-set-difference, 6
enum-set-intersection, 6
enum-set-member?, 6
enum-set-negation, 6
enum-set-subset?, 6
enum-set-union, 6
enum-set=?, 6
environment-alist, 10
errno-name, 10
errno-os-number, 10
errno=?, 10
errno?, 10
every?, 6
exact-match?, 6
exec, 10
exec-file, 10
exec-file-with-environment, 10
exec-with-alias, 10
exec-with-environment, 10
exit, 10


fd-port?, 10
file-info-device, 10
file-info-group, 10
file-info-inode, 10
file-info-last-access, 10
file-info-last-modification, 10
file-info-last-status-change, 10
file-info-link-count, 10
file-info-mode, 10
file-info-name, 10
file-info-owner, 10
file-info-size, 10
file-info-type, 10
file-info?, 10
file-mode+, 10
file-mode-, 10
file-mode->integer, 10
file-mode<=?, 10
file-mode=?, 10
file-mode>=?, 10
file-mode?, 10
file-options-on?, 10
file-options-union, 10
file-type-name, 10
file-type?, 10
filter, 6
filter!, 6
filter-map, 6
find-text-codec, 7
first, 6
fluid, 6
fork, 10
fork-and-forget, 10
format-date, 10
fresh-line, 6


general-category-id, 7
general-category-primary-category, 7
general-category?, 7
get-effective-group-id, 10
get-effective-user-id, 10
get-file-info, 10
get-file/link-info, 10
get-group-id, 10
get-groups, 10
get-host-name, 6
get-login-name, 10
get-parent-process-id, 10
get-port-info, 10
get-process-id, 10
get-user-id, 10
group-id->group-info, 10
group-id->integer, 10
group-id=?, 10
group-id?, 10
group-info-id, 10
group-info-members, 10
group-info-name, 10
group-info?, 10
guard, 8
guess-port-text-codec-according-to-bom, 7


have-system?, 6


i/o-flags, 10
identity, 6
ignore-case, 6
import-definition, 9
import-dynamic-externals, 9
import-lambda-definition-2, 9
integer->errno, 10
integer->file-mode, 10
integer->group-id, 10
integer->process-id, 10
integer->signal, 10
integer->user-id, 10
intersection, 6
invalidate-current-proposal!, 8


jar-put!, 8
jar-take, 8
jar-take-rv, 8
jar?, 8


kill-thread!, 8


latin-1-codec, 7
let-fluid, 6
let-fluids, 6
limit-output, 6
link, 10
list->queue, 6
list-delete-neighbor-dups, 6, 6ii
list-delete-neighbor-dups!, 6
list-directory, 10
list-merge, 6, 6ii
list-merge!, 6, 6ii
list-merge-sort, 6
list-merge-sort!, 6
list-sort, 6
list-sort!, 6
list-sorted?, 6, 6ii
list-stable-sort, 6
list-stable-sort!, 6
load-dynamic-externals, 9
lock?, 8
lookup-environment-variable, 10
lookup-exported-binding, 9
lookup-imported-binding, 9


machine-name, 10
make-array, 6
make-byte-vector, 6
make-cell, 6
make-channel, 8
make-condvar, 8, 8ii
make-date, 10
make-directory, 10
make-empty-profile-data, 6
make-fifo, 10
make-fluid, 6
make-integer-table, 6
make-jar, 8, 8ii
make-lock, 8
make-os-string, 6
make-placeholder, 8, 8ii, 8iii, 8iv
make-proposal, 8
make-queue, 6
make-record, 6
make-record-type, 6
make-regexp, 10
make-shared-array, 6
make-signal-queue, 10
make-sparse-vector, 6
make-string-input-port, 6
make-string-output-port, 6
make-string-table, 6
make-symbol-table, 6
make-syslog-mask, 10
make-syslog-options, 10
make-table, 6
make-table-immutable!, 6
make-table-maker, 6
make-text-codec, 7
make-time, 10
make-tracking-input-port, 6
make-tracking-output-port, 6
match, 6
match-end, 6, 10
match-start, 6, 10
match-submatches, 6
match?, 10
maybe-commit, 8
maybe-commit-and-block, 8
maybe-commit-and-block-on-queue, 8
maybe-commit-and-make-ready, 8
maybe-commit-and-set-condvar!, 8
maybe-commit-and-wait-for-condvar, 8
maybe-dequeue!, 6
maybe-dequeue-signal!, 10
maybe-dequeue-thread!, 8
maybe-obtain-lock, 8
maybe-queue-head, 6
memq?, 6
modify, 5


n=, 6
name->errno, 10
name->group-info, 10
name->signal, 10
name->user-info, 10
negate, 6
neq?, 6
never-rv, 8
new-external-event, 9
new-external-event-uid, 9
no-op, 6
no-submatches, 6
null-list?, 6
null-text-codec, 7


obtain-lock, 8
on-queue?, 6
one-of, 6
open-directory-stream, 10
open-file, 10, 10ii
open-pipe, 10
open-socket, 6, 6ii
open-syslog-channel, 10
OS string, 6
os-name, 10
os-node-name, 10
os-release-name, 10
os-string->byte-vector, 6
os-string->string, 6
os-string-text-codec, 6
os-string-thing, 6
os-string=?, 6
os-string?, 6
os-version-name, 10


p, 6, 6ii
partition-list, 6
partition-list!, 6
placeholder-set!, 8, 8ii
placeholder-value, 8, 8ii
placeholder-value-rv, 8
placeholder?, 8, 8ii
port->fd, 10
port-is-a-terminal?, 10
port-terminal-name, 10
port-text-codec, 7
prefix, 5
pretty-print, 6
primary-category?, 7
process-id->integer, 10
process-id-exit-status, 10
process-id-terminating-signal, 10
process-id=?, 10
process-id?, 10
profile-data-endtime, 6
profile-data-gcruns, 6
profile-data-interrupttime, 6
profile-data-memoryuse, 6
profile-data-runtime, 6
profile-data-samples, 6
profile-data-starttime, 6
profile-display, 6
profile-display-flat, 6
profile-display-overview, 6
profile-display-tree, 6
profile-function-calls, 6
profile-function-hist, 6
profile-function-memoryuse, 6
profile-function-nonreccalls, 6
profile-function-occurs, 6
profile-function-reccalls, 6
profile-function-time-cumulative, 6
profile-function-time-self, 6
profile-function-timeshare, 6
profile-thunk, 6
proposal-active?, 8
provisional-byte-vector-ref, 8
provisional-byte-vector-set!, 8
provisional-car, 8
provisional-cdr, 8
provisional-cell-ref, 8
provisional-cell-set!, 8
provisional-set-car!, 8
provisional-set-cdr!, 8
provisional-string-ref, 8
provisional-string-set!, 8
provisional-vector-ref, 8
provisional-vector-set!, 8


queue->list, 6
queue-empty?, 6
queue-head, 6
queue-head-or-thunk, 6
queue-head-or-value, 6
queue-length, 6
queue?, 6


range, 6
ranges, 6
read-directory-stream, 10
read-symbolic-link, 10
receive, 8
receive-rv, 8
record, 6
record-accessor, 6
record-constructor, 6
record-length, 6
record-modifier, 6
record-predicate, 6
record-ref, 6
record-set!, 6
record-type, 6
record-type-field-names, 6
record-type-name, 6
record-type?, 6
record?, 6
regexp-match, 10
regexp?, 6, 10
release-lock, 8
relinquish-timeslice, 8
reload-dynamic-externals, 9
remap-file-descriptors, 10
remove-current-proposal!, 8
remove-directory, 10
remove-duplicates, 6
remove-signal-queue-signal!, 10
rename, 10
repeat, 6, 6ii, 6iii
reverse!, 6


scalar-value->char, 7
scalar-value?, 7
select, 8
send, 8
send-rv, 8
sequence, 6
set, 6
set-close-on-exec?!, 10
set-condvar-has-value?!, 8
set-condvar-value!, 8
set-current-proposal!, 8
set-effective-group-id!, 10
set-effective-user-id!, 10
set-environment-variable!, 10
set-file-creation-mask!, 10
set-group-id!, 10
set-i/o-flags!, 10
set-port-text-codec!, 7
set-port-text-codec-according-to-bom!, 7
set-user-id!, 10
set-working-directory!, 10
shared-binding-is-import?, 9
shared-binding-name, 9
shared-binding-ref, 9
shared-binding-set!, 9
shared-binding?, 9
signal-name, 10
signal-os-number, 10
signal-process, 10
signal-queue-monitored-signals, 10
signal-queue?, 10
signal=?, 10
signal?, 10
sleep, 8
socket-accept, 6
socket-client, 6
socket-port-number, 6
sparse-vector->list, 6
sparse-vector-ref, 6
sparse-vector-set!, 6
spawn, 8, 8ii
string->os-byte-vector, 6
string->os-string, 6
string-downcase, 7
string-end, 6
string-foldcase, 7
string-hash, 6
string-output-port-output, 6
string-start, 6
string-titlecase, 7
string-upcase, 7
submatch, 6
subset, 5
subtract, 6
symbol-hash, 6
sync, 8
syslog, 10, 10ii, 10iii, 10iv, 10v
syslog-facility?, 10
syslog-level?, 10
syslog-mask-all, 10
syslog-mask-upto, 10
syslog-mask?, 10
syslog-option?, 10
syslog-options?, 10
system, 6


table->entry-list, 6
table-ref, 6
table-set!, 6
table-walk, 6
table?, 6
terminate-current-thread, 8
terminate-thread!, 8
text, 6
text codec, 7
text-codec-decode-char-proc, 7
text-codec-encode-char-proc, 7
text-codec-names, 7
text-codec?, 7
thread-name, 8
thread-queue-empty?, 8
thread-uid, 8
thread?, 8
time->local-date, 10
time->string, 10
time->utc-date, 10
time-seconds, 10
time<=?, 10
time<?, 10
time=?, 10
time>=?, 10
time>?, 10
time?, 10


undefine-exported-binding, 9
undefine-imported-binding, 9
union, 6
unlink, 10
unload-dynamic-externals, 9
us-ascii-codec, 7
use-case, 6
user-id->integer, 10
user-id->user-info, 10
user-id=?, 10
user-id?, 10
user-info-group, 10
user-info-home-directory, 10
user-info-id, 10
user-info-name, 10
user-info-shell, 10
user-info?, 10
utf-16be-codec, 7
utf-16le-codec, 7
utf-32be-codec, 7
utf-32le-codec, 7
utf-8-codec, 7


vector-binary-search, 6
vector-binary-search3, 6
vector-delete-neighbor-dups, 6, 6ii, 6iii
vector-heap-sort, 6
vector-heap-sort!, 6
vector-insert-sort, 6
vector-insert-sort!, 6
vector-merge, 6, 6ii
vector-merge!, 6, 6ii
vector-merge-sort, 6
vector-merge-sort!, 6
vector-quick-sort, 6
vector-quick-sort!, 6
vector-quick-sort3, 6
vector-quick-sort3!, 6
vector-sort, 6
vector-sort!, 6
vector-sorted?, 6, 6ii, 6iii, 6iv
vector-stable-sort, 6
vector-stable-sort!, 6


wait-for-child-process, 10
wait-for-external-event, 9
with-nack, 8
with-syslog-destination, 10, 10ii
working-directory, 10
wrap, 8


x->os-byte-vector, 6
x->os-string, 6

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Chapter 1

Introduction

Scheme 48 is an implementation of the Scheme programming language as described in the Revised5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme [6]. It is based on a compiler and interpreter for a virtual Scheme machine. Scheme 48 tries to be faithful to the Revised5 Scheme Report, providing neither more nor less in the initial user environment. (This is not to say that more isn't available in other environments; see below.)

Scheme 48 is under continual development. Please report bugs, especially in the VM, especially core dumps, to scheme-48-bugs@s48.org. Include the version number x.yy from the "Welcome to Scheme 48 x.yy" greeting message in your bug report. It is a goal of this project to produce a bullet-proof system; we want no bugs and, especially, no crashes. (There are a few known bugs, listed in the doc/todo.txt file that comes with the distribution.)

Send a message to scheme-48-request@s48.org with subject `subscribe' to be put on a mailing list for announcements, discussion, bug reports, and bug fixes.

The name `Scheme 48' commemorates our having written the original version in forty-eight hours, on August 6th and 7th, 1986.

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Chapter 2

User's guide

This chapter details Scheme 48's user interface: its command-line arguments, command processor, debugger, and so forth.

2.1  Command line arguments

A few command line arguments are processed by Scheme 48 as it starts up.

scheme48 [-i image] [-h heapsize] [-a argument ...]

-i image
specifies a heap image file to resume. This defaults to a heap image that runs a Scheme command processor. Heap images are created by the ,dump and ,build commands, for which see below.

-h heapsize
specifies how much space should be reserved for allocation. Heapsize is in words (where one word = 4 bytes), and covers both semispaces, only one of which is in use at any given time (except during garbage collection). Cons cells are currently 3 words, so if you want to make sure you can allocate a million cons cells, you should specify -h 6000000 (actually somewhat more than this, to account for the initial heap image and breathing room). The default heap size is 3000000 words. The system will use a larger heap if the specified (or default) size is less than the size of the image being resumed.

-a argument ...
is only useful with images built using ,build. The arguments are passed as a list of OS strings (see section 5.15) to the procedure specified in the ,build command. For example: 
> ,open os-strings
> (define (f xs)
    (write (map os-string->string xs))
    (newline)
    0)                                        ;must return an integer
> ,build f foo.image
> ,exit
% scheme48vm -i foo.image -a mumble "foo x" -h 5000000
("mumble" "foo x" "-h" "5000000")
%

-I image argument ...
is equivalent to -i image -a argument .... On most Unix-like systems, a heap image can be made executable with the following Bourne shell commands: 
% (echo '#!/s48/install/prefix/lib/scheme48-1.9/scheme48vm -I'
   cat original.image) >new.image
% chmod +x new.image

The usual definition of the s48 or scheme48 command is actually a shell script that starts up the Scheme 48 virtual machine with a -i imagefile specifying the development environment heap image and a -o vm-executable specifying the location of the virtual-machine executable (the executable is needed for loading external code on some versions of Unix; see section 8.4 for more information). The file go in the Scheme 48 installation source directory is an example of such a shell script.

2.2  Command processor

When you invoke the default heap image, a command processor starts running. The command processor acts as both a read-eval-print loop, reading expressions, evaluating them, and printing the results, and as an interactive debugger and data inspector. See Chapter 3 for a description of the command processor.

2.3  Editing

We recommend running Scheme 48 under GNU Emacs or XEmacs using the cmuscheme48 command package. This is in the Scheme 48 distribution's emacs/ subdirectory and is included in XEmacs's scheme package. It is a variant of the cmuscheme library, which comes to us courtesy of Olin Shivers, formerly of CMU. You might want to put the following in your Emacs init file (.emacs): 

(setq scheme-program-name "scheme48")
(autoload 'run-scheme
          "cmuscheme48"
          "Run an inferior Scheme process."
          t)

The Emacs function run-scheme can then be used to start a process running the program scheme48 in a new buffer. To make the autoload and (require ...) forms work, you will also need to put the directory containing cmuscheme and related files in your emacs load-path: 

(setq load-path
  (append load-path '("scheme-48-directory/emacs")))

Further documentation can be found in the files emacs/cmuscheme48.el and emacs/comint.el.

2.4  Performance

If you want to generally have your code run faster than it normally would, enter inline-values mode before loading anything. Otherwise calls to primitives (like + and cons) and in-line procedures (like not and cadr) won't be open-coded, and programs will run more slowly.

The system doesn't start in inline-values mode by default because the Scheme report permits redefinitions of built-in procedures. With this mode set, such redefinitions don't work according to the report, because previously compiled calls may have in-lined the old definition, leaving no opportunity to call the new definition.

Inline-values mode is controlled by the inline-values switch. ,set inline-values and ,unset inline-values turn it on and off.

2.5  Disassembler

The ,dis command prints out the disassembled byte codes of a procedure. 

> ,dis cons
cons
  0 (protocol 2)
  2 (pop)
  3 (make-stored-object 2 pair)
  6 (return)
>

The current byte codes are listed in the file scheme/vm/interp/arch.scm. A somewhat out-of-date description of them can be found in [5].

The command argument is optional; if unsupplied it defaults to the current focus object (##).

The disassembler can also be invoked on continuations and templates.

2.6  Module system

This section gives a brief description of modules and related entities. For detailed information, including a description of the module configuration language, see chapter 4.

A module is an isolated namespace, with visibility of bindings controlled by module descriptions written in a special configuration language. A module may be instantiated as a package, which is an environment in which code can be evaluated. Most modules are instantiated only once and so have a unique package. A structure is a subset of the bindings in a package. Only by being included in a structure can a binding be made visible in other packages. A structure has two parts, the package whose bindings are being exported and the set of names that are to be exported. This set of names is called an interface. A module then has three parts:

  • a set of structures whose bindings are to be visible within the module

  • the source code to be evaluated within the module

  • a set of exported interfaces

Instantiating a module produces a package and a set of structures, one for each of the exported interfaces.

The following example uses define-structure to create a module that implements simple cells as pairs, instantiates this module, and binds the resulting structure to cells. The syntax (export name ...) creates an interface containing name .... The open clause lists structures whose bindings are visible within the module. The begin clause contains source code. 

(define-structure cells (export make-cell
                                cell-ref
                                cell-set!)
  (open scheme)
  (begin (define (make-cell x)
           (cons 'cell x))
         (define cell-ref cdr)
         (define cell-set! set-cdr!)))

Cells could also have been implemented using the record facility described in section 5.9 and available in structure define-record-type. 

(define-structure cells (export make-cell
                                cell-ref
                                cell-set!)
  (open scheme define-record-types)
  (begin (define-record-type cell :cell
           (make-cell value)
           cell?
           (value cell-ref cell-set!))))

With either definition the resulting structure can be used in other modules by including cells in an open clause.

The command interpreter is always operating within a particular package. Initially this is a package in which only the standard Scheme bindings are visible. The bindings of other structures can be made visible by using the ,open command described in section 3.4 below.

Note that this initial package does not include the configuration language. Module code needs to be evaluated in the configuration package, which can be done by using the ,config command: 

> ,config (define-structure cells ...)
> ,open cells
> (make-cell 4)
'(cell . 4)
> (define c (make-cell 4))
> (cell-ref c)
4

2.7  Library

A number of useful utilities are either built in to Scheme 48 or can be loaded from an external library. These utilities are not visible in the user environment by default, but can be made available with the open command. For example, to use the tables structure, do 

> ,open tables
>

If the utility is not already loaded, then the ,open command will load it. Or, you can load something explicitly (without opening it) using the load-package command: 

> ,load-package queues
> ,open queues

When loading a utility, the message "Note: optional optimizer not invoked" is innocuous. Feel free to ignore it.

See also the package system documentation, in chapter 4.

Not all of the the libraries available in Scheme 48 are described in this manual. All are listed in files rts-packages.scm, comp-packages.scm, env-packages.scm, and more-packages.scm in the scheme directory of the distribution, and the bindings they export are listed in interfaces.scm and more-interfaces.scm in the same directory.

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Chapter 3

Command processor

This chapter details Scheme 48's command processor, which incorporates both a read-eval-print loop and an interactive debugger. At the > prompt, you can type either a Scheme form (expression or definition) or a command beginning with a comma. In inspection mode (see section 3.8) the prompt changes to : and commands no longer need to be preceded by a comma; input beginning with a letter or digit is assumed to be a command, not an expression. In inspection mode the command processor prints out a menu of selectable components for the current object of interest.

3.1  Current focus value and ##

The command processor keeps track of a current focus value. This value is normally the last value returned by a command. If a command returns multiple values the focus object is a list of the values. The focus value is not changed if a command returns no values or a distinguished `unspecific' value. Examples of forms that return this unspecific value are definitions, uses of set!, and (if #f 0). It prints as #{Unspecific}.

The reader used by the command processor reads ## as a special expression that evaluates to the current focus object. 

> (list 'a 'b)
'(a b)
> (car ##)
'a
> (symbol->string ##)
"a"
> (if #f 0)
#{Unspecific}
> ##
"a"
>

3.2  Command levels

If an error, keyboard interrupt, or other breakpoint occurs, or the ,push command is used, the command processor invokes a recursive copy of itself, preserving the dynamic state of the program when the breakpoint occurred. The recursive invocation creates a new command level. The command levels form a stack with the current level at the top. The command prompt indicates the number of stopped levels below the current one: > or : for the base level and n> or n: for all other levels, where n is the command-level nesting depth. The levels setting described below can be used to disable the automatic pushing of new levels.

The command processor's evaluation package and the value of the current focus value are local to each command level. They are preserved when a new level is pushed and restored when it is discarded. The settings of all other settings are shared by all command levels.

⟨eof⟩
Discards the current command level and resumes running the level down. ⟨eof⟩ is usually control-D at a Unix shell or control-C control-D using the Emacs cmuscheme48 library.

,pop
The same as ⟨eof⟩.

,proceed [exp ...]
Proceed after an interrupt or error, resuming the next command level down, delivering the values of exp ... to the continuation. Interrupt continuations discard any returned values. ,Pop and ,proceed have the same effect after an interrupt but behave differently after errors. ,Proceed restarts the erroneous computation from the point where the error occurred (although not all errors are proceedable) while ,pop (and ⟨eof⟩) discards it and prompts for a new command.

,push
Pushes a new command level on above the current one. This is useful if the levels setting has been used to disable the automatic pushing of new levels for errors and interrupts.

,reset [number]
Pops down to a given level and restarts that level. Number defaults to zero, ,reset restarts the command processor, discarding all existing levels.

Whenever moving to an existing level, either by sending an ⟨eof⟩ or by using ,reset or the other commands listed above, the command processor runs all of the dynamic-wind “after” thunks belonging to stopped computations on the discarded level(s).

3.3  Logistical commands

,load filename ...
Loads the named Scheme source file(s). Easier to type than (load "filename") because you don't have to shift to type the parentheses or quote marks. (However, it is still possible to specify a filename as a Scheme string literal, with quote marks—you'll need this for filenames containing whitespace.) Also, it works in any package, unlike (load "filename"), which will work only in packages in which the variable load is defined appropriately.

,exit [exp]
Exits back out to shell (or executive or whatever invoked Scheme 48 in the first place). Exp should evaluate to an integer. The integer is returned to the calling program. The default value of exp is zero, which, on Unix, is generally interpreted as success.

3.4  Module commands

There are many commands related to modules. Only the most commonly used module commands are described here; documentation for the rest can be found in section 4.8. There is also a brief description of modules, structures, and packages in section 2.6 below.

,open structure ...
Makes the bindings in the structures visible in the current package. The packages associated with the structures will be loaded if this has not already been done (the ask-before-loading setting can be used to disable the automatic loading of packages).

,config [command]
Executes command in the config package, which includes the module configuration language. For example, use 
,config ,load filename

to load a file containing module definitions. If no command is given, the config package becomes the execution package for future commands.

,user [command]
This is similar to the ,config. It moves to or executes a command in the user package (which is the default package when the Scheme 48 command processor starts).

3.5  Debugging commands

,preview
Somewhat like a backtrace, but because of tail recursion you see less than you might in debuggers for some other languages. The stack to display is chosen as follows:

  1. If the current focus object is a continuation or a thread, then that continuation or thread's stack is displayed.

  2. Otherwise, if the current command level was initiated because of a breakpoint in the next level down, then the stack at that breakpoint is displayed.

  3. Otherwise, there is no stack to display and a message is printed to that effect.

One line is printed out for each continuation on the chosen stack, going from top to bottom.

,run exp
Evaluate exp, printing the result(s) and making them (or a list of them, if exp returns multiple results) the new focus object. The ,run command is useful in inspection mode (see section 3.8 below) and when writing command programs (see section 3.9 below).

,trace name ...
Start tracing calls to the named procedure or procedures. With no arguments, displays all procedures currently traced. This affects the binding of name, not the behavior of the procedure that is its current value. Name is redefined to be a procedure that prints a message, calls the original value of name, prints another message, and finally passes along the value(s) returned by the original procedure.

,untrace name ...
Stop tracing calls to the named procedure or procedures. With no argument, stop tracing all calls to all procedures.

,condition
The ,condition command displays the condition object describing the error or interrupt that initiated the current command level. The condition object becomes the current focus value. This is particularly useful in conjunction with the inspector. For example, if a procedure is passed the wrong number of arguments, do ,condition followed by ,inspect to inspect the procedure and its arguments.

,bound? name
Display the binding of name, if there is one, and otherwise prints `Not bound'.

,expand form Show macro expansion of form, if any, fully expanding all macros in form.

,where procedure
Display name of file containing procedure's source code.

3.6  Profiling commands

After loading the profile-commands structure via 

,load-package profile-commands

Scheme 48 provides a basic profiler, with support for flat and call-graph profiles. In addition to call- and runtimes the heap memory usage is estimated as well. By adding the byte-code optimizer profiler-instrumentation to the definition of a structure via a clause 

  (optimize profiler-instrumentation)

in the structure definition, code will by instrumented with calls to the profiler. The call-times to instrumented code can then be measured exactly. Without instrumentation, the profiler is solely based on sampling and therefore has only limited accuracy. Any evaluation can be profiled with the following command:

,profile command
Evaluate command under the profiler, printing the profiling result and making the return value(s) of command the new focus object.

The output of the profiler is explained on the basis of the following piece of senseless code:

(define (c x)
  (if (= x 0)
      0
      (+ 1 (c (- x 1)))))

(define (b x)
  (let ((y (- x 1)))
    (if (> y 0)
        (begin
          (c y)
          (a y)
          (+ 1 (a y)))
        0)))

(define (a x)
  (let ((y (- x 1)))
    (if (> y 0)
        (begin
          (c y)
          (b y)
          (+ 1 (b y)))
        0)))

(define (main x)
  (+ 1 (a x)))

The profiler produces the following output:

> ,profile (main 21)

** Samples:        60 (approx. one per 40ms)
** Interrupt time: 50ms
** Real run time:  2430ms
** Total memory:   22k
** GC runs:        0

** Flat result (times in ms): 

   time  cumu  self   mem  calls  ms/call  name
 61.66%  1498  1498    2k  37+51       17  c in "x.scm"
  25.0%  2430   608   10k    436        6  b in "x.scm"
 13.33%  2430   324   10k    442        5  a in "x.scm"
   0.0%  2430     0    0k      1     2430  main in "x.scm"

** Tree result (times in ms): 

i    time self child  mem    calls  name
0  100.0%    0  2430   0k        0  <profiler> [0]
             0  2430   0k      1/1     main in "x.scm" [1]
=========================================================
                           441/442     b in "x.scm" <cycle 0> [3]
           324   891  10k    1/442     main in "x.scm" [1]
1  100.0%  324   891  10k      442  a in "x.scm" <cycle 0> [2]
           891     0   1k    22/37     c in "x.scm" [4]
                           436/436     b in "x.scm" <cycle 0> [3]
=========================================================
                           436/436     a in "x.scm" <cycle 0> [2]
2  100.0%  608   608  10k      436  b in "x.scm" <cycle 0> [3]
           608     0   1k    15/37     c in "x.scm" [4]
                           441/442     a in "x.scm" <cycle 0> [2]
=========================================================
             0  2430   0k      1/1     <profiler> [0]
3  100.0%    0  2430   0k        1  main in "x.scm" [1]
           324   891  10k    1/442     a in "x.scm" <cycle 0> [2]
=========================================================
           608     0   1k    15/37     b in "x.scm" <cycle 0> [3]
           891     0   1k    22/37     a in "x.scm" <cycle 0> [2]
4  61.66% 1498     0   2k    37+51  c in "x.scm" [4]
=========================================================
           932  1498  20k      1/1     main in "x.scm" [1]
0  100.0%  932  1498  20k    1+877  <cycle 0 as a whole>
           324   891  10k      441     a in "x.scm" <cycle 0> [2]
           608   608  10k      436     b in "x.scm" <cycle 0> [3]
             0     0   2k    37/37     c in "x.scm" [4]

The formatting of the output is based on the output of GNU gprof 1.

First, general information about the profiling is shown:

  • samples: total number of samples taken and the average time between two samples

  • interrupt time: theoretical interrupt time, the time between two samples

  • real run time: the total run time of the evaluation, simple measurement from the beginning to the end of the evaluation

  • total memory: the total amount of memory used by the program, here in kilobytes

  • GC runs: the number of times the garbage collector was running while evaluating

The flat profile gives overall statistics for each procedure in the program:

  • time: percentage of time the procedure has in the program (based on “self”)

  • cumu: total cumulative time the procedure was running

  • self: total time the procedure was running itself (without children)

  • mem: approximated memory usage of the procedure

  • calls: the number of non-recursive calls to the procedure. Recursive calls are displayed after an optionally appended "+" to former number (see procedure c in example output above).

  • ms/call: estimate of the time per call (with children), based on non-recursive calls and “cumu”.

  • name: the name of the procedure and the file it is defined in

The tree result displays profiling information depending on the caller of a particular procedure. As in gprof output, for each procedure there is an entry. Entries are separated by lines of =s. Each entry displays the callers (indented), the procedure itself and the procedure called (indented). The meaning of the fields depends on the type of the entry, for example:

 i    time self  child  mem    calls   name
            324    891  10k    1/442      main [1]
 1  100.0%  324    891  10k      442   a <cycle 0> [2]
            891      0   1k    22/37      c [4]

Every procedure has a unique index number i (here “1”), based on the position in the call-graph. It is used to quickly find the corresponding entry. The number is appended to the procedure name (in brackets). The meaning of the “cycle” suffix is explained below.

Callers (here main):

  • self: time spent directly in a when called by main

  • child: time spent in children of a when called by main

  • mem: memory usage of a when called by main

  • calls: two numbers: number of calls to a from main and total number of non-recursive calls to a

Primary line (here a):

  • time: total percentage of time a was running

  • self: total time spent directly in a

  • child: total time spent in children of a

  • mem: total memory usage of a

  • calls: the total number of non-recursive calls to a. Recursive calls are displayed after an optional +.

Called (here c):

  • self: time spent directly in c when called by a

  • child: time spent in children of c when called by a

  • mem: memory usage of c when called by a

  • calls: two numbers: number of calls to c from a and total number of non-recursive calls to c

A special treatment is needed for mutual-recursive procedures. In the example, a calls b and b calls a. This is called a cycle. If a would call another procedure d and d would call a, all three procedures form a cycle.

Cycles have a separate entry in the call graph. This entry consists of the callers into the cycle, the primary line of the cycle, the member procedures of the cycle and the external procedures called by the cycle:

            932   1498  20k      1/1      main [1]
 0  100.0%  932   1498  20k    1+877   <cycle 0 as a whole>
            324    891  10k      441      a <cycle 0> [2]
            608    608  10k      436      b <cycle 0> [3]
              0      0   2k    37/37      c [4]

Callers (here main):

  • the meaning of the fields are the same as above. The member procedures of the cycle are seen as a whole.

Primary line:

  • time: total percentage of time any procedure of the cycle was running

  • self: total time spent directly in a procedure of the cycle

  • child: total time spent in external children of a

  • mem: sum of memory usage of all cycle member procedures

  • calls: the total number of external calls to the cycle and the total number of calls in the cycle internally

Member procedures:

  • the meaning of the fields are the same as above, except...

  • calls: the number of calls to the member procedure from within the cycle

External procedures (here c):

  • the meaning of the fields are the same as with the member procedures, except...

  • calls: the number of calls to the external procedure from the cycle and the total number of non-recursive calls to the external procedure

In the current implementation, there are some issues that need to be considered: in the default configuration, samples are taken every 50 milliseconds. Procedures with a by-call run time shorter than the interrupt time are likely to be profiled inaccurately or may not be seen at all, if they have not been instrumented.

The default interrupt time can be set with the profiler-interrupt-time command processor setting, see 3.7. For example, 

,set profiler-interrupt-time 200

sets the default profiler sampling interrupt time to 200ms.

Because the interrupt is shared with the thread system, profiling may cause performance issues with multi-threaded programs. Also, programs with deep recursion (resulting in large continuations) can cause the profiler to use a significant percentage of the total run time.

By default, call times are measured by the sampling process. When code had been instrumented, call times of those procedures will be measured exactly. When only instrumented code should be considered in the output of the profiler, the command processor setting profiler-measure-noninstr can be set to off.

Scheme 48 optimizes tail calls. Thus, the profiler cannot “see” tail calls and in some situations, the output of the profiler may show that procedures directly call their “grandchildren”.

3.6.1  How the profiler works

The profiler is based on taking samples of the current stack of continuations, the call-stack. Therefore it schedules the alarm interrupt at a regular interval specified by the profiler-interrupt-time command processor setting. Because the thread system uses the alarm interrupt as well, the profiler interrupt handler calls the handler of the thread system after processing the sample.

The profiler interrupt handler first captures the current continuation and follows the continuation-stack down to the continuation of the profile-thunk procedure, which called the thunk to be profiled. Each continuation with the corresponding code template is stored in a stack of stackentry records.

This *cur-stack* is compared from bottom to top with the *last-stack*, the stack captured while the prior sampling interrupt. The statistics gathered are stored in profinfo records.

For each stack-entry in the *cur-stack*, several possibilities exist in conjunction to the entry at the same depth in the *last-stack*:

  • there is no such entry: the continuation must be the result of a new call

  • both entries are the same continuation: nothing changed, the procedure is still running

  • entries are not the same continuation: the following entries up in the stack must have changed. If the templates of the current entries are the same, the continuation counts as the still same call to the procedure (but at another expression in the procedure). A such situation only counts as a new call if the continuation object has changed, but the continuation program-counter, arguments and the template stayed the same.

As we ascend in the call-stack, changes in the lower levels indicate that all entries above have to be new calls. This way, the profiler gathers information about how often a template is called by another template.

Additionally, every time a procedure is seen, we record this “occurrence”. If the procedure is a the top of the stack, it is currently running. Based on these numbers, the average interrupt time and the number of calls, we can estimate the self and child times.

While running, the profiler collects information about heap memory usage as well. After comparing the current with the last stack, the profiler knows which procedures finished, which procedures are new and which procedure called the new procedures. This information is used to distribute the difference in heap memory usage between the prior and the current sample. The profiler uses the memory-status primitive for retrieving available heap space and the number of garbage collector runs (gc-count). Difference in used memory between two samples is distributed by the following principles:

  • if gc-count increased, distribution cannot be done

  • if the same continuation is still at top, credit its template with all used memory between the two samplings

  • if there are stackentry-templates gone or new, distribute the used memory equally between them:

    • gone templates could have used some memory before “returning”

    • new templates could have used some memory while running

    • the caller of new templates could have used some memory between the calling of gone and new procedures

The byte-code optimizer profiler-instrumentation adds a call to the “profile-count” procedure of the profiler structure. This procedure is responsible for the exact call-times measurement.

After collection of the data, procedures are numbered and cycles are detected by ascending in the call tree. Time is being propagated from top to bottom, remembering self and child times. Most of the time, cycles are being considered as one procedure.

3.7  Settings

There are a number of settings that control the behavior of the command processor; most of them are booleans. They can be set using the ,set and ,unset commands.

,set setting [on | off | literal | ?]
This sets the value of setting setting. For a boolean setting, the second argument must be on or off; it then defaults to on. Otherwise, the value must be a literal, typically a positive number. If the second argument is ? the value of setting is is displayed and not changed. Doing ,set ? will display a list of the setting and their current values.

,unset setting
,unset setting is the same as ,set setting off.

The settings are as follows:

batch (boolean)
In `batch mode' any error or interrupt that comes up will cause Scheme 48 to exit immediately with a non-zero exit status. Also, the command processor doesn't print prompts. Batch mode is off by default.

levels (boolean)
Enables or disables the automatic pushing of a new command level when an error, interrupt, or other breakpoint occurs. When enabled (the default), breakpoints push a new command level, and ⟨eof⟩ (see above) or ,reset is required to return to top level. The effects of pushed command levels include:

  • a longer prompt

  • retention of the continuation in effect at the point of error

  • confusion among some newcomers

With levels disabled one must issue a ,push command immediately following an error in order to retain the error continuation for debugging purposes; otherwise the continuation is lost as soon as the focus object changes. If you don't know anything about the available debugging tools, then levels might as well be disabled.

break-on-warnings (boolean)
Enter a new command level when a warning is produced, just as when an error occurs. Normally warnings only result in a displayed message and the program does not stop executing.

ask-before-loading (boolean)
If on, the system will ask before loading modules that are arguments to the ,open command. Ask-before-loading is off by default. 
> ,set ask-before-loading
will ask before loading modules
> ,open random
Load structure random (y/n)? y
>

load-noisily (boolean)
When on, the system will print out the names of modules and files as they are loaded. Load-noisily is off by default. 
> ,set load-noisily
will notify when loading modules and files
> ,open random
[random /usr/local/lib/scheme48/big/random.scm]
>

inline-values (boolean)
This controls whether or not the compiler is allowed to substitute variables' values in-line. When inline-values mode is on, some Scheme procedures will be substituted in-line; when it is off, none will. Section 2.4 has more information.

inspector-menu-limit (positive integer)
This controls how many items the displayed portion of the inspector menu contains at most. (See Section 3.8.)

inspector-writing-depth (positive integer)
This controls the maximum depth to which the inspector prints values. (See Section 3.8.)

inspector-writing-length (positive integer)
This controls the maximum length to which the inspector prints values. (See Section 3.8.)

condition-writing-depth (positive integer)
This controls the maximum depth to which conditions are printed.

condition-writing-length (positive integer)
This controls the maximum length to which conditions are printed.

profiler-interrupt-time (positive integer)
This controls the time between two profiler sampling interrupts (in milliseconds, see section 3.6).

profiler-measure-noninstr (boolean)
When this flag is enabled, call-times will be measured by the sampling process. When it is disabled, call-times will only be measured when the procedure has been instrumented (see section 3.6).

trace-writing-length (positive integer)
This controls the maximum length to which tracing prints procedure calls.

3.8  Inspection mode

There is a data inspector available via the ,inspect and ,debug commands. The inspector is particularly useful with procedures, continuations, and records. The command processor can be taken out of inspection mode by using the q command. When in inspection mode, input that begins with a letter or digit is read as a command, not as an expression. To see the value of a variable or number, do (begin exp) or use the ,run exp command.

In inspection mode the command processor prints out a menu of selectable components for the current focus object. To inspect a particular component, just type the corresponding number in the menu. That component becomes the new focus object. For example: 

> ,inspect '(a (b c) d)
(a (b c) d)

[0] a
[1] (b c)
[2] d
: 1
(b c)

[0] b
[1] c
:

When a new focus object is selected the previous one is pushed onto a stack. You can pop the stack, reverting to the previous object, with the u command, or use the stack command to move to an earlier object.

Commands useful when in inspection mode:

  • u (up) pop object stack

  • m (more) print more of a long menu

  • (...) evaluate a form and select result

  • q quit

  • template select a closure or continuation's template (Templates are the static components of procedures; these are found inside of procedures and continuations, and contain the quoted constants and top-level variables referred to by byte-compiled code.)

  • d (down) move to the next continuation (current object must be a continuation)

  • menu print the selection menu for the focus object

Multiple selection commands (u, d, and menu indexes) may be put on a single line.

All ordinary commands are available when in inspection mode. Similarly, the inspection commands can be used when not in inspection mode. For example: 

> (list 'a '(b c) 'd)
'(a (b c) d)
> ,1
'(b c)
> ,menu
[0] b
[1] c
>

If the current command level was initiated because of a breakpoint in the next level down, then ,debug will invoke the inspector on the continuation at the point of the error. The u and d (up and down) commands then make the inspected-value stack look like a conventional stack debugger, with continuations playing the role of stack frames. D goes to older or deeper continuations (frames), and u goes back up to more recent ones.

3.9  Command programs

The exec package contains procedures that are used to execute the command processor's commands. A command ,foo is executed by applying the value of the identifier foo in the exec package to the (suitably parsed) command arguments.

,exec [command]
Evaluate command in the exec package. For example, use 
,exec ,load filename

to load a file containing commands. If no command is given, the exec package becomes the execution package for future commands.

The required argument types are as follows:

  • filenames should be strings

  • other names and identifiers should be symbols

  • expressions should be s-expressions

  • commands (as for ,config and ,exec itself) should be lists of the form (command-name argument ...) where command-name is a symbol.

For example, the following two commands are equivalent: 

,config ,load my-file.scm

,exec (config '(load "my-file.scm"))

The file scheme/vm/load-vm.scm in the source directory contains an example of an exec program.

3.10  Building images

,dump filename [identification]
Writes the current heap out to a file, which can then be run using the virtual machine. The new image file includes the command processor. If present, identification should be a string (written with double quotes); this string will be part of the greeting message as the image starts up.

,build exp filename [option ...]
Like ,dump, except that the image file contains the value of exp, which should be a procedure of one argument, instead of the command processor. When filename is resumed, that procedure will be invoked on the VM's -a arguments, which are passed as a list of OS strings (see section 5.15. The procedure should return an integer, which is returned to the program that invoked the VM. The command processor and debugging system are not included in the image (unless you go to some effort to preserve them, such as retaining a continuation).

If no-warnings appears as an option after the file name, no warnings about undefined external bindings (see Section 8.2) will be printed upon resuming the image. This is useful when the definitions of external bindings appear in shared objects that are only loaded after the resumption of the image.

Doing ,flush before building an image will reduce the amount of debugging information in the image, making for a smaller image file, but if an error occurs, the error message may be less helpful. Doing ,flush source maps before loading any programs used in the image will make it still smaller. See section 3.11 for more information.

3.11  Resource query and control

,time exp
Measure execution time.

,collect
Invoke the garbage collector. Ordinarily this happens automatically, but the command tells how much space is available before and after the collection.

,keep kind
,flush kind
These control the amount of debugging information retained after compiling procedures. This information can consume a fair amount of space. kind is one of the following:

  • maps - environment maps (local variable names, for inspector)

  • source - source code for continuations (displayed by inspector)

  • names - procedure names (as displayed by write and in error messages)

  • files - source file names

These commands refer to future compilations only, not to procedures that already exist. To have any effect, they must be done before programs are loaded. The default is to keep all four types.

,flush
The flush command with no argument deletes the database of names of initial procedures. Doing ,flush before a ,build or ,dump will make the resulting image significantly smaller, but will compromise the information content of many error messages.

3.12  Threads

Each command level has its own set of threads. These threads are suspended when a new level is entered and resumed when the owning level again becomes the current level. A thread that raises an error is not resumed unless explicitly restarted using the ,proceed command. In addition to any threads spawned by the user, each level has a thread that runs the command processor on that level. A new command-processor thread is started if the current one dies or is terminated. When a command level is abandoned for a lower level, or when a level is restarted using ,reset, all of the threads on that level are terminated and any dynamic-wind “after” thunks are run.

The following commands are useful when debugging multithreaded programs:

,resume [number]
Pops out to a given level and resumes running all threads at that level. Number defaults to zero.

,threads
Invokes the inspector on a list of the threads running at the next lower command level.

,exit-when-done [exp]
Waits until all user threads have completed and then exits back out to shell (or executive or whatever invoked Scheme 48 in the first place). Exp should evaluate to an integer which is then returned to the calling program.

3.13  Quite obscure

,go exp
This is like ,exit exp except that the evaluation of exp is tail-recursive with respect to the command processor. This means that the command processor itself can probably be GC'ed, should a garbage collection occur in the execution of exp. If an error occurs Scheme 48 will exit with a non-zero value.

,translate from to
For load and the ,load command (but not for open-{in|out}put-file), file names beginning with the string from will be changed so that the initial from is replaced by the string to. E.g. 
,translate /usr/gjc/ /zu/gjc/

will cause (load "/usr/gjc/foo.scm") to have the same effect as (load "/zu/gjc/foo.scm").

,from-file filename form ... ,end
This is used by the cmuscheme48 Emacs library to indicate the file from which the forms came. Filename is then used by the command processor to determine the package in which the forms are to be evaluated.

1 part of the GNU Binary Utilities: http://www.gnu.org/software/binutils/

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scheme48-1.9/doc/html/manual-Z-H-5.html000644 004306 005702 00000121133 12074535600 020435 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 The Incomplete Scheme 48 Reference Manual for release 1.9
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Chapter 4

Module system

This chapter describes Scheme 48's module system. The module system is unique in the extent to which it supports both static linking and rapid turnaround during program development. The design was influenced by Standard ML modules[7] and by the module system for Scheme Xerox[4]. It has also been shaped by the needs of Scheme 48, which is designed to run both on workstations and on relatively small (less than 1 Mbyte) embedded controllers.

Except where noted, everything described here is implemented in Scheme 48, and exercised by the Scheme 48 implementation and some application programs.

Unlike the Common Lisp package system, the module system described here controls the mapping of names to denotations, not the mapping of strings to symbols.

4.1  Introduction

The module system supports the structured division of a corpus of Scheme software into a set of modules. Each module has its own isolated namespace, with visibility of bindings controlled by module descriptions written in a special configuration language.

A module may be instantiated multiple times, producing several packages, just as a lambda-expression can be instantiated multiple times to produce several different procedures. Since single instantiation is the normal case, we will defer discussion of multiple instantiation until a later section. For now you can think of a package as simply a module's internal environment mapping names to denotations.

A module exports bindings by providing views onto the underlying package. Such a view is called a structure (terminology from Standard ML). One module may provide several different views. A structure is just a subset of the package's bindings. The particular set of names whose bindings are exported is the structure's interface.

A module imports bindings from other modules by either opening or accessing some structures that are built on other packages. When a structure is opened, all of its exported bindings are visible in the client package.

For example: 

(define-structure foo (export a c cons)
  (open scheme)
  (begin (define a 1)
         (define (b x) (+ a x))
         (define (c y) (* (b a) y))))

(define-structure bar (export d)
  (open scheme foo)
  (begin (define (d w) (+ a (c w)))))

This configuration defines two structures, foo and bar. foo is a view on a package in which the scheme structure's bindings (including define and +) are visible, together with bindings for a, b, and c. foo's interface is (export a c cons), so of the bindings in its underlying package, foo only exports those three. Similarly, structure bar consists of the binding of d from a package in which both scheme's and foo's bindings are visible. foo's binding of cons is imported from the Scheme structure and then re-exported.

A module's body, the part following begin in the above example, is evaluated in an isolated lexical scope completely specified by the package definition's open and access clauses. In particular, the binding of the syntactic operator define-structure is not visible unless it comes from some opened structure. Similarly, bindings from the scheme structure aren't visible unless they become so by scheme (or an equivalent structure) being opened.

4.2  The configuration language

The configuration language consists of top-level defining forms for modules and interfaces. Its syntax is given in figure 1.

⟨configuration⟩ –> 

⟨definition⟩*

⟨definition⟩ –>

(define-structure

⟨name⟩

⟨interface⟩

⟨clause⟩*)

–>

(define-structures ((

⟨name⟩

⟨interface⟩)*)

⟨clause⟩*)

–>

(define-interface

⟨name⟩

⟨interface⟩)

–>

(define-syntax

⟨name⟩

⟨transformer-spec⟩)

⟨clause⟩ –>

(open

⟨structure⟩*)

–>

(access

⟨name⟩*)

–>

(begin

⟨program⟩)

–>

(files

⟨filespec⟩*)

–>

(optimize

⟨optimize-spec⟩*)

–>

(for-syntax

⟨clause⟩*)

⟨interface⟩ –>

(export

⟨item⟩*)

–>

⟨name⟩

–>

(compound-interface

⟨interface⟩*)

⟨item⟩ –> 

⟨name⟩

–>

(

⟨name⟩

⟨type⟩)

–>

((

⟨name⟩*)

⟨type⟩)

⟨structure⟩ –>

⟨name⟩

–>

(modify

⟨structure⟩

⟨modifier⟩*)

–>

(subset

⟨structure⟩ (

⟨name⟩*))

–>

(with-prefix

⟨structure⟩

⟨name⟩)

⟨modifier⟩ –>

(expose

⟨name⟩*)

–>

(hide

⟨name⟩*)

–>

(rename (

⟨name⟩0

⟨name⟩1)*)

–>

(alias (

⟨name⟩0

⟨name⟩1)*)

–>

(prefix

⟨name⟩)

Figure 1:  The configuration language.

A define-structure form introduces a binding of a name to a structure. A structure is a view on an underlying package which is created according to the clauses of the define-structure form. Each structure has an interface that specifies which bindings in the structure's underlying package can be seen via that structure in other packages.

An open clause specifies which structures will be opened up for use inside the new package. At least one structure must be specified or else it will be impossible to write any useful programs inside the package, since define, lambda, cons, etc. will be unavailable. Packages typically include scheme, which exports all bindings appropriate to Revised5 Scheme, in an open clause. For building structures that export structures, there is a defpackage package that exports the operators of the configuration language. Many other structures, such as record and hash table facilities, are also available in the Scheme 48 implementation.

The modify, subset, and prefix forms produce new views on existing structures by renaming or hiding exported names. Subset returns a new structure that exports only the listed names from its

⟨structure⟩ argument. With-prefix returns a new structure that adds

⟨prefix⟩ to each of the names exported by the

⟨structure⟩ argument. For example, if structure s exports a and b, then 

(subset s (a))

exports only a and 

(with-prefix s p/)

exports a as p/a and b as p/b.

Both subset and with-prefix are simple macros that expand into uses of modify, a more general renaming form. In a modify structure specification the

⟨command⟩s are applied to the names exported by

⟨structure⟩ to produce a new set of names for the

⟨structure⟩'s bindings. Expose makes only the listed names visible. Hide makes all but the listed names visible. Rename makes each

⟨name⟩0 visible as

⟨name⟩1 name and not visible as

⟨name⟩0 , while alias makes each

⟨name⟩0 visible as both

⟨name⟩0 and

⟨name⟩1. Prefix adds

⟨name⟩ to the beginning of each exported name. The modifiers are applied from right to left. Thus 

(modify scheme (prefix foo/) (rename (car bus))))

makes car available as foo/bus.

The package's body is specified by begin and/or files clauses. begin and files have the same semantics, except that for begin the text is given directly in the package definition, while for files the text is stored somewhere in the file system. The body consists of a Scheme program, that is, a sequence of definitions and expressions to be evaluated in order. In practice, we always use files in preference to begin; begin exists mainly for expository purposes.

A name's imported binding may be lexically overridden or shadowed by defining the name using a defining form such as define or define-syntax. This will create a new binding without having any effect on the binding in the opened package. For example, one can do (define car 'chevy) without affecting the binding of the name car in the scheme package.

Assignments (using set!) to imported and undefined variables are not allowed. In order to set! a top-level variable, the package body must contain a define form defining that variable. Applied to bindings from the scheme structure, this restriction is compatible with the requirements of the Revised5 Scheme report.

It is an error for two of a package's opened structures to export two different bindings for the same name. However, the current implementation does not check for this situation; a name's binding is always taken from the structure that is listed first within the open clause. This may be fixed in the future.

File names in a files clause can be symbols, strings, or lists (Maclisp-style “namelists”). A “.scm” file type suffix is assumed. Symbols are converted to file names by converting to upper or lower case as appropriate for the host operating system. A namelist is an operating-system-independent way to specify a file obtained from a subdirectory. For example, the namelist (rts record) specifies the file record.scm in the rts subdirectory.

If the define-structure form was itself obtained from a file, then file names in files clauses are interpreted relative to the directory in which the file containing the define-structure form was found. You can't at present put an absolute path name in the files list.

4.3  Interfaces

define-interface

An interface can be thought of as the type of a structure. In its basic form it is just a list of variable names, written (export name ...). However, in place of a name one may write (name type), indicating the type of name's binding. The type field is optional, except that exported macros must be indicated with type :syntax.

Interfaces may be either anonymous, as in the example in the introduction, or they may be given names by a define-interface form, for example 

(define-interface foo-interface (export a c cons))
(define-structure foo foo-interface ...)

In principle, interfaces needn't ever be named. If an interface had to be given at the point of a structure's use as well as at the point of its definition, it would be important to name interfaces in order to avoid having to write them out twice, with risk of mismatch should the interface ever change. But they don't.

Still, there are several reasons to use define-interface:

  1. It is important to separate the interface definition from the package definitions when there are multiple distinct structures that have the same interface — that is, multiple implementations of the same abstraction.

  2. It is conceptually cleaner, and often useful for documentation purposes, to separate a module's specification (interface) from its implementation (package).

  3. Our experience is that configurations that are separated into interface definitions and package definitions are easier to read; the long lists of exported bindings just get in the way most of the time.

The compound-interface operator forms an interface that is the union of two or more component interfaces. For example, 

(define-interface bar-interface
  (compound-interface foo-interface (export mumble)))

defines bar-interface to be foo-interface with the name mumble added.

4.4  Macros

Hygienic macros, as described in [2, 3], are implemented. Structures may export macros; auxiliary names introduced into the expansion are resolved in the environment of the macro's definition.

For example, the scheme structure's delay macro is defined by the rewrite rule 

(delay exp)  %
%
—>%
(make-promise (lambda () exp)).

The variable make-promise is defined in the scheme structure's underlying package, but is not exported. A use of the delay macro, however, always accesses the correct definition of make-promise. Similarly, the case macro expands into uses of cond, eqv?, and so on. These names are exported by scheme, but their correct bindings will be found even if they are shadowed by definitions in the client package.

4.5  Higher-order modules

There are define-module and define forms for defining modules that are intended to be instantiated multiple times. But these are pretty kludgey — for example, compiled code isn't shared between the instantiations — so we won't describe them yet. If you must know, figure it out from the following grammar.

‌

⟨definition⟩ –>

(define-module (

⟨name⟩ (

⟨name⟩

⟨interface⟩)*)

‌

⟨definition⟩*

‌

⟨name⟩)

–>

(define

⟨name⟩ (

⟨name⟩

⟨name⟩*))

4.6  Compiling and linking

Scheme 48 has a static linker that produces stand-alone heap images from module descriptions. The programmer specifies a particular procedure in a particular structure to be the image's startup procedure (entry point), and the linker traces dependency links as given by open and access clauses to determine the composition of the heap image.

There is not currently any provision for separate compilation; the only input to the static linker is source code. However, it will not be difficult to implement separate compilation. The unit of compilation is one module (not one file). Any opened or accessed structures from which macros are obtained must be processed to the extent of extracting its macro definitions. The compiler knows from the interface of an opened or accessed structure which of its exports are macros. Except for macros, a module may be compiled without any knowledge of the implementation of its opened and accessed structures. However, inter-module optimization may be available as an option.

The main difficulty with separate compilation is resolution of auxiliary bindings introduced into macro expansions. The module compiler must transmit to the loader or linker the search path by which such bindings are to be resolved. In the case of the delay macro's auxiliary make-promise (see example above), the loader or linker needs to know that the desired binding of make-promise is the one apparent in delay's defining package, not in the package being loaded or linked.

4.7  Semantics of configuration mutation

During program development it is often desirable to make changes to packages and interfaces. In static languages it may be necessary to recompile and re-link a program in order for such changes to be reflected in a running system. Even in interactive Common Lisp implementations, a change to a package's exports often requires reloading clients that have already mentioned names whose bindings change. Once read resolves a use of a name to a symbol, that resolution is fixed, so a change in the way that a name resolves to a symbol can only be reflected by re-reading all such references.

The Scheme 48 development environment supports rapid turnaround in modular program development by allowing mutations to a program's configuration, and giving a clear semantics to such mutations. The rule is that variable bindings in a running program are always resolved according to current structure and interface bindings, even when these bindings change as a result of edits to the configuration. For example, consider the following: 

(define-interface foo-interface (export a c))
(define-structure foo foo-interface
  (open scheme)
  (begin (define a 1)
         (define (b x) (+ a x))
         (define (c y) (* (b a) y))))
(define-structure bar (export d)
  (open scheme foo)
  (begin (define (d w) (+ (b w) a))))

This program has a bug. The variable b, which is free in the definition of d, has no binding in bar's package. Suppose that b was supposed to be exported by foo, but was omitted from foo-interface by mistake. It is not necessary to re-process bar or any of foo's other clients at this point. One need only change foo-interface and inform the development system of that change (using, say, an appropriate Emacs command), and foo's binding of b will be found when procedure d is called.

Similarly, it is also possible to replace a structure; clients of the old structure will be modified so that they see bindings from the new one. Shadowing is also supported in the same way. Suppose that a client package C opens a structure foo that exports a name x, and foo's implementation obtains the binding of x as an import from some other structure bar. Then C will see the binding from bar. If one then alters foo so that it shadows bar's binding of x with a definition of its own, then procedures in C that reference x will automatically see foo's definition instead of the one from bar that they saw earlier.

This semantics might appear to require a large amount of computation on every variable reference: The specified behavior requires scanning the package's list of opened structures, examining their interfaces, on every variable reference, not just at compile time. However, the development environment uses caching with cache invalidation to make variable references fast.

4.8  Command processor support

While it is possible to use the Scheme 48 static linker for program development, it is far more convenient to use the development environment, which supports rapid turnaround for program changes. The programmer interacts with the development environment through a command processor. The command processor is like the usual Lisp read-eval-print loop in that it accepts Scheme forms to evaluate. However, all meta-level operations, such as exiting the Scheme system or requests for trace output, are handled by commands, which are lexically distinguished from Scheme forms. This arrangement is borrowed from the Symbolics Lisp Machine system, and is reminiscent of non-Lisp debuggers. Commands are a little easier to type than Scheme forms (no parentheses, so you don't have to shift), but more importantly, making them distinct from Scheme forms ensures that programs' namespaces aren't cluttered with inappropriate bindings. Equivalently, the command set is available for use regardless of what bindings happen to be visible in the current program. This is especially important in conjunction with the module system, which puts strict controls on visibility of bindings.

The Scheme 48 command processor supports the module system with a variety of special commands. For commands that require structure names, these names are resolved in a designated configuration package that is distinct from the current package for evaluating Scheme forms given to the command processor. The command processor interprets Scheme forms in a particular current package, and there are commands that move the command processor between different packages.

Commands are introduced by a comma (,) and end at the end of line. The command processor's prompt consists of the name of the current package followed by a greater-than (>).

,open structure*
The ,open command opens new structures in the current package, as if the package's definition's open clause had listed structure. As with open clauses the visible names can be modified, as in 
,open (subset foo (bar baz))

which only makes the bar and baz bindings from structure foo visible.

,config
The ,config command sets the command processor's current package to be the current configuration package. Forms entered at this point are interpreted as being configuration language forms, not Scheme forms.

,config command
This form of the ,config command executes another command in the current configuration package. For example, 
,config ,load foo.scm

interprets configuration language forms from the file foo.scm in the current configuration package.

,config-package-is struct-name
The ,config-package-is command designates a new configuration package for use by the ,config command and resolution of struct-names for other commands such as ,in and ,open. See section 4.9 for information on making new configuration packages.

,in struct-name
The ,in command moves the command processor to a specified structure's underlying package. For example: 
user> ,config
config> (define-structure foo (export a)
          (open scheme))
config> ,in foo
foo> (define a 13)
foo> a
13

In this example the command processor starts in a package called user, but the ,config command moves it into the configuration package, which has the name config. The define-structure form binds, in config, the name foo to a structure that exports a. Finally, the command ,in foo moves the command processor into structure foo's underlying package.

A package's body isn't executed (evaluated) until the package is loaded, which is accomplished by the ,load-package command.

,in struct-name command
This form of the ,in command executes a single command in the specified package without moving the command processor into that package. Example: 
,in mumble (cons 1 2)
,in mumble ,trace foo

,user [command]
This is similar to the ,config and ,in commands. It moves to or executes a command in the user package (which is the default package when the Scheme 48 command processor starts).

,user-package-is name
The ,user-package-is command designates a new user package for use by the ,user command.

,load-package struct-name
The ,load-package command ensures that the specified structure's underlying package's program has been loaded. This consists of (1) recursively ensuring that the packages of any opened or accessed structures are loaded, followed by (2) executing the package's body as specified by its definition's begin and files forms.

,reload-package struct-name
This command re-executes the structure's package's program. It is most useful if the program comes from a file or files, when it will update the package's bindings after mutations to its source file.

,load filespec ...
The ,load command executes forms from the specified file or files in the current package. ,load filespec is similar to (load "filespec") except that the name load needn't be bound in the current package to Scheme's load procedure.

,for-syntax [command]
This is similar to the ,config and ,in commands. It moves to or executes a command in the current package's “package for syntax,” which is the package in which the forms f in (define-syntax name f) are evaluated.

,new-package [struct-name ...]
The ,new-package command creates a new package and moves the command processor to it. With no arguments, only the standard Scheme bindings are visible in the new package. Otherwise, the structures specified as command arguments (and not the scheme structure) are opened in the new package.

,structure name interface
The ,structure command defines name in the configuration package to be a structure with interface interface based on the current package.

4.9  Configuration packages

It is possible to set up multiple configuration packages. The default configuration package opens the following structures:

  • module-system, which exports define-structure and the other configuration language keywords, as well as standard types and type constructors (:syntax, :value, proc, etc.).

  • built-in-structures, which exports structures that are built into the initial Scheme 48 image; these include scheme, threads, tables, and records.

  • more-structures, which exports additional structures that are available in the development environment. A complete listing can be found in the definition of more-structures-interface at the end of the file scheme/packages.scm.

Note that it does not open scheme.

You can define additional configuration packages by making a package that opens module-system and, optionally, built-in-structures, more-structures, or other structures that export structures and interfaces.

For example: 

> ,config (define-structure foo (export)
            (open module-system
                  built-in-structures
                  more-structures))
> ,in foo
foo> (define-structure x (export a b)
       (open scheme)
       (files x))
foo>

Unfortunately, the above example does not work. The problem is that every environment in which define-structure is used must also have a way to create “syntactic towers”. A new syntactic tower is required whenever a new environment is created for compiling the source code in the package associated with a new structure. The environment's tower is used at compile time for evaluating the macro-source in 

(define-syntax name macro-source)
(let-syntax ((name macro-source) ...) body)

and so forth. It is a “tower” because that environment, in turn, has to say what environment to use if macro-source itself contains a use of let-syntax.

The simplest way to provide a tower maker is to pass on the one used by an existing configuration package. The special form export-syntactic-tower-maker creates an interface that exports a configuration package's tower. The following example uses export-syntactic-tower-maker and the ,structure command to obtain a tower maker and create a new configuration environment.

> ,config ,structure t (export-syntactic-tower-maker)
> ,config (define-structure foo (export)
            (open module-system
                  t
                  built-in-structures
                  more-structures))

Before Scheme 48 1.9, export-syntactic-tower-maker was named export-reflective-tower-maker; this name is still supported for backwards compatibility.

4.10  Discussion

This module system was not designed as the be-all and end-all of Scheme module systems; it was only intended to help us organize the Scheme 48 system. Not only does the module system help avoid name clashes by keeping different subsystems in different namespaces, it has also helped us to tighten up and generalize Scheme 48's internal interfaces. Scheme 48 is unusual among Lisp implementations in admitting many different possible modes of operation. Examples of such multiple modes include the following:

  • Linking can be either static or dynamic.

  • The development environment (compiler, debugger, and command processor) can run either in the same address space as the program being developed or in a different address space. The environment and user program may even run on different processors under different operating systems[8].

  • The virtual machine can be supported by either of two implementations of its implementation language, Prescheme.

The module system has been helpful in organizing these multiple modes. By forcing us to write down interfaces and module dependencies, the module system helps us to keep the system clean, or at least to keep us honest about how clean or not it is.

The need to make structures and interfaces second-class instead of first-class results from the requirements of static program analysis: it must be possible for the compiler and linker to expand macros and resolve variable bindings before the program is executed. Structures could be made first-class (as in FX[10]) if a type system were added to Scheme and the definitions of exported macros were defined in interfaces instead of in module bodies, but even in that case types and interfaces would remain second-class.

The prohibition on assignment to imported bindings makes substitution a valid optimization when a module is compiled as a block. The block compiler first scans the entire module body, noting which variables are assigned. Those that aren't assigned (only defined) may be assumed never assigned, even if they are exported. The optimizer can then perform a very simple-minded analysis to determine automatically that some procedures can and should have their calls compiled in line.

The programming style encouraged by the module system is consistent with the unextended Scheme language. Because module system features do not generally show up within module bodies, an individual module may be understood by someone who is not familiar with the module system. This is a great aid to code presentation and portability. If a few simple conditions are met (no name conflicts between packages, and use of files in preference to begin), then a multi-module program can be loaded into a Scheme implementation that does not support the module system. The Scheme 48 static linker satisfies these conditions, and can therefore run in other Scheme implementations. Scheme 48's bootstrap process, which is based on the static linker, is therefore nonincestuous. This contrasts with most other integrated programming environments, such as Smalltalk-80, where the system can only be built using an existing version of the system itself.

Like ML modules, but unlike Scheme Xerox modules, this module system is compositional. That is, structures are constructed by single syntactic units that compose existing structures with a body of code. In Scheme Xerox, the set of modules that can contribute to an interface is open-ended — any module can contribute bindings to any interface whose name is in scope. The module system implementation is a cross-bar that channels definitions from modules to interfaces. The module system described here has simpler semantics and makes dependencies easier to trace. It also allows for higher-order modules, which Scheme Xerox considers unimportant.

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scheme48-1.9/doc/html/manual-Z-H-6.html000644 004306 005702 00000444213 12074535601 020446 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 The Incomplete Scheme 48 Reference Manual for release 1.9
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Chapter 5

Libraries

Use the ,open command (section 3.4) or the module language (chapter 2.6) to open the structures described below.

5.1  General utilities

These are in the big-util structure.

  • (atom? value) –> boolean

(atom? x) is the same as (not (pair? x)).

  • (null-list? list) –> boolean

Returns true for the empty list, false for a pair, and signals an error otherwise.

  • (neq? value value) –> boolean

(neq? x y) is the same as (not (eq? x y)).

  • (n= number number) –> boolean

(n= x y) is the same as (not (= x y)).

  • (identity value) –> value

  • (no-op value) –> value

These both just return their argument. No-op is guaranteed not to be compiled in-line, identity may be.

  • (memq? value list) –> boolean

Returns true if value is in list, false otherwise.

  • (any? predicate list) –> boolean

Returns true if predicate is true for any element of list.

  • (every? predicate list) –> boolean

Returns true if predicate is true for every element of list.

  • (any predicate list) –> value

  • (first predicate list) –> value

Any returns some element of list for which predicate is true, or false if there are none. First does the same except that it returns the first element for which predicate is true.

  • (filter predicate list) –> list

  • (filter! predicate list) –> list

Returns a list containing all of the elements of list for which predicate is true. The order of the elements is preserved. Filter! may reuse the storage of list.

  • (filter-map procedure list) –> list

The same as filter except the returned list contains the results of applying procedure instead of elements of list. (filter-map p l) is the same as (filter identity (map p l)).

  • (partition-list predicate list) –> list list

  • (partition-list! predicate list) –> list list

The first return value contains those elements list for which predicate is true, the second contains the remaining elements. The order of the elements is preserved. Partition-list! may reuse the storage of the list.

  • (remove-duplicates list) –> list

Returns its argument with all duplicate elements removed. The first instance of each element is preserved.

  • (delq value list) –> list

  • (delq! value list) –> list

  • (delete predicate list) –> list

All three of these return list with some elements removed. Delq removes all elements eq? to value. Delq! does the same and may modify the list argument. Delete removes all elements for which predicate is true. Both delq and delete may reuse some of the storage in the list argument, but won't modify it.

  • (reverse! list) –> list

Destructively reverses list.

  • (concatenate-symbol value ...) –> symbol

Returns the symbol whose name is produced by concatenating the displayed representations of value ....

(concatenate-symbol 'abc "-" 4) ===⇒ 'abc-4

5.2  Pretty-printing

These are in the pp structure.

  • (p value)

  • (p value output-port)

  • (pretty-print value output-port position)

Pretty-print value The current output port is used if no port is specified. Position is the starting offset. Value will be pretty-printed to the right of this column.

5.3  Bitwise integer operations

These functions use the two's-complement representation for integers. There is no limit to the number of bits in an integer. They are in the structures bitwise and big-scheme.

  • (bitwise-and integer integer ...) –> integer

  • (bitwise-ior integer integer ...) –> integer

  • (bitwise-xor integer integer ...) –> integer

  • (bitwise-not integer) –> integer

These perform various logical operations on integers on a bit-by-bit basis. `ior' is inclusive OR and `xor' is exclusive OR.

  • (arithmetic-shift integer bit-count) –> integer

Shifts the integer by the given bit count, which must be an integer, shifting left for positive counts and right for negative ones. Shifting preserves the integer's sign.

  • (bit-count integer) –> integer

Counts the number of bits set in the integer. If the argument is negative a bitwise NOT operation is performed before counting.

5.4  Byte vectors

These are homogeneous vectors of small integers (0 ≤ i ≤ 255). The functions that operate on them are analogous to those for vectors. They are in the structure byte-vectors.

  • (byte-vector? value) –> boolean

  • (make-byte-vector k fill) –> byte-vector

  • (byte-vector b ...) –> byte-vector

  • (byte-vector-length byte-vector) –> integer

  • (byte-vector-ref byte-vector k) –> integer

  • (byte-vector-set! byte-vector k b)

  • (byte-vector=? byte-vector byte-vector) –> boolean

5.5  Sparse vectors

These are vectors that grow as large as they need to. That is, they can be indexed by arbitrarily large nonnegative integers. The implementation allows for arbitrarily large gaps by arranging the entries in a tree. They are in the structure sparse-vectors.

  • (make-sparse-vector) –> sparse-vector

  • (sparse-vector-ref sparse-vector k) –> value

  • (sparse-vector-set! sparse-vector k value)

  • (sparse-vector->list sparse-vector) –> list

Make-sparse-vector, sparse-vector-ref, and sparse-vector-set! are analogous to make-vector, vector-ref, and vector-set!, except that the indices passed to sparse-vector-ref and sparse-vector-set! can be arbitrarily large. For indices whose elements have not been set in a sparse vector, sparse-vector-ref returns #f.

Sparse-vector->list is for debugging: It returns a list of the consecutive elements in a sparse vector from 0 to the highest element that has been set. Note that the list will also include all the #f elements for the unset elements.

5.6  Cells

These hold a single value and are useful when a simple indirection is required. The system uses these to hold the values of lexical variables that may be set!.

  • (cell? value) –> boolean

  • (make-cell value) –> cell

  • (cell-ref cell) –> value

  • (cell-set! cell value)

5.7  Queues

These are ordinary first-in, first-out queues. The procedures are in structure queues.

  • (make-queue) –> queue

  • (queue? value) –> boolean

  • (queue-empty? queue) –> boolean

  • (list->queue values) –> queue

  • (enqueue! queue value)

  • (enqueue-many! queue list)

  • (queue-head-or-value queue value) –> value

  • (queue-head-or-thunk queue thunk) –> value

  • (queue-head queue) –> value

  • (maybe-queue-head queue) –> value

  • (dequeue-or-value! queue value) –> value

  • (dequeue-or-thunk! queue thunk) –> value

  • (dequeue! queue) –> value

  • (maybe-dequeue! queue) –> value

  • (empty-queue! queue)

Make-queue creates an empty queue, queue? is a predicate for identifying queues, and queue-empty? tells you if a queue is empty. List->queue returns a queue containing values, preserving their order. Enqueue! adds one value to the queue; enqueue-many! adds a list of values to the queue. Queue-head-or-value, queue-head-or-thunk, queue-head, and maybe-queue-head return the first value in queue if it is not empty; if the queue is empty, queue-head-or-value returns value, queue-head-or-thunk tail-calls thunk, queue-head raises an error, and maybe-queue-head returns #f. Dequeue-or-value!, dequeue-or-thunk!, dequeue!, and maybe-dequeue! remove a value from the queue if one is available; if the queue is empty, dequeue-or-value! returns value, dequeue-or-thunk! tail-calls thunk, dequeue! raises an error, and maybe-dequeue! returns #f. Empty-queue! removes all values from queue.

(Dequeue-or-value! q value) is more efficient than, but otherwise equivalent to: 

(ensure-atomicity
 (if (queue-empty? q)
     value
     (dequeue! q)))

Because queue-head and dequeue! raise exceptions if they are called on an empty queue, they must not be called with a proposal already active unless queue-empty? has returned #f with the same proposal active.

The following procedures are not used in the Scheme 48 system, and are very slow. These operations may be removed from the queues structure in a future revision.

  • (queue-length queue) –> integer

  • (queue->list queue) –> values

  • (delete-from-queue! queue value) –> boolean

  • (on-queue? queue value) –> boolean

Queue-length returns the number of values in queue. Queue->list returns the values in queue as a list, in the order in which the values were added. Delete-from-queue! removes the first instance of value from queue, using eqv? for comparisons. Delete-from-queue! returns #t if it removes an element and #f if it does not. On-queue? returns #t if value is in the queue (using eqv? for comparisons) and #f if it is not.

5.8  Arrays

These provide N-dimensional, zero-based arrays and are in the structure arrays. The array interface is derived from one invented by Alan Bawden.

  • (make-array value dimension0 ...) –> array

  • (array dimensions element0 ...) –> array

  • (copy-array array) –> array

Make-array makes a new array with the given dimensions, each of which must be a non-negative integer. Every element is initially set to value. Array Returns a new array with the given dimensions and elements. Dimensions must be a list of positive integers, The number of elements should be the equal to the product of the dimensions. The elements are stored in row-major order. 

(make-array 'a 2 3) => {Array 2 3}

(array '(2 3) 'a 'b 'c 'd 'e 'f)
    => {Array 2 3}

Copy-array returns a copy of array. The copy is identical to the array but does not share storage with it.

  • (array? value) –> boolean

Returns #t if value is an array.

  • (array-ref array index0 ...) –> value

  • (array-set! array value index0 ...)

  • (array->vector array) –> vector

  • (array-shape array) –> list

Array-ref returns the specified array element and array-set! replaces the element with value. 

(let ((a (array '(2 3) 'a 'b 'c 'd 'e 'f)))
  (let ((x (array-ref a 0 1)))
    (array-set! a 'g 0 1)
    (list x (array-ref a 0 1))))
    => '(b g)

Array->vector returns a vector containing the elements of array in row-major order. Array-shape returns the dimensions of the array as a list.

  • (make-shared-array array linear-map dimension0 ...) –> array

Make-shared-array makes a new array that shares storage with array and uses linear-map to map indexes to elements. Linear-map must accept as many arguments as the number of dimensions given and must return a list of non-negative integers that are valid indexes into array. 

(array-ref (make-shared-array a f i0 i1 ...)
           j0 j1 ...)

is equivalent to 

(apply array-ref a (f j0 j1 ...))

As an example, the following function makes the transpose of a two-dimensional array: 

(define (transpose array)
  (let ((shape (array-shape array)))
    (make-shared-array array
                       (lambda (x y)
                         (list y x))
                       (cadr shape)
                       (car shape))))

(array->vector
  (transpose
    (array '(2 3) 'a 'b 'c 'd 'e 'f)))
      => '(a d b e c f)

5.9  Records

New types can be constructed using the define-record-type macro from the define-record-types structure The general syntax is: 

(define-record-type [tag] type-name
  (constructor-name field-tag ...)
  predicate-name
  (field-tag accessor-name [modifier-name])
  ...)

This makes the following definitions:

  • type-name     (type)

  • (constructor-name field-init ...) –> type-name

  • (predicate-name value) –> boolean

  • (accessor-name type-name) –> value

  • (modifier-name type-name value)

Type-name is the record type itself, and can be used to specify a print method (see below). Constructor-name is a constructor that accepts values for the fields whose tags are specified. Predicate-name is a predicate that returns #t for elements of the type and #f for everything else. The accessor-names retrieve the values of fields, and the modifier-name's update them. Tag is used in printing instances of the record type and the field-tags are used in the inspector and to match constructor arguments with fields. If tag is not specified, type-name is used instead.

  • (define-record-discloser type discloser)

Define-record-discloser determines how records of type type are printed. Discloser should be procedure which takes a single record of type type and returns a list whose car is a symbol. The record will be printed as the value returned by discloser with curly braces used instead of the usual parenthesis.

For example 

(define-record-type pare :pare
  (kons x y)
  pare?
  (x kar set-kar!)
  (y kdr))

defines kons to be a constructor, kar and kdr to be accessors, set-kar! to be a modifier, and pare? to be a predicate for a new type of object. The type itself is named :pare. Pare is a tag used in printing the new objects.

By default, the new objects print as #{Pare}. The print method can be modified using define-record-discloser: 

(define-record-discloser :pare
  (lambda (p) `(pare ,(kar p) ,(kdr p))))

will cause the result of (kons 1 2) to print as #{Pare 1 2}.

Define-record-resumer (section 8.7.6) can be used to control how records are stored in heap images.

5.9.1  Low-level access to records

Records are implemented using primitive objects exactly analogous to vectors. Every record has a record type (which is another record) in the first slot. Note that use of these procedures, especially record-set!, breaks the record abstraction described above; caution is advised.

These procedures are in the structure records.

  • (make-record n value) –> record

  • (record value ...) –> record-vector

  • (record? value) –> boolean

  • (record-length record) –> integer

  • (record-type record) –> value

  • (record-ref record i) –> value

  • (record-set! record i value)

These the same as the standard vector- procedures except that they operate on records. The value returned by record-length includes the slot holding the record's type. (record-type x) is equivalent to (record-ref x 0).

5.9.2  Record types

Record types are themselves records of a particular type (the first slot of :record-type points to itself). A record type contains four values: the name of the record type, a list of the names its fields, and procedures for disclosing and resuming records of that type. Procedures for manipulating them are in the structure record-types.

  • (make-record-type name field-names) –> record-type

  • (record-type? value) –> boolean

  • (record-type-name record-type) –> symbol

  • (record-type-field-names record-type) –> symbols

  • (record-constructor record-type field-names) –> procedure

  • (record-predicate record-type) –> procedure

  • (record-accessor record-type field-name) –> procedure

  • (record-modifier record-type field-name) –> procedure

These procedures construct the usual record-manipulating procedures. Record-constructor returns a constructor that is passed the initial values for the fields specified and returns a new record. Record-predicate returns a predicate that return true when passed a record of type record-type and false otherwise. Record-accessor and record-modifier return procedures that reference and set the given field in records of the appropriate type.

  • (define-record-discloser record-type discloser)

  • (define-record-resumer record-type resumer)

Record-types is the initial exporter of define-record-discloser (re-exported by define-record-types described above) and define-record-resumer (re-exported by external-calls (section 8.7.6)).

The procedures described in this section can be used to define new record-type-defining macros. 

(define-record-type pare :pare
  (kons x y)
  pare?
  (x kar set-kar!)
  (y kdr))

is (semantically) equivalent to 

(define :pare (make-record-type 'pare '(x y)))
(define kons (record-constructor :pare '(x y)))
(define kar (record-accessor :pare 'x))
(define set-kar! (record-modifier :pare 'x))
(define kdr (record-accessor :pare 'y))

The “(semantically)” above is because define-record-type adds declarations, which allows the type checker to detect some misuses of records, and uses more efficient definitions for the constructor, accessors, and modifiers. Ignoring the declarations, which will have to wait for another edition of the manual, what the above example actually expands into is: 

(define :pare (make-record-type 'pare '(x y)))
(define (kons x y) (record :pare x y))
(define (kar r) (checked-record-ref r :pare 1))
(define (set-kar! r new)
  (checked-record-set! r :pare 1 new))
(define (kdr r) (checked-record-ref r :pare 2))

Checked-record-ref and Checked-record-set! are low-level procedures that check the type of the record and access or modify it using a single VM instruction.

5.10  Finite record types

The structure finite-types has two macros for defining `finite' record types. These are record types for which there are a fixed number of instances, all of which are created at the same time as the record type itself. The syntax for defining an enumerated type is: 

(define-enumerated-type tag type-name
  predicate-name
  vector-of-instances-name
  name-accessor
  index-accessor
  (instance-name ...))

This defines a new record type, bound to type-name, with as many instances as there are instance-name's. Vector-of-instances-name is bound to a vector containing the instances of the type in the same order as the instance-name list. Tag is bound to a macro that when given an instance-name expands into an expression that returns corresponding instance. The name lookup is done at macro expansion time. Predicate-name is a predicate for the new type. Name-accessor and index-accessor are accessors for the name and index (in vector-of-instances) of instances of the type.

(define-enumerated-type color :color
  color?
  colors
  color-name
  color-index
  (black white purple maroon))

(color-name (vector-ref colors 0)) => black
(color-name (color white))         => white
(color-index (color purple))       => 2

Finite types are enumerations that allow the user to add additional fields in the type. The syntax for defining a finite type is: 

(define-finite-type tag type-name
  (field-tag ...)
  predicate-name
  vector-of-instances-name
  name-accessor
  index-accessor
  (field-tag accessor-name [modifier-name])
  ...((instance-name field-value ...)
   ...))

The additional fields are specified exactly as with define-record-type. The field arguments to the constructor are listed after the type-name; these do not include the name and index fields. The form ends with the names and the initial field values for the instances of the type. The instances are constructed by applying the (unnamed) constructor to these initial field values. The name must be first and the remaining values must match the field-tags in the constructor's argument list.

(define-finite-type color :color
  (red green blue)
  color?
  colors
  color-name
  color-index
  (red   color-red)
  (green color-green)
  (blue  color-blue)
  ((black    0   0   0)
   (white  255 255 255)
   (purple 160  32 240)
   (maroon 176  48  96)))

(color-name (color black))         => black
(color-name (vector-ref colors 1)) => white
(color-index (color purple))       => 2
(color-red (color maroon))         => 176

5.11  Sets over finite types

The structure enum-sets has a macro for defining types for sets of elements of finite types. These work naturally with the finite types defined by the finite-types structure, but are not tied to them. The syntax for defining such a type is:

(define-enum-set-type id type-name predicate constructor
   element-syntax element-predicate all-elements element-index-ref)

This defines id to be syntax for constructing sets, type-name to be a value representing the type, predicate to be a predicate for those sets, and constructor a procedure for constructing one from a list.

Element-syntax must be the name of a macro for constructing set elements from names (akin to the tag argument to define-enumerated-type). Element-predicate must be a predicate for the element type, all-elements a vector of all values of the element type, and element-index-ref must return the index of an element within the all-elements vector.

  • (enum-set->list enum-set) –> list

  • (enum-set-member? enum-set enumerand) –> boolean

  • (enum-set=? enum-set enum-set) –> boolean

  • (enum-set-subset? enum-set enum-set) –> boolean

  • (enum-set-union enum-set enum-set) –> enum-set

  • (enum-set-intersection enum-set enum-set) –>  enum-set

  • (enum-set-difference enum-set enum-set) –>  enum-set

  • (enum-set-negation enum-set) –> enum-set

Enum-set->list converts a set into a list of its elements. Enum-set-member? tests for membership. Enum-set=? tests two sets of equal type for equality. (If its arguments are not of the same type, enum-set=? raises an exception.) Enum-set-subset? tests, for two sets of equal type, if the first set is a subset of the second one. Enum-set-union computes the union of two sets of equal type, enum-set-intersection computes the intersection, enum-set-difference computes the intersection, and enum-set-negation computes the complement of a set.

Here is an example. Given an enumerated type:

(define-enumerated-type color :color
  color?
  colors
  color-name
  color-index
  (red blue green))

we can define sets of colors:

(define-enum-set-type color-set :color-set
                      color-set?
                      make-color-set
  color color? colors color-index)


> (enum-set->list (color-set red blue))
(#{Color red} #{Color blue})
> (enum-set->list (enum-set-negation (color-set red blue)))
(#{Color green})
> (enum-set-member? (color-set red blue) (color blue))
#t

5.12  Hash tables

These are generic hash tables, and are in the structure tables. Strictly speaking they are more maps than tables, as every table has a value for every possible key (for that type of table). All but a finite number of those values are #f.

  • (make-table) –> table

  • (make-symbol-table) –> symbol-table

  • (make-string-table) –> string-table

  • (make-integer-table) –> integer-table

  • (make-table-maker compare-proc hash-proc) –> procedure

  • (make-table-immutable! table)

The first four functions listed make various kinds of tables. Make-table returns a table whose keys may be symbols, integer, characters, booleans, or the empty list (these are also the values that may be used in case expressions). As with case, comparison is done using eqv?. The comparison procedures used in symbol, string, and integer tables are eq?, string=?, and =.

Make-table-maker takes two procedures as arguments and returns a nullary table-making procedure. Compare-proc should be a two-argument equality predicate. Hash-proc should be a one argument procedure that takes a key and returns a non-negative integer hash value. If (compare-proc x y) returns true, then (= (hash-proc x) (hash-proc y)) must also return true. For example, make-integer-table could be defined as (make-table-maker = abs).

Make-table-immutable! prohibits future modification to its argument.

  • (table? value) –> boolean

  • (table-ref table key) –> value or #f

  • (table-set! table key value)

  • (table-walk procedure table)

  • (table->entry-list table) –> list of pairs

Table? is the predicate for tables. Table-ref and table-set! access and modify the value of key in table. Table-walk applies procedure, which must accept two arguments, to every associated key and non-#f value in table. Table->entry-list returns a list with the values of the table.

  • (default-hash-function value) –> integer

  • (string-hash string) –> integer

  • (symbol-hash symbol) –> integer

Default-hash-function is the hash function used in the tables returned by make-table, string-hash is the one used by make-string-table, and symbol-hash is the one used by make-symbol-table.

5.13  Port extensions

These procedures are in structure extended-ports.

  • (make-string-input-port string) –> input-port

  • (make-string-output-port) –> output-port

  • (string-output-port-output string-output-port) –> string

Make-string-input-port returns an input port that that reads characters from the supplied string. An end-of-file object is returned if the user reads past the end of the string. Make-string-output-port returns an output port that saves the characters written to it. These are then returned as a string by string-output-port-output.

(read (make-string-input-port "(a b)"))
    => '(a b)

(let ((p (make-string-output-port)))
  (write '(a b) p)
  (let ((s (string-output-port-output p)))
    (display "c" p)
    (list s (string-output-port-output p))))
    => '("(a b)" "(a b)c")

  • (limit-output output-port n procedure)

Procedure is called on an output port. Output written to that port is copied to output-port until n characters have been written, at which point limit-output returns. If procedure returns before writing n characters, then limit-output also returns at that time, regardless of how many characters have been written.

  • (make-tracking-input-port input-port) –> input-port

  • (make-tracking-output-port output-port) –> output-port

  • (current-row port) –> integer or #f

  • (current-column port) –> integer or #f

  • (fresh-line output-port)

Make-tracking-input-port and make-tracking-output-port return ports that keep track of the current row and column and are otherwise identical to their arguments. Closing a tracking port does not close the underlying port. Current-row and current-column return port's current read or write location. They return #f if port does not keep track of its location. Fresh-line writes a newline character to output-port if (current-row port) is not 0.

(define p (make-tracking-output-port (open-output-file "/tmp/temp")))
(list (current-row p) (current-column p))
    => '(0 0)
(display "012" p)
(list (current-row p) (current-column p))
    => '(0 3)
(fresh-line p)
(list (current-row p) (current-column p))
    => '(1 0)
(fresh-line p)
(list (current-row p) (current-column p))
    => '(1 0)

5.14  Fluid bindings

These procedures implement dynamic binding and are in structure fluids. A fluid is a cell whose value can be bound dynamically. Each fluid has a top-level value that is used when the fluid is unbound in the current dynamic environment.

  • (make-fluid value) –> fluid

  • (fluid fluid) –> value

  • (let-fluid fluid value thunk) –> value(s)

  • (let-fluids fluid0 value0 fluid1 value1 ...thunk) –> value(s)

Make-fluid returns a new fluid with value as its initial top-level value. Fluid returns fluid's current value. Let-fluid calls thunk, with fluid bound to value until thunk returns. Using a continuation to throw out of the call to thunk causes fluid to revert to its original value, while throwing back in causes fluid to be rebound to value. Let-fluid returns the value(s) returned by thunk. Let-fluids is identical to let-fluid except that it binds an arbitrary number of fluids to new values.

(let* ((f (make-fluid 'a))
       (v0 (fluid f))
       (v1 (let-fluid f 'b
             (lambda ()
               (fluid f))))
       (v2 (fluid f)))
  (list v0 v1 v2))
  => '(a b a)


(let ((f (make-fluid 'a))
      (path '())
      (c #f))
  (let ((add (lambda ()
               (set! path (cons (fluid f) path)))))
    (add)
    (let-fluid f 'b
      (lambda ()
        (call-with-current-continuation
          (lambda (c0)
            (set! c c0)))
        (add)))
    (add)
    (if (< (length path) 5)
        (c)
        (reverse path))))
  => '(a b a b a)

5.15  OS strings

On common operating systems such as Unix and Windows, various parameters to OS functionality—such as file names, user names, command-line arguments etc.—appear as text in most contexts, but are really byte sequences: On Unix, the byte sequence may be interpreted as text through some locale-determined encoding. On Windows, such parameters are typically represented as sequences of UTF-16 code units. In both cases, not every such byte sequence has a string equivalent: On Unix, a byte sequence encoding a file name using Latin-1 often cannot be decoded using UTF-8. On Windows, unpaired UTF-16 surrogates are admissible in encodings, and no lossless text decoding for them exists.

For representing such string-like parameters, Scheme 48 uses an abstraction called OS strings. An OS string is created from either a string or a NUL-terminated byte sequence stored in a byte vector, and has an associated text codec (see section 6.6.1) that is able to convert from one representation to the other. The exact meaning of a NUL-terminated byte sequence is dependent on this text codec. However, only codecs for encodings that are a conservative extension of ASCII (such as ASCII itself, Latin-1, or UTF-8) should be used here, to allow a minimal set of portable file names. (The Windows port uses a special synthetic encoding called UTF-8of16 compatible with UTF-8 but capable of encoding even invalid UTF-16 internally, but uses the UTF-8 codec at the Scheme level.)

Most procedures accepting OS strings also accept strings or byte vectors, which are then used to construct a OS string. In the headers of the specifications of these procedures, such arguments occur as os-string-thing.The standard Scheme procedures such as open-input-file that take file names all accept os-string-thing arguments. OS strings are in the os-strings structure.

  • (os-string? value) –> boolean

  • (make-os-string text-codec string/byte-vector) –> os-string

The os-string? predicate returns #t if its argument is an OS string, #f otherwise.

The make-os-string procedure creates an OS string from a text codec and a byte vector or string that defines its contents. If the argument is a byte vector, it does not matter if it is NUL-terminated or not.

  • (string->os-string string) –> os-string

  • (byte-vector->os-string byte-vector) –> os-string

  • (x->os-string os-string-thing) –> os-string

These procedures create an OS string from a string, a byte-vector (whose last value should be 0), and an os-string-thing argument, respectively, always using the standard OS-string text codec (see below).

  • (os-string->byte-vector os-string) –> byte-vector

  • (os-string->string os-string) –> string

These procedures yield the contents of an OS string. For an OS string created from a string, os-string->string will return a string with the same contents; for an OS string created from a byte vector, os-string->byte-vector will return a byte vector with the same contents. For the other cases, data loss as determined by the text codec is possible.

  • (os-string-text-codec os-string) –> text-codec

This procedure returns the text codec of the OS string.

  • (os-string=? os-string os-string) –> boolean

This procedure returns #t if its arguments denote the same byte sequence, #f otherwise.

  • (x->os-byte-vector os-string-thing) –> byte-vector

  • (string->os-byte-vector string) –> byte-vector

These are convenience procedures: The first is the composition of x->os-string and os-string->byte-vector, and the second is the composition of string->os-string and os-string->byte-vector.

  • (current-os-string-text-codec) –> text-codec

  • (call-with-os-string-text-codec text-codec thunk) –>  value(s)

The current-os-string-text-codec returns the current text codec used for creating new OS strings. The initial default is determined by the operating system. (On Unix, this is the text codec determined by the locale. On Windows, this is UTF-8.) The call-with-os-string-text-codec procedure dynamically binds the current text codec to text-codec during the invocation of thunk.

5.16  Shell commands

Structure c-system-function provides access to the C system() function.

  • (have-system?) –> boolean

  • (system os-string-thing) –> integer

Have-system? returns true if the underlying C implementation has a command processor. (System string) passes string to the C system() function and returns the result.

(begin
  (system "echo foo > test-file")
  (call-with-input-file "test-file" read))
=> 'foo

5.17  Sockets

Structure sockets provides access to TCP/IP sockets for interprocess and network communication.

  • (open-socket) –> socket

  • (open-socket port-number) –> socket

  • (socket-port-number socket) –> integer

  • (close-socket socket)

  • (socket-accept socket) –> input-port output-port

  • (get-host-name) –> string

Open-socket creates a new socket. If no port-number is supplied the system picks one at random. Socket-port-number returns a socket's port number. Close-socket closes a socket, preventing any further connections. Socket-accept accepts a single connection on socket, returning an input port and an output port for communicating with the client. If no client is waiting socket-accept blocks until one appears. Get-host-name returns the network name of the machine.

  • (socket-client host-name port-number) –> input-port output-port

Socket-client connects to the server at port-number on the machine named host-name. Socket-client blocks until the server accepts the connection.

The following simple example shows a server and client for a centralized UID service. 

(define (id-server)
  (let ((socket (open-socket)))
    (display "Waiting on port ")
    (display (socket-port-number socket))
    (newline)
    (let loop ((next-id 0))
      (call-with-values
        (lambda ()
          (socket-accept socket))
        (lambda (in out)
          (display next-id out)
          (close-input-port in)
          (close-output-port out)
          (loop (+ next-id 1)))))))
         
(define (get-id machine port-number)
  (call-with-values
    (lambda ()
      (socket-client machine port-number))
    (lambda (in out)
      (let ((id (read in)))
        (close-input-port in)
        (close-output-port out)
        id))))

5.18  Profiling

The profiler can be used programmatically from within the code and its results can be processed dynamically.

The structure profiler offers basic data structures and functions. All functions need a profile-data record argument that can be created with make-empty-profile-data.

  • (make-empty-profile-data) –> profile-data

  • (profile-thunk profile-data thunk [interrupt-time [with-non-instr?]]) –> value

profile-thunk executes a thunk under the profiler. The data is stored in the profile-data record passed as argument. Optionally the timeout for the profiler interrupt can be passed (in milliseconds). The return value of profile-thunk is the return value of thunk. By default, non-instrumented code will be profiled by the sampling process. By passing with-non-instr? = #f only instrumented functions will be profiled.

After profiling data, can be retrieved with the following accessors:

  • (profile-data-starttime profile-data) –> number

  • (profile-data-endtime profile-data) –> number

  • (profile-data-runtime profile-data) –> number

  • (profile-data-memoryuse profile-data) –> number

  • (profile-data-gcruns profile-data) –> number

  • (profile-data-samples profile-data) –> number

  • (profile-data-interrupttime profile-data) –> number

Times are in milliseconds, memory usage in bytes.

The following functions produce the same output as the ,profile command (see section 3.6). They all take an optional port argument. Default is the current-output-port.

  • (profile-display profile-data [port])

  • (profile-display-overview profile-data [port])

  • (profile-display-flat profile-data [port])

  • (profile-display-tree profile-data [port])

profile-display prints the full output of the profiler. The other profile-display-... functions only display the respective part of the output.

The single fields in the flat profile can be retrieved with the following accessors:

  • (profile-function-calls profile-data names)

  • (profile-function-reccalls profile-data names)

  • (profile-function-nonreccalls profile-data names)

  • (profile-function-occurs profile-data names)

  • (profile-function-hist profile-data names)

  • (profile-function-memoryuse profile-data names)

  • (profile-function-timeshare profile-data names)

  • (profile-function-time-cumulative profile-data names)

  • (profile-function-time-self profile-data names)

Here names is the list of names specifying the function, optionally with it's module. For example, names = ("dynamic-wind", "wind") would specify the dynamic-wind function in the module wind, if it was seen while profiling. If two or more functions match, the first one is used. If no function matches, the functions return #{Unspecific}.

The argument names can also be a plain string, as in (profile-display-function-flat prof-data "module"). This will display all flat function profiles that have “module” either as name or module.

The meanings of the fields that the functions return are as follows:

  • calls: total number of calls (recursive and non-recursive) to the function

  • reccalls: total number of recursive calls to the function

  • nonreccalls: total number of non-recursive calls to the function

  • occurs: number of times the function was seen on stack while profiling

  • hist: number of times the function was seen running while profiling

  • memoryuse: bytes of memory used by the function

  • timeshare: percentage of time used by the function itself (number from 0 to 1)

  • time-cumulative: total time in ms the function was on call-stack

  • time-self: total time in ms the function actively running

The following shows a short example of the usage of the profiler interface, where main is the function to be profiled: 

(define prof-data (make-empty-profile-data))

(profile-thunk prof-data (lambda () (main 22)))
(display "Samples: ")
(display (profile-data-samples prof-data))
(newline)

(profile-display-overview prof-data)
(profile-display-flat prof-data (current-output-port))
(profile-display-tree prof-data)

; print only function "a"
(profile-display-function-flat prof-data '("a"))

; print only function "a" in file "x.scm"
(profile-display-function-flat prof-data '("a" "x.scm"))

; print all profiled functions in file "x.scm"
(profile-display-function-flat prof-data "x.scm")

; print percentage of time "a" was running
(display (* (profile-function-timeshare prof-data '("a")) 100))

5.19  Macros for writing loops

Iterate and reduce are extensions of named-let for writing loops that walk down one or more sequences, such as the elements of a list or vector, the characters read from a port, or an arithmetic series. Additional sequences can be defined by the user. Iterate and reduce are in structure reduce.

5.19.1  Iterate

The syntax of iterate is: 

  (iterate loop-name
           ((sequence-type element-variable sequence-data ...)
            ...)
           ((state-variable initial-value)
            ...)
    body-expression
    [final-expression])

Iterate steps the element-variables in parallel through the sequences, while each state-variable has the corresponding initial-value for the first iteration and have later values supplied by body-expression. If any sequence has reached its limit the value of the iterate expression is the value of final-expression, if present, or the current values of the state-variables, returned as multiple values. If no sequence has reached its limit, body-expression is evaluated and either calls loop-name with new values for the state-variables, or returns some other value(s).

The loop-name and the state-variables and initial-values behave exactly as in named-let. The named-let expression 

  (let loop-name ((state-variable initial-value) ...)
    body ...)

is equivalent to an iterate expression with no sequences (and with an explicit let wrapped around the body expressions to take care of any internal defines): 

  (iterate loop-name
           ()
           ((state-variable initial-value) ...)
    (let () body ...))

The sequence-types are keywords (they are actually macros of a particular form; it is easy to add additional types of sequences). Examples are list* which walks down the elements of a list and vector* which does the same for vectors. For each iteration, each element-variable is bound to the next element of the sequence. The sequence-data gives the actual list or vector or whatever.

If there is a final-expression, it is evaluated when the end of one or more sequences is reached. If the body-expression does not call loop-name the final-expression is not evaluated. The state-variables are visible in final-expression but the sequence-variables are not.

The body-expression and the final-expression are in tail-position within the iterate. Unlike named-let, the behavior of a non-tail-recursive call to loop-name is unspecified (because iterating down a sequence may involve side effects, such as reading characters from a port).

5.19.2  Reduce

If an iterate expression is not meant to terminate before a sequence has reached its end, body-expression will always end with a tail call to loop-name. Reduce is a macro that makes this common case explicit. The syntax of reduce is the same as that of iterate, except that there is no loop-name. The body-expression returns new values of the state-variables instead of passing them to loop-name. Thus body-expression must return as many values as there are state variables. By special dispensation, if there are no state variables then body-expression may return any number of values, all of which are ignored.

The syntax of reduce is: 

  (reduce ((sequence-type element-variable sequence-data ...)
            ...)
           ((state-variable initial-value)
            ...)
    body-expression
    [final-expression])

The value(s) returned by an instance of reduce is the value(s) returned by the final-expression, if present, or the current value(s) of the state variables when the end of one or more sequences is reached.

A reduce expression can be rewritten as an equivalent iterate expression by adding a loop-var and a wrapper for the body-expression that calls the loop-var. 

(iterate loop
         ((sequence-type element-variable sequence-data ...)
          ...)
         ((state-variable initial-value)
          ...)
  (call-with-values (lambda ()
                      body-expression)
                    loop)
  [final-expression])

5.19.3  Sequence types

The predefined sequence types are:

  • (list* elt-var list)     (syntax)

  • (list-spine* elt-var list)     (syntax)

  • (list-spine-cycle-safe* elt-var list on-cycle-thunk)     (syntax)

  • (vector* elt-var vector)     (syntax)

  • (string* elt-var string)     (syntax)

  • (count* elt-var start [end [step]])     (syntax)

  • (bits* elt-var i [size])     (syntax)

  • (input* elt-var input-port read-procedure)     (syntax)

  • (stream* elt-var procedure initial-data)     (syntax)

For lists, vectors, and strings the element variable is bound to the successive elements of the list or vector, or the characters in the string.

For list-spine* the element variable is bound to the successive pairs in the spine of the list. List-spine-cycle-safe* is similar, but calls on-cycle-thunk with no arguments and with the continuation of the loop macro at an unspecified time if list contains a cycle.

For count* the element variable is bound to the elements of the sequence 

 start, start + step, start + 2step, ..., end

inclusive of start and exclusive of end. The default step is 1. The sequence does not terminate if no end is given or if there is no N > 0 such that end = start + Nstep (= is used to test for termination). For example, (count* i 0 -1) doesn't terminate because it begins past the end value and (count* i 0 1 2) doesn't terminate because it skips over the end value.

For bits*, the element variable is bound to a sequence of representations of successive bit-fields of i, from least to most significant. If size is present, it must be a positive exact integer, and the element variable is bound to a sequence of size-bit integers. If size is omitted, bits* iterates through single bits, and the element variable is bound to a sequence of booleans. #t represents 1, and #f represents 0.

For input* the elements are the results of successive applications of read-procedure to input-port. The sequence ends when read-procedure returns an end-of-file object.

For a stream, the procedure takes the current data value as an argument and returns two values, the next value of the sequence and a new data value. If the new data is #f then the previous element was the last one. For example, 

  (list* elt my-list)

is the same as 

  (stream* elt list->stream my-list)

where list->stream is 

  (lambda (list)
    (if (null? list)
        (values 'ignored #f)
        (values (car list) (cdr list))))

5.19.4  Synchronous sequences

When using the sequence types described above, a loop terminates when any of its sequences reaches its end. To help detect bugs it is useful to have sequence types that check to see if two or more sequences end on the same iteration. For this purpose there is second set of sequence types called synchronous sequences. These are identical to the ones listed above except that they cause an error to be signalled if a loop is terminated by a synchronous sequence and some other synchronous sequence did not reach its end on the same iteration.

Sequences are checked for termination in order, from left to right, and if a loop is terminated by a non-synchronous sequence no further checking is done.

The synchronous sequences are:

  • (list% elt-var list)     (syntax)

  • (list-spine% elt-var list)     (syntax)

  • (list-spine-cycle-safe% elt-var list on-cycle-thunk)     (syntax)

  • (vector% elt-var vector)     (syntax)

  • (string% elt-var string)     (syntax)

  • (count% elt-var start end [step])     (syntax)

  • (input% elt-var input-port read-procedure)     (syntax)

  • (stream% elt-var procedure initial-data)     (syntax)

Note that the synchronous count% must have an end, unlike the nonsynchronous count*.

5.19.5  Examples

Gathering the indexes of list elements that answer true to some predicate. 

(lambda (my-list predicate)
  (reduce ((list* elt my-list)
           (count* i 0))
          ((hits '()))
    (if (predicate elt)
        (cons i hits)
        hits)
    (reverse hits))

Looking for the index of an element of a list. 

(lambda (my-list predicate)
  (iterate loop
           ((list* elt my-list)
            (count* i 0))
           ()                                ; no state
    (if (predicate elt)
        i
        (loop))))

Reading one line. 

(define (read-line port)
  (iterate loop
           ((input* c port read-char))
           ((chars '()))
    (if (char=? c #\newline)
        (list->string (reverse chars))
        (loop (cons c chars)))
    (if (null? chars)
        (eof-object)
        ; no newline at end of file
        (list->string (reverse chars)))))

Counting the lines in a file. We can't use count* because we need the value of the count after the loop has finished. 

(define (line-count name)
  (call-with-input-file name
    (lambda (in)
      (reduce ((input* l in read-line))
              ((i 0))
        (+ i 1)))))

5.19.6  Defining sequence types

The sequence types are object-oriented macros similar to enumerations. A non-synchronous sequence macro needs to supply three values: #f to indicate that it isn't synchronous, a list of state variables and their initializers, and the code for one iteration. The first two methods are CPS'ed: they take another macro and argument to which to pass their result. The sync method gets no additional arguments. The state-vars method is passed a list of names which will be bound to the arguments to the sequence. The final method, for the step, is passed the list of names bound to the arguments and the list of state variables. In addition there is a variable to be bound to the next element of the sequence, the body expression for the loop, and an expression for terminating the loop.

The definition of list* is 

(define-syntax list*
  (syntax-rules (sync state-vars step)
    ((list* sync (next more))
     (next #f more))
    ((list* state-vars (start-list) (next more))
     (next ((list-var start-list)) more))
    ((list* step (start-list) (list-var)
            value-var loop-body final-exp)
     (if (null? list-var)
         final-exp
         (let ((value-var (car list-var))
               (list-var (cdr list-var)))
           loop-body)))))

Synchronized sequences are the same, except that they need to provide a termination test to be used when some other synchronized method terminates the loop. 

(define-syntax list%
  (syntax-rules (sync done)
    ((list% sync (next more))
     (next #t more))
    ((list% done (start-list) (list-var))
     (null? list-var))
    ((list% stuff ...)
     (list* stuff ...))))

5.19.7  Expanded code

The expansion of 

  (reduce ((list* x '(1 2 3)))
          ((r '()))
    (cons x r))

is 

  (let ((final (lambda (r) (values r)))
        (list '(1 2 3))
        (r '()))
    (let loop ((list list) (r r))
      (if (null? list)
          (final r)
          (let ((x (car list))
                (list (cdr list)))
            (let ((continue (lambda (r)
                              (loop list r))))
              (continue (cons x r)))))))

The only inefficiencies in this code are the final and continue procedures, both of which could be substituted in-line. The macro expander could do the substitution for continue when there is no explicit proceed variable, as in this case, but not in general.

5.20  Sorting lists and vectors

(This section, as the libraries it describes, was written mostly by Olin Shivers for the draft of SRFI 32.)

The sort libraries in Scheme 48 include

  • vector insert sort (stable)

  • vector heap sort

  • vector quick sort (with regular comparisons and with median-of-3 pivot picking)

  • vector merge sort (stable)

  • pure and destructive list merge sort (stable)

  • stable vector and list merge

  • miscellaneous sort-related procedures: vector and list merging, sorted predicates, vector binary search, vector and list delete-equal-neighbor procedures.

  • a general, non-algorithmic set of procedure names for general sorting and merging

5.20.1  Design rules

What vs. how

There are two different interfaces: “what” (simple) and “how” (detailed).

Simple
you specify semantics: datatype (list or vector), mutability, and stability.

Detailed
you specify the actual algorithm (quick, heap, insert, merge). Different algorithms have different properties, both semantic and pragmatic, so these exports are necessary.

It is necessarily the case that the specifications of these procedures make statements about execution “pragmatics.” For example, the sole distinction between heap sort and quick sort—both of which are provided by this library—-is one of execution time, which is not a “semantic” distinction. Similar resource-use statements are made about “iterative” procedures, meaning that they can execute on input of arbitrary size in a constant number of stack frames.

Consistency across procedure signatures

The two interfaces share common procedure signatures wherever possible, to facilitate switching a given call from one procedure to another.

Less-than parameter first, data parameter after

These procedures uniformly observe the following parameter order: the data to be sorted comes after the comparison procedure. That is, we write

  (sort < list)

not

  (sort list <)

Ordering, comparison procedures and stability

These routines take a < comparison procedure, not a ≤ comparison procedure, and they sort into increasing order. The difference between a < spec and a ≤ spec comes up in two places:

  • the definition of an ordered or sorted data set, and

  • the definition of a stable sorting algorithm.

We say that a data set (a list or vector) is sorted or ordered if it contains no adjacent pair of values ... x, y ... such that y < x.

In other words, scanning across the data never takes a “downwards” step.

If you use a ≤ procedure where these algorithms expect a < procedure, you may not get the answers you expect. For example, the list-sorted? procedure will return false if you pass it a ≤ comparison procedure and an ordered list containing adjacent equal elements.

A “stable” sort is one that preserves the pre-existing order of equal elements. Suppose, for example, that we sort a list of numbers by comparing their absolute values, i.e., using comparison procedure 

(lambda (x y) (< (abs x) (abs y)))

If we sort a list that contains both 3 and -3:

... 3, ..., −3 ...

then a stable sort is an algorithm that will not swap the order of these two elements, that is, the answer is guaranteed to to look like

... 3, −3 ...

not

... −3, 3 ...

Choosing < for the comparison procedure instead of ≤ affects how stability is coded. Given an adjacent pair x, y, (< y x) means “x should be moved in front of x”—otherwise, leave things as they are. So using a ≤ procedure where a < procedure is expected will invert stability.

This is due to the definition of equality, given a < comparator: 

    (and (not (< x y))
         (not (< y x)))

The definition is rather different, given a ≤ comparator: 

    (and (<= x y)
         (<= y x))

A “stable” merge is one that reliably favors one of its data sets when equal items appear in both data sets. All merge operations in this library are stable, breaking ties between data sets in favor of the first data set—elements of the first list come before equal elements in the second list.

So, if we are merging two lists of numbers ordered by absolute value, the stable merge operation list-merge 

    (list-merge (lambda (x y) (< (abs x) (abs y)))
                '(0 -2 4 8 -10) '(-1 3 -4 7))

reliably places the 4 of the first list before the equal-comparing -4 of the second list: 

    (0 -1 -2 4 -4 7 8 -10)

Some sort algorithms will not work correctly if given a ≤ when they expect a < comparison (or vice-versa).

In short, if your comparison procedure f answers true to (f x x), then

  • using a stable sorting or merging algorithm will not give you a stable sort or merge,

  • list-sorted? may surprise you.

Note that you can synthesize a < procedure from a ≤ procedure with 

    (lambda (x y) (not (<= y x)))

if need be.

Precise definitions give sharp edges to tools, but require care in use. “Measure twice, cut once.”

All vector operations accept optional subrange parameters

The vector operations specified below all take optional start/end arguments indicating a selected subrange of a vector's elements. If a start parameter or start/end parameter pair is given to such a procedure, they must be exact, non-negative integers, such that

0 ≤
start
 ≤
end
 ≤
(vector-length
vector
)

where vector is the related vector parameter. If not specified, they default to 0 and the length of the vector, respectively. They are interpreted to select the range [start,end), that is, all elements from index start (inclusive) up to, but not including, index end.

Required vs. allowed side-effects

List-sort! and List-stable-sort! are allowed, but not required, to alter their arguments' cons cells to construct the result list. This is consistent with the what-not-how character of the group of procedures to which they belong (the sorting structure).

The list-delete-neighbor-dups!, list-merge! and list-merge-sort! procedures, on the other hand, provide specific algorithms, and, as such, explicitly commit to the use of side-effects on their input lists in order to guarantee their key algorithmic properties (e.g., linear-time operation).

5.20.2  Procedure specification

Structure name Functionality
sorting General sorting for lists and vectors
sorted Sorted predicates for lists and vectors
list-merge-sortList merge sort
vector-merge-sort Vector merge sort
vector-heap-sort Vector heap sort
vector-quick-sort Vector quick sort
vector-quick-sort3 Vector quick sort with 3-way comparisons
vector-insert-sort Vector insertion sort
delete-neighbor-duplicates List and vector delete neighbor duplicates
binary-searches Vector binary search
Note that there is no “list insert sort” package, as you might as well always use list merge sort. The reference implementation's destructive list merge sort will do fewer set-cdr!s than a destructive insert sort.

Procedure naming and functionality

Almost all of the procedures described below are variants of two basic operations: sorting and merging. These procedures are consistently named by composing a set of basic lexemes to indicate what they do.

Lexeme Meaning
sortThe procedure sorts its input data set by some < comparison procedure.
mergeThe procedure merges two ordered data sets into a single ordered result.
stable This lexeme indicates that the sort is a stable one.
vectorThe procedure operates upon vectors.
list The procedure operates upon lists.
! Procedures that end in ! are allowed, and sometimes required, to reuse their input storage to construct their answer.

Types of parameters and return values

In the procedures specified below,

  • A < or = parameter is a procedure accepting two arguments taken from the specified procedure's data set(s), and returning a boolean;

  • Start and end parameters are exact, non-negative integers that serve as vector indices selecting a subrange of some associated vector. When specified, they must satisfy the relation

    0 ≤
    start
    		 ≤
    end
    		 ≤
    (vector-length
    vector
    		)

    where vector is the associated vector.

Passing values to procedures with these parameters that do not satisfy these types is an error.

If a procedure is said to return “unspecified,” this means that nothing at all is said about what the procedure returns, not even the number of return values. Such a procedure is not even required to be consistent from call to call in the nature or number of its return values. It is simply required to return a value (or values) that may be passed to a command continuation, e.g. as the value of an expression appearing as a non-terminal subform of a begin expression. Note that in R5RS, this restricts such a procedure to returning a single value; non-R5RS systems may not even provide this restriction.

5.20.2.1  sorting—general sorting package

This library provides basic sorting and merging functionality suitable for general programming. The procedures are named by their semantic properties, i.e., what they do to the data (sort, stable sort, merge, and so forth).

  • (list-sorted? < list) –> boolean

  • (list-merge < list1 list2) –> list

  • (list-merge! < list1 list2) –> list

  • (list-sort < lis) –> list

  • (list-sort! < lis) –> list

  • (list-stable-sort < list) –> list

  • (list-stable-sort! < list) –> list

  • (list-delete-neighbor-dups = list) –> list

  • (vector-sorted? < v [start [end]]) –> boolean

  • (vector-merge < v1 v2 [start1 [end1 [start2 [end2]]]]) –> vector

  • (vector-merge! < v v1 v2 [start [start1 [end1 [start2 [end2]]]]])

  • (vector-sort < v [start [end]]) –> vector

  • (vector-sort! < v [start [end]])

  • (vector-stable-sort < v [start [end]]) –> vector

  • (vector-stable-sort! < v [start [end]])

  • (vector-delete-neighbor-dups = v [start [end]]) –> vector

Procedure Suggested algorithm
list-sort vector heap or quick
list-sort! list merge sort
list-stable-sort vector merge sort
list-stable-sort! list merge sort
vector-sort heap or quick sort
vector-sort! heap or quick sort
vector-stable-sort vector merge sort
vector-stable-sort! merge sort
List-Sorted? and vector-sorted? return true if their input list or vector is in sorted order, as determined by their < comparison parameter.

All four merge operations are stable: an element of the initial list list1 or vector vector1 will come before an equal-comparing element in the second list list2 or vector vector2 in the result.

The procedures

  • list-merge

  • list-sort

  • list-stable-sort

  • list-delete-neighbor-dups

do not alter their inputs and are allowed to return a value that shares a common tail with a list argument.

The procedure

  • list-sort!

  • list-stable-sort!

are “linear update” operators—they are allowed, but not required, to alter the cons cells of their arguments to produce their results.

On the other hand, the list-merge! procedure make only a single, iterative, linear-time pass over its argument list, using set-cdr!s to rearrange the cells of the list into the final result —it works “in place.” Hence, any cons cell appearing in the result must have originally appeared in an input. The intent of this iterative-algorithm commitment is to allow the programmer to be sure that if, for example, list-merge! is asked to merge two ten-million-element lists, the operation will complete without performing some extremely (possibly twenty-million) deep recursion.

The vector procedures

  • vector-sort

  • vector-stable-sort

  • vector-delete-neighbor-dups

do not alter their inputs, but allocate a fresh vector for their result, of length end − start.

The vector procedures

  • vector-sort!

  • vector-stable-sort!

sort their data in-place. (But note that vector-stable-sort! may allocate temporary storage proportional to the size of the input .)

Vector-merge returns a vector of length (end1−start1 + (end2−start2).

Vector-merge! writes its result into vector v, beginning at index start, for indices less than end = start + (end1−start1) + (end2−start2). The target subvector v[start,end) may not overlap either source subvector vector1[start1,end1) vector2[start2,end2).

The ...-delete-neighbor-dups-... procedures: These procedures delete adjacent duplicate elements from a list or a vector, using a given element-equality procedure. The first/leftmost element of a run of equal elements is the one that survives. The list or vector is not otherwise disordered.

These procedures are linear time—much faster than the O(n2) general duplicate-element deletors that do not assume any “bunching” of elements (such as the ones provided by SRFI 1). If you want to delete duplicate elements from a large list or vector, you can sort the elements to bring equal items together, then use one of these procedures, for a total time of O(nlog(n)).

The comparison procedure = passed to these procedures is always applied ( = x y) where x comes before y in the containing list or vector.

  • List-delete-neighbor-dups does not alter its input list; its answer may share storage with the input list.

  • Vector-delete-neighbor-dups does not alter its input vector, but rather allocates a fresh vector to hold the result.

Examples:

(list-delete-neighbor-dups = '(1 1 2 7 7 7 0 -2 -2))
  ===⇒ (1 2 7 0 -2)

(vector-delete-neighbor-dups = '#(1 1 2 7 7 7 0 -2 -2))
  ===⇒ #(1 2 7 0 -2)

(vector-delete-neighbor-dups = '#(1 1 2 7 7 7 0 -2 -2) 3 7)
  ===⇒ #(7 0 -2)

5.20.2.2  Algorithm-specific sorting packages

These packages provide more specific sorting functionality, that is, specific commitment to particular algorithms that have particular pragmatic consequences (such as memory locality, asymptotic running time) beyond their semantic behaviour (sorting, stable sorting, merging, etc.). Programmers that need a particular algorithm can use one of these packages.

sorted—sorted predicates

  • (list-sorted? < list) –> boolean

  • (vector-sorted? < vector) –> boolean

  • (vector-sorted? < vector start) –> boolean

  • (vector-sorted? < vector start end) –> boolean

Return #f iff there is an adjacent pair ... x, y ... in the input list or vector such that y < x. The optional start/end range arguments restrict vector-sorted? to the indicated subvector.

list-merge-sort—list merge sort

  • (list-merge-sort < list) –> list

  • (list-merge-sort! < list) –> list

  • (list-merge list1 < list2) –> list

  • (list-merge! list1 < list2) –> list

The sort procedures sort their data using a list merge sort, which is stable. (The reference implementation is, additionally, a “natural” sort. See below for the properties of this algorithm.)

The ! procedures are destructive—they use set-cdr!s to rearrange the cells of the lists into the proper order. As such, they do not allocate any extra cons cells—they are “in place” sorts.

The merge operations are stable: an element of list1 will come before an equal-comparing element in list2 in the result list.

vector-merge-sort—vector merge sort

  • (vector-merge-sort < vector [start [end [temp]]]) –> vector

  • (vector-merge-sort! < vector [start [end [temp]]])

  • (vector-merge < vector1 vector2 [start1 [end1 [start2 [end2]]]]) –> vector

  • (vector-merge! < vector vector1 vector2 [start [start1 [end1 [start2 [end2]]]]])

The sort procedures sort their data using vector merge sort, which is stable. (The reference implementation is, additionally, a “natural” sort. See below for the properties of this algorithm.)

The optional start/end arguments provide for sorting of subranges, and default to 0 and the length of the corresponding vector.

Merge-sorting a vector requires the allocation of a temporary “scratch” work vector for the duration of the sort. This scratch vector can be passed in by the client as the optional temp argument; if so, the supplied vector must be of size ≤ end, and will not be altered outside the range [start,end). If not supplied, the sort routines allocate one themselves.

The merge operations are stable: an element of vector1 will come before an equal-comparing element in vector2 in the result vector.

  • Vector-merge-sort! leaves its result in vector[start,end).

  • Vector-merge-sort returns a vector of length end−start.

  • Vector-merge returns a vector of length (end1−start1) + (end2−start2).

  • Vector-merge! writes its result into vector, beginning at index start, for indices less than end = start + (end1−start1) + (end2−start2). The target subvector

    vector
    		[
    start
    		,
    end
    		)

    may not overlap either source subvector

    vector1
    		[
    start1
    		,
    end1
    		),
    or
    vector2
    		[
    start2
    		,
    end2
    		).

vector-heap-sort—vector heap sort

  • (vector-heap-sort < vector [start [end]]) –> vector

  • (vector-heap-sort! < vector [start [end]])

These procedures sort their data using heap sort, which is not a stable sorting algorithm.

Vector-heap-sort returns a vector of length end−start. Vector-heap-sort! is in-place, leaving its result in vector[start,end).

vector-quick-sort—vector quick sort

  • (vector-quick-sort < vector [start [end]]) –> vector

  • (vector-quick-sort! < vector [start [end]])

These procedures sort their data using quick sort, which is not a stable sorting algorithm.

Vector-quick-sort returns a vector of length end−start. Vector-quick-sort! is in-place, leaving its result in vector[start,end).

vector-quick-sort3—vector quick sort with 3-way comparisons

  • (vector-quick-sort3 comp vector [start [end]]) –> vector

  • (vector-quick-sort3! comp vector [start [end]])

These procedures sort their data using quick sort, which is not a stable sorting algorithm.

Vector-quick-sort3 returns a vector of length end−start. Vector-quick-sort3! is in-place, leaving its result in vector[start,end).

These procedures implement a variant of quick-sort that takes a three-way comparison procedure C. C compares a pair of elements and returns an exact integer whose sign indicates their relationship:

(C x y) < 0 ⇒ x<y
(C x y) = 0 ⇒ x = y
(C x y) > 0 ⇒ x>y

*

To help remember the relationship between the sign of the result and the relation, use the procedure − as the model for C: (− x y) < 0 means that x < y; (− x y) > 0 means that x > y.

vector-insert-sort—vector insertion sort

  • (vector-insert-sort < vector [start [end]]) –> vector

  • (vector-insert-sort! < vector [start [end]])

These procedures stably sort their data using insertion sort.

  • Vector-insert-sort returns a vector of length end−start.

  • Vector-insert-sort! is in-place, leaving its result in vector[start,end).

delete-neighbor-duplicates—list and vector delete neighbor duplicates

  • (list-delete-neighbor-dups = list) –> list

  • (list-delete-neighbor-dups! = list) –> list

  • (vector-delete-neighbor-dups = vector [start [end]]) –> vector

  • (vector-delete-neighbor-dups! = vector [start [end]]) –> end′

These procedures delete adjacent duplicate elements from a list or a vector, using a given element-equality procedure = . The first/leftmost element of a run of equal elements is the one that survives. The list or vector is not otherwise disordered.

These procedures are linear time—much faster than the O(n2) general duplicate-element deletors that do not assume any “bunching” of elements (such as the ones provided by SRFI 1). If you want to delete duplicate elements from a large list or vector, you can sort the elements to bring equal items together, then use one of these procedures, for a total time of O(nlog(n)).

The comparison procedure = passed to these procedures is always applied

( =  x y)

where x comes before y in the containing list or vector.

  • List-delete-neighbor-dups does not alter its input list; its answer may share storage with the input list.

  • Vector-delete-neighbor-dups does not alter its input vector, but rather allocates a fresh vector to hold the result.

  • List-delete-neighbor-dups! is permitted, but not required, to mutate its input list in order to construct its answer.

  • Vector-delete-neighbor-dups! reuses its input vector to hold the answer, packing its answer into the index range [start,end′), where end′ is the non-negative exact integer returned as its value. It returns end′ as its result. The vector is not altered outside the range [start,end′).

Examples:

(list-delete-neighbor-dups = '(1 1 2 7 7 7 0 -2 -2))
  ===⇒ (1 2 7 0 -2)

(vector-delete-neighbor-dups = '#(1 1 2 7 7 7 0 -2 -2))
  ===⇒ #(1 2 7 0 -2)

(vector-delete-neighbor-dups = '#(1 1 2 7 7 7 0 -2 -2) 3 7)
  ===⇒ #(7 0 -2)

;; Result left in v[3,9):
(let ((v (vector 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6)))
  (cons (vector-delete-neighbor-dups! = v 3)
        v))
   ===⇒ (9 . #(0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 4 4 5 5 6 6))

binary-searches—vector binary search

  • (vector-binary-search < elt->key key vector [start [end]]) –> integer or #f

  • (vector-binary-search3 compare-proc vector [start [end]]) –> integer or #f

vector-binary-search searches vector in range [start,end) (which default to 0 and the length of vector, respectively) for an element whose associated key is equal to key. The procedure elt->key is used to map an element to its associated key. The elements of the vector are assumed to be ordered by the < relation on these keys. That is, 

(vector-sorted? (lambda (x y) (< (elt->key x) (elt->key y)))
                vector start end) ===⇒ true

An element e of vector is a match for key if it's neither less nor greater than the key:

(and (not (< (elt->key e) key))
     (not (< key (elt->key e))))

If there is such an element, the procedure returns its index in the vector as an exact integer. If there is no such element in the searched range, the procedure returns false.

(vector-binary-search < car 4 '#((1 . one) (3 . three)
                                 (4 . four) (25 . twenty-five)))
===⇒ 2

(vector-binary-search < car 7 '#((1 . one) (3 . three)
                                 (4 . four) (25 . twenty-five)))
===⇒ #f

Vector-binary-search3 is a variant that uses a three-way comparison procedure compare-proc. Compare-proc compares its parameter to the search key, and returns an exact integer whose sign indicates its relationship to the search key.

array
rclcrcl
 (
compare-proc
 x)   <   0   ⇒   x   <  
search-key
(
compare-proc
 x)    =    0   ⇒   x    =   
search-key
(
compare-proc
 x)   >   0   ⇒   x   >  
search-key
 endarray
 

(vector-binary-search3 (lambda (elt) (- (car elt) 4))
                       '#((1 . one) (3 . three)
                          (4 . four) (25 . twenty-five)))
===⇒ 2

5.20.3  Algorithmic properties

Different sort and merge algorithms have different properties. Choose the algorithm that matches your needs:

Vector insert sort
Stable, but only suitable for small vectors—O(n2).
Vector quick sort
Not stable. Is fast on average—O(nlog(n))—but has bad worst-case behaviour. Has good memory locality for big vectors (unlike heap sort). A clever pivot-picking trick (median of three samples) helps avoid worst-case behaviour, but pathological cases can still blow up.
Vector heap sort
Not stable. Guaranteed fast—O(nlog(n)) worst case. Poor locality on large vectors. A very reliable workhorse.
Vector merge sort
Stable. Not in-place—requires a temporary buffer of equal size. Fast—O(nlog(n))—and has good memory locality for large vectors.

The implementation of vector merge sort provided by this implementation is, additionally, a “natural” sort, meaning that it exploits existing order in the input data, providing O(n) best case.

Destructive list merge sort
Stable, fast and in-place (i.e., allocates no new cons cells). “Fast” means O(nlog(n)) worst-case, and substantially better if the data is already mostly ordered, all the way down to linear time for a completely-ordered input list (i.e., it is a “natural” sort).

Note that sorting lists involves chasing pointers through memory, which can be a loser on modern machine architectures because of poor cache and page locality. Sorting vectors has inherently better locality.

This implementation's destructive list merge and merge sort implementations are opportunistic—they avoid redundant set-cdr!s, and try to take long already-ordered runs of list structure as-is when doing the merges.

Pure list merge sort
Stable and fast—O(nlog(n)) worst-case, and possibly O(n), depending upon the input list (see discussion above).

Algorithm Stable? Worst case Average case In-place
Vector insert YesO(n2) O(n2)Yes
Vector quick No O(n2) O(nlog(n))Yes
Vector heap No O(nlog(n))O(nlog(n))Yes
Vector merge YesO(nlog(n))O(nlog(n))No
List merge YesO(nlog(n))O(nlog(n))Either

5.21  Regular expressions

This section describes a functional interface for building regular expressions and matching them against strings. The matching is done using the POSIX regular expression package. Regular expressions are in the structure regexps.

A regular expression is either a character set, which matches any character in the set, or a composite expression containing one or more subexpressions. A regular expression can be matched against a string to determine success or failure, and to determine the substrings matched by particular subexpressions.

  • (regexp? value) –> boolean

Returns #t if value is a regular expression created using the functional interface for regular expressions, and #f otherwise.

5.21.1  Character sets

Character sets may be defined using a list of characters and strings, using a range or ranges of characters, or by using set operations on existing character sets.

  • (set character-or-string ...) –> char-set

  • (range low-char high-char) –> char-set

  • (ranges low-char high-char ...) –> char-set

  • (ascii-range low-char high-char) –> char-set

  • (ascii-ranges low-char high-char ...) –> char-set

Set returns a set that contains the character arguments and the characters in any string arguments. Range returns a character set that contain all characters between low-char and high-char, inclusive. Ranges returns a set that contains all characters in the given ranges. Range and ranges use the ordering induced by char->integer. Ascii-range and ascii-ranges use the ASCII ordering. It is an error for a high-char to be less than the preceding low-char in the appropriate ordering.

  • (negate char-set) –> char-set

  • (intersection char-set char-set) –> char-set

  • (union char-set char-set) –> char-set

  • (subtract char-set char-set) –> char-set

These perform the indicated operations on character sets.

The following character sets are predefined:

lower-case (set "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz")
upper-case (set "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ")
alphabetic (union lower-case upper-case)
numeric (set "0123456789")
alphanumeric (union alphabetic numeric)
punctuation (set "!\"#$%&'()*+,‑./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~")
graphic (union alphanumeric punctuation)
printing (union graphic (set #\space))
control (negate printing)
blank (set #\space (ascii->char 9)) ; 9 is tab
whitespace (union (set #\space) (ascii-range 9 13))
hexdigit (set "0123456789abcdefABCDEF")

The above are taken from the default locale in POSIX. The characters in whitespace are space, tab, newline (= line feed), vertical tab, form feed, and carriage return.

5.21.2  Anchoring

  • (string-start) –> reg-exp

  • (string-end) –> reg-exp

String-start returns a regular expression that matches the beginning of the string being matched against; string-end returns one that matches the end.

5.21.3  Composite expressions

  • (sequence reg-exp ...) –> reg-exp

  • (one-of reg-exp ...) –> reg-exp

Sequence matches the concatenation of its arguments, one-of matches any one of its arguments.

  • (text string) –> reg-exp

Text returns a regular expression that matches the characters in string, in order.

  • (repeat reg-exp) –> reg-exp

  • (repeat count reg-exp) –> reg-exp

  • (repeat min max reg-exp) –> reg-exp

Repeat returns a regular expression that matches zero or more occurrences of its reg-exp argument. With no count the result will match any number of times (reg-exp*). With a single count the returned expression will match reg-exp exactly that number of times. The final case will match from min to max repetitions, inclusive. Max may be #f, in which case there is no maximum number of matches. Count and min should be exact, non-negative integers; max should either be an exact non-negative integer or #f.

5.21.4  Case sensitivity

Regular expressions are normally case-sensitive.

  • (ignore-case reg-exp) –> reg-exp

  • (use-case reg-exp) –> reg-exp

The value returned by ignore-case is identical its argument except that case will be ignored when matching. The value returned by use-case is protected from future applications of ignore-case. The expressions returned by use-case and ignore-case are unaffected by later uses of the these procedures. By way of example, the following matches "ab" but not "aB", "Ab", or "AB". 

(text "ab")

while 

(ignore-case (test "ab"))

matches "ab", "aB", "Ab", and "AB" and 

(ignore-case (sequence (text "a")
                       (use-case (text "b"))))

matches "ab" and "Ab" but not "aB" or "AB".

5.21.5  Submatches and matching

A subexpression within a larger expression can be marked as a submatch. When an expression is matched against a string, the success or failure of each submatch within that expression is reported, as well as the location of the substring matched be each successful submatch.

  • (submatch key reg-exp) –> reg-exp

  • (no-submatches reg-exp) –> reg-exp

Submatch returns a regular expression that matches its argument and causes the result of matching its argument to be reported by the match procedure. Key is used to indicate the result of this particular submatch in the alist of successful submatches returned by match. Any value may be used as a key. No-submatches returns an expression identical to its argument, except that all submatches have been elided.

  • (any-match? reg-exp string) –> boolean

  • (exact-match? reg-exp string) –> boolean

  • (match reg-exp string) –> match or #f

  • (match-start match) –> index

  • (match-end match) –> index

  • (match-submatches match) –> alist

Any-match? returns #t if string matches reg-exp or contains a substring that does, and #f otherwise. Exact-match? returns #t if string matches reg-exp and #f otherwise.

Match returns #f if reg-exp does not match string and a match record if it does match. A match record contains three values: the beginning and end of the substring that matched the pattern and an a-list of submatch keys and corresponding match records for any submatches that also matched. Match-start returns the index of the first character in the matching substring and match-end gives index of the first character after the matching substring. Match-submatches returns an alist of submatch keys and match records. Only the top match record returned by match has a submatch alist.

Matching occurs according to POSIX. The match returned is the one with the lowest starting index in string. If there is more than one such match, the longest is returned. Within that match the longest possible submatches are returned.

All three matching procedures cache a compiled version of reg-exp. Subsequent calls with the same reg-exp will be more efficient.

The C interface to the POSIX regular expression code uses ASCII nul as an end-of-string marker. The matching procedures will ignore any characters following an embedded ASCII nuls in string.

(define pattern (text "abc"))
(any-match? pattern "abc")         => #t
(any-match? pattern "abx")         => #f
(any-match? pattern "xxabcxx")     => #t

(exact-match? pattern "abc")       => #t
(exact-match? pattern "abx")       => #f
(exact-match? pattern "xxabcxx")   => #f

(match pattern "abc")              => #{match 0 3}
(match pattern "abx")              => #f
(match pattern "xxabcxx")          => #{match 2 5}

(let ((x (match (sequence (text "ab")
                          (submatch 'foo (text "cd"))
                          (text "ef"))
                "xxxabcdefxx")))
  (list x (match-submatches x)))
  => (#{match 3 9} ((foo . #{match 5 7}))

(match-submatches
  (match (sequence
           (set "a")
           (one-of (submatch 'foo (text "bc"))
                   (submatch 'bar (text "BC"))))
         "xxxaBCd"))
  => ((bar . #{match 4 6}))

5.22  SRFIs

`SRFI' stands for `Scheme Request For Implementation'. An SRFI is a description of an extension to standard Scheme. Draft and final SRFI documents, a FAQ, and other information about SRFIs can be found at the SRFI web site.

Scheme 48 includes implementations of the following (final) SRFIs:

  • SRFI 1 – List Library

  • SRFI 2 – and-let*

  • SRFI 4 – Homogeneous numeric vector datatypes (see note below)

  • SRFI 5 – let with signatures and rest arguments

  • SRFI 6 – Basic string ports

  • SRFI 7 – Program configuration

  • SRFI 8 – receive

  • SRFI 9 – Defining record types

  • SRFI 11 – Syntax for receiving multiple values

  • SRFI 13 – String Library

  • SRFI 14 – Character-Set Library (see note below)

  • SRFI 16 – Syntax for procedures of variable arity

  • SRFI 17 – Generalized set!

  • SRFI 19 – Time Data Types and Procedures

  • SRFI 22 – Running Scheme Scripts on Unix

  • SRFI 23 – Error reporting mechanism

  • SRFI 25 – Multi-dimensional Array Primitives

  • SRFI 26 – Notation for Specializing Parameters without Currying

  • SRFI 27 – Sources of Random Bits

  • SRFI 28 – Basic Format Strings

  • SRFI 31 – A special form rec for recursive evaluation

  • SRFI 34 – Exception Handling for Programs

  • SRFI 37 – args-fold: a program argument processor

  • SRFI 40 – A Library of Streams

  • SRFI 42 – Eager Comprehensions

  • SRFI 43 – Vector library

  • SRFI 45 – Primitives for Expressing Iterative Lazy Algorithms

  • SRFI 60 – Integers as Bits

  • SRFI 61 – A more general cond clause

  • SRFI 62 – S-expression comments

  • SRFI 63 – Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Arrays

  • SRFI 66 – Octet Vectors

  • SRFI 67 – Compare Procedures

  • SRFI 74 – Octet-Addressed Binary Blocks

  • SRFI 78 – Lightweight testing

Documentation on these can be found at the web site mentioned above.

SRFI 4 specifies an external representation for homogeneous numeric vectors that is incompatible with R5RS. The Scheme 48 version of SRFI 4 does not support this external representation.

SRFI 14 includes the procedure ->char-set which is not a standard Scheme identifier (in R5RS the only required identifier starting with - is - itself). In the Scheme 48 version of SRFI 14 we have renamed ->char-set as x->char-set.

SRFI bindings can be accessed either by opening the appropriate structure (the structure srfi-n contains SRFI n) or by loading structure srfi-7 and then using the ,load-srfi-7-program command to load an SRFI 7-style program. The syntax for the command is 

,load-srfi-7-program name filename

This creates a new structure and associated package, binds the structure to name in the configuration package, and then loads the program found in filename into the package.

As an example, if the file test.scm contains 

(program (code (define x 10)))

this program can be loaded as follows: 

> ,load-package srfi-7
> ,load-srfi-7-program test test.scm
[test]
> ,in test
test> x
10
test>

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scheme48-1.9/doc/html/manual-Z-H-7.html000644 004306 005702 00000066013 12074535602 020446 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 The Incomplete Scheme 48 Reference Manual for release 1.9
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Chapter 6

Unicode

Scheme 48 fully supports ISO 10646 (Unicode): Scheme characters represent Unicode scalar values, and Scheme strings are arrays of scalar values. More information on Unicode can be found at the Unicode web site.

6.1  Characters and their codes

Scheme 48 internally represents characters as Unicode scalar values. The unicode structure contains procedures for converting between characters and scalar values:

  • (char->scalar-value char) –> integer

  • (scalar-value->char integer) –> char

  • (scalar-value? integer) –> boolean

Char->scalar-value returns the scalar value of a character, and scalar-value->char converts in the other direction. Scalar-value->char signals an error if passed an integer that is not a scalar value.

Note that the Unicode scalar value range is

[unicode-Z-G-1.gif]

In particular, this excludes the surrogates, which UTF-16 uses to encode scalar values with two 16-bit words. Note that this representation differs from that of Java, which uses UTF-16 code units as the character representation—Scheme 48 effectively uses UTF-32, and is thus in line with other Scheme implementations and the current Unicode proposal for R6RS, as set forth in SRFI 75.

The R5RS procedures char->integer and integer->char are synonyms for char->scalar-value and scalar-value->char, respectively.

6.2  Character and string literals

The syntax specified here is in line with the current Unicode proposal for R6RS, as set forth in SRFI 75, except for case-sensitivity. (Scheme 48 is case-insensitive.)

6.2.1  Character literals

The following character names are available in addition to what R5RS provides:

  • #\nul (ASCII 0)

  • #\alarm (ASCII 7)

  • #\backspace (ASCII 8)

  • #\tab (ASCII 9)

  • #\vtab (ASCII 11)

  • #\page (ASCII 12)

  • #\return (ASCII 13)

  • #\esc (ASCII 27)

  • #\rubout (ASCII 127)

  • #\x<x><x>... hex, explicitly or implicitly delimited, where <x><x>... denotes the scalar value of the character

6.2.2  String literals

The following escape characters in string literals are available in addition to what R5RS provides:

  • \a: alarm (ASCII 7)

  • \b: backspace (ASCII 8)

  • \t: tab (ASCII 9)

  • \n: linefeed (ASCII 10)

  • \v: vertical tab (ASCII 11)

  • \f: formfeed (ASCII 12)

  • \r: return (ASCII 13)

  • \e: escape (ASCII 27)

  • \': quote (ASCII 39, same as unquoted)

  • \<newline><intraline whitespace>: elided (allows a single-line string to span source lines)

  • \x<x><x>...; hex, where <x><x>... denotes the scalar value of the character

6.2.3  Identifiers and symbol literals

Where R5RS allows a <letter>, Scheme 48 allows in addition any character whose scalar value is greater than 127 and whose Unicode general category is Lu, Ll, Lt, Lm, Lo, Mn, Mc, Me, Nd, Nl, No, Pd, Pc, Po, Sc, Sm, Sk, So, or Co.

Moreover, when a backslash appears in a symbol, it must start a \x<x><x>...; escape, which identifies an arbitrary character to include in the symbol. Note that a backslash itself can be specified as \x5C;.

6.3  Character classification and case mappings

The R5RS character predicates—char-whitespace?, char-lower-case?, char-upper-case?, char-numeric?, and char-alphabetic?—all treat the full Unicode range.

Char-upcase and char-downcase as well as char-ci=?, char-ci<?, char-ci<=?, char-ci>?, char-ci>=?, string-ci=?, string-ci<?, string-ci>?, string-ci<=?, string-ci>=? all use the standard simple locale-insensitive Unicode case folding.

In addition, Scheme 48 provides the unicode-char-maps structure for more complete access to the Unicode character classification with the following procedures and macros:

  • (general-category general-category-name) –> general-category     (syntax)

  • (general-category? x) –> boolean

  • (general-category-id general-category) –> string

  • (char-general-category char) –> general-category

The syntax general-category returns a Unicode general category object associated with general-category-name. (See Figure 2 below.) General-category? is the predicate for general-category objects. General-category-id returns the Unicode category id as a string (also listed in Figure 2). Char-general-category returns the general category of a character.

general-category-name primary-category-name Unicode category id
uppercase-letter letter "Lu"
lowercase-letter letter "Ll"
titlecase-letter letter "Lt"
modified-letter letter "Lm"
other-letter letter "Lo"

non-spacing-mark

mark "Mn"
combining-spacing-mark mark "Mc"
enclosing-mark mark "Me"

decimal-digit-number

number "Nd"
letter-number number "Nl"
other-number number "No"

opening-punctuation

punctuation "Ps"
closing-punctuation punctuation "Pe"
initial-quote-punctuation punctuation "Pi"
final-quote-punctuation punctuation "Pf"
dash-punctuation punctuation "Pd"
connector-punctuation punctuation "Pc"
other-punctuation punctuation "Po"

currency-symbol

symbol "Sc"
mathematical-symbol symbol "Sm"
modifier-symbol symbol "Sk"
other-symbol symbol "So"

space-separator

separator "Zs"
paragraph-separator separator "Zp"
line-separator separator "Zl"

control-character

miscellaneous "Cc"
formatting-character miscellaneous "Cf"
surrogate miscellaneous "Cs"
private-use-character miscellaneous "Co"
unassigned miscellaneous "Cn"

Figure 2:  Unicode general categories and primary categories

  • (general-category-primary-category general-category) –> primary-category

  • (primary-category primary-category-name) –> primary-category     (syntax)

  • (primary-category? x) –> boolean

General-category-primary-category maps the general category to its associated primary category—also listed in Figure 2. The primary-category syntax returns the primary-category object associated with primary-category-name. Primary-category? is the predicate for primary-category objects.

The unicode-char-maps procedure also provides the following additional case-mapping procedures for characters:

  • (char-titlecase? char) –> boolean

  • (char-titlecase char) –> char

  • (char-foldcase char) –> char

Char-titlecase? tests if a character is in titlecase. Char-titlecase returns the titlecase counterpart of a character. Char-foldcase folds the case of a character, i.e. maps it to uppercase first, then to lowercase. The following case-mapping procedures on strings are available:

  • (string-upcase string) –> string

  • (string-downcase string) –> string

  • (string-titlecase string) –> string

  • (string-foldcase string) –> string

These implement the simple case mappings defined by the Unicode standard—note that the length of the output string may be different from that of the input string.

6.4  SRFI 14

The SRFI 14 (“Character Sets”) implementation in the srfi-14 structure is fully Unicode-compliant.

6.5  R6RS

The r6rs-unicode structure exports the procedures from the (r6rs unicode) library of 5.91 draft of R6RS that are not already in the scheme structure:

string-normalize-nfd
string-normalize-nfkd
string-normalize-nfc
string-normalize-nfkc
char-titlecase
char-title-case?
char-foldcase
string-upcase
string-downcase
string-foldcase
string-titlecase
The r6rs-unicode structure also exports a char-general-category procedure compatible with the (r6rs unicode) library. Note that, as Scheme 48 treats source code case-insensitively, the symbols it returns are all-lowercase.

6.6  I/O

Ports must encode any text a program writes to an output port to a byte sequence, and conversely decode byte sequences when a program reads text from an input port. Therefore, each port has an associated text codecthat describes how encode and decode text.

Note that the interface to the text codec functionality is experimental and very likely to change in the future.

6.6.1  Text codecs

The i/o structure defines the following procedures:

  • (port-text-codec port) –> text-codec

  • (set-port-text-codec! port text-codec)

These two procedures retrieve and set the text codec associated with a port, respectively. A program can set text codec of a port at any time, even if it has already performed I/O on the port.

The text-codecs structure defines the following procedures and macros:

  • (text-codec? x) –> boolean

  • null-text-codec     ( text-codec)

  • us-ascii-codec     ( text-codec)

  • latin-1-codec     ( text-codec)

  • utf-8-codec     ( text-codec)

  • utf-16le-codec     ( text-codec)

  • utf-16be-codec     ( text-codec)

  • utf-32le-codec     ( text-codec)

  • utf-32be-codec     ( text-codec)

  • (find-text-codec string) –> text-codec or #f

Text-codec? is the predicate for text codecs. Null-text-codec is primarily meant for null ports that never yield input and swallow all output. The following text codecs implement the US-ASCII, Latin-1, Unicode UTF-8, Unicode UTF-16 (little-endian), Unicode UTF-16 (big-endian), Unicode UTF-32 (little-endian), Unicode UTF-32 (big-endian) encodings, respectively.

Find-text-codec finds the codec associated with an encoding name. The names of the above encodings are "null", "US‑ASCII", "ISO8859‑1", "UTF‑8", "UTF‑16LE", "UTF‑16BE", "UTF‑32LE", and "UTF‑32BE", respectively.

6.6.2  Text-codec utilities

The text-codec-utils structure exports a few utilities for dealing with text codecs:

  • (guess-port-text-codec-according-to-bom port) –> text-codec or #f

  • (set-port-text-codec-according-to-bom! port) –> boolean

These procedures look at the byte-order-mark (also called the “BOM”, U+FEFF) at the beginning of a port and guess the appropriate text codec. This works only for UTF-16 (little-endian and big-endian) and UTF-8. Guess-port-text-codec-according-to-bom returns the text codec, or #f if it found no UTF-16 or UTF-8 BOM. Note that this actually reads from the port. If the guess does not succeed, it is probably a good idea to re-open the port. Set-port-text-codec-according-to-bom! calls guess-port-text-codec-according-to-bom, sets the port text codec to the result if successful and returns #t. If it is not successful, it returns #f. As with guess-port-text-codec-according-to-bom, this reads from the port, whether successful or not.

6.6.3  Creating text codecs

  • (make-text-codec strings encode-proc decode-proc) –> text-codec

  • (text-codec-names text-codec) –> list of strings

  • (text-codec-encode-char-proc text-codec) –>  encode-proc

  • (text-codec-decode-char-proc text-codec) –>  decode-proc

  • (define-text-codec id name encode-proc decode-proc)     (syntax)

  • (define-text-codec id (name ...) encode-proc decode-proc)     (syntax)

Make-text-codec constructs a text codec from a list of names, and an encode and a decode procedure. (See below on how to construct encode and decode procedures.) Text-codec-names, text-codec-encode-char-proc, and text-codec-decode-char-proc are the accessors for text codec. The define-text-codec is a shorthand for binding a global identifier to a text codec. Its first form is for codecs with only one name, the second for codecs with several names.

Encoding and decoding procedures work as follows:

  • (encode-proc char buffer start count) –> boolean maybe-count

  • (decode-proc buffer start count) –> maybe-char count

An encode-proc consumes a character char to encode, a byte vector buffer to receive the encoding, an index start into the buffer, and a block size count. It is supposed to encode the bytes into the block at [start, start + count). If the encoding is successful, the procedure must return #t and the number of bytes needed by the encoding. If the character cannot be encoded at all, the procedure must return #f and #f. If the encoding is possible but the space is not sufficient, the procedure must return #f and a total number of bytes needed for the encoding.

A decode-proc consumes a byte vector buffer, an index start into the buffer, and a block size count. It is supposed to decode the bytes at indices [start, start + count). If the decoding is successful, it must return the decoded character at the beginning of the block, and the number of bytes consumed. If the block cannot begin with or be a prefix of a valid encoding, the procedure must return #f and #f. If the block contains a true prefix of a valid encoding, the procedure must return #f and a total count of bytes (including the buffer) needed to complete the encoding. Note that this byte count is only a guess: the system will provide that many bytes, but the decoding procedures might still signal an incomplete encoding, causing the system to try to obtain more.

6.7  Default encodings

The default encoding for new ports is UTF-8. For the default current-input-port, current-output-port, and current-error-port, Scheme 48 consults the OS for encoding information.

For Unix, it consults nl_langinfo(3), which in turn consults the LC_ environment variables. If the encoding is not defined that way, Scheme 48 reverts to US-ASCII.

Under Windows, Scheme 48 uses Unicode I/O (using UTF-16) for the default ports connected to the console, and Latin-1 for default ports that are not.

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scheme48-1.9/doc/html/manual-Z-H-8.html000644 004306 005702 00000130750 12074535602 020447 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 The Incomplete Scheme 48 Reference Manual for release 1.9
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Chapter 7

Threads

This chapter describes Scheme 48's thread system: Scheme 48 threads are fully preemptive; all threads (currently) run within a single operating system process. Scheme 48 allows writing customized, nested schedulers, and provides numerous facilities for the synchronization of shared-memory programs, most importantly proposals for optimistic concurrency.

7.1  Creating and controlling threads

The bindings described in this section are part of the threads structure.

  • (spawn thunk) –> thread

  • (spawn thunk name) –> thread

Spawn creates a new thread, passes that thread to the current scheduler, and instructs the scheduler to run thunk in that thread. The name argument (a symbol) associates a symbolic name with the thread; it is purely for debugging purposes.

  • (relinquish-timeslice)

  • (sleep time-in-milliseconds)

  • (terminate-current-thread)

Relinquish-timeslice instructs the scheduler to run another thread, thus relinquishing the timeslice of the current thread. Sleep does the same and asks the scheduler to suspend the current thread for at least time-in-milliseconds milliseconds before resuming it. Finally, terminate-current-thread terminates the current thread.

Each thread is represented by a thread object. The following procedures operate on that object:

  • (current-thread) –> thread

  • (thread? thing) –> boolean

  • (thread-name thread) –> name

  • (thread-uid thread) –> integer

Current-thread returns the thread object associated with the currently running thread. Thread? is the predicate for thread objects. Thread-name extracts the name of the thread, if one was specified in the call to spawn, #f otherwise. Thread-uid returns the uid of the thread, a unique integer assigned by the thread system.

7.2  Advanced thread handling

The following bindings are part of the threads-internal structure:

  • (terminate-thread! thread)

  • (kill-thread! thread)

Terminate-thread! unwinds the thread associated with thread, running any pending dynamic-wind after thunks (in that thread), after which the thread terminates. Kill-thread! causes the thread associated with thread to terminate immediately without unwinding its continuation.

7.3  Debugging multithreaded programs

Debugging multithreaded programs can be difficult.

As described in section 3.12, when any thread signals an error, Scheme 48 stops running all of the threads at that command level.

The following procedure (exported by the structure debug-messages) is useful in debugging multi-threaded programs.

  • (debug-message element0 ...)

Debug-message prints the elements to `stderr', followed by a newline. The only types of values that debug-message prints in full are small integers (fixnums), strings, characters, symbols, booleans, and the empty list. Values of other types are abbreviated as follows:

pair (...)
vector #(...)
procedure #{procedure}
record #{<name of record type>}
all others ???
The great thing about debug-message is that it bypasses Scheme 48's I/O and thread handling. The message appears immediately, with no delays or errors.

7.4  Optimistic concurrency

Most of the bindings described in this section are part of the proposals structure—the low-level bindings described at the very end of the section are part of the low-proposals structure.

A proposal is a record of reads from and and writes to locations in memory. Each thread has an associated current proposal (which may be #f). The logging operations listed below record any values read or written in the current proposal. A reading operation, such as provisional-vector-ref, first checks to see if the current proposal contains a value for the relevant location. If so, that value is returned as the result of the read. If not, the current contents of the location are stored in the proposal and then returned as the result of the read. A logging write to a location stores the new value as the current contents of the location in the current proposal; the contents of the location itself remain unchanged.

Committing to a proposal verifies that any reads logged in the proposal are still valid and, if so, performs any writes that the proposal contains. A logged read is valid if, at the time of the commit, the location contains the same value it had at the time of the original read (note that this does not mean that no change occurred, simply that the value now is the same as the value then). If a proposal has an invalid read then the effort to commit fails; no change is made to the value of any location. The verifications and subsequent writes to memory are performed atomically with respect to other proposal commit attempts.

The queues structure (with source in scheme/big/queue.scm) is a thoroughly commented example of a moderately complex data structure made thread-safe using optimistic concurrency.

  • (call-ensuring-atomicity thunk) –> value ...

  • (call-ensuring-atomicity! thunk)

  • (ensure-atomicity exp ...) –> value ...     (syntax)

  • (ensure-atomicity! exp ...)     (syntax)

If there is a proposal in place call-ensuring-atomicity and call-ensuring-atomicity! simply make a (tail-recursive) call to thunk. If the current proposal is #f they create a new proposal, install it, call thunk, and then try to commit to the proposal. This process repeats, with a new proposal on each iteration, until the commit succeeds. Call-ensuring-atomicity returns whatever values are returned by thunk on its final invocation, while ensure-atomicity! discards any such values and returns nothing.

Ensure-atomicity and ensure-atomicity! are macro versions of call-ensuring-atomicity and call-ensuring-atomicity!: (ensure-atomicity exp ...) expands into (call-ensuring-atomicity (lambda () exp ...)); likewise for ensure-atomicity! and call-ensuring-atomicity!.

  • (provisional-car pair) –> value

  • (provisional-cdr pair) –> value

  • (provisional-set-car! pair value)

  • (provisional-set-cdr! pair value)

  • (provisional-cell-ref cell) –> value

  • (provisional-cell-set! cell value)

  • (provisional-vector-ref vector i) –> value

  • (provisional-vector-set! vector i value)

  • (provisional-string-ref vector i) –> char

  • (provisional-string-set! vector i char)

  • (provisional-byte-vector-ref vector i) –> k

  • (provisional-byte-vector-set! vector i k)

These are all logging versions of their Scheme counterparts. Reads are checked when the current proposal is committed and writes are delayed until the commit succeeds. If the current proposal is #f these perform exactly as their Scheme counterparts.

The following implementation of a simple counter may not function properly when used by multiple threads. 

(define (make-counter)
  (let ((value 0))
    (lambda ()
      (set! value (+ value 1))
      value)))

Here is the same procedure using a proposal to ensure that each increment operation happens atomically. The value of the counter is kept in a cell (see section 5.6) to allow the use of logging operations. 

(define (make-counter)
  (let ((value (make-cell 0)))
    (lambda ()
      (ensure-atomicity
        (lambda ()
          (let ((v (+ (provisional-cell-ref value)
                      1)))
            (provisional-cell-set! value v)
            v))))))

Because ensure-atomicity creates a new proposal only if there is no existing proposal in place, multiple atomic actions can be merged into a single atomic action. For example, the following procedure increments an arbitrary number of counters at the same time. This works even if the same counter appears multiple times; (step-counters! c0 c0) would add two to the value of counter c0. 

(define (step-counters! . counters)
  (ensure-atomicity
    (lambda ()
      (for-each (lambda (counter)
                  (counter))
                counters))))


(define-synchronized-record-type tag type-name
  (constructor-name field-tag ...)
  [(field-tag ...)]
  predicate-name
  (field-tag accessor-name [modifier-name])
  ...)

This is the same as define-record-type except all field reads and writes are logged in the current proposal. If the optional list of field tags is present then only those fields will be logged.

  • (call-atomically thunk) –> value(s)

  • (call-atomically! thunk)

  • (atomically exp ...) –> value(s)     (syntax)

  • (atomically! exp ...)     (syntax)

Call-atomically and call-atomically! are identical to call-ensuring-atomicity and call-ensuring-atomicity! except that they always install a new proposal before calling thunk. The current proposal is saved and then restored after thunk returns. Call-atomically and call-atomically! are useful if thunk contains code that is not to be combined with any other operation.

Atomically and atomically! are macro versions of call-atomically and call-atomically!: (atomically exp ...) expands into (call-atomically (lambda () exp ...)); likewise for atomically! and call-atomically!.

The following procedures and macro are intended primarily for use in implementing new synchronization primitives or complex thread-safe data structures.

  • (with-new-proposal (lose) exp ...) –> value ...     (syntax)

  • (maybe-commit) –> boolean

  • (proposal-active?) –> boolean

  • (remove-current-proposal!)

  • (invalidate-current-proposal!)

With-new-proposal saves the current proposal, installs a new one, executes the forms in the body, reinstalls the formerly current proposal, and returns whatever the last body form returned. It also binds lose to a thunk repeating the procedure of installing a new procedure and running the body. Typically, the body will call maybe-commit and, if that fails, tail-call lose to try again. If lose is called from a non-tail position of the body, the results are unspecified (and probably harmful).

Maybe-commit verifies that any reads logged in the current proposal are still valid and, if so, performs any writes that it contains. A logged read is valid if, at the time of the commit, the location read contains the same value it had at the time of the original read (note that this does not mean that no change occurred, simply that the value now is the same as the value then). Maybe-commit returns #t if the commit succeeds and #f if it fails.

Proposal-active? returns #t if a proposal is active, and #f otherwise. Remove-current-proposal! removes and discards the current proposal; this can be used to clean up before raising an error. Invalidate-current-proposal! ensures that any attempt to commit the current proposal will fail; this can be used if an operation on a thread-safe data structure detects that it has seen the data structure in an inconsistent state.

The following procedures give access to the low-level proposal mechanism. They are defined in the low-proposals structure.

  • (make-proposal) –> proposal

  • (current-proposal) –> proposal

  • (set-current-proposal! proposal)

Make-proposal creates a new proposal. Current-proposal and set-current-proposal access and set the current thread's proposal. It is an error to pass to set-current-proposal! a proposal that is already in use.

7.5  Condition variables

Condition variables (defined in the condvars structure) allow threads perform condition synchronization: It allows threads to block, waiting for a specified condition—associated with a condition variable—to occur, and other threads to wake up the waiting threads when the condition is fulfilled.

Note that, in Scheme 48, condition variables work in conjunction with proposals, not with mutex locks or semaphores, as in most other implementations of this concept.

  • (make-condvar) –> condvar

  • (make-condvar id) –> condvar

  • (condvar? thing) –> boolean

  • (set-condvar-has-value?! condvar boolean)

  • (condvar-has-value? condvar) –> boolean

  • (set-condvar-value! condvar value)

  • (condvar-value condvar) –> value

  • (maybe-commit-and-wait-for-condvar condvar) –> boolean

  • (maybe-commit-and-set-condvar! condvar value) –> boolean

Make-condvar creates a condition variable. (The optional id argument is only for debugging purposes; the discloser for condition variables prints it out if present.) Condvar? is the predicate for condition variables.

Each condition variable has an associated value and a flag has-value? signalling if the condition has already occured. The accessor for flag is condvar-has-value?; set-condvar-has-value?! sets it. Both are provisional operations and go through the current proposal. Set-condvar-value! sets the value of the condition variable (provisionally), and condvar-value extracts it.

Maybe-commit-and-wait-for-condvar attempts to commit the current proposal. If the commit succeeds, it suspends the current thread and registers it with the condvar condition variable. Upon waking up again maybe-commit-and-wait-for-condvar returns #t, If the commit fails, maybe-commit-and-set-condvar returns #f.

Maybe-commit-and-set-condvar! sets the value of the condvar condition variable to value, (provisionally) sets the has-value? flag to #t, and then attempt to commit the current proposal. Upon success, it wakes up all suspended threads registered with condvar and returns #t, otherwise, it returns #f.

7.6  Mutual exclusion

Scheme 48 also has more traditional mutual-exclusion synchronization abstractions, specifically mutex locks and placeholders. Note that typically synchronization via optimistic concurrency is usually preferable: Mutual exclusion often puts the running program into an inconsistent state for the time of the inclusion, which has adverse effects on modularity and interruptibility.

7.6.1  Locks

The locks structure contains bindings that implement standard mutex locks:

  • (make-lock) –> lock

  • (lock? thing) –> boolean

  • (obtain-lock lock)

  • (maybe-obtain-lock lock) –> boolean

  • (release-lock lock)

Make-lock creates a lock in the “released” state. Lock? is the predicate for locks.

Obtain-lock atomically checks if lock is in the “released” state. If it is, the lock is put into the “obtained” state, and obtain-lock returns immediately. If the lock is in the “obtained” state, the current thread is suspended and registered with the lock. Maybe-obtain-lock, like obtain-lock, checks the state of lock: if it is “released,” the lock is put into the “obtained” state, if it is “obtained,” maybe-obtain-lock returns immediately. Maybe-obtain-lock returns #t if it was able to obtain the lock, and #f otherwise.

Release-lock does nothing if lock is in the “released” state. If it is in the “obtained” state, release-lock causes one of the threads suspended on an obtain-lock lock operation to continue execution. If that thread is the last thread registered with the lock, the lock is transferred to the “released” state. In any case, release-lock returns immediately.

7.6.2  Placeholders

The placeholders structure contains bindings for placeholders—thread-safe, write-once variables, akin to ID-90 I-structures or CML I-variables.

The typical scenario for placeholders is that, say, a thread A computes a value needed by another thread B at some unspecified time. Both threads share access to a placeholder; when A has computed the value, it places it into the placeholder. When B needs the value, it extracts it from placeholder, blocking if necessary.

  • (make-placeholder) –> placeholder

  • (make-placeholder id) –> placeholder

  • (placeholder? thing) –> boolean

  • (placeholder-set! placeholder value)

  • (placeholder-value placeholder) –> value

Make-placeholder creates an empty placeholder. (The optional id argument is only for debugging purposes; the discloser for placeholders prints it out if present.) Placeholder? is the predicate for placeholders.

Placeholder-set! places a value into a placeholder. Doing this more than once signals an error. Placeholder-value extracts the value from the placeholder and returns it. If the placeholder is empty, it blocks the current thread until it becomes full.

7.7  Writing custom synchronization abstractions

The bindings explained in this section are part of the threads-internal structure. They are concerned with suspending threads and making them runnable again upon some later event.

Typically, a suspended thread needs to be recorded in a queue somewhere for later waking-up. To allow a thread to be recorded in multiple queues (say, when it waits for one of a number of events), such thread queues are ordinary queues containing cells that, in turn, contain the thread objects themselves. Each thread has at most one such cell associated with it which is shared among all queues (or other data structures) holding on to the suspended thread. The cell is cleared when the thread is woken up.

  • (thread-queue-empty? thread-queue) –> boolean

  • (maybe-dequeue-thread! thread-queue) –> boolean

Thread-queue-empty? atomically checks whether the thread-queue thread queue is empty, i.e., if it does not contain non-empty cells. Maybe-dequeue-thread! provisionally dequeues a thread from thread-queue if it contains one. It returns the dequeued thread or #f if the queue is empty.

  • (maybe-commit-and-block cell) –> boolean

  • (maybe-commit-and-block-on-queue thread-queue) –> boolean

  • (maybe-commit-and-make-ready thread-or-queue) –> boolean

Maybe-commit-and-block attempts to commit the current proposal. If this succeeds, the current thread is blocked, the thread's cell is set to cell, and #t is returned. Otherwise, #f is returned. Maybe-commit-and-block-on-queue is like maybe-commit-and-block, excepts that it creates a fresh cell for the thread and enqueues it in thread-queue if the commit succeeds.

Maybe-commit-and-make-ready accepts either a thread object or a thread queue as an argument. In either case, maybe-commit-and-make-ready tries to commit the current proposal. If that succeeds, maybe-commit-and-make-ready makes its argument runnable: if thread-or-queue is a thread, that thread is made runnable, if it is a thread queue, all threads on the queue are made runnable. (In the latter case, none of the threads actually runs until all have been made runnable.) Maybe-commit-and-make-ready returns #t if it succeeded, and #f otherwise.

7.8  Concurrent ML abstractions

The interface to the Concurrent ML abstractions in Scheme 48 is mostly analogous to the original implementation shipped with SML/NJ [9]. Note that both the interface and implementation are new and may change in future releases.

The main terminological difference is that CML events are called rendezvous in Scheme 48. For more information on programming with the CML abstractions, Reppy's book [9] is recommended.

7.8.1  Basic rendezvous combinators

The basic rendezvous combinators live in the rendezvous structure.

  • never-rv     (rendezvous)

  • (always-rv value) –> rendezvous

Never-rv is a rendezvous that is never enabled for synchronization. (It is the same as the never event in CML.) Always-rv returns a rendezvous that is always enabled for synchronization, and always yields the same value value. (This is the same as the alwaysEvt function in CML.)

  • (choose rendezvous ...) –> rendezvous

Choose creates a rendezvous representing the choice of its arguments: Synchronization on the resulting rendezvous will synchronize on one of the arguments to choose, depending on which becomes enabled first. (This is the same as the choose function in CML.)

  • (wrap rendezvous proc) –> rendezvous

Wrap wraps a post-synchronization procedure around rendezvous: When the resulting rendezvous is synchronized, rendezvous is synchronized, and the value it yields is passed to proc; the value returned by proc then is the result of the synchronization. (This is the same as the CML wrap function.)

  • (guard thunk) –> rendezvous

Guard delays the creation of a rendezvous until synchronization time: It returns a rendezvous that will, upon synchronization, turn into the rendezvous returned by thunk. Guard can be used to perform pre-synchronization actions such as resource allocation. (This is the same as the CML guard function.)

  • (with-nack proc) –> rendezvous

With-nack, like guard, creates a delayed rendezvous: Upon synchronization, the rendezvous actually used is the one returned by proc. In addition to the functionality offered by guard, proc receives, as an argument, another rendezvous which becomes enabled when another rendezvous involved in the synchronization (via choose) is picked instead of the one produced by proc. (This is the same as the CML withNack function.)

  • (sync rendezvous) –> value

  • (select rendezvous ...) –> value

Sync synchronizes the current thread on rendezvous rendezvous, returning the value it yields. Select synchronizes on the choice of its argument; (select r1 ...rn) is semantically equivalent to (sync (choose select r1 ...rn)), but may be implemented more efficiently. (These are the same as the CML functions sync and select.)

7.8.2  Synchronous channels

The rendezvous-channels structure contains abstractions for bidirectional, synchronous channels for communicating between two threads.

  • (make-channel) –> channel

  • (channel? x) –> boolean

Make-channel creates a new synchronous channel. (This is the same as the CML channel function.) Channel? is the predicate for synchronous channels.

  • (send-rv channel value) –> rendezvous

  • (send channel value)

Send-rv creates a rendezvous that, upon synchronization, sends message value on the synchronous channel channel. The synchronization suceeds only when another thread attempts to receive a message from channel. (This is the same as the CML sendEvt function.) Send directly sends a message value on channel channel; (send c v) is equivalent to (sync (send-rv c v)). (Send is the same as the CML send function.)

  • (receive-rv channel) –> rendezvous

  • (receive channel)

Receive-rv creates a rendezvous which, upon synchronization, receives a message on channel channel. (This is the same as the CML recEvt function.) Receive directly receives a message on channel channel; (receive c v) is equivalent to (sync (receive-rv c v)). (Receive is the same as the CML recv function.)

7.8.3  Synchronous variables

Two structures contain abstractions for synchronous variables: the rendezvous-placeholders structure for so-called placeholders (write-once variables), and the rendezvous-jars structure for jars (which allow multiple updates.)

7.8.3.1  Placeholders

Placeholders are write-once variables. The placeholders implemented by the rendezvous-placeholders structure offer equivalent functionality to the placeholders implemented by the placeholders structure (see Section 7.6.2), but additionally allow converting a placeholder into a rendezvous. Note, however, that placeholders from placeholders are different from and not interchangeable with placeholders from rendezvous-placeholders.

  • (make-placeholder) –> placeholder

  • (make-placeholder id) –> placeholder

  • (placeholder? x) –> boolean

Make-placeholder creates an empty placeholder. (The optional id argument is only for debugging purposes; the discloser for placeholders prints it out if present.) (This is the same as the CML iVar function.) Placeholder? is the predicate for placeholders.

  • (placeholder-set! placeholder value)

Placeholder-set! places a value into a placeholder. Doing this more than once signals an error. (This is the same as the CML iPut function.)

  • (placeholder-value-rv placeholder) –> rendezvous

  • (placeholder-value placeholder) –> value

Placeholder-value extracts the value from the placeholder and returns it. If the placeholder is empty, it blocks the current thread until it becomes full. (This is the same as the CML iGet function.) Placeholder-value-rv creates a rendezvous that will, upon synchronization, extract the value from the placeholder and yield it as a result. (This is the same as the CML iGetEvt function.)

7.8.3.2  Jars

A jar is a synchronous variable which can have two states: full and empty. It becomes full when a value it put into it; putting a value into a full jar is an error. Conversely, it becomes empty when a value is taken out of it. Trying to take a value out of an empty jar blocks until it becomes full. (Jars are similar to ID-90 M-structures.) Jars live in the rendezvous-jars structure.

  • (make-jar) –> jar

  • (make-jar id) –> jar

  • (jar? x) –> boolean

Make-jar creates an empty jar. (The optional id argument is only for debugging purposes; the discloser for jars prints it out if present.) (This is the same as the CML mVar function.) Jar? is the predicate for jars.

  • (jar-put! jar value)

Jar-put! places a value into a jar if it is empty. Applying jar-put! to a full jar is an error. (This is the same as the CML mPut function.)

  • (jar-take-rv placeholder) –> rendezvous

  • (jar-take placeholder) –> value

Jar-take takes a value from a full jar, emptying it in the process. If the jar is empty, jar-take blocks until it becomes full. (This is the same as the CML mTake function.) Jar-take-rv creates a rendezvous that, upon synchronization, will extract the value from a jar and empty it in the process. (This is the same as the CML mTakeEvt function.)

7.8.4  Timeouts

The rendezvous-time structure allows creating rendezvous for alarms and timeouts:

  • (after-time-rv milliseconds) –> rendezvous

  • (at-real-time-rv time) –> rendezvous

After-time-rv creates a rendezvous that becomes enabled at time interval milliseconds after synchronization. (Actually, milliseconds is a minimum waiting time; the actual delay may be longer.) (This is the same as the CML timeOutEvt function.) At-real-time-rv creates a rendezvous that becomes enabled at an absolute time specified by time; this absolute time is specified in the same way as the return value real-time from the time structure. (This is the same as the CML atTimeEvt function.)

7.8.5  CML to Scheme correspondence

The following table lists the Scheme names that correspond to particular CML names.

CML name Scheme name
rendezvous
never never-rv
alwaysEvt always-rv
choose choose
wrap wrap
guard guard
withNack with-nack
sync sync
select select
rendezvous-channels
channel make-channel
sendEvt send-rv
send send
recEvt receive-rv
rec receive
rendezvous-placeholders
iVar make-placeholder
iPut placeholder-set!
iGet placeholder-value
iGetEvt placeholder-value-rv
rendezvous-jars
mVar make-jar
mTake jar-take
mTakeEvt jar-take-rv
mPut jar-put!
rendezvous-time
timeOutEvt after-time-rv
atTimeEvt at-real-time-rv

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scheme48-1.9/doc/html/manual-Z-H-9.html000644 004306 005702 00000241550 12074535602 020451 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 The Incomplete Scheme 48 Reference Manual for release 1.9
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Chapter 8

Mixing Scheme 48 and C

This chapter describes the foreign-function interface for calling C functions from Scheme, calling Scheme functions from C, and allocating storage in the Scheme heap. Scheme 48 manages stub functions in C that negotiate between the calling conventions of Scheme and C and the memory allocation policies of both worlds. No stub generator is available yet, but writing stubs is a straightforward task.

The foreign-function interface is modeled after the Java Native Interface (JNI), more information can be found at Sun's JNI Page.

Currently, Scheme 48 supports two foreign-function interfaces: The old GCPROTECT-style and the new JNI-style interface (this chapter) live side by side. The old interface is deprecated and will go away in a future release. Section 8.12 gives a recipe how to convert external code from the old to the new interface.

8.1  Available facilities

The following facilities are available for interfacing between Scheme 48 and C:

  • Scheme code can call C functions.

  • The external interface provides full introspection for all Scheme objects. External code may inspect, modify, and allocate Scheme objects arbitrarily.

  • External code may raise exceptions back to Scheme 48 to signal errors.

  • External code may call back into Scheme. Scheme 48 correctly unrolls the process stack on non-local exits.

  • External modules may register bindings of names to values with a central registry accessible from Scheme. Conversely, Scheme code can register shared bindings for access by C code.

8.1.1  Scheme structures

The structure external-calls has most of the Scheme functions described here. The others are in load-dynamic-externals, which has the functions for dynamic loading and name lookup from Section 8.4, and shared-bindings, which has the additional shared-binding functions described in section 8.2.3.

8.1.2  C naming conventions

The names of all of Scheme 48's visible C bindings begin with `s48_' (for procedures, variables, and macros). Note that the new foreign-function interface does not distinguish between procedures and macros. Whenever a C name is derived from a Scheme identifier, we replace `-' with `_' and convert letters to lowercase. A final `?' converted to `_p', a final `!' is dropped. As a naming convention, all functions and macros of the new foreign-function interface end in `_2' (for now) to make them distinguishable from the old interface's functions and macros. Thus the C macro for Scheme's pair? is s48_pair_p_2 and the one for set-car! is s48_set_car_2. Procedures and macros that do not check the types of their arguments have `unsafe' in their names.

All of the C functions and macros described have prototypes or definitions in the file c/scheme48.h.

8.1.3  Garbage collection and reference objects

Scheme 48 uses a precise, copying garbage collector. The garbage collector may run whenever an object is allocated in the heap. The collector must be able to locate all references to objects allocated in the Scheme 48 heap in order to ensure that storage is not reclaimed prematurely and to update references to objects moved by the collector. This interface takes care of communicating to the garbage collector what objects it uses in most situations. It relieves the programmer from having to think about garbage collector interactions in the common case.

This interface does not give external code direct access to Scheme objects. It introduces one level of indirection as external code never accepts or returns Scheme values directly. Instead, external code accepts or returns reference objects of type s48_ref_t that refer to Scheme values (their C type is defined to be s48_value). This indirection is only needed as an interface to external code, interior pointers in Scheme objects are unaffected.

There are two types of reference objects:

local references
A local reference is valid for the duration of a function call from Scheme to external code and is automatically freed after the external function returns to the virtual machine.

global references
A global reference remains valid until external code explicitly frees it.

Scheme objects that are passed to external functions are passed as local references. External functions return Scheme objects as local references. External code has to manually manage Scheme objects that outlive a function call as global references. Scheme objects outlive a function call if they are assigned to a global variable of the external code or stored in long-living external objects, see section 8.7.1.

A local reference is valid only within the dynamic context of the native method that creates it. Therefore, a local reference behaves exactly like a local variable in the external code: It is live as long as external code can access it. To achieve this, every external function in the interface that accepts or returns reference objects takes a call object of type s48_call_t as its first argument. A call object corresponds to a particular call from Scheme to C. The call object holds all the references that belong to a call (like the call's arguments and return value) to external code from Scheme. External code may pass a local reference through multiple external functions. The foreign-function interface automatically frees all the local references a call object owns, along with the call object itself, when an external call returns to Scheme.

This means that in the common case of Scheme calling an external function that does some work on its arguments and returns without stashing any Scheme objects in global variables or global data structures, the external code does not need to do any bookkeeping, since all the reference objects the external code accumulates are local references. Once the call returns, the foreign-function interface frees all the local references.

For example, the functions to construct and access pairs are declared like this:

  • s48_ref_t s48_cons_2(s48_call_t call, s48_ref_t car, s48_ref_t cdr);

  • s48_ref_t s48_car_2(s48_call_t call, s48_ref_t pair);

  • s48_ref_t s48_cdr_2(s48_call_t call, s48_ref_t pair);

This foreign-function interface takes a significant burden off the programmer as it handles most common cases automatically. If all the Scheme objects are live for the extent of the current external call, the programmer does not have to do anything at all. Since the lifetime of the Scheme objects is then identical with the lifetime of the according reference objects. In this case, the systems automatically manages both for the programmer. Using this foreign-function interface does not make the code more complex; the code stays compact and readable. The programmer has to get accustomed to passing the call argument around.

How to manage Scheme objects that outlive the current call is described in section 8.7.1.

Section 8.12 gives a recipe how to convert external code from the old GCPROTECT-style interface to the new JNI-style interface.

8.2  Shared bindings

Shared bindings are the means by which named values are shared between Scheme code and C code. There are two separate tables of shared bindings, one for values defined in Scheme and accessed from C and the other for values going the other way. Shared bindings actually bind names to cells, to allow a name to be looked up before it has been assigned. This is necessary because C initialization code may be run before or after the corresponding Scheme code, depending on whether the Scheme code is in the resumed image or is run in the current session.

8.2.1  Exporting Scheme values to C

  • (define-exported-binding name value) –> shared-binding

  • s48_ref_t s48_get_imported_binding_2(char *name)

  • s48_ref_t s48_get_imported_binding_local_2(s48_call_t call, char *name)

  • s48_ref_t s48_shared_binding_ref_2(s48_call_t call, s48_ref_t shared_binding)

Define-exported-binding makes value available to C code under name, which must be a string, creating a new shared binding if necessary. The C function s48_get_imported_binding_2 returns a global reference to the shared binding defined for name, again creating it if necessary, s48_get_imported_binding_local_2 returns a local reference to the shared binding (see section 8.1.3 for details on reference objects). The C macro s48_shared_binding_ref_2 dereferences a shared binding, returning its current value.

8.2.2  Exporting C values to Scheme

Since shared bindings are defined during initialization, i.e. outside an external call, there is no call object. Therefore, exporting shared bindings from C does not use the new foreign-function interfaces specifications.

  • void s48_define_exported_binding(char *name, s48_value v)

  • (lookup-imported-binding string) –> shared-binding

  • (shared-binding-ref shared-binding) –> value

These are used to define shared bindings from C and to access them from Scheme. Again, if a name is looked up before it has been defined, a new binding is created for it.

The common case of exporting a C function to Scheme can be done using the macro s48_export_function(name). This expands into 

s48_define_exported_binding("name",
                               s48_enter_pointer(name))

which boxes the function pointer into a Scheme byte vector and then exports it. Note that s48_enter_pointer allocates space in the Scheme heap and might trigger a garbage collection; see Section 8.7.

  • (import-definition name)     (syntax)

  • (import-definition name c-name)     (syntax)

These macros simplify importing definitions from C to Scheme. They expand into

(define name (lookup-imported-binding c-name))

where c-name is as supplied for the second form. For the first form c-name is derived from name by replacing `-' with `_' and converting letters to lowercase. For example, (import-definition my-foo) expands into

(define my-foo (lookup-imported-binding "my_foo"))

8.2.3  Complete shared binding interface

There are a number of other Scheme functions related to shared bindings; these are in the structure shared-bindings.

  • (shared-binding? x) –> boolean

  • (shared-binding-name shared-binding) –> string

  • (shared-binding-is-import? shared-binding) –> boolean

  • (shared-binding-set! shared-binding value)

  • (define-imported-binding string value)

  • (lookup-exported-binding string)

  • (undefine-imported-binding string)

  • (undefine-exported-binding string)

Shared-binding? is the predicate for shared-bindings. Shared-binding-name returns the name of a binding. Shared-binding-is-import? is true if the binding was defined from C. Shared-binding-set! changes the value of a binding. Define-imported-binding and lookup-exported-binding are Scheme versions of s48_define_exported_binding and s48_lookup_imported_binding. The two undefine- procedures remove bindings from the two tables. They do nothing if the name is not found in the table.

The following C macros correspond to the Scheme functions above.

  • int s48_shared_binding_p(s48_call_t call, x)

  • int s48_shared_binding_is_import_p(s48_call_t call, s48_ref_t s_b)

  • s48_ref_t s48_shared_binding_name(s48_call_t call, s48_ref_t s_b)

  • void s48_shared_binding_set(s48_call_t call, s48_ref_t s_b, s48_ref_t v)

8.3  Calling C functions from Scheme

There are different ways to call C functions from Scheme, depending on how the C function was obtained.

  • (call-imported-binding-2 binding arg0 ...) –> value

Each of these applies its first argument, a C function that accepts and/or returns objects of type s48_ref_t and has its first argument of type s48_call_t, to the rest of the arguments. For call-imported-binding-2 the function argument must be an imported binding.

For all of these, the interface passes the current call object and the argi values to the C function and the value returned is that returned by C procedure. No automatic representation conversion occurs for either arguments or return values. Up to twelve arguments may be passed. There is no method supplied for returning multiple values to Scheme from C (or vice versa) (mainly because C does not have multiple return values).

Keyboard interrupts that occur during a call to a C function are ignored until the function returns to Scheme (this is clearly a problem; we are working on a solution).

  • (import-lambda-definition-2 name (formal ...))     (syntax)

  • (import-lambda-definition-2 name (formal ...) c-name)     (syntax)

These macros simplify importing functions from C that follow the return value and argument conventions of the foreign-function interface and use s48_call_t and s48_ref_t as their argument and return types. They define name to be a function with the given formals that applies those formals to the corresponding C binding. C-name, if supplied, should be a string. These expand into

(define temp (lookup-imported-binding c-name))
(define name
  (lambda (formal ...)
    (call-imported-binding-2 temp formal ...)))

If c-name is not supplied, it is derived from name by converting all letters to lowercase and replacing `-' with `_'.

8.4  Dynamic loading

External code can be loaded into a running Scheme 48—at least on most variants of Unix and on Windows. The required Scheme functions are in the structure load-dynamic-externals.

To be suitable for dynamic loading, the externals code must reside in a shared object. The shared object must define a function:

  • void s48_on_load(void)

The s48_on_load is run upon loading the shared objects. It typically contains invocations of S48_EXPORT_FUNCTION to make the functionality defined by the shared object known to Scheme 48.

The shared object may also define either or both of the following functions:

  • void s48_on_unload(void)

  • void s48_on_reload(void)

Scheme 48 calls s48_on_unload just before it unloads the shared object. If s48_on_reload is present, Scheme 48 calls it when it loads the shared object for the second time, or some new version thereof. If it is not present, Scheme 48 calls s48_on_load instead. (More on that later.)

For Linux, the following commands compile foo.c into a file foo.so that can be loaded dynamically. 

% gcc -c -o foo.o foo.c
% ld -shared -o foo.so foo.o

The following procedures provide the basic functionality for loading shared objects containing dynamic externals:

  • (load-dynamic-externals string plete? rrepeat? rresume?) –> dynamic-externals

  • (unload-dynamic-externals string) –>  dynamic-externals

  • (reload-dynamic-externals dynamic-externals)

Load-dynamic-externals loads the named shared objects. The plete? argument determines whether Scheme 48 appends the OS-specific suffix (typically .so for Unix, and .dll for Windows) to the name. The rrepeat? argument determines how load-dynamic-externals behaves if it is called again with the same argument: If this is true, it reloads the shared object (and calls its s48_on_unload on unloading if present, and, after reloading, s48_on_reload if present or s48_on_load if not), otherwise, it will not do anything. The rresume? argument determines if an image subsequently dumped will try to load the shared object again automatically. (The shared objects will be loaded before any record resumers run.) Load-dynamic-externals returns a handle identifying the shared object just loaded.

Unload-dynamic-externals unloads the shared object associated with the handle passed as its argument, previously calling its s48_on_unload function if present. Note that this invalidates all external bindings associated with the shared object; referring to any of them will probably crash the program.

Reload-dynamic-externals will reload the shared object named by its argument and call its s48_on_unload function before unloading, and, after reloading, s48_on_reload if present or s48_on_load if not.

  • (import-dynamic-externals string) –> dynamic-externals

This procedure represents the expected most usage for loading dynamic-externals. It is best explained by its definition: 

(define (import-dynamic-externals name)
  (load-dynamic-externals name #t #f #t))

8.5  Accessing Scheme data from C

The C header file scheme48.h provides access to Scheme 48 data structures. The type s48_ref_t is used for reference objects that refer to Scheme values. When the type of a value is known, such as the integer returned by vector-length or the boolean returned by pair?, the corresponding C procedure returns a C value of the appropriate type, and not a s48_ref_t. Predicates return 1 for true and 0 for false.

8.5.1  Constants

The following macros denote Scheme constants:

  • s48_false_2(s48_call_t) is #f.

  • s48_true_2(s48_call_t) is #t.

  • s48_null_2(s48_call_t) is the empty list.

  • s48_unspecific_2(s48_call_t) is a value used for functions which have no meaningful return value (in Scheme 48 this value returned by the nullary procedure unspecific in the structure util).

  • s48_eof_2(s48_call_t) is the end-of-file object (in Scheme 48 this value is returned by the nullary procedure eof-object in the structure i/o-internal).

8.5.2  Converting values

The following macros and functions convert values between Scheme and C representations. The `extract' ones convert from Scheme to C and the `enter's go the other way.

  • int s48_extract_boolean_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • long s48_extract_char_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • char * s48_extract_byte_vector_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • long s48_extract_long_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • long s48_extract_unsigned_long_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • double s48_extract_double_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • s48_ref_t s48_enter_boolean_2(s48_call_t, int)

  • s48_ref_t s48_enter_char_2(s48_call_t, long)

  • s48_ref_t s48_enter_byte_vector_2(s48_call_t, char *, long)     (may GC)

  • s48_ref_t s48_enter_long_2(s48_call_t, long)     (may GC)

  • s48_ref_t s48_enter_long_as_fixnum_2(s48_call_t, long)     (may GC)

  • s48_ref_t s48_enter_double_2(s48_call_t, double)     (may GC)

s48_extract_boolean_2 is false if its argument is #f and true otherwise. s48_enter_boolean_2 is #f if its argument is zero and #t otherwise.

The s48_extract_char_2 function extracts the scalar value from a Scheme character as a C long. Conversely, s48_enter_char_2 creates a Scheme character from a scalar value. (Note that ASCII values are also scalar values.)

The s48_extract_byte_vector_2 function needs to deal with the garbage collector to avoid invalidating the returned pointer. For more details see section 8.7.3.

The second argument to s48_enter_byte_vector_2 is the length of byte vector.

s48_enter_long_2() needs to allocate storage when its argument is too large to fit in a Scheme 48 fixnum. In cases where the number is known to fit within a fixnum (currently 30 bits on a 32-bits architecture and 62 bit on a 64-bits architecture including the sign), the following procedures can be used. These have the disadvantage of only having a limited range, but the advantage of never causing a garbage collection. s48_fixnum_p_2(s48_call_t) is a macro that true if its argument is a fixnum and false otherwise.

  • int s48_fixnum_p_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • s48_ref_t s48_enter_long_as_fixnum_2(s48_call_t, long)

  • long S48_MAX_FIXNUM_VALUE

  • long S48_MIN_FIXNUM_VALUE

An error is signaled if the argument to s48_enter_fixnum is less than S48_MIN_FIXNUM_VALUE or greater than S48_MAX_FIXNUM_VALUE (−229 and 229−1 on a 32-bits architecture and −261 and 262−1 on a 64-bits architecture).

  • int s48_true_p_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • int s48_false_p_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

s48_true_p is true if its argument is s48_true and s48_false_p is true if its argument is s48_false.

  • s48_ref_t s48_enter_string_latin_1_2(s48_call_t, char*);     (may GC)

  • s48_ref_t s48_enter_string_latin_1_n_2(s48_call_t, char*, long);     (may GC)

  • long s48_string_latin_1_length_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t);

  • long s48_string_latin_1_length_n_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long, long);

  • void s48_copy_latin_1_to_string_2(s48_call_t, char*, s48_ref_t);

  • void s48_copy_latin_1_to_string_n_2(s48_call_t, char*, long, s48_ref_t);

  • void s48_copy_string_to_latin_1_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, char*);

  • void s48_copy_string_to_latin_1_n_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long, long, char*);

  • s48_ref_t s48_enter_string_utf_8_2(s48_call_t, char*);     (may GC)

  • s48_ref_t s48_enter_string_utf_8_n_2(s48_call_t, char*, long);     (may GC)

  • long s48_string_utf_8_length_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t);

  • long s48_string_utf_8_length_n_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long, long);

  • long s48_copy_string_to_utf_8_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, char*);

  • long s48_copy_string_to_utf_8_n_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long, long, char*);

  • s48_ref_t s48_enter_string_utf_16be_2(s48_call_t, char*);     (may GC)

  • s48_ref_t s48_enter_string_utf_16be_n_2(s48_call_t, char*, long);     (may GC)

  • long s48_string_utf_16be_length_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t);

  • long s48_string_utf_16be_length_n_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long, long);

  • long s48_copy_string_to_utf_16be_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, char*);

  • long s48_copy_string_to_utf_16be_n_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long, long, char*);

  • s48_ref_t s48_enter_string_utf_16le_2(s48_call_t, char*);     (may GC)

  • s48_ref_t s48_enter_string_utf_16le_n_2(s48_call_t, char*, long);     (may GC)

  • long s48_string_utf_16le_length_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t);

  • long s48_string_utf_16le_length_n_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long, long);

  • long s48_copy_string_to_utf_16le_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, char*);

  • long s48_copy_string_to_utf_16le_n_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long, long, char*);

The s48_enter_string_latin_1_2 function creates a Scheme string, initializing its contents from its NUL-terminated, Latin-1-encoded argument. The s48_enter_string_latin_1_n_2 function does the same, but allows specifying the length explicitly—no NUL terminator is necessary.

The s48_string_latin_1_length_2 function computes the length that the Latin-1 encoding of its argument (a Scheme string) would occupy, not including NUL termination. The s48_string_latin_1_length_2 function does the same, but allows specifying a starting index and a count into the input string.

The s48_copy_latin_1_to_string_2 function copies Latin-1-encoded characters from its second NUL-terminated argument to the Scheme string that is its third argument. The s48_copy_latin_1_to_string_n_2 does the same, but allows specifying the number of characters explicitly. The s48_copy_string_to_latin_1_2 function converts the characters of the Scheme string specified as the second argument into Latin-1 and writes them into the string specified as the third argument. (Note that it does not NUL-terminate the result.) The s48_copy_string_to_latin_1_n_2 function does the same, but allows specifying a starting index and a character count into the source string.

The s48_extract_latin_1_from_string_2 function returns a buffer that contains the Latin-1 encoded characters including NUL termination of the Scheme string specified. The buffer that is returned is a local buffer managed by the foreign-function interface and is automatically freed on the return of the current call.

The s48_enter_string_utf_8_2 function creates a Scheme string, initializing its contents from its NUL-terminated, UTF-8-encoded argument. The s48_enter_string_utf_8_n_2 function does the same, but allows specifying the length explicitly—no NUL terminator is necessary.

The s48_string_utf_8_length_2 function computes the length that the UTF-8 encoding of its argument (a Scheme string) would occupy, not including NUL termination. The s48_string_utf_8_length_2 function does the same, but allows specifying a starting index and a count into the input string.

The s48_copy_string_to_utf_8_2 function converts the characters of the Scheme string specified as the second argument into UTF-8 and writes them into the string specified as the third argument. (Note that it does not NUL-terminate the result.) The s48_copy_string_to_utf_8_n_2 function does the same, but allows specifying a starting index and a character count into the source string. Both return the length of the written encodings in bytes.

The s48_extract_utf_8_from_string_2 function returns a buffer that contains the UTF-8 encoded characters including NUL termination of the Scheme string specified. The buffer that is returned is a local buffer managed by the foreign-function interface and is automatically freed on the return of the current call.

The functions with utf_16 in their names work analogously to their utf_8 counterparts, but implement the UTF-16 encodings. The lengths returned be the _length and copy_string_to functions are in terms of UTF-16 code units. The extract function returns a local buffer that contains UTF-16 code units including NUL termination.

8.5.3  C versions of Scheme procedures

The following macros and procedures are C versions of Scheme procedures. The names were derived by replacing `-' with `_', `?' with `_p', and dropping `!.

  • int s48_eq_p_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, s48_ref_t)

  • int s48_char_p_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • int s48_null_p_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • int s48_pair_p_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • s48_ref_t s48_car_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • s48_ref_t s48_cdr_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • void s48_set_car_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, s48_ref_t)

  • void s48_set_cdr_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, s48_ref_t)

  • s48_ref_t s48_cons_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, s48_ref_t)     (may GC)

  • long s48_length_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • int s48_vector_p_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • long s48_vector_length_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • s48_ref_t s48_vector_ref_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long)

  • void s48_vector_set_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long, s48_ref_t)

  • s48_ref_t s48_make_vector_2(s48_call_t, long, s48_ref_t)     (may GC)

  • int s48_string_p_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • long s48_string_length_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • long s48_string_ref_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long)

  • void s48_string_set_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long, long)

  • s48_ref_t s48_make_string_2(s48_call_t, long, char)     (may GC)

  • int s48_symbol_p_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • s48_ref_t s48_symbol_to_string_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • int s48_byte_vector_p_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • long s48_byte_vector_length_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • char s48_byte_vector_ref_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long)

  • void s48_byte_vector_set_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long, int)

  • s48_ref_t s48_make_byte_vector_2(s48_call_t, long, int)     (may GC)

8.6  Calling Scheme functions from C

External code that has been called from Scheme can call back to Scheme procedures using the following function.

  • s48_ref_t s48_call_scheme_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t p, long nargs, ...)

This calls the Scheme procedure p on nargs arguments, which are passed as additional arguments to s48_call_scheme_2. There may be at most twelve arguments. The value returned by the Scheme procedure is returned by the C procedure. Invoking any Scheme procedure may potentially cause a garbage collection.

There are some complications that occur when mixing calls from C to Scheme with continuations and threads. C only supports downward continuations (via longjmp()). Scheme continuations that capture a portion of the C stack have to follow the same restriction. For example, suppose Scheme procedure s0 captures continuation a and then calls C procedure c0, which in turn calls Scheme procedure s1. Procedure s1 can safely call the continuation a, because that is a downward use. When a is called Scheme 48 will remove the portion of the C stack used by the call to c0. On the other hand, if s1 captures a continuation, that continuation cannot be used from s0, because by the time control returns to s0 the C stack used by c0 will no longer be valid. An attempt to invoke an upward continuation that is closed over a portion of the C stack will raise an exception.

In Scheme 48 threads are implemented using continuations, so the downward restriction applies to them as well. An attempt to return from Scheme to C at a time when the appropriate C frame is not on top of the C stack will cause the current thread to block until the frame is available. For example, suppose thread t0 calls a C procedure which calls back to Scheme, at which point control switches to thread t1, which also calls C and then back to Scheme. At this point both t0 and t1 have active calls to C on the C stack, with t1's C frame above t0's. If thread t0 attempts to return from Scheme to C it will block, as its frame is not accessible. Once t1 has returned to C and from there to Scheme, t0 will be able to resume. The return to Scheme is required because context switches can only occur while Scheme code is running. T0 will also be able to resume if t1 uses a continuation to throw past its call to C.

8.7  Interacting with the Scheme heap

Scheme 48 uses a copying, precise garbage collector. Any procedure that allocates objects within the Scheme 48 heap may trigger a garbage collection.

Local object references refer to values in the Scheme 48 heap and are automatically registered with the garbage collector by the interface for the duration of a function call from Scheme to C so that the values will be retained and the references will be updated if the garbage collector moves the object.

Global object references need to be created and freed explicitly for Scheme values that need to survive one function call, e.g. that are stored in global variables, global data structures or are passed to libraries. See section 8.7.1 for details.

Additionally, the interface provides local buffers that are malloc'd regions of memory valid for the duration of a function call and are freed automatically upon return from the external code. This relieves the programmer from explicitly freeing locally allocated memory. See section 8.7.2 for details.

The interface treats byte vectors in a special way, since the garbage collector has no facility for updating pointers to the interiors of objects, so that such pointers, for example the ones returned by s48_unsafe_extract_byte_vector_2, will likely become invalid when a garbage collection occurs. The interface provides a facility to prevent a garbage collection from invalidating pointers to byte vector's memory region, see section 8.7.3 for details.

8.7.1  Registering global references

When external code needs a reference object to survive the current call, the external code needs to do explicit bookkeeping. Local references must not be stored in global variables of the external code or passed to other threads, since all local references are freed once the call returns, which leads to a dangling pointer in the global variable or other thread respectively. Instead, promote a local reference to a global reference and store it in a global variable or pass to another thread as global references will survive the current call. Since the foreign-function interface never automatically frees global references, the programmer must free them at the right time.

  • s48_ref_t s48_make_global_ref(s48_value obj)

  • void s48_free_global_ref(s48_ref_t ref)

  • s48_ref_t s48_local_to_global_ref(s48_ref_t ref)

s48_make_global_ref permanently registers the Scheme value obj as a global reference with the garbage collector. Basic Scheme values are _s48_value_true, _s48_value_false, _s48_value_null, _s48_value_unspecific, _s48_value_undefined, and _s48_value_eof.

To free a global reference an to unregister it with the garbage collector, use s48_free_global_ref. The function s48_local_to_global_ref promotes a local reference object to a global reference object.

For example, to maintain a global list of values, declare a static global variable

  s48_ref_t global_list = NULL;

and initialize it in the external code's initialization function

  global_list = s48_make_global_ref(_s48_value_null);

Note that you need to use a Scheme value (not a reference object) as the argument for s48_make_global_ref, since there is not yet a call object at the time external code gets initialized. To add new_value to the list, you can use the following snippet:

  temp = global_list;
  global_list =  s48_local_to_global_ref(s48_cons_2(call, new_value, global_list))
  s48_free_global_ref(temp);

You have to remember to always promote reference objects to global references when assigning to a global variable (and later, to free them manually). Note that it is more efficient to free the previous head of the list when adding a new element to the list.

8.7.2  Local buffers

The foreign-function interface supports the programmer with allocating memory in external code: The programmer can request chunks of memory, called local buffers, that are automatically freed on return from the current call.

  • void *s48_make_local_buf (s48_call_t, size_t)

  • void s48_free_local_buf (s48_call_t, void *)

The function s48_make_local_buf returns a block of memory of the given size in bytes. This memory freed by the foreign-function interface when the current call returns. To free the buffer manually, use s48_free_local_buf.

8.7.3  Special treatment for byte vectors

The interface treats byte vectors in a special way, since the garbage collector has no facility for updating pointers to the interiors of objects, so that such pointers, for example the ones returned by s48_unsafe_extract_byte_vector_2, will likely become invalid when a garbage collection occurs. The interface provides a facility to prevent a garbage collection from invalidating pointers to byte vector's memory region. It does this by copying byte vectors that are used in external code from and to the Scheme heap.

These functions create byte vectors:

  • s48_ref_t s48_make_byte_vector_2(s48_call_t, long)     (may GC)

  • s48_ref_t s48_make_unmovable_byte_vector_2(s48_call_t, long)     (may GC)

  • s48_ref_t s48_enter_byte_vector_2(s48_call_t, const char *, long)     (may GC)

  • s48_ref_t s48_enter_unmovable_byte_vector_2(s48_call_t, const char *, long)     (may GC)

s48_make_byte_vector_2 creates a byte vector of given size, s48_make_unmovable_byte_vector_2 creates a byte vector in that is not moved by the garbage collector (only the Bibop garbage collector supports this). The functions s48_enter_byte_vector_2 and s48_enter_unmovable_byte_vector_2 create and initialize byte vectors.

The following functions copy byte vectors from and to the Scheme heap:

  • void s48_extract_byte_vector_region_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long, long, char*)

  • void s48_enter_byte_vector_region_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long, long, char*)

  • void s48_copy_from_byte_vector_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, char *)

  • void s48_copy_to_byte_vector_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, char *)

s48_extract_byte_vector_region_2 copies a given section from the given byte vector to its last argument, s48_enter_byte_vector_region_2 copies the contents of its last argument to its first argument to the given index. s48_copy_from_byte_vector_2 copies the whole byte vector to its last argument, s48_copy_to_byte_vector_2 copies the contents of its last argument to the byte vector.

  • char *s48_extract_byte_vector_unmanaged_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • void s48_release_byte_vector_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, char*)

s48_extract_byte_vector_unmanaged_2 returns a local buffer that is valid during the current external call and copies the contents of the given byte vector to the returned buffer. The returned byte vector may be a copy of the Scheme byte vector, changes made to the returned byte vector will not necessarily be reflected in Scheme until s48_release_byte_vector_2 is called.

The following functions to access byte vectors come with the most support from the foreign-function interface. Byte vectors that are accessed via these functions are automatically managed by the interface and are copied back to Scheme on return from the current call:

  • char *s48_extract_byte_vector_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • char *s48_extract_byte_vector_readonly_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

s48_extract_byte_vector_2 extracts a byte vector from Scheme by making a copy of the byte vectors contents and returning a pointer to that copy. Changes to the byte vector are automatically copied back to the Scheme heap when the function returns, external code raises an exception, or external code calls a Scheme function. s48_extract_byte_vector_readonly_2 should be used for byte vectors that are not modified by external code, since these byte vectors are not copied back to Scheme.

8.7.4  Memory overhead

Each reference object consumes a certain amount of memory itself, in addition to the memory taken by the referred Scheme object itself. Even though local references are eventually freed on return of an external call, there are some situations where it is desirable to free local references explicitly, since waiting until the call returns may be too long or never happen, which could keep unneeded objects live:

  • External code may create a large number of local references in a single external call. An example is the traversal of a list: Each call from external code to the functions that correspond to car and cdr returns a fresh local reference. To avoid the consumption of storage for local references proportional to the length of the list, the traversal must free the no-longer-needed references as it goes.

    For example, this is a straightforward definition of an external function that calculates the length of a list:

      s48_ref_t
  s48_length_2(s48_call_t call, s48_ref_t list)
  {
    long i = 0;
    while (!(s48_null_p_2(call, list)))
      {
        list = s48_cdr_2(call, list);
        ++i;
      }
    return s48_unsafe_enter_long_as_fixnum_2(call, i);
  }

    In this implementation, each iteration step creates a new local reference object via s48_cdr_2 that is actually only needed for the next iteration step. As a result, this function creates new local references for every element of the list. The local references are live during the entire function call.

    To avoid consuming storage proportional to the length of the list for all those local reference objects, the improved version cleans up the unneeded local reference on every iteration step:

      s48_ref_t
  s48_length_2(s48_call_t call, s48_ref_t list)
  {
    s48_ref_t l = s48_copy_local_ref(call, list);
    long i = 0;
    while (!(s48_null_p_2(call, l)))
      {
        s48_ref_t temp = l;
        l = s48_cdr_2(call, l);
        s48_free_local_ref(call, temp);
        ++i;
      }
    return s48_unsafe_enter_long_as_fixnum_2(call, i);
  }

    Note that without the call to s48_copy_local_ref the reference to the head of the list would be freed along with all the temporary references. This would render the whole list unusable after the return from s48_length_2.

  • The external call does not return at all. If the external function enters an infinite event dispatch loop, for example, it is crucial that the programmer releases local references manually that he created inside the loop so that they do not accumulate indefinitely and lead to a memory leak.

  • External code may hold a local reference to a large Scheme object. After the external code is done working on this object, it performs some additional computation before returning to the caller. The local reference to the large object prevents the object from being garbage collected until the external function returns, even if the object is no longer in use for the remainder of the computation. It is more space-efficient if the programmer frees the local reference when the external function does not need it any longer and will not return for quite some time.

  • There are common situations where local references are created solely to be passed to another function and afterwards never used again. In this case, the called function can free the local references of the arguments.

  • To improve memory usage while making subcalls from external calls, the foreign-function interface provides functionality to create a new (sub-)call object and clean the local references that are created during that subcall:

    • s48_call_t s48_make_subcall(s48_call_t call)

    • void s48_free_subcall(s48_call_t subcall)

    • s48_ref_t s48_finish_subcall(s48_call_t call, s48_call_t subcall, s48_ref_t ref)

    s48_make_subcall returns a new call object that represents a subcall of the current call and can be passed as the call argument to any subcalls of the current call. Upon return of a subcall, s48_free_subcall frees the subcall and all the local references associated with it. The function s48_finish_subcall also frees the subcall and all the local references associated with it, but copies its third argument to the current call, so that it survives the subcall.

8.7.5  Keeping C data structures in the Scheme heap

C data structures can be kept in the Scheme heap by embedding them inside byte vectors. The following macros can be used to create and access embedded C objects.

  • s48_ref_t s48_make_value_2(s48_call_t, type)     (may GC)

  • s48_ref_t s48_make_sized_value_2(s48_call_t, size)     (may GC)

  • type s48_extract_value_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, type)

  • long s48_value_size_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • type * s48_extract_value_pointer_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, type)

  • void s48_set_value_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, type, value)

s48_make_value_2 makes a byte vector large enough to hold an object whose type is type. s48_make_sized_value_2 makes a byte vector large enough to hold an object of size bytes. s48_extract_value_2 returns the contents of a byte vector cast to type, s48_value_size_2 returns its size, and s48_extract_value_pointer_2 returns a pointer to the contents of the byte vector. The value returned by s48_extract_value_pointer_2 is valid only until the next garbage collection. s48_set_value_2 stores value into the byte vector.

Pointers to C data structures can be stored in the Scheme heap:

  • s48_ref_t s48_enter_pointer_2(s48_call_t, void *)     (may GC)

  • void * s48_extract_pointer_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)     (may GC)

The function s48_enter_pointer_2 makes a byte vector large enough to hold the pointer value and stores the pointer value in the byte vector. The function s48_extract_pointer_2 extracts the pointer value from the scheme heap.

8.7.6  C code and heap images

Scheme 48 uses dumped heap images to restore a previous system state. The Scheme 48 heap is written into a file in a machine-independent and operating-system-independent format. The procedures described above may be used to create objects in the Scheme heap that contain information specific to the current machine, operating system, or process. A heap image containing such objects may not work correctly when resumed.

To address this problem, a record type may be given a `resumer' procedure. On startup, the resumer procedure for a type is applied to each record of that type in the image being restarted. This procedure can update the record in a manner appropriate to the machine, operating system, or process used to resume the image.

  • (define-record-resumer record-type procedure)

Define-record-resumer defines procedure, which should accept one argument, to be the resumer for record-type. The order in which resumer procedures are called is not specified.

The procedure argument to define-record-resumer may be #f, in which case records of the given type are not written out in heap images. When writing a heap image any reference to such a record is replaced by the value of the record's first field, and an exception is raised after the image is written.

8.8  Using Scheme records in C code

External modules can create records and access their slots positionally.

  • s48_ref_t s48_make_record_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)     (may GC)

  • int s48_record_p_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • s48_ref_t s48_record_type_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • s48_ref_t s48_record_ref_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long)

  • void s48_record_set_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long, s48_ref_t)

The argument to s48_make_record_2 should be a shared binding whose value is a record type. In C the fields of Scheme records are only accessible via offsets, with the first field having offset zero, the second offset one, and so forth. If the order of the fields is changed in the Scheme definition of the record type the C code must be updated as well.

For example, given the following record-type definition 

(define-record-type thing :thing
  (make-thing a b)
  thing?
  (a thing-a)
  (b thing-b))

the identifier :thing is bound to the record type and can be exported to C: 

(define-exported-binding "thing-record-type" :thing)

Thing records can then be made in C: 

static s48_ref_t
  thing_record_type_binding = NULL;

void initialize_things(void)
{
  thing_record_type_binding =
     s48_get_imported_binding_2("thing-record-type");
}

s48_ref_t make_thing(s48_call_t call, s48_ref_t a, s48_ref_t b)
{
  s48_ref_t thing;
  thing = s48_make_record_2(call, thing_record_type_binding);
  s48_record_set_2(call, thing, 0, a);
  s48_record_set_2(call, thing, 1, b);
  return thing;
}

Note that the interface takes care of protecting all local references against the possibility of a garbage collection occurring during the call to s48_make_record_2(); also note that the record type binding is a global reference that is live until explicitly freed.

8.9  Raising exceptions from external code

The following macros explicitly raise certain errors, immediately returning to Scheme 48. Raising an exception performs all necessary clean-up actions to properly return to Scheme 48, including adjusting the stack of protected variables.

The following procedures are available for raising particular types of exceptions. These never return.

  • s48_assertion_violation_2(s48_call_t, const char* who, const char* message, long count, ...)

  • s48_error_2(s48_call_t, const char* who, const char* message, long count, ...)

  • s48_os_error_2(s48_call_t, const char* who, const char* message, long count, ...)

  • s48_out_of_memory_error_2(s48_call_t, )

An assertion violation signaled via s48_assertion_violation_2 typically means that an invalid argument (or invalid number of arguments) has been passed. An error signaled via s48_error_2 means that an environmental error (like an I/O error) has occurred. In both cases, who indicates the location of the error, typically the name of the function it occurred in. It may be NULL, in which the system guesses a name. The message argument is an error message encoded in UTF-8. Additional arguments may be passed that become part of the condition object that will be raised on the Scheme side: count indicates their number, and the arguments (which must be of type s48_ref_t) follow.

The s48_os_error_2 function is like s48_error_2, except that the error message is inferred from an OS error code (as in strerror). The s48_out_of_memory_error_2 function signals that the system has run out of memory.

The following macros raise assertion violations if their argument does not have the required type. s48_check_boolean_2 raises an error if its argument is neither #t or #f.

  • void s48_check_boolean_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • void s48_check_symbol_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • void s48_check_pair_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • void s48_check_string_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • void s48_check_integer_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • void s48_check_channel_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • void s48_check_byte_vector_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • void s48_check_record_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • void s48_check_shared_binding_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

8.10  External events

External code can push the occurrence of external events into the main Scheme 48 event loop and Scheme code can wait and act on external events.

On the Scheme side, the external events functionality consists of the following functions from the structure primitives:

  • (new-external-event-uid shared-binding-or-#f) –>  uid

  • (unregister-external-event-uid! uid)

And the following functions from the structure external-events:

  • (register-condvar-for-external-event! uid condvar)

  • (wait-for-external-event condvar)

  • (new-external-event) –>  uid condvar

The function new-external-event-uid returns a fresh event identifier on every call. When called with a shared binding instead of #f, new-external-event-uid returns a named event identifier for permanent use. The function unregister-external-event-uid unregisters the given event identifier.

External events use condition variables to synchronize the occurrence of events, see section 7.5 for more information on condition variables. The function register-condvar-for-external-event registers a condition variable with an event identifier. For convenience, the function new-external-event combines new-external-event-uid and register-condvar-for-external-event and returns a fresh event identifier and the corresponding condition variable.

The function wait-for-external-event blocks the caller (on the condition variable) until the Scheme main event loop receives an event notification (by s48_note_external_event) of the event identifier that is registered with the given condition variable (with register-condvar-for-external-event). There is no guarantee that the caller of wait-for-external-event is unblocked on every event notification, therefore the caller has to be prepared to handle multiple external events that have occurred and external code has to be prepared to store multiple external events.

The following prototype is the interface on the external side:

  • void s48_note_external_event(long)

External code has to collect external events and can use s48_note_external_event to signal the occurrence of an external event to the main event loop. The argument to s48_note_external_event is an event identifier that was previously registered on the Scheme side. Thus, external code has to obtain the event identifier from the Scheme side, either by passing the event identifier as an argument to the external function that calls s48_note_external_event or by exporting the Scheme value to C (see section 8.2.1).

Since the main event loop does not guarantee that every call to s48_note_external_event causes the just occurred event to get handled immediately, external code has to make sure that it can collect multiple external events (i.e. keep them in an appropriate data structure). It is safe for external code to call s48_note_external_event on every collected external event, though, even if older events have not been handled yet.

8.10.1  Collecting external events in external code

External code has to be able to collect multiple events that have occurred. Therefore, external code has to create the needed data structures to store the information that is associated with the occurred event. Usually, external code collects the events in a thread. An separate thread does not have an call argument, though, so it cannot create Scheme data structures. It must use C data structures to collect the events, for example it can create a linked list of events.

Since the events are later handled on the Scheme side, the information associated with the event needs to be visible on the Scheme side, too. Therefore, external code exports a function to Scheme that returns all current events as Scheme objects (the function that returns the events knows about the current call and thus can create Scheme objects). Scheme and external code might need to share Scheme record types that represent the event information. Typically, the function that returns the events converts the C event list into a Scheme event list by preserving the original order in which the events arrived. Note that the external list data structure that holds all events needs to be mutex locked on each access to preserve thread-safe manipulation of the data structure (the Scheme thread that processes events and the external thread that collects events may access the data structures at the same time).

8.10.2  Handling external events in Scheme

If the sole occurrence of an event does not suffice for the program, the Scheme side has to pull the information that is associated with an event from the C side. Then, the Scheme side can handle the event data. For example, a typical event loop on the Scheme side that waits on external events of an permanent event type that an long-running external thread produces may look like this:

(define *external-event-uid* 
  (new-external-event-uid (lookup-imported-binding "my-event")))

(spawn-external-thread *external-event-uid*)

(let loop ()
  (let ((condvar (make-condvar)))
    (register-condvar-for-external-event! *external-event-uid* condvar)
    (wait-for-external-event condvar)
    (process-external-events! (get-external-events))
    (loop)))

In the above example, the variable *external-event-uid* is defined as a permanent event identifier. On every pass through the loop, a fresh condition variable is registered with the event identifier, then wait-for-external-event blocks on the condition variable until external code signals the occurrence of a matching event. Note that process-external-events! and get-external-events need to be defined by the user. The user-written function get-external-events returns all the events that the external code has collected since the last time get-external-events was called; the user-written function process-external-events! handles the events on the Scheme side.

When the Scheme side only waits for one single event, there is no need for an event loop and an permanent event identifier. Then, new-external-event is more convenient to use:

(call-with-values
  (lambda () (new-external-event))
  (lambda (uid condvar)
    (spawn-external-thread uid)
    (wait-for-external-event condvar)
    (unregister-external-event-uid! uid)
    ...))

Here, new-external-event returns a fresh event identifier and a fresh condition variable. The event identifier is passed to spawn-external-thread and the condition variable is used to wait for the occurrence of the external event.

External code uses s48_note_external_event to push the fact that an external event occurred into the main event loop, then the Scheme code needs to pull the actual event data from external code (in this example with get-external-events). The user-written function spawn-external-thread runs the external code that informs the Scheme side about the occurrence of external events. The event identifier is passed as an argument. The external-event-related parts of the implementation of spawn-external-thread in external code could look like this:

s48_ref_t
spawn_external_thread(s48_call_t call, s48_ref_t sch_event_uid) {
  ...
  s48_note_external_event(s48_extract_long_2(call, sch_event_uid));
  ...
}

The event identifier is extracted from its Scheme representation and used to inform the Scheme side about an occurrence of this specific event type.

8.11  Unsafe functions and macros

All of the C procedures and macros described above check that their arguments have the appropriate types and that indexes are in range. The following procedures and macros are identical to those described above, except that they do not perform type and range checks. They are provided for the purpose of writing more efficient code; their general use is not recommended.

  • long s48_unsafe_extract_char_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • s48_ref_t s48_unsafe_enter_char_2(s48_call_t, long)

  • long s48_unsafe_extract_integer_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • long s48_unsafe_extract_double_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • long s48_unsafe_extract_fixnum_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • s48_ref_t s48_unsafe_enter_fixnum_2(s48_call_t, long)

  • s48_ref_t s48_unsafe_car_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • s48_ref_t s48_unsafe_cdr_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • void s48_unsafe_set_car_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, s48_ref_t)

  • void s48_unsafe_set_cdr_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, s48_ref_t)

  • long s48_unsafe_vector_length_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • s48_ref_t s48_unsafe_vector_ref_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long)

  • void s48_unsafe_vector_set_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long, s48_ref_t)

  • long s48_unsafe_string_length_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • char s48_unsafe_string_ref_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long)

  • void s48_unsafe_string_set_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long, char)

  • s48_ref_t s48_unsafe_symbol_to_string_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • char * s48_unsafe_extract_byte_vector_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • long s48_unsafe_byte_vector_length_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • char s48_unsafe_byte_vector_ref_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long)

  • void s48_unsafe_byte_vector_set_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long, int)

Additionally to not performing type checks, the pointer returned by s48_unsafe_extract_byte_vector_2 will likely become invalid when a garbage collection occurs. See section8.7.3 on how the interface deals with byte vectors in a proper way.

  • s48_ref_t s48_unsafe_shared_binding_ref_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t s_b)

  • int s48_unsafe_shared_binding_p_2(s48_call_t, x)

  • int s48_unsafe_shared_binding_is_import_p_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t s_b)

  • s48_ref_t s48_unsafe_shared_binding_name_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t s_b)

  • void s48_unsafe_shared_binding_set_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t s_b, s48_ref_t value)

  • s48_ref_t s48_unsafe_record_type_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t)

  • s48_ref_t s48_unsafe_record_ref_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long)

  • void s48_unsafe_record_set_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, long, s48_ref_t)

  • type s48_unsafe_extract_value_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, type)

  • type * s48_unsafe_extract_value_pointer_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, type)

  • void s48_unsafe_set_value_2(s48_call_t, s48_ref_t, type, value)

8.12  Converting external code to the new foreign-function interface

It is straightforward to convert external code from the old foreign-function interface to the new foreign-function interface:

  • Converting functions:

    • Add s48_call call as a first argument to every function prototype that returns or accepts a s48_value.

    • Replace every s48_value type in the function prototype and the body with s48_ref_t.

    • Add call as the first argument to every function call that returns or accepts a Scheme object.

    • Remove all the GCPROTECT-related code (i.e. GCPROTECT and UNPROTECT).

  • Converting global (static) variables:

    • Replace s48_value type of the global variable with s48_ref_t, initialize these variables with NULL.

    • Set a real Scheme object in the initialization function of your code with one of these alternatives:

      • Use s48_make_global_ref to convert a s48_value to a global reference. For details and an example see section 8.7.1.

      • Use s48_local_to_global_ref to convert a local reference object to a global one.

      • If your global variable is supposed to hold a shared binding (e.g. an record type binding), you can use s48_get_imported_binding_2 that returns a global reference.

    • Replace S48_GC_PROTECT_GLOBAL with s48_local_to_global_ref to convert a local reference object to a global one.

    • Use s48_free_global_ref to cleanup global references when appropriate.

If you add #define NO_OLD_FFI 1 just above #include <scheme48.h> in your source code file, it will hide all the macros and prototype definitions of the old foreign-function interface. That way you can make sure that you are only using the new interface and the C compiler will remind you if you don't.

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scheme48-1.9/doc/html/manual.html000644 004306 005702 00000007357 12074535600 017712 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 The Incomplete Scheme 48 Reference Manual for release 1.9
[Go to first, previous, next page;   contents;   index]

The Incomplete Scheme 48 Reference Manual for release 1.9

 

Richard Kelsey Jonathan Rees Mike Sperber Marcus Crestani Robert Ransom Roderic Morris Marcel Turino Martin Gasbichler

A line may take us hours, yet if it does not seem a moment's thought
All our stitching and unstitching has been as nought.
                                                  Yeats
Adam's Curse

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Last modified: Sunday, December 30th, 2012 4:44:02pm MET-1MST-2,M3.5.0,M10.5.0
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See file COPYING for notices and license. % Authors: Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees, Mike Sperber \begin{thebibliography}{10} \addtocounter{chapter}{1} \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\protect\numberline{\thechapter}{Bibliography}} \bibitem{POSIX} Information technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX). \newblock ISO/IEC 9945-1 ANSI/IEEE Std 1003.1. \newblock 2nd Ed., 1996. \bibitem{Clinger-Rees:Macros} William Clinger and Jonathan~Rees. \newblock Macros that work. \newblock {\em Principles of Programming Languages}, January 1991. \bibitem{Clinger-Rees:R4RS} William Clinger and Jonathan~Rees (editors). \newblock Revised${}^4$ report on the algorithmic language {S}cheme. \newblock {\em LISP Pointers} IV(3):1--55, July-September 1991. \bibitem{Curtis-Rauen:Modules} Pavel Curtis and James Rauen. \newblock A module system for Scheme. \newblock {\em ACM Conference on Lisp and Functional Programming,} pages 13--19, 1990. \bibitem{Kelsey-Rees:Scheme48} Richard~Kelsey and Jonathan~Rees. \newblock A Tractable {Scheme} Implementation. \newblock {\em Lisp and Symbolic Computation} 7:315--335 1994. \bibitem{R5RS} Richard Kelsey, Will Clinger, Jonathan Rees (editors). \newblock Revised$^5$ Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme. \newblock {\em Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation,} Vol. 11, No. 1, September, 1998. \newblock and {\em ACM SIGPLAN Notices}, Vol. 33, No. 9, October, 1998. \bibitem{MacQueen:Modules} David MacQueen. \newblock Modules for Standard ML. \newblock {\em ACM Conference on Lisp and Functional Programming,} 1984. \bibitem{Rees-Donald:Program} Jonathan Rees and Bruce Donald. \newblock Program mobile robots in Scheme. \newblock {\em International Conference on Robotics and Automation,} IEEE, 1992. \bibitem{Reppy:CML-book} John H. Reppy. \newblock Concurrent Programming in ML. \newblock Cambridge University Press, 1999. \bibitem{Sheldon-Gifford:Static} Mark A.~Sheldon and David K.~Gifford. \newblock Static dependent types for first-class modules. \newblock {\em ACM Conference on Lisp and Functional Programming,} pages 20--29, 1990. \bibitem{Shivers:Scsh-manual} Olin Shivers, Brian D.~Carlstrom, Martin Gasbichler and Mike Sperber. \newblock Scsh Reference Manual, scsh release 0.6.6. \newblock Available at URL \texttt{http://www.scsh.net/}. \bibitem{Shivers:Scsh96} Olin Shivers. \newblock A universal scripting framework, or Lambda: the ultimate ``little language''. \newblock {\em Concurrency and Parallelism, Programming, Networking, and Security,} pages 254--265, Springer 1996. \newblock Joxan Jaffar and Roland H.~C.~Yap, editors. \end{thebibliography} scheme48-1.9/doc/src/code.tex000644 004306 005702 00000006504 12067075540 017023 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 % Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. % Authors: Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees % Latex Macros for Lisp code in text. % Based on macros found in C. Rich's library. \makeatletter % \vobeyspaces turns all spaces into non-breakable spaces. % Note: this is like \@vobeyspaces except without spurious space in defn. {\catcode`\ =\active\gdef\vobeyspaces{\catcode`\ =\active\let =\@xobeysp}} % \def\vobeytabs turns all tabs into 8 non-breakable spaces {\catcode`\^^I=\active\gdef\vobeytabs{\catcode`\^^I=\active\let^^I=\xvobeytabs}} \def\xvobeytabs{\@xobeysp\@xobeysp\@xobeysp\@xobeysp\@xobeysp\@xobeysp\@xobeysp\@xobeysp} % \vobeylines turns all cr's into non-breakable \par's {\catcode`\^^M=\active\gdef\vobeylines{\catcode`\^^M=\active\let^^M=\xvobeylines}} \def\xvobeylines{\par\penalty10000} % \obeycrsp turns cr's into non-breakable spaces {\catcode`\^^M=\active\gdef\obeycrsp{\catcode`\^^M=\active\let^^M=\@xobeysp}} %% \@noligs prevents ?` and !` from being treated as ligatures %% added 19 April 86 [copied from Latex sources] \begingroup \catcode``=13 \gdef\@noligs{\let`=\@lquote} \endgroup % Set up code environment, in which most of the common special characters % appearing in code are treated verbatim, namely: _ # & ^ $ ~ @ " % % *** JAR NEEDED $ AND _ IN SOME CODE *** % Note: \ { } are still enabled so that macros can be called in this % environment. Use \\, \{ and \} to use these characters verbatim % in this environment. % Note: this environment allows no breaking of lines whatsoever; not % at spaces or hypens. To arrange for a break use the standard \- macro, % or the \= macro which breaks, but inserts nothing. This is useful, % for example for allowing hypenated identifiers to be broken, e.g. % FOO-\=BAR. \def\setupcode{\parsep=0pt\parindent=0pt \tt\frenchspacing\catcode``=13\@noligs% \def\\{\char`\\}% \@makeother\#\@makeother\&\@makeother\^%\@makeother\_\@makeother\$% \@makeother\`\@makeother\'% \@makeother\~\@makeother\@\@makeother\"\@makeother\%\vobeytabs\vobeyspaces} % Code environment as described above. Note that blank lines are % not preserved, and lines are not kept on one page. Code is % indented by the same amount as quotes. % Note: to increase left margin, use \leftmargini=1in. % was {\list{}{\parsep=0pt}\item[]\setupcode\obeylines}% % then {\list{\parsep=0pt\listparindent=0pt\leftmargin=0pt}{}\item[]\setupcode% \newenvironment{bigcode}% {\list{}{\parsep=0pt\leftmargin=0pt\labelwidth=0pt\itemindent=0pt% \listparindent=0pt}\item[]\setupcode% \obeylines}% {\endlist} % Code is just like bigcode, but everything inside is kept on one page % Note: This actually works by setting a huge penalty for breaking % between lines of code. % was {\list{}{\parsep=0pt}\item[]\setupcode\vobeylines}% \newenvironment{code}% {\list{}{\parsep=0pt\leftmargin=0pt\labelwidth=0pt\itemindent=0pt% \listparindent=0pt}\item[]\setupcode% \vobeylines}% {\endlist} % Reasonable separation between lines of code \newcommand{\codeskip}{\penalty0\vspace{2ex}} % \cd is used to build a code environment in the middle of text. % Note: only difference from display code is that cr's are taken % as unbreakable spaces instead of \par's. \newcommand{\cd}{\begingroup\setupcode\obeycrsp\startcode} \newcommand{\startcode}[1]{#1\endgroup} %\setbox0\hbox{\@xobeysp}\hline{43\wd0} \makeatother scheme48-1.9/doc/src/command.tex000644 004306 005702 00000116174 12067075540 017534 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 % Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. % Authors: % Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees, Robert Ransom, Mike Sperber, Marcel % Turino \chapter{Command processor} \label{chapter:command-processor} This chapter details Scheme~48's command processor, which incorporates both a read-eval-print loop and an interactive debugger. At the \code{>} prompt, you can type either a Scheme form (expression or definition) or a command beginning with a comma. In inspection mode (see section~\ref{inspector}) the prompt changes to \code{:} and commands no longer need to be preceded by a comma; input beginning with a letter or digit is assumed to be a command, not an expression. In inspection mode the command processor prints out a menu of selectable components for the current object of interest. \section{Current focus value and {\tt \#\#}} The command processor keeps track of a current {\em focus value}. This value is normally the last value returned by a command. If a command returns multiple values the focus object is a list of the values. The focus value is not changed if a command returns no values or a distinguished `unspecific' value. Examples of forms that return this unspecific value are definitions, uses of \code{set!}, and \code{(if \#f 0)}. It prints as \code{\#\{Unspecific\}}. The reader used by the command processor reads \code{\#\#} as a special expression that evaluates to the current focus object. \begin{example} > (list 'a 'b) '(a b) > (car ##) 'a > (symbol->string ##) "a" > (if #f 0) #\{Unspecific\} > ## "a" > \end{example} \section{Command levels} If an error, keyboard interrupt, or other breakpoint occurs, or the \code{,push} command is used, the command processor invokes a recursive copy of itself, preserving the dynamic state of the program when the breakpoint occurred. The recursive invocation creates a new {\em command level}. The command levels form a stack with the current level at the top. The command prompt indicates the number of stopped levels below the current one: \code{>} or \code{:} for the base level and \code{\cvar{n}>} or \code{\cvar{n}:} for all other levels, where \cvar{n} is the command-level nesting depth. The \code{levels} setting described below can be used to disable the automatic pushing of new levels. The command processor's evaluation package and the value of the current focus value are local to each command level. They are preserved when a new level is pushed and restored when it is discarded. The settings of all other settings are shared by all command levels. \begin{description} \item $\langle{}$eof$\rangle{}$\\ Discards the current command level and resumes running the level down. $\langle{}$eof$\rangle{}$ is usually control-\code{D} at a Unix shell or control-\code{C} control-\code{D} using the Emacs \code{cmuscheme48} library. \item \code{,pop}\\ The same as $\langle{}$eof$\rangle{}$. \item \code{,proceed [\cvar{exp} \ldots}]\\ Proceed after an interrupt or error, resuming the next command level down, delivering the values of \cvar{exp~\ldots} to the continuation. Interrupt continuations discard any returned values. \code{,Pop} and \code{,proceed} have the same effect after an interrupt but behave differently after errors. \code{,Proceed} restarts the erroneous computation from the point where the error occurred (although not all errors are proceedable) while \code{,pop} (and $\langle{}$eof$\rangle{}$) discards it and prompts for a new command. \item \code{,push}\\ Pushes a new command level on above the current one. This is useful if the \code{levels} setting has been used to disable the automatic pushing of new levels for errors and interrupts. \item \code{,reset [\cvar{number}]}\\ Pops down to a given level and restarts that level. \cvar{Number} defaults to zero, \code{,reset} restarts the command processor, discarding all existing levels. \end{description} Whenever moving to an existing level, either by sending an $\langle{}$eof$\rangle{}$ or by using \code{,reset} or the other commands listed above, the command processor runs all of the \code{dynamic-wind} ``after'' thunks belonging to stopped computations on the discarded level(s). \section{Logistical commands} \begin{description} \item \code{,load \cvar{filename \ldots}}\\ Loads the named Scheme source file(s). Easier to type than \code{(load "\cvar{filename}")} because you don't have to shift to type the parentheses or quote marks. (However, it is still possible to specify a filename as a Scheme string literal, with quote marks---you'll need this for filenames containing whitespace.) Also, it works in any package, unlike \code{(load "\cvar{filename}")}, which will work only in packages in which the variable \code{load} is defined appropriately. \item \code{,exit [\cvar{exp}]}\\ Exits back out to shell (or executive or whatever invoked Scheme~48 in the first place). \cvar{Exp} should evaluate to an integer. The integer is returned to the calling program. The default value of \cvar{exp} is zero, which, on Unix, is generally interpreted as success. \end{description} \section{Module commands} \label{module-command-guide} There are many commands related to modules. Only the most commonly used module commands are described here; documentation for the rest can be found in section~\ref{module-commands}. There is also a brief description of modules, structures, and packages in section~\ref{module-guide} below. \begin{description} \item \code{,open \cvar{structure \ldots}}\\ Makes the bindings in the \cvar{structure}s visible in the current package. The packages associated with the \cvar{structure}s will be loaded if this has not already been done (the \code{ask-before-loading} setting can be used to disable the automatic loading of packages). \item \code{,config [\cvar{command}]}\\ Executes \cvar{command} in the \code{config} package, which includes the module configuration language. For example, use \begin{example} ,config ,load \cvar{filename} \end{example} to load a file containing module definitions. If no \cvar{command} is given, the \code{config} package becomes the execution package for future commands. \item \code{,user [\cvar{command}]} \\ This is similar to the {\tt ,config}. It moves to or executes a command in the user package (which is the default package when the \hack{} command processor starts). \end{description} \section{Debugging commands} \label{debug-commands} \begin{description} \item \code{,preview}\\ Somewhat like a backtrace, but because of tail recursion you see less than you might in debuggers for some other languages. The stack to display is chosen as follows: \begin{enumerate} \item If the current focus object is a continuation or a thread, then that continuation or thread's stack is displayed. \item Otherwise, if the current command level was initiated because of a breakpoint in the next level down, then the stack at that breakpoint is displayed. \item Otherwise, there is no stack to display and a message is printed to that effect. \end{enumerate} One line is printed out for each continuation on the chosen stack, going from top to bottom. \item \code{,run \cvar{exp}}\\ Evaluate \cvar{exp}, printing the result(s) and making them (or a list of them, if \cvar{exp} returns multiple results) the new focus object. The \code{,run} command is useful in inspection mode (see section~\ref{inspector} below) and when writing command programs (see section~\ref{command-programs} below). \item \code{,trace \cvar{name} \ldots}\\ Start tracing calls to the named procedure or procedures. With no arguments, displays all procedures currently traced. This affects the binding of \cvar{name}, not the behavior of the procedure that is its current value. \cvar{Name} is redefined to be a procedure that prints a message, calls the original value of \cvar{name}, prints another message, and finally passes along the value(s) returned by the original procedure. \item \code{,untrace \cvar{name} \ldots}\\ Stop tracing calls to the named procedure or procedures. With no argument, stop tracing all calls to all procedures. \item \code{,condition}\\ The \code{,condition} command displays the condition object describing the error or interrupt that initiated the current command level. The condition object becomes the current focus value. This is particularly useful in conjunction with the inspector. For example, if a procedure is passed the wrong number of arguments, do \code{,condition} followed by \code{,inspect} to inspect the procedure and its arguments. \item \code{,bound?\ \cvar{name}}\\ Display the binding of \cvar{name}, if there is one, and otherwise prints `\code{Not bound}'. \item \code{,expand \cvar{form}} Show macro expansion of \cvar{form}, if any, fully expanding all macros in \cvar{form}. \item \code{,where \cvar{procedure}}\\ Display name of file containing \cvar{procedure}'s source code. \end{description} \section{Profiling commands} \label{profiling-commands} After loading the \code{profile-commands} structure via % \begin{example} ,load-package profile-commands \end{example} % Scheme~48 provides a basic profiler, with support for flat and call-graph profiles. In addition to call- and runtimes the heap memory usage is estimated as well. By adding the byte-code optimizer \code{profiler-instrumentation} to the definition of a structure via a clause % \begin{example} (optimize profiler-instrumentation) \end{example} % in the structure definition, code will by instrumented with calls to the profiler. The call-times to instrumented code can then be measured exactly. Without instrumentation, the profiler is solely based on sampling and therefore has only limited accuracy. Any evaluation can be profiled with the following command: \begin{description} \item \code{,profile \cvar{command}}\\ Evaluate \cvar{command} under the profiler, printing the profiling result and making the return value(s) of \cvar{command} the new focus object. \end{description} The output of the profiler is explained on the basis of the following piece of senseless code: \begin{example} (define (c x) (if (= x 0) 0 (+ 1 (c (- x 1))))) (define (b x) (let ((y (- x 1))) (if (> y 0) (begin (c y) (a y) (+ 1 (a y))) 0))) (define (a x) (let ((y (- x 1))) (if (> y 0) (begin (c y) (b y) (+ 1 (b y))) 0))) (define (main x) (+ 1 (a x))) \end{example} The profiler produces the following output: \begin{example} > ,profile (main 21) ** Samples: 60 (approx. one per 40ms) ** Interrupt time: 50ms ** Real run time: 2430ms ** Total memory: 22k ** GC runs: 0 ** Flat result (times in ms): time cumu self mem calls ms/call name 61.66% 1498 1498 2k 37+51 17 c in "x.scm" 25.0% 2430 608 10k 436 6 b in "x.scm" 13.33% 2430 324 10k 442 5 a in "x.scm" 0.0% 2430 0 0k 1 2430 main in "x.scm" ** Tree result (times in ms): i time self child mem calls name 0 100.0% 0 2430 0k 0 [0] 0 2430 0k 1/1 main in "x.scm" [1] ========================================================= 441/442 b in "x.scm" [3] 324 891 10k 1/442 main in "x.scm" [1] 1 100.0% 324 891 10k 442 a in "x.scm" [2] 891 0 1k 22/37 c in "x.scm" [4] 436/436 b in "x.scm" [3] ========================================================= 436/436 a in "x.scm" [2] 2 100.0% 608 608 10k 436 b in "x.scm" [3] 608 0 1k 15/37 c in "x.scm" [4] 441/442 a in "x.scm" [2] ========================================================= 0 2430 0k 1/1 [0] 3 100.0% 0 2430 0k 1 main in "x.scm" [1] 324 891 10k 1/442 a in "x.scm" [2] ========================================================= 608 0 1k 15/37 b in "x.scm" [3] 891 0 1k 22/37 a in "x.scm" [2] 4 61.66% 1498 0 2k 37+51 c in "x.scm" [4] ========================================================= 932 1498 20k 1/1 main in "x.scm" [1] 0 100.0% 932 1498 20k 1+877 324 891 10k 441 a in "x.scm" [2] 608 608 10k 436 b in "x.scm" [3] 0 0 2k 37/37 c in "x.scm" [4] \end{example} The formatting of the output is based on the output of GNU gprof \footnote{part of the GNU Binary Utilities: http://www.gnu.org/software/binutils/}. First, general information about the profiling is shown: \begin{itemize} \item \code{samples}: total number of samples taken and the average time between two samples \item \code{interrupt time}: theoretical interrupt time, the time between two samples \item \code{real run time}: the total run time of the evaluation, simple measurement from the beginning to the end of the evaluation \item \code{total memory}: the total amount of memory used by the program, here in kilobytes \item \code{GC runs}: the number of times the garbage collector was running while evaluating \end{itemize} The flat profile gives overall statistics for each procedure in the program: \begin{itemize} \item \code{time}: percentage of time the procedure has in the program (based on ``\code{self}'') \item \code{cumu}: total cumulative time the procedure was running \item \code{self}: total time the procedure was running itself (without children) \item \code{mem}: approximated memory usage of the procedure \item \code{calls}: the number of non-recursive calls to the procedure. Recursive calls are displayed after an optionally appended "+" to former number (see procedure \code{c} in example output above). \item \code{ms/call}: estimate of the time per call (with children), based on non-recursive calls and ``\code{cumu}''. \item \code{name}: the name of the procedure and the file it is defined in \end{itemize} The tree result displays profiling information depending on the caller of a particular procedure. As in gprof output, for each procedure there is an \textit{entry}. Entries are separated by lines of \code{=}s. Each entry displays the callers (indented), the procedure itself and the procedure called (indented). The meaning of the fields depends on the type of the entry, for example: \begin{example} i time self child mem calls name 324 891 10k 1/442 main [1] 1 100.0% 324 891 10k 442 a [2] 891 0 1k 22/37 c [4] \end{example} Every procedure has a unique index number \code{i} (here ``1''), based on the position in the call-graph. It is used to quickly find the corresponding entry. The number is appended to the procedure name (in brackets). The meaning of the ``cycle'' suffix is explained below. Callers (here \code{main}): \begin{itemize} \item \code{self}: time spent directly in \code{a} when called by \code{main} \item \code{child}: time spent in children of \code{a} when called by \code{main} \item \code{mem}: memory usage of \code{a} when called by \code{main} \item \code{calls}: two numbers: number of calls to \code{a} from \code{main} and total number of non-recursive calls to \code{a} \end{itemize} Primary line (here \code{a}): \begin{itemize} \item \code{time}: total percentage of time \code{a} was running \item \code{self}: total time spent directly in \code{a} \item \code{child}: total time spent in children of \code{a} \item \code{mem}: total memory usage of \code{a} \item \code{calls}: the total number of non-recursive calls to \code{a}. Recursive calls are displayed after an optional \code{+}. \end{itemize} Called (here \code{c}): \begin{itemize} \item \code{self}: time spent directly in \code{c} when called by \code{a} \item \code{child}: time spent in children of \code{c} when called by \code{a} \item \code{mem}: memory usage of \code{c} when called by \code{a} \item \code{calls}: two numbers: number of calls to \code{c} from \code{a} and total number of non-recursive calls to \code{c} \end{itemize} A special treatment is needed for mutual-recursive procedures. In the example, \code{a} calls \code{b} and \code{b} calls \code{a}. This is called a \textit{cycle}. If \code{a} would call another procedure \code{d} and \code{d} would call \code{a}, all three procedures form a cycle. Cycles have a separate entry in the call graph. This entry consists of the callers into the cycle, the primary line of the cycle, the member procedures of the cycle and the external procedures called by the cycle: \begin{example} 932 1498 20k 1/1 main [1] 0 100.0% 932 1498 20k 1+877 324 891 10k 441 a [2] 608 608 10k 436 b [3] 0 0 2k 37/37 c [4] \end{example} Callers (here \code{main}): \begin{itemize} \item the meaning of the fields are the same as above. The member procedures of the cycle are seen as a whole. \end{itemize} Primary line: \begin{itemize} \item \code{time}: total percentage of time any procedure of the cycle was running \item \code{self}: total time spent directly in a procedure of the cycle \item \code{child}: total time spent in external children of \code{a} \item \code{mem}: sum of memory usage of all cycle member procedures \item \code{calls}: the total number of external calls to the \code{cycle} and the total number of calls in the cycle internally \end{itemize} Member procedures: \begin{itemize} \item the meaning of the fields are the same as above, except\ldots \item \code{calls}: the number of calls to the member procedure from within the cycle \end{itemize} External procedures (here \code{c}): \begin{itemize} \item the meaning of the fields are the same as with the member procedures, except\ldots \item \code{calls}: the number of calls to the external procedure from the cycle and the total number of non-recursive calls to the external procedure \end{itemize} In the current implementation, there are some issues that need to be considered: in the default configuration, samples are taken every 50 milliseconds. Procedures with a by-call run time shorter than the interrupt time are likely to be profiled inaccurately or may not be seen at all, if they have not been instrumented. The default interrupt time can be set with the \code{profiler-interrupt-time} command processor setting, see \ref{settings}. For example, % \begin{example} ,set profiler-interrupt-time 200 \end{example} % sets the default profiler sampling interrupt time to 200ms. Because the interrupt is shared with the thread system, profiling may cause performance issues with multi-threaded programs. Also, programs with deep recursion (resulting in large continuations) can cause the profiler to use a significant percentage of the total run time. By default, call times are measured by the sampling process. When code had been instrumented, call times of those procedures will be measured exactly. When only instrumented code should be considered in the output of the profiler, the command processor setting \code{profiler-measure-noninstr} can be set to \code{off}. Scheme~48 optimizes tail calls. Thus, the profiler cannot ``see'' tail calls and in some situations, the output of the profiler may show that procedures directly call their ``grandchildren''. \subsection{How the profiler works} The profiler is based on taking samples of the current stack of continuations, the {\it call-stack}. Therefore it schedules the alarm interrupt at a regular interval specified by the \code{profiler-interrupt-time} command processor setting. Because the thread system uses the alarm interrupt as well, the profiler interrupt handler calls the handler of the thread system after processing the sample. The profiler interrupt handler first captures the current continuation and follows the continuation-stack down to the continuation of the \code{profile-thunk} procedure, which called the thunk to be profiled. Each continuation with the corresponding code template is stored in a stack of \code{stackentry} records. This \code{*cur-stack*} is compared from bottom to top with the \code{*last-stack*}, the stack captured while the prior sampling interrupt. The statistics gathered are stored in \code{profinfo} records. For each stack-entry in the \code{*cur-stack*}, several possibilities exist in conjunction to the entry at the same depth in the \code{*last-stack*}: \begin{itemize} \item there is no such entry: the continuation must be the result of a new call \item both entries are the same continuation: nothing changed, the procedure is still running \item entries are not the same continuation: the following entries up in the stack must have changed. If the templates of the current entries are the same, the continuation counts as the still same call to the procedure (but at another expression in the procedure). A such situation only counts as a new call if the continuation object has changed, but the continuation program-counter, arguments and the template stayed the same. \end{itemize} As we ascend in the call-stack, changes in the lower levels indicate that all entries above have to be new calls. This way, the profiler gathers information about how often a template is called by another template. Additionally, every time a procedure is seen, we record this ``occurrence''. If the procedure is a the top of the stack, it is currently running. Based on these numbers, the average interrupt time and the number of calls, we can estimate the self and child times. While running, the profiler collects information about heap memory usage as well. After comparing the current with the last stack, the profiler knows which procedures finished, which procedures are new and which procedure called the new procedures. This information is used to distribute the difference in heap memory usage between the prior and the current sample. The profiler uses the \code{memory-status} primitive for retrieving available heap space and the number of garbage collector runs (\code{gc-count}). Difference in used memory between two samples is distributed by the following principles: \begin{itemize} \item if \code{gc-count} increased, distribution cannot be done \item if the same continuation is still at top, credit its template with all used memory between the two samplings \item if there are stackentry-templates gone or new, distribute the used memory {\it equally} between them: \begin{itemize} \item gone templates could have used some memory before ``returning'' \item new templates could have used some memory while running \item the caller of new templates could have used some memory between the calling of gone and new procedures \end{itemize} \end{itemize} The byte-code optimizer \code{profiler-instrumentation} adds a call to the ``profile-count'' procedure of the profiler structure. This procedure is responsible for the exact call-times measurement. After collection of the data, procedures are numbered and cycles are detected by ascending in the call tree. Time is being propagated from top to bottom, remembering self and child times. Most of the time, cycles are being considered as one procedure. \section{Settings} \label{settings} There are a number of settings that control the behavior of the command processor; most of them are booleans. They can be set using the \code{,set} and \code{,unset} commands. \begin{description} \item \code{,set \cvar{setting} [on | off | literal | ?]}\\ This sets the value of setting \cvar{setting}. For a boolean setting, the second argument must be \code{on} or \code{off}; it then defaults to \code{on}. Otherwise, the value must be a literal, typically a positive number. If the second argument is \code{?} the value of \cvar{setting} is is displayed and not changed. Doing \code{,set ?} will display a list of the setting and their current values. \item \code{,unset \cvar{setting}}\\ \code{,unset \cvar{setting}} is the same as \code{,set \cvar{setting} off}. \end{description} The settings are as follows: \begin{description} \item \code{batch} (boolean)\\ In `batch mode' any error or interrupt that comes up will cause Scheme~48 to exit immediately with a non-zero exit status. Also, the command processor doesn't print prompts. Batch mode is off by default. % JAR says: disable levels by default?? \item \code{levels} (boolean)\\ Enables or disables the automatic pushing of a new command level when an error, interrupt, or other breakpoint occurs. When enabled (the default), breakpoints push a new command level, and $\langle{}$eof$\rangle{}$ (see above) or \code{,reset} is required to return to top level. The effects of pushed command levels include: \begin{itemize} \item a longer prompt \item retention of the continuation in effect at the point of error \item confusion among some newcomers \end{itemize} With \code{levels} disabled one must issue a \code{,push} command immediately following an error in order to retain the error continuation for debugging purposes; otherwise the continuation is lost as soon as the focus object changes. If you don't know anything about the available debugging tools, then \code{levels} might as well be disabled. \item \code{break-on-warnings} (boolean)\\ Enter a new command level when a warning is produced, just as when an error occurs. Normally warnings only result in a displayed message and the program does not stop executing. \item \code{ask-before-loading} (boolean)\\ If on, the system will ask before loading modules that are arguments to the \code{,open} command. \code{Ask-before-loading} is off by default. \begin{example} > ,set ask-before-loading will ask before loading modules > ,open random Load structure random (y/n)? y > \end{example} \item \code{load-noisily} (boolean)\\ When on, the system will print out the names of modules and files as they are loaded. \code{Load-noisily} is off by default. \begin{example} > ,set load-noisily will notify when loading modules and files > ,open random [random /usr/local/lib/scheme48/big/random.scm] > \end{example} \item \code{inline-values} (boolean)\\ This controls whether or not the compiler is allowed to substitute variables' values in-line. When \code{inline-values} mode is on, some Scheme procedures will be substituted in-line; when it is off, none will. Section~\ref{section:performance} has more information. \item \code{inspector-menu-limit} (positive integer)\\ This controls how many items the displayed portion of the inspector menu contains at most. (See Section~\ref{inspector}.) \item \code{inspector-writing-depth} (positive integer)\\ This controls the maximum depth to which the inspector prints values. (See Section~\ref{inspector}.) \item \code{inspector-writing-length} (positive integer)\\ This controls the maximum length to which the inspector prints values. (See Section~\ref{inspector}.) \item \code{condition-writing-depth} (positive integer)\\ This controls the maximum depth to which conditions are printed. \item \code{condition-writing-length} (positive integer)\\ This controls the maximum length to which conditions are printed. \item \code{profiler-interrupt-time} (positive integer)\\ This controls the time between two profiler sampling interrupts (in milliseconds, see section \ref{profiling-commands}). \item \code{profiler-measure-noninstr} (boolean)\\ When this flag is enabled, call-times will be measured by the sampling process. When it is disabled, call-times will only be measured when the procedure has been instrumented (see section \ref{profiling-commands}). \item \code{trace-writing-length} (positive integer)\\ This controls the maximum length to which tracing prints procedure calls. \end{description} \section{Inspection mode} \label{inspector} There is a data inspector available via the \code{,inspect} and \code{,debug} commands. The inspector is particularly useful with procedures, continuations, and records. The command processor can be taken out of inspection mode by using the \code{q} command. When in inspection mode, input that begins with a letter or digit is read as a command, not as an expression. To see the value of a variable or number, do \code{(begin \cvar{exp})} or use the \code{,run \cvar{exp}} command. In inspection mode the command processor prints out a menu of selectable components for the current focus object. To inspect a particular component, just type the corresponding number in the menu. That component becomes the new focus object. For example: \begin{example} > ,inspect '(a (b c) d) (a (b c) d) [0] a [1] (b c) [2] d : 1 (b c) [0] b [1] c : \end{example} When a new focus object is selected the previous one is pushed onto a stack. You can pop the stack, reverting to the previous object, with the \code{u} command, or use the \code{stack} command to move to an earlier object. %\begin{description} %\item \code{stack}\\ % Prints the current stack out as a menu. % Selecting an item pops all higher values off of the stack and % makes that item the current focus value. %\end{description} % Commands useful when in inspection mode: \begin{itemize} \item\code{u} (up) pop object stack \item\code{m} (more) print more of a long menu \item\code{(\ldots)} evaluate a form and select result \item\code{q} quit \item\code{template} select a closure or continuation's template (Templates are the static components of procedures; these are found inside of procedures and continuations, and contain the quoted constants and top-level variables referred to by byte-compiled code.) \item\code{d} (down) move to the next continuation (current object must be a continuation) \item\code{menu} print the selection menu for the focus object \end{itemize} Multiple selection commands (\code{u}, \code{d}, and menu indexes) may be put on a single line. %\code{\#\#} is always the object currently being inspected. %After a \code{q} %command, %or an error in the inspector, \code{\#\#} is the last object that was being %inspected. All ordinary commands are available when in inspection mode. Similarly, the inspection commands can be used when not in inspection mode. For example: \begin{example} > (list 'a '(b c) 'd) '(a (b c) d) > ,1 '(b c) > ,menu [0] b [1] c > \end{example} If the current command level was initiated because of a breakpoint in the next level down, then \code{,debug} will invoke the inspector on the continuation at the point of the error. The \code{u} and \code{d} (up and down) commands then make the inspected-value stack look like a conventional stack debugger, with continuations playing the role of stack frames. \code{D} goes to older or deeper continuations (frames), and \code{u} goes back up to more recent ones. \section{Command programs} \label{command-programs} The \code{exec} package contains procedures that are used to execute the command processor's commands. A command \code{,\cvar{foo}} is executed by applying the value of the identifier \cvar{foo} in the \code{exec} package to the (suitably parsed) command arguments. \begin{description} \item \code{,exec [\cvar{command}]}\\ Evaluate \cvar{command} in the \code{exec} package. For example, use \begin{example} ,exec ,load \cvar{filename} \end{example} to load a file containing commands. If no \cvar{command} is given, the \code{exec} package becomes the execution package for future commands. \end{description} The required argument types are as follows: \begin{itemize} \item filenames should be strings \item other names and identifiers should be symbols \item expressions should be s-expressions \item commands (as for \code{,config} and \code{,exec} itself) should be lists of the form \code{(\cvar{command-name} \cvar{argument} \ldots)} where \cvar{command-name} is a symbol. \end{itemize} For example, the following two commands are equivalent: \begin{example} ,config ,load my-file.scm ,exec (config '(load "my-file.scm")) \end{example} The file \code{scheme/vm/load-vm.scm} in the source directory contains an example of an \code{exec} program. \section{Building images} \begin{description} \item \code{,dump \cvar{filename} [\cvar{identification}]}\\ Writes the current heap out to a file, which can then be run using the virtual machine. The new image file includes the command processor. If present, \cvar{identification} should be a string (written with double quotes); this string will be part of the greeting message as the image starts up. \item \code{,build \cvar{exp} \cvar{filename} [\cvar{option \ldots}]}\\ Like \code{,dump}, except that the image file contains the value of \cvar{exp}, which should be a procedure of one argument, instead of the command processor. When \cvar{filename} is resumed, that procedure will be invoked on the VM's \code{-a} arguments, which are passed as a list of OS strings (see section~\ref{os-strings}. The procedure should return an integer, which is returned to the program that invoked the VM. The command processor and debugging system are not included in the image (unless you go to some effort to preserve them, such as retaining a continuation). If \code{no-warnings} appears as an \cvar{option} after the file name, no warnings about undefined external bindings (see Section~\ref{sec:shared-bindings}) will be printed upon resuming the image. This is useful when the definitions of external bindings appear in shared objects that are only loaded after the resumption of the image. Doing \code{,flush} before building an image will reduce the amount of debugging information in the image, making for a smaller image file, but if an error occurs, the error message may be less helpful. Doing \code{,flush source maps} before loading any programs used in the image will make it still smaller. See section~\ref{resource-commands} for more information. \end{description} \section{Resource query and control} \label{resource-commands} \begin{description} \item \code{,time \cvar{exp}}\\ Measure execution time. \item \code{,collect}\\ Invoke the garbage collector. Ordinarily this happens automatically, but the command tells how much space is available before and after the collection. \item \code{,keep \cvar{kind}} \item \code{,flush \cvar{kind}}\\ These control the amount of debugging information retained after compiling procedures. This information can consume a fair amount of space. \cvar{kind} is one of the following: \begin{itemize} \item \code{maps} - environment maps (local variable names, for inspector) \item \code{source} - source code for continuations (displayed by inspector) \item \code{names} - procedure names (as displayed by \code{write} and in error messages) \item \code{files} - source file names \end{itemize} These commands refer to future compilations only, not to procedures that already exist. To have any effect, they must be done before programs are loaded. The default is to keep all four types. % JAR says: ,keep tabulate - puts debug data in a table that can be % independently flushed (how? -RK) or even written out and re-read later! % (how? -RK) \item \code{,flush}\\ The flush command with no argument deletes the database of names of initial procedures. Doing \code{,flush} before a \code{,build} or \code{,dump} will make the resulting image significantly smaller, but will compromise the information content of many error messages. \end{description} \section{Threads} \label{command-threads} Each command level has its own set of threads. These threads are suspended when a new level is entered and resumed when the owning level again becomes the current level. A thread that raises an error is not resumed unless explicitly restarted using the \code{,proceed} command. In addition to any threads spawned by the user, each level has a thread that runs the command processor on that level. A new command-processor thread is started if the current one dies or is terminated. When a command level is abandoned for a lower level, or when a level is restarted using \code{,reset}, all of the threads on that level are terminated and any \code{dynamic-wind} ``after'' thunks are run. The following commands are useful when debugging multithreaded programs: \begin{description} \item \code{,resume [\cvar{number}]}\\ Pops out to a given level and resumes running all threads at that level. \cvar{Number} defaults to zero. \item \code{,threads}\\ Invokes the inspector on a list of the threads running at the next lower command level. \item \code{,exit-when-done [\cvar{exp}]}\\ Waits until all user threads have completed and then exits back out to shell (or executive or whatever invoked Scheme~48 in the first place). \cvar{Exp} should evaluate to an integer which is then returned to the calling program. % JAR says: interaction with ,build ? %\item \code{,spawn \cvar{exp} [\cvar{name}]}\\ % Starts a new thread running \cvar{exp} on next command level down. % The optional \cvar{name} is used for printing and debugging. % %\item \code{,suspend [\cvar{exp}]} %\item \code{,continue [\cvar{exp}]} %\item \code{,kill [\cvar{exp}]}\\ % Suspend, unsuspend, and terminate a thread, respectively. % Suspended threads are not run until unsuspended, terminated % threads are never run again. % \cvar{Exp} should evaluate to a thread. % If \cvar{exp} is not present, the current focus object is used. % % example of ,threads ,suspend ... \end{description} \section{Quite obscure} \begin{description} \item \code{,go \cvar{exp}}\\ This is like \code{,exit \cvar{exp}} except that the evaluation of \cvar{exp} is tail-recursive with respect to the command processor. This means that the command processor itself can probably be GC'ed, should a garbage collection occur in the execution of \cvar{exp}. If an error occurs Scheme~48 will exit with a non-zero value. \item \code{,translate \cvar{from} \cvar{to}}\\ For \code{load} and the \code{,load} command (but not for \code{open-\{in|out\}put-file}), file names beginning with the string \cvar{from} will be changed so that the initial \cvar{from} is replaced by the string \cvar{to}. E.g. \begin{example} \code{,translate /usr/gjc/ /zu/gjc/} \end{example} will cause \code{(load "/usr/gjc/foo.scm")} to have the same effect as \code{(load "/zu/gjc/foo.scm")}. % JAR says: Useful with the module system! "virtual directories" \item \code{,from-file \cvar{filename} \cvar{form} \ldots\ ,end}\\ This is used by the \code{cmuscheme48} Emacs library to indicate the file from which the \cvar{form}s came. \cvar{Filename} is then used by the command processor to determine the package in which the \cvar{form}s are to be evaluated. \end{description} %%% Local Variables: %%% mode: latex %%% TeX-master: "manual" %%% End: scheme48-1.9/doc/src/external.tex000644 004306 005702 00000207675 12067075540 017747 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 % Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. % Authors: % Richard Kelsey, Marcus Crestani, Mike Sperber, Robert Ransom \chapter{Mixing Scheme 48 and C} \label{external-chapter} This chapter describes the foreign-function interface for calling C functions from Scheme, calling Scheme functions from C, and allocating storage in the Scheme heap. Scheme~48 manages stub functions in C that negotiate between the calling conventions of Scheme and C and the memory allocation policies of both worlds. No stub generator is available yet, but writing stubs is a straightforward task. The foreign-function interface is modeled after the Java Native Interface (JNI), more information can be found at \urlhd{http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/technotes/guides/jni/index.html}{Sun's JNI Page} {http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs\-/technotes/guides/jni/index.html}. Currently, Scheme~48 supports two foreign-function interfaces: The old GCPROTECT-style and the new JNI-style interface (this chapter) live side by side. The old interface is deprecated and will go away in a future release. Section~\ref{sec:gcprotect-conversion-recipe} gives a recipe how to convert external code from the old to the new interface. \section{Available facilities} \label{sec:facilities} The following facilities are available for interfacing between Scheme~48 and C: % \begin{itemize} \item Scheme code can call C functions. \item The external interface provides full introspection for all Scheme objects. External code may inspect, modify, and allocate Scheme objects arbitrarily. \item External code may raise exceptions back to Scheme~48 to signal errors. \item External code may call back into Scheme. Scheme~48 correctly unrolls the process stack on non-local exits. \item External modules may register bindings of names to values with a central registry accessible from Scheme. Conversely, Scheme code can register shared bindings for access by C code. \end{itemize} \subsection{Scheme structures} The structure \code{external-calls} has most of the Scheme functions described here. The others are in \code{load-dynamic-externals}, which has the functions for dynamic loading and name lookup from Section~\ref{dynamic-externals}, and \code{shared-bindings}, which has the additional shared-binding functions described in section~\ref{more-shared-bindings}. \subsection{C naming conventions} The names of all of Scheme~48's visible C bindings begin with `\code{s48\_}' (for procedures, variables, and macros). Note that the new foreign-function interface does not distinguish between procedures and macros. Whenever a C name is derived from a Scheme identifier, we replace `\code{-}' with `\code{\_}' and convert letters to lowercase. A final `\code{?}' converted to `\code{\_p}', a final `\code{!}' is dropped. As a naming convention, all functions and macros of the new foreign-function interface end in `\code{\_2}' (for now) to make them distinguishable from the old interface's functions and macros. Thus the C macro for Scheme's \code{pair?} is \code{s48\_pair\_p\_2} and the one for \code{set-car!} is \code{s48\_set\_car\_2}. Procedures and macros that do not check the types of their arguments have `\code{unsafe}' in their names. All of the C functions and macros described have prototypes or definitions in the file \code{c/scheme48.h}. \subsection{Garbage collection and reference objects} \label{sec:reference-objects} Scheme~48 uses a precise, copying garbage collector. The garbage collector may run whenever an object is allocated in the heap. The collector must be able to locate all references to objects allocated in the Scheme~48 heap in order to ensure that storage is not reclaimed prematurely and to update references to objects moved by the collector. This interface takes care of communicating to the garbage collector what objects it uses in most situations. It relieves the programmer from having to think about garbage collector interactions in the common case. This interface does not give external code direct access to Scheme objects. It introduces one level of indirection as external code never accepts or returns Scheme values directly. Instead, external code accepts or returns \emph{reference objects} of type \code{s48\_ref\_t} that refer to Scheme values (their C type is defined to be \code{s48\_value}). This indirection is only needed as an interface to external code, interior pointers in Scheme objects are unaffected. There are two types of reference objects: % \begin{description} \item[local references] A local reference is valid for the duration of a function call from Scheme to external code and is automatically freed after the external function returns to the virtual machine. \item[global references] A global reference remains valid until external code explicitly frees it. \end{description} % Scheme objects that are passed to external functions are passed as local references. External functions return Scheme objects as local references. External code has to manually manage Scheme objects that outlive a function call as global references. Scheme objects outlive a function call if they are assigned to a global variable of the external code or stored in long-living external objects, see section~\ref{sec:global-references}. A local reference is valid only within the dynamic context of the native method that creates it. Therefore, a local reference behaves exactly like a local variable in the external code: It is live as long as external code can access it. To achieve this, every external function in the interface that accepts or returns reference objects takes a \emph{call object} of type \code{s48\_call\_t} as its first argument. A call object corresponds to a particular call from Scheme to C. The call object holds all the references that belong to a call (like the call's arguments and return value) to external code from Scheme. External code may pass a local reference through multiple external functions. The foreign-function interface automatically frees all the local references a call object owns, along with the call object itself, when an external call returns to Scheme. This means that in the common case of Scheme calling an external function that does some work on its arguments and returns without stashing any Scheme objects in global variables or global data structures, the external code does not need to do any bookkeeping, since all the reference objects the external code accumulates are local references. Once the call returns, the foreign-function interface frees all the local references. For example, the functions to construct and access pairs are declared like this: \begin{protos} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_cons\_2(s48\_call\_t call, s48\_ref\_t car, s48\_ref\_t cdr);} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_car\_2(s48\_call\_t call, s48\_ref\_t pair);} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_cdr\_2(s48\_call\_t call, s48\_ref\_t pair);} \end{protos} This foreign-function interface takes a significant burden off the programmer as it handles most common cases automatically. If all the Scheme objects are live for the extent of the current external call, the programmer does not have to do anything at all. Since the lifetime of the Scheme objects is then identical with the lifetime of the according reference objects. In this case, the systems automatically manages both for the programmer. Using this foreign-function interface does not make the code more complex; the code stays compact and readable. The programmer has to get accustomed to passing the call argument around. How to manage Scheme objects that outlive the current call is described in section~\ref{sec:global-references}. Section~\ref{sec:gcprotect-conversion-recipe} gives a recipe how to convert external code from the old GCPROTECT-style interface to the new JNI-style interface. \section{Shared bindings} \label{sec:shared-bindings} Shared bindings are the means by which named values are shared between Scheme code and C code. There are two separate tables of shared bindings, one for values defined in Scheme and accessed from C and the other for values going the other way. Shared bindings actually bind names to cells, to allow a name to be looked up before it has been assigned. This is necessary because C initialization code may be run before or after the corresponding Scheme code, depending on whether the Scheme code is in the resumed image or is run in the current session. \subsection{Exporting Scheme values to C} \label{sec:export-scheme-to-c} \begin{protos} \proto{define-exported-binding}{ name value}{shared-binding} \end{protos} \begin{protos} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_get\_imported\_binding\_2(char *name)} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_get\_imported\_binding\_local\_2(s48\_call\_t call, char *name)} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_shared\_binding\_ref\_2(s48\_call\_t call, s48\_ref\_t shared\_binding)} \end{protos} \noindent\code{Define-exported-binding} makes \cvar{value} available to C code under \cvar{name}, which must be a \cvar{string}, creating a new shared binding if necessary. The C function \code{s48\_get\_imported\_binding\_2} returns a global reference to the shared binding defined for \code{name}, again creating it if necessary, \code{s48\_get\_imported\_binding\_local\_2} returns a local reference to the shared binding (see section~\ref{sec:reference-objects} for details on reference objects). The C macro \code{s48\_shared\_binding\_ref\_2} dereferences a shared binding, returning its current value. \subsection{Exporting C values to Scheme} \label{sec:export-c-to-scheme} Since shared bindings are defined during initialization, i.e. outside an external call, there is no call object. Therefore, exporting shared bindings from C does not use the new foreign-function interfaces specifications. \begin{protos} \cproto{void s48\_define\_exported\_binding(char *name, s48\_value v)} \end{protos} \begin{protos} \proto{lookup-imported-binding}{ string}{shared-binding} \proto{shared-binding-ref}{ shared-binding}{value} \end{protos} \noindent These are used to define shared bindings from C and to access them from Scheme. Again, if a name is looked up before it has been defined, a new binding is created for it. The common case of exporting a C function to Scheme can be done using the macro \code{s48\_export\_function(\cvar{name})}. This expands into \begin{example} s48\_define\_exported\_binding("\cvar{name}", s48\_enter\_pointer(\cvar{name})) \end{example} \noindent which boxes the function pointer into a Scheme byte vector and then exports it. Note that \code{s48\_enter\_pointer} allocates space in the Scheme heap and might trigger a garbage collection; see Section~\ref{gc}. \begin{protos} \syntaxprotonoresult{import-definition}{ \cvar{name}} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{import-definition}{ \cvar{name c-name}} \end{protos} These macros simplify importing definitions from C to Scheme. They expand into \code{(define \cvar{name} (lookup-imported-binding \cvar{c-name}))} \noindent{}where \cvar{c-name} is as supplied for the second form. For the first form \cvar{c-name} is derived from \cvar{name} by replacing `\code{-}' with `\code{\_}' and converting letters to lowercase. For example, \code{(import-definition my-foo)} expands into \code{(define my-foo (lookup-imported-binding "my\_foo"))} \subsection{Complete shared binding interface} \label{more-shared-bindings} There are a number of other Scheme functions related to shared bindings; these are in the structure \code{shared-bindings}. \begin{protos} \proto{shared-binding?}{ x}{boolean} \proto{shared-binding-name}{ shared-binding}{string} \proto{shared-binding-is-import?}{ shared-binding}{boolean} \protonoresultnoindex{shared-binding-set!}{ shared-binding value}\mainschindex{shared-binding-set"!} \protonoresult{define-imported-binding}{ string value} \protonoresult{lookup-exported-binding}{ string} \protonoresult{undefine-imported-binding}{ string}{} \protonoresult{undefine-exported-binding}{ string}{} \end{protos} \noindent\code{Shared-binding?} is the predicate for shared-bindings. \code{Shared-binding-name} returns the name of a binding. \code{Shared-binding-is-import?} is true if the binding was defined from C. \code{Shared-binding-set!} changes the value of a binding. \code{Define-imported-binding} and \code{lookup-exported-binding} are Scheme versions of \code{s48\_define\_exported\_binding} and \code{s48\_lookup\_imported\_binding}. The two \code{undefine-} procedures remove bindings from the two tables. They do nothing if the name is not found in the table. The following C macros correspond to the Scheme functions above. \begin{protos} \cproto{int\ \ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_shared\_binding\_p(s48\_call\_t call, x)} \cproto{int\ \ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_shared\_binding\_is\_import\_p(s48\_call\_t call, s48\_ref\_t s\_b)} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_shared\_binding\_name(s48\_call\_t call, s48\_ref\_t s\_b)} \cproto{void\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_shared\_binding\_set(s48\_call\_t call, s48\_ref\_t s\_b, s48\_ref\_t v)} \end{protos} \section{Calling C functions from Scheme} \label{sec:external-call} There are different ways to call C functions from Scheme, depending on how the C function was obtained. \begin{protos} \proto{call-imported-binding-2}{ binding arg$_0$ \ldots}{value} \end{protos} \noindent Each of these applies its first argument, a C function that accepts and/or returns objects of type \code{s48\_ref\_t} and has its first argument of type \code{s48\_call\_t}, to the rest of the arguments. For \code{call-imported-binding-2} the function argument must be an imported binding. For all of these, the interface passes the current call object and the \cvar{arg$_i$} values to the C function and the value returned is that returned by C procedure. No automatic representation conversion occurs for either arguments or return values. Up to twelve arguments may be passed. There is no method supplied for returning multiple values to Scheme from C (or vice versa) (mainly because C does not have multiple return values). Keyboard interrupts that occur during a call to a C function are ignored until the function returns to Scheme (this is clearly a problem; we are working on a solution). \begin{protos} \syntaxprotonoresult{import-lambda-definition-2} { \cvar{name} (\cvar{formal} \ldots)} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{import-lambda-definition-2} { \cvar{name} (\cvar{formal} \ldots)\ \cvar{c-name}} \end{protos} \noindent{}These macros simplify importing functions from C that follow the return value and argument conventions of the foreign-function interface and use \code{s48\_call\_t} and \code{s48\_ref\_t} as their argument and return types. They define \cvar{name} to be a function with the given formals that applies those formals to the corresponding C binding. \cvar{C-name}, if supplied, should be a string. These expand into \begin{example} (define temp (lookup-imported-binding \cvar{c-name})) (define \cvar{name} (lambda (\cvar{formal} \ldots) (call-imported-binding-2 temp \cvar{formal} \ldots))) \end{example} \noindent{} If \cvar{c-name} is not supplied, it is derived from \cvar{name} by converting all letters to lowercase and replacing `\code{-}' with `\code{\_}'. \section{Dynamic loading} \label{dynamic-externals} External code can be loaded into a running Scheme~48---at least on most variants of Unix and on Windows. The required Scheme functions are in the structure \code{load-dynamic-externals}. To be suitable for dynamic loading, the externals code must reside in a shared object. The shared object must define a function: % \begin{protos} \cproto{void s48\_on\_load(void)} \end{protos} % The \code{s48\_on\_load} is run upon loading the shared objects. It typically contains invocations of \code{S48\_EXPORT\_FUNCTION} to make the functionality defined by the shared object known to Scheme~48. The shared object may also define either or both of the following functions: % \begin{protos} \cproto{void s48\_on\_unload(void)} \cproto{void s48\_on\_reload(void)} \end{protos} Scheme~48 calls \code{s48\_on\_unload} just before it unloads the shared object. If \code{s48\_on\_reload} is present, Scheme~48 calls it when it loads the shared object for the second time, or some new version thereof. If it is not present, Scheme~48 calls \code{s48\_on\_load} instead. (More on that later.) For Linux, the following commands compile \code{foo.c} into a file \code{foo.so} that can be loaded dynamically. \begin{example} \% gcc -c -o foo.o foo.c \% ld -shared -o foo.so foo.o \end{example} % The following procedures provide the basic functionality for loading shared objects containing dynamic externals: % \begin{protos} \proto{load-dynamic-externals}{ string plete? rrepeat? rresume?}{dynamic-externals} \proto{unload-dynamic-externals}{ string}{ dynamic-externals} \protonoresult{reload-dynamic-externals}{ dynamic-externals} \end{protos} % \code{Load-dynamic-externals} loads the named shared objects. The \cvar{plete?} argument determines whether Scheme~48 appends the OS-specific suffix (typically \code{.so} for Unix, and \code{.dll} for Windows) to the name. The \cvar{rrepeat?} argument determines how \code{load-dynamic-externals} behaves if it is called again with the same argument: If this is true, it reloads the shared object (and calls its \code{s48\_on\_unload} on unloading if present, and, after reloading, \code{s48\_on\_reload} if present or \code{s48\_on\_load} if not), otherwise, it will not do anything. The \cvar{rresume?} argument determines if an image subsequently dumped will try to load the shared object again automatically. (The shared objects will be loaded before any record resumers run.) \code{Load-dynamic-externals} returns a handle identifying the shared object just loaded. \code{Unload-dynamic-externals} unloads the shared object associated with the handle passed as its argument, previously calling its \code{s48\_on\_unload} function if present. Note that this invalidates all external bindings associated with the shared object; referring to any of them will probably crash the program. \code{Reload-dynamic-externals} will reload the shared object named by its argument and call its \code{s48\_on\_unload} function before unloading, and, after reloading, \code{s48\_on\_reload} if present or \code{s48\_on\_load} if not. \begin{protos} \proto{import-dynamic-externals}{ string}{dynamic-externals} \end{protos} % This procedure represents the expected most usage for loading dynamic-externals. It is best explained by its definition: % \begin{example} (define (import-dynamic-externals name) (load-dynamic-externals name #t #f #t)) \end{example} \section{Accessing Scheme data from C} \label{sec:scheme-data} The C header file \code{scheme48.h} provides access to Scheme~48 data structures. The type \code{s48\_ref\_t} is used for reference objects that refer to Scheme values. When the type of a value is known, such as the integer returned by \code{vector-length} or the boolean returned by \code{pair?}, the corresponding C procedure returns a C value of the appropriate type, and not a \code{s48\_ref\_t}. Predicates return \code{1} for true and \code{0} for false. \subsection{Constants} \label{sec:constants} The following macros denote Scheme constants: % \begin{itemize} \item \code{s48\_false\_2(s48\_call\_t)} is \verb|#f|. \item \code{s48\_true\_2(s48\_call\_t)} is \verb|#t|. \item \code{s48\_null\_2(s48\_call\_t)} is the empty list. \item \code{s48\_unspecific\_2(s48\_call\_t)} is a value used for functions which have no meaningful return value (in Scheme~48 this value returned by the nullary procedure \code{unspecific} in the structure \code{util}). \item \code{s48\_eof\_2(s48\_call\_t)} is the end-of-file object (in Scheme~48 this value is returned by the nullary procedure \code{eof-object} in the structure \code{i/o-internal}). \end{itemize} \subsection{Converting values} The following macros and functions convert values between Scheme and C representations. The `extract' ones convert from Scheme to C and the `enter's go the other way. \begin{protos} \cproto{int \ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_extract\_boolean\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{long\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_extract\_char\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{char * \ \ \ s48\_extract\_byte\_vector\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{long \ \ \ \ \ s48\_extract\_long\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{long \ \ \ \ \ s48\_extract\_unsigned\_long\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{double \ \ \ s48\_extract\_double\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_enter\_boolean\_2(s48\_call\_t, int)} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_enter\_char\_2(s48\_call\_t, long)} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_enter\_byte\_vector\_2(s48\_call\_t, char *, long)} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_enter\_long\_2(s48\_call\_t, long)} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_enter\_long\_as\_fixnum\_2(s48\_call\_t, long)} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_enter\_double\_2(s48\_call\_t, double)} \end{protos} \noindent{}\code{s48\_extract\_boolean\_2} is false if its argument is \code{\#f} and true otherwise. \code{s48\_enter\_boolean\_2} is \code{\#f} if its argument is zero and \code{\#t} otherwise. The \code{s48\_extract\_char\_2} function extracts the scalar value from a Scheme character as a C \code{long}. Conversely, \code{s48\_enter\_char\_2} creates a Scheme character from a scalar value. (Note that ASCII values are also scalar values.) The \code{s48\_extract\_byte\_vector\_2} function needs to deal with the garbage collector to avoid invalidating the returned pointer. For more details see section~\ref{sec:byte-vectors}. The second argument to \code{s48\_enter\_byte\_vector\_2} is the length of byte vector. \code{s48\_enter\_long\_2()} needs to allocate storage when its argument is too large to fit in a Scheme~48 fixnum. In cases where the number is known to fit within a fixnum (currently 30 bits on a 32-bits architecture and 62 bit on a 64-bits architecture including the sign), the following procedures can be used. These have the disadvantage of only having a limited range, but the advantage of never causing a garbage collection. \code{s48\_fixnum\_p\_2(s48\_call\_t)} is a macro that true if its argument is a fixnum and false otherwise. \begin{protos} \cproto{int \ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_fixnum\_p\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_enter\_long\_as\_fixnum\_2(s48\_call\_t, long)} \cproto{long \ \ \ \ \ S48\_MAX\_FIXNUM\_VALUE} \cproto{long \ \ \ \ \ S48\_MIN\_FIXNUM\_VALUE} \end{protos} \noindent An error is signaled if the argument to \code{s48\_enter\_fixnum} is less than \code{S48\_MIN\_FIXNUM\_VALUE} or greater than \code{S48\_MAX\_FIXNUM\_VALUE} ($-2^{29}$ and $2^{29}-1$ on a 32-bits architecture and $-2^{61}$ and $2^{62}-1$ on a 64-bits architecture). \begin{protos} \cproto{int \ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_true\_p\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{int \ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_false\_p\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \end{protos} \noindent \code{s48\_true\_p} is true if its argument is \code{s48\_true} and \code{s48\_false\_p} is true if its argument is \code{s48\_false}. \begin{protos} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_enter\_string\_latin\_1\_2(s48\_call\_t, char*);} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_enter\_string\_latin\_1\_n\_2(s48\_call\_t, char*, long);} \cproto{long\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_string\_latin\_1\_length\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t);} \cproto{long\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_string\_latin\_1\_length\_n\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long, long);} \cproto{void\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_copy\_latin\_1\_to\_string\_2(s48\_call\_t, char*, s48\_ref\_t);} \cproto{void\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_copy\_latin\_1\_to\_string\_n\_2(s48\_call\_t, char*, long, s48\_ref\_t);} \cproto{void\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_copy\_string\_to\_latin\_1\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, char*);} \cproto{void\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_copy\_string\_to\_latin\_1\_n\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long, long, char*);} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_enter\_string\_utf\_8\_2(s48\_call\_t, char*);} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_enter\_string\_utf\_8\_n\_2(s48\_call\_t, char*, long);} \cproto{long\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_string\_utf\_8\_length\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t);} \cproto{long\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_string\_utf\_8\_length\_n\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long, long);} \cproto{long\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_copy\_string\_to\_utf\_8\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, char*);} \cproto{long\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_copy\_string\_to\_utf\_8\_n\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long, long, char*);} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_enter\_string\_utf\_16be\_2(s48\_call\_t, char*);} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_enter\_string\_utf\_16be\_n\_2(s48\_call\_t, char*, long);} \cproto{long\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_string\_utf\_16be\_length\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t);} \cproto{long\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_string\_utf\_16be\_length\_n\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long, long);} \cproto{long\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_copy\_string\_to\_utf\_16be\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, char*);} \cproto{long\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_copy\_string\_to\_utf\_16be\_n\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long, long, char*);} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_enter\_string\_utf\_16le\_2(s48\_call\_t, char*);} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_enter\_string\_utf\_16le\_n\_2(s48\_call\_t, char*, long);} \cproto{long\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_string\_utf\_16le\_length\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t);} \cproto{long\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_string\_utf\_16le\_length\_n\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long, long);} \cproto{long\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_copy\_string\_to\_utf\_16le\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, char*);} \cproto{long\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_copy\_string\_to\_utf\_16le\_n\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long, long, char*);} \end{protos} % The \code{s48\_enter\_string\_latin\_1\_2} function creates a Scheme string, initializing its contents from its NUL-terminated, Latin-1-encoded argument. The \code{s48\_enter\_string\_latin\_1\_n\_2} function does the same, but allows specifying the length explicitly---no NUL terminator is necessary. The \code{s48\_string\_latin\_1\_length\_2} function computes the length that the Latin-1 encoding of its argument (a Scheme string) would occupy, not including NUL termination. The \code{s48\_string\_latin\_1\_length\_2} function does the same, but allows specifying a starting index and a count into the input string. The \code{s48\_copy\_latin\_1\_to\_string\_2} function copies Latin-1-encoded characters from its second NUL-terminated argument to the Scheme string that is its third argument. The \code{s48\_copy\_latin\_1\_to\_string\_n\_2} does the same, but allows specifying the number of characters explicitly. The \code{s48\_copy\_string\_to\_latin\_1\_2} function converts the characters of the Scheme string specified as the second argument into Latin-1 and writes them into the string specified as the third argument. (Note that it does not NUL-terminate the result.) The \code{s48\_copy\_string\_to\_latin\_1\_n\_2} function does the same, but allows specifying a starting index and a character count into the source string. The \code{s48\_extract\_latin\_1\_from\_string\_2} function returns a buffer that contains the Latin-1 encoded characters including NUL termination of the Scheme string specified. The buffer that is returned is a local buffer managed by the foreign-function interface and is automatically freed on the return of the current call. The \code{s48\_enter\_string\_utf\_8\_2} function creates a Scheme string, initializing its contents from its NUL-terminated, UTF-8-encoded argument. The \code{s48\_enter\_string\_utf\_8\_n\_2} function does the same, but allows specifying the length explicitly---no NUL terminator is necessary. The \code{s48\_string\_utf\_8\_length\_2} function computes the length that the UTF-8 encoding of its argument (a Scheme string) would occupy, not including NUL termination. The \code{s48\_string\_utf\_8\_length\_2} function does the same, but allows specifying a starting index and a count into the input string. The \code{s48\_copy\_string\_to\_utf\_8\_2} function converts the characters of the Scheme string specified as the second argument into UTF-8 and writes them into the string specified as the third argument. (Note that it does not NUL-terminate the result.) The \code{s48\_copy\_string\_to\_utf\_8\_n\_2} function does the same, but allows specifying a starting index and a character count into the source string. Both return the length of the written encodings in bytes. The \code{s48\_extract\_utf\_8\_from\_string\_2} function returns a buffer that contains the UTF-8 encoded characters including NUL termination of the Scheme string specified. The buffer that is returned is a local buffer managed by the foreign-function interface and is automatically freed on the return of the current call. The functions with \code{utf\_16} in their names work analogously to their \code{utf\_8} counterparts, but implement the UTF-16 encodings. The lengths returned be the \code{\_length} and \code{copy\_string\_to} functions are in terms of UTF-16 code units. The \code{extract} function returns a local buffer that contains UTF-16 code units including NUL termination. \subsection{C versions of Scheme procedures} The following macros and procedures are C versions of Scheme procedures. The names were derived by replacing `\code{-}' with `\code{\_}', `\code{?}' with `\code{\_p}', and dropping `\code{!}. \begin{protos} \cproto{int \ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_eq\_p\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{int \ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_char\_p\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{int \ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_null\_p\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \end{protos} \begin{protos} \cproto{int \ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_pair\_p\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_car\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_cdr\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{void \ \ \ \ \ s48\_set\_car\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{void \ \ \ \ \ s48\_set\_cdr\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_cons\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{long \ \ \ \ \ s48\_length\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \end{protos} \begin{protos} \cproto{int \ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_vector\_p\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{long \ \ \ \ \ s48\_vector\_length\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_vector\_ref\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long)} \cproto{void \ \ \ \ \ s48\_vector\_set\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long, s48\_ref\_t)} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_make\_vector\_2(s48\_call\_t, long, s48\_ref\_t)} \end{protos} \begin{protos} \cproto{int \ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_string\_p\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{long \ \ \ \ \ s48\_string\_length\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{long \ \ \ \ \ s48\_string\_ref\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long)} \cproto{void \ \ \ \ \ s48\_string\_set\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long, long)} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_make\_string\_2(s48\_call\_t, long, char)} \end{protos} \begin{protos} \cproto{int \ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_symbol\_p\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_symbol\_to\_string\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \end{protos} \begin{protos} \cproto{int \ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_byte\_vector\_p\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{long \ \ \ \ \ s48\_byte\_vector\_length\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{char \ \ \ \ \ s48\_byte\_vector\_ref\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long)} \cproto{void \ \ \ \ \ s48\_byte\_vector\_set\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long, int)} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_make\_byte\_vector\_2(s48\_call\_t, long, int)} \end{protos} \section{Calling Scheme functions from C} \label{sec:external-callback} External code that has been called from Scheme can call back to Scheme procedures using the following function. \begin{protos} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_call\_scheme\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t p, long nargs, \ldots)} \end{protos} \noindent{}This calls the Scheme procedure \code{p} on \code{nargs} arguments, which are passed as additional arguments to \code{s48\_call\_scheme\_2}. There may be at most twelve arguments. The value returned by the Scheme procedure is returned by the C procedure. Invoking any Scheme procedure may potentially cause a garbage collection. There are some complications that occur when mixing calls from C to Scheme with continuations and threads. C only supports downward continuations (via \code{longjmp()}). Scheme continuations that capture a portion of the C stack have to follow the same restriction. For example, suppose Scheme procedure \code{s0} captures continuation \code{a} and then calls C procedure \code{c0}, which in turn calls Scheme procedure \code{s1}. Procedure \code{s1} can safely call the continuation \code{a}, because that is a downward use. When \code{a} is called Scheme~48 will remove the portion of the C stack used by the call to \code{c0}. On the other hand, if \code{s1} captures a continuation, that continuation cannot be used from \code{s0}, because by the time control returns to \code{s0} the C stack used by \code{c0} will no longer be valid. An attempt to invoke an upward continuation that is closed over a portion of the C stack will raise an exception. In Scheme~48 threads are implemented using continuations, so the downward restriction applies to them as well. An attempt to return from Scheme to C at a time when the appropriate C frame is not on top of the C stack will cause the current thread to block until the frame is available. For example, suppose thread \code{t0} calls a C procedure which calls back to Scheme, at which point control switches to thread \code{t1}, which also calls C and then back to Scheme. At this point both \code{t0} and \code{t1} have active calls to C on the C stack, with \code{t1}'s C frame above \code{t0}'s. If thread \code{t0} attempts to return from Scheme to C it will block, as its frame is not accessible. Once \code{t1} has returned to C and from there to Scheme, \code{t0} will be able to resume. The return to Scheme is required because context switches can only occur while Scheme code is running. \code{T0} will also be able to resume if \code{t1} uses a continuation to throw past its call to C. \section{Interacting with the Scheme heap} \label{sec:heap-allocation} \label{gc} Scheme~48 uses a copying, precise garbage collector. Any procedure that allocates objects within the Scheme~48 heap may trigger a garbage collection. Local object references refer to values in the Scheme~48 heap and are automatically registered with the garbage collector by the interface for the duration of a function call from Scheme to C so that the values will be retained and the references will be updated if the garbage collector moves the object. Global object references need to be created and freed explicitly for Scheme values that need to survive one function call, e.g. that are stored in global variables, global data structures or are passed to libraries. See section~\ref{sec:global-references} for details. Additionally, the interface provides \emph{local buffers} that are malloc'd regions of memory valid for the duration of a function call and are freed automatically upon return from the external code. This relieves the programmer from explicitly freeing locally allocated memory. See section~\ref{sec:local-bufs} for details. The interface treats byte vectors in a special way, since the garbage collector has no facility for updating pointers to the interiors of objects, so that such pointers, for example the ones returned by \code{s48\_unsafe\_extract\_byte\_vector\_2}, will likely become invalid when a garbage collection occurs. The interface provides a facility to prevent a garbage collection from invalidating pointers to byte vector's memory region, see section~\ref{sec:byte-vectors} for details. \subsection{Registering global references} \label{sec:global-references} When external code needs a reference object to survive the current call, the external code needs to do explicit bookkeeping. Local references must not be stored in global variables of the external code or passed to other threads, since all local references are freed once the call returns, which leads to a dangling pointer in the global variable or other thread respectively. Instead, promote a local reference to a global reference and store it in a global variable or pass to another thread as global references will survive the current call. Since the foreign-function interface never automatically frees global references, the programmer must free them at the right time. \begin{protos} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_make\_global\_ref(s48\_value obj)} \cproto{void \ \ \ \ \ s48\_free\_global\_ref(s48\_ref\_t ref)} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_local\_to\_global\_ref(s48\_ref\_t ref)} \end{protos} \noindent{}\code{s48\_make\_global\_ref} permanently registers the Scheme value \cvar{obj} as a global reference with the garbage collector. Basic Scheme values are \code{\_s48\_value\_true}, \code{\_s48\_value\_false}, \code{\_s48\_value\_null}, \code{\_s48\_value\_unspecific}, \code{\_s48\_value\_undefined}, and \code{\_s48\_value\_eof}. To free a global reference an to unregister it with the garbage collector, use \code{s48\_free\_global\_ref}. The function \code{s48\_local\_to\_global\_ref} promotes a local reference object to a global reference object. For example, to maintain a global list of values, declare a static global variable \begin{verbatim} s48_ref_t global_list = NULL; \end{verbatim} \noindent{}and initialize it in the external code's initialization function \begin{verbatim} global_list = s48_make_global_ref(_s48_value_null); \end{verbatim} \noindent{}Note that you need to use a Scheme value (not a reference object) as the argument for \code{s48\_make\_global\_ref}, since there is not yet a call object at the time external code gets initialized. To add \code{new\_value} to the list, you can use the following snippet: \begin{verbatim} temp = global_list; global_list = s48_local_to_global_ref(s48_cons_2(call, new_value, global_list)) s48_free_global_ref(temp); \end{verbatim} \noindent{}You have to remember to always promote reference objects to global references when assigning to a global variable (and later, to free them manually). Note that it is more efficient to free the previous head of the list when adding a new element to the list. \subsection{Local buffers} \label{sec:local-bufs} The foreign-function interface supports the programmer with allocating memory in external code: The programmer can request chunks of memory, called local buffers, that are automatically freed on return from the current call. \begin{protos} \cproto{void *s48\_make\_local\_buf (s48\_call\_t, size\_t)} \cproto{void s48\_free\_local\_buf (s48\_call\_t, void *)} \end{protos} The function \code{s48\_make\_local\_buf} returns a block of memory of the given size in bytes. This memory freed by the foreign-function interface when the current call returns. To free the buffer manually, use \code{s48\_free\_local\_buf}. \subsection{Special treatment for byte vectors} \label{sec:byte-vectors} The interface treats byte vectors in a special way, since the garbage collector has no facility for updating pointers to the interiors of objects, so that such pointers, for example the ones returned by \code{s48\_unsafe\_extract\_byte\_vector\_2}, will likely become invalid when a garbage collection occurs. The interface provides a facility to prevent a garbage collection from invalidating pointers to byte vector's memory region. It does this by copying byte vectors that are used in external code from and to the Scheme heap. These functions create byte vectors: \begin{protos} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_make\_byte\_vector\_2(s48\_call\_t, long)} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_make\_unmovable\_byte\_vector\_2(s48\_call\_t, long)} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_enter\_byte\_vector\_2(s48\_call\_t, const char *, long)} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_enter\_unmovable\_byte\_vector\_2(s48\_call\_t, const char *, long)} \end{protos} \code{s48\_make\_byte\_vector\_2} creates a byte vector of given size, \code{s48\_make\_unmovable\_byte\_vector\_2} creates a byte vector in that is not moved by the garbage collector (only the Bibop garbage collector supports this). The functions \code{s48\_enter\_byte\_vector\_2} and \code{s48\_enter\_unmovable\_byte\_vector\_2} create and initialize byte vectors. The following functions copy byte vectors from and to the Scheme heap: \begin{protos} \cproto{void s48\_extract\_byte\_vector\_region\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long, long, char*)} \cproto{void s48\_enter\_byte\_vector\_region\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long, long, char*)} \cproto{void s48\_copy\_from\_byte\_vector\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, char *)} \cproto{void s48\_copy\_to\_byte\_vector\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, char *)} \end{protos} \code{s48\_extract\_byte\_vector\_region\_2} copies a given section from the given byte vector to its last argument, \code{s48\_enter\_byte\_vector\_region\_2} copies the contents of its last argument to its first argument to the given index. \code{s48\_copy\_from\_byte\_vector\_2} copies the whole byte vector to its last argument, \code{s48\_copy\_to\_byte\_vector\_2} copies the contents of its last argument to the byte vector. \begin{protos} \cproto{char *s48\_extract\_byte\_vector\_unmanaged\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{void \ s48\_release\_byte\_vector\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, char*)} \end{protos} \code{s48\_extract\_byte\_vector\_unmanaged\_2} returns a local buffer that is valid during the current external call and copies the contents of the given byte vector to the returned buffer. The returned byte vector may be a copy of the Scheme byte vector, changes made to the returned byte vector will not necessarily be reflected in Scheme until \code{s48\_release\_byte\_vector\_2} is called. The following functions to access byte vectors come with the most support from the foreign-function interface. Byte vectors that are accessed via these functions are automatically managed by the interface and are copied back to Scheme on return from the current call: \begin{protos} \cproto{char *s48\_extract\_byte\_vector\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{char *s48\_extract\_byte\_vector\_readonly\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \end{protos} \code{s48\_extract\_byte\_vector\_2} extracts a byte vector from Scheme by making a copy of the byte vectors contents and returning a pointer to that copy. Changes to the byte vector are automatically copied back to the Scheme heap when the function returns, external code raises an exception, or external code calls a Scheme function. \code{s48\_extract\_byte\_vector\_readonly\_2} should be used for byte vectors that are not modified by external code, since these byte vectors are not copied back to Scheme. \subsection{Memory overhead} \label{sec:memory-overhead} Each reference object consumes a certain amount of memory itself, in addition to the memory taken by the referred Scheme object itself. Even though local references are eventually freed on return of an external call, there are some situations where it is desirable to free local references explicitly, since waiting until the call returns may be too long or never happen, which could keep unneeded objects live: \begin{itemize} \item External code may create a large number of local references in a single external call. An example is the traversal of a list: Each call from external code to the functions that correspond to \texttt{car} and \texttt{cdr} returns a fresh local reference. To avoid the consumption of storage for local references proportional to the length of the list, the traversal must free the no-longer-needed references as it goes. For example, this is a straightforward definition of an external function that calculates the length of a list: \begin{verbatim} s48_ref_t s48_length_2(s48_call_t call, s48_ref_t list) { long i = 0; while (!(s48_null_p_2(call, list))) { list = s48_cdr_2(call, list); ++i; } return s48_unsafe_enter_long_as_fixnum_2(call, i); } \end{verbatim} \noindent{}In this implementation, each iteration step creates a new local reference object via \code{s48\_cdr\_2} that is actually only needed for the next iteration step. As a result, this function creates new local references for every element of the list. The local references are live during the entire function call. To avoid consuming storage proportional to the length of the list for all those local reference objects, the improved version cleans up the unneeded local reference on every iteration step: \begin{verbatim} s48_ref_t s48_length_2(s48_call_t call, s48_ref_t list) { s48_ref_t l = s48_copy_local_ref(call, list); long i = 0; while (!(s48_null_p_2(call, l))) { s48_ref_t temp = l; l = s48_cdr_2(call, l); s48_free_local_ref(call, temp); ++i; } return s48_unsafe_enter_long_as_fixnum_2(call, i); } \end{verbatim} \noindent{}Note that without the call to \code{s48\_copy\_local\_ref} the reference to the head of the list would be freed along with all the temporary references. This would render the whole list unusable after the return from \code{s48\_length\_2}. \item The external call does not return at all. If the external function enters an infinite event dispatch loop, for example, it is crucial that the programmer releases local references manually that he created inside the loop so that they do not accumulate indefinitely and lead to a memory leak. \item External code may hold a local reference to a large Scheme object. After the external code is done working on this object, it performs some additional computation before returning to the caller. The local reference to the large object prevents the object from being garbage collected until the external function returns, even if the object is no longer in use for the remainder of the computation. It is more space-efficient if the programmer frees the local reference when the external function does not need it any longer and will not return for quite some time. \item There are common situations where local references are created solely to be passed to another function and afterwards never used again. In this case, the called function can free the local references of the arguments. \item To improve memory usage while making subcalls from external calls, the foreign-function interface provides functionality to create a new (sub-)call object and clean the local references that are created during that subcall: \begin{protos} \cproto{s48\_call\_t s48\_make\_subcall(s48\_call\_t call)} \cproto{void s48\_free\_subcall(s48\_call\_t subcall)} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_finish\_subcall(s48\_call\_t call, s48\_call\_t subcall, s48\_ref\_t ref)} \end{protos} \code{s48\_make\_subcall} returns a new call object that represents a subcall of the current call and can be passed as the call argument to any subcalls of the current call. Upon return of a subcall, \code{s48\_free\_subcall} frees the subcall and all the local references associated with it. The function {s48\_finish\_subcall} also frees the subcall and all the local references associated with it, but copies its third argument to the current call, so that it survives the subcall. \end{itemize} \subsection{Keeping C data structures in the Scheme heap} \label{sec:external-data} C data structures can be kept in the Scheme heap by embedding them inside byte vectors. The following macros can be used to create and access embedded C objects. \begin{protos} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_make\_value\_2(s48\_call\_t, type)} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_make\_sized\_value\_2(s48\_call\_t, size)} \cproto{type \ \ \ \ \ s48\_extract\_value\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, type)} \cproto{long \ \ \ \ \ s48\_value\_size\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{type * \ \ \ s48\_extract\_value\_pointer\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, type)} \cproto{void \ \ \ \ \ s48\_set\_value\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, type, value)} \end{protos} \noindent{} \code{s48\_make\_value\_2} makes a byte vector large enough to hold an object whose type is \cvar{type}. \code{s48\_make\_sized\_value\_2} makes a byte vector large enough to hold an object of \cvar{size} bytes. \code{s48\_extract\_value\_2} returns the contents of a byte vector cast to \cvar{type}, \code{s48\_value\_size\_2} returns its size, and \code{s48\_extract\_value\_pointer\_2} returns a pointer to the contents of the byte vector. The value returned by \code{s48\_extract\_value\_pointer\_2} is valid only until the next garbage collection. \code{s48\_set\_value\_2} stores \code{value} into the byte vector. Pointers to C data structures can be stored in the Scheme heap: \begin{protos} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_enter\_pointer\_2(s48\_call\_t, void *)} \cgcproto{void * \ \ \ s48\_extract\_pointer\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \end{protos} \noindent{}The function \code{s48\_enter\_pointer\_2} makes a byte vector large enough to hold the pointer value and stores the pointer value in the byte vector. The function \code{s48\_extract\_pointer\_2} extracts the pointer value from the scheme heap. \subsection{C code and heap images} \label{sec:hibernation} Scheme~48 uses dumped heap images to restore a previous system state. The Scheme~48 heap is written into a file in a machine-independent and operating-system-independent format. The procedures described above may be used to create objects in the Scheme heap that contain information specific to the current machine, operating system, or process. A heap image containing such objects may not work correctly when resumed. To address this problem, a record type may be given a `resumer' procedure. On startup, the resumer procedure for a type is applied to each record of that type in the image being restarted. This procedure can update the record in a manner appropriate to the machine, operating system, or process used to resume the image. \begin{protos} \protonoresult{define-record-resumer}{ record-type procedure} \end{protos} \noindent{}\code{Define-record-resumer} defines \cvar{procedure}, which should accept one argument, to be the resumer for \var{record-type}. The order in which resumer procedures are called is not specified. The \cvar{procedure} argument to \code{define-record-resumer} may be \code{\#f}, in which case records of the given type are not written out in heap images. When writing a heap image any reference to such a record is replaced by the value of the record's first field, and an exception is raised after the image is written. \section{Using Scheme records in C code} External modules can create records and access their slots positionally. \begin{protos} \cgcproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_make\_record\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{int \ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_record\_p\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_record\_type\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_record\_ref\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long)} \cproto{void \ \ \ \ \ s48\_record\_set\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long, s48\_ref\_t)} \end{protos} % The argument to \code{s48\_make\_record\_2} should be a shared binding whose value is a record type. In C the fields of Scheme records are only accessible via offsets, with the first field having offset zero, the second offset one, and so forth. If the order of the fields is changed in the Scheme definition of the record type the C code must be updated as well. For example, given the following record-type definition \begin{example} (define-record-type thing :thing (make-thing a b) thing? (a thing-a) (b thing-b)) \end{example} the identifier \code{:thing} is bound to the record type and can be exported to C: \begin{example} (define-exported-binding "thing-record-type" :thing) \end{example} \code{Thing} records can then be made in C: \begin{example} static s48_ref_t thing_record_type_binding = NULL; void initialize_things(void) \{ thing_record_type_binding = s48_get_imported_binding_2("thing-record-type"); \} s48_ref_t make_thing(s48_call_t call, s48_ref_t a, s48_ref_t b) \{ s48_ref_t thing; thing = s48_make_record_2(call, thing_record_type_binding); s48_record_set_2(call, thing, 0, a); s48_record_set_2(call, thing, 1, b); return thing; \} \end{example} Note that the interface takes care of protecting all local references against the possibility of a garbage collection occurring during the call to \code{s48\_make\_record\_2()}; also note that the record type binding is a global reference that is live until explicitly freed. \section{Raising exceptions from external code} \label{sec:exceptions} The following macros explicitly raise certain errors, immediately returning to Scheme~48. Raising an exception performs all necessary clean-up actions to properly return to Scheme~48, including adjusting the stack of protected variables. The following procedures are available for raising particular types of exceptions. These never return. \begin{protos} \cproto{s48\_assertion\_violation\_2(s48\_call\_t, const char* who, const char* message, long count, ...)} \cproto{s48\_error\_2(s48\_call\_t, const char* who, const char* message, long count, ...)} \cproto{s48\_os\_error\_2(s48\_call\_t, const char* who, const char* message, long count, ...)} \cproto{s48\_out\_of\_memory\_error\_2(s48\_call\_t, )} \end{protos} \noindent{}An assertion violation signaled via \code{s48\_assertion\_violation\_2} typically means that an invalid argument (or invalid number of arguments) has been passed. An error signaled via \code{s48\_error\_2} means that an environmental error (like an I/O error) has occurred. In both cases, \code{who} indicates the location of the error, typically the name of the function it occurred in. It may be \code{NULL}, in which the system guesses a name. The \code{message} argument is an error message encoded in UTF-8. Additional arguments may be passed that become part of the condition object that will be raised on the Scheme side: \code{count} indicates their number, and the arguments (which must be of type \code{s48\_ref\_t}) follow. The \code{s48\_os\_error\_2} function is like \code{s48\_error\_2}, except that the error message is inferred from an OS error code (as in \code{strerror}). The \code{s48\_out\_of\_memory\_error\_2} function signals that the system has run out of memory. The following macros raise assertion violations if their argument does not have the required type. \code{s48\_check\_boolean\_2} raises an error if its argument is neither \code{\#t} or \code{\#f}. \begin{protos} \cproto{void s48\_check\_boolean\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{void s48\_check\_symbol\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{void s48\_check\_pair\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{void s48\_check\_string\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{void s48\_check\_integer\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{void s48\_check\_channel\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{void s48\_check\_byte\_vector\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{void s48\_check\_record\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{void s48\_check\_shared\_binding\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \end{protos} \section{External events} External code can push the occurrence of external events into the main Scheme~48 event loop and Scheme code can wait and act on external events. On the Scheme side, the external events functionality consists of the following functions from the structure \code{primitives}: \begin{protos} \proto{new-external-event-uid}{ shared-binding-or-\#f}{ uid} \protonoresult{unregister-external-event-uid!}{ uid} \end{protos} \noindent{}And the following functions from the structure \code{external-events}: \begin{protos} \protonoresult{register-condvar-for-external-event!}{ uid condvar} \protonoresult{wait-for-external-event}{ condvar} \proto{new-external-event}{}{ uid condvar} \end{protos} \noindent{}The function \code{new-external-event-uid} returns a fresh event identifier on every call. When called with a shared binding instead of \code{\#f}, \code{new-external-event-uid} returns a named event identifier for permanent use. The function \code{unregister-external-event-uid} unregisters the given event identifier. External events use condition variables to synchronize the occurrence of events, see section~\ref{sec:condition-variables} for more information on condition variables. The function \code{register-condvar-for-external-event} registers a condition variable with an event identifier. For convenience, the function \code{new-external-event} combines \code{new-external-event-uid} and \code{register-condvar-for-external-event} and returns a fresh event identifier and the corresponding condition variable. The function \code{wait-for-external-event} blocks the caller (on the condition variable) until the Scheme main event loop receives an event notification (by \code{s48\_note\_external\_event}) of the event identifier that is registered with the given condition variable (with \code{register-condvar-for-external-event}). There is no guarantee that the caller of \code{wait-for-external-event} is unblocked on every event notification, therefore the caller has to be prepared to handle multiple external events that have occurred and external code has to be prepared to store multiple external events. The following prototype is the interface on the external side: \begin{protos} \cproto{void s48\_note\_external\_event(long)} \end{protos} \noindent{}External code has to collect external events and can use \code{s48\_note\_external\_event} to signal the occurrence of an external event to the main event loop. The argument to \code{s48\_note\_external\_event} is an event identifier that was previously registered on the Scheme side. Thus, external code has to obtain the event identifier from the Scheme side, either by passing the event identifier as an argument to the external function that calls \code{s48\_note\_external\_event} or by exporting the Scheme value to C (see section~\ref{sec:export-scheme-to-c}). Since the main event loop does not guarantee that every call to \code{s48\_note\_external\_event} causes the just occurred event to get handled immediately, external code has to make sure that it can collect multiple external events (i.e. keep them in an appropriate data structure). It is safe for external code to call \code{s48\_note\_external\_event} on every collected external event, though, even if older events have not been handled yet. \subsection{Collecting external events in external code} External code has to be able to collect multiple events that have occurred. Therefore, external code has to create the needed data structures to store the information that is associated with the occurred event. Usually, external code collects the events in a thread. An separate thread does not have an call argument, though, so it cannot create Scheme data structures. It must use C data structures to collect the events, for example it can create a linked list of events. Since the events are later handled on the Scheme side, the information associated with the event needs to be visible on the Scheme side, too. Therefore, external code exports a function to Scheme that returns all current events as Scheme objects (the function that returns the events knows about the current call and thus can create Scheme objects). Scheme and external code might need to share Scheme record types that represent the event information. Typically, the function that returns the events converts the C event list into a Scheme event list by preserving the original order in which the events arrived. Note that the external list data structure that holds all events needs to be mutex locked on each access to preserve thread-safe manipulation of the data structure (the Scheme thread that processes events and the external thread that collects events may access the data structures at the same time). \subsection{Handling external events in Scheme} If the sole occurrence of an event does not suffice for the program, the Scheme side has to pull the information that is associated with an event from the C side. Then, the Scheme side can handle the event data. For example, a typical event loop on the Scheme side that waits on external events of an permanent event type that an long-running external thread produces may look like this: \begin{verbatim} (define *external-event-uid* (new-external-event-uid (lookup-imported-binding "my-event"))) (spawn-external-thread *external-event-uid*) (let loop () (let ((condvar (make-condvar))) (register-condvar-for-external-event! *external-event-uid* condvar) (wait-for-external-event condvar) (process-external-events! (get-external-events)) (loop))) \end{verbatim} \noindent{}In the above example, the variable \code{*external-event-uid*} is defined as a permanent event identifier. On every pass through the loop, a fresh condition variable is registered with the event identifier, then \code{wait-for-external-event} blocks on the condition variable until external code signals the occurrence of a matching event. Note that \code{process-external-events!} and \code{get-external-events} need to be defined by the user. The user-written function \code{get-external-events} returns all the events that the external code has collected since the last time \code{get-external-events} was called; the user-written function \code{process-external-events!} handles the events on the Scheme side. When the Scheme side only waits for one single event, there is no need for an event loop and an permanent event identifier. Then, \code{new-external-event} is more convenient to use: \begin{verbatim} (call-with-values (lambda () (new-external-event)) (lambda (uid condvar) (spawn-external-thread uid) (wait-for-external-event condvar) (unregister-external-event-uid! uid) ...)) \end{verbatim} \noindent{}Here, \code{new-external-event} returns a fresh event identifier and a fresh condition variable. The event identifier is passed to \code{spawn-external-thread} and the condition variable is used to wait for the occurrence of the external event. External code uses \code{s48\_note\_external\_event} to push the fact that an external event occurred into the main event loop, then the Scheme code needs to pull the actual event data from external code (in this example with \code{get-external-events}). The user-written function \code{spawn-external-thread} runs the external code that informs the Scheme side about the occurrence of external events. The event identifier is passed as an argument. The external-event-related parts of the implementation of \code{spawn-external-thread} in external code could look like this: \begin{verbatim} s48_ref_t spawn_external_thread(s48_call_t call, s48_ref_t sch_event_uid) { ... s48_note_external_event(s48_extract_long_2(call, sch_event_uid)); ... } \end{verbatim} \noindent{}The event identifier is extracted from its Scheme representation and used to inform the Scheme side about an occurrence of this specific event type. \section{Unsafe functions and macros} All of the C procedures and macros described above check that their arguments have the appropriate types and that indexes are in range. The following procedures and macros are identical to those described above, except that they do not perform type and range checks. They are provided for the purpose of writing more efficient code; their general use is not recommended. \begin{protos} \cproto{long \ \ \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_extract\_char\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_unsafe\_enter\_char\_2(s48\_call\_t, long)} \cproto{long \ \ \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_extract\_integer\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{long \ \ \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_extract\_double\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \end{protos} \begin{protos} \cproto{long \ \ \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_extract\_fixnum\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_unsafe\_enter\_fixnum\_2(s48\_call\_t, long)} \end{protos} \begin{protos} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_unsafe\_car\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_unsafe\_cdr\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{void \ \ \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_set\_car\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{void \ \ \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_set\_cdr\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \end{protos} \begin{protos} \cproto{long \ \ \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_vector\_length\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_unsafe\_vector\_ref\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long)} \cproto{void \ \ \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_vector\_set\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long, s48\_ref\_t)} \end{protos} \begin{protos} \cproto{long \ \ \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_string\_length\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{char \ \ \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_string\_ref\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long)} \cproto{void \ \ \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_string\_set\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long, char)} \end{protos} \begin{protos} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_unsafe\_symbol\_to\_string\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \end{protos} \begin{protos} \cproto{char * \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_extract\_byte\_vector\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{long \ \ \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_byte\_vector\_length\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{char \ \ \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_byte\_vector\_ref\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long)} \cproto{void \ \ \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_byte\_vector\_set\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long, int)} \end{protos} Additionally to not performing type checks, the pointer returned by \code{s48\_unsafe\_extract\_byte\_vector\_2} will likely become invalid when a garbage collection occurs. See section\ref{sec:byte-vectors} on how the interface deals with byte vectors in a proper way. \begin{protos} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_unsafe\_shared\_binding\_ref\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t s\_b)} \cproto{int\ \ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_shared\_binding\_p\_2(s48\_call\_t, x)} \cproto{int\ \ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_shared\_binding\_is\_import\_p\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t s\_b)} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_unsafe\_shared\_binding\_name\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t s\_b)} \cproto{void\ \ \ \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_shared\_binding\_set\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t s\_b, s48\_ref\_t value)} \end{protos} \begin{protos} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_unsafe\_record\_type\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t)} \cproto{s48\_ref\_t s48\_unsafe\_record\_ref\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long)} \cproto{void \ \ \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_record\_set\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, long, s48\_ref\_t)} \end{protos} \begin{protos} \cproto{type \ \ \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_extract\_value\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, type)} \cproto{type * \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_extract\_value\_pointer\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, type)} \cproto{void \ \ \ \ \ s48\_unsafe\_set\_value\_2(s48\_call\_t, s48\_ref\_t, type, value)} \end{protos} \section{Converting external code to the new foreign-function interface} \label{sec:gcprotect-conversion-recipe} It is straightforward to convert external code from the old foreign-function interface to the new foreign-function interface: \begin{itemize} \item Converting functions: \begin{itemize} \item Add \code{s48\_call call} as a first argument to every function prototype that returns or accepts a \code{s48\_value}. \item Replace every \code{s48\_value} type in the function prototype and the body with \code{s48\_ref\_t}. \item Add \code{call} as the first argument to every function call that returns or accepts a Scheme object. \item Remove all the \code{GCPROTECT}-related code (i.e. \code{GCPROTECT} and \code{UNPROTECT}). \end{itemize} \item Converting global (static) variables: \begin{itemize} \item Replace \code{s48\_value} type of the global variable with \code{s48\_ref\_t}, initialize these variables with \code{NULL}. \item Set a real Scheme object in the initialization function of your code with one of these alternatives: \begin{itemize} \item Use \code{s48\_make\_global\_ref} to convert a \code{s48\_value} to a global reference. For details and an example see section~\ref{sec:global-references}. \item Use \code{s48\_local\_to\_global\_ref} to convert a local reference object to a global one. \item If your global variable is supposed to hold a shared binding (e.g. an record type binding), you can use \code{s48\_get\_imported\_binding\_2} that returns a global reference. \end{itemize} \item Replace \code{S48\_GC\_PROTECT\_GLOBAL} with \code{s48\_local\_to\_global\_ref} to convert a local reference object to a global one. \item Use \code{s48\_free\_global\_ref} to cleanup global references when appropriate. \end{itemize} \end{itemize} \noindent{}If you add \verb|#define NO_OLD_FFI 1| just above \verb|#include | in your source code file, it will hide all the macros and prototype definitions of the old foreign-function interface. That way you can make sure that you are only using the new interface and the C compiler will remind you if you don't. %%% Local Variables: %%% mode: latex %%% TeX-master: "manual" %%% End: scheme48-1.9/doc/src/hacks.tex000644 004306 005702 00000002763 12067075540 017205 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 % Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. % Authors: Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees, Mike Sperber \texonly \newcommand{\meta}[1]{{\noindent\mbox{\textrm{$\langle$#1$\rangle$}}}} \endtexonly \htmlonly \newcommand{\meta}[1]{$<$#1$>$} \endhtmlonly \newcommand{\hyper}[1]{\meta{#1}} \newcommand{\hyperi}[1]{\hyper{#1$_1$}} \newcommand{\hyperii}[1]{\hyper{#1$_2$}} \newcommand{\hyperj}[1]{\hyper{#1$_i$}} \newcommand{\hypern}[1]{\hyper{#1$_n$}} \texonly \newcommand{\var}[1]{\noindent\mbox{\textnormal{\textit{#1}}}} \endtexonly \htmlonly \newcommand{\var}[1]{\textnormal{\textit{#1}}} \endhtmlonly \newcommand{\vari}[1]{\var{#1$_1$}} \newcommand{\varii}[1]{\var{#1$_2$}} \newcommand{\variii}[1]{\var{#1$_3$}} \newcommand{\variv}[1]{\var{#1$_4$}} \newcommand{\varj}[1]{\var{#1$_j$}} \newcommand{\varn}[1]{\var{#1$_n$}} \newcommand{\defining}[1]{{\emph{#1}}} \newcommand{\exprtype}{syntax} \newcommand{\dotsfoo}{\ldots\texonly{\thinspace}\endtexonly} \let\code=\texttt \newcommand{\goesto}{% \texonly{\hbox{$\longrightarrow$}}\endtexonly% \htmlonly{\code{-->}}\endhtmlonly% } \newcommand{\xform}{% \texonly{\hbox{$\Longrightarrow$}}\endtexonly% \htmlonly{\code{--->}}\endhtmlonly% } \newcommand{\arbno}[1]{{{#1}$^*$}} \newcommand{\hack}{Scheme~48} \newcommand{\alt}{$\vert$} \newcommand{\ok}{\discretionary{}{}{}} \newcommand{\syn}[1]{{\noindent\mbox{\textrm{$\langle$#1$\rangle$}}}} \newenvironment{example}{\begin{alltt}}{\end{alltt}} \newcommand{\ob}{\char"7B} \newcommand{\cb}{\char"7D}scheme48-1.9/doc/src/intro.tex000644 004306 005702 00000002610 12067075540 017236 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 % Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. % Authors: Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees, Mike Sperber, Robert Ransom \chapter{Introduction} Scheme~48 is an implementation of the Scheme programming language as described in the Revised$^5$ Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme~\cite{R5RS}. It is based on a compiler and interpreter for a virtual Scheme machine. Scheme~48 tries to be faithful to the Revised$^5$ Scheme Report, providing neither more nor less in the initial user environment. (This is not to say that more isn't available in other environments; see below.) Scheme~48 is under continual development. Please report bugs, especially in the VM, especially core dumps, to scheme-48-bugs@s48.org. Include the version number x.yy from the "Welcome to Scheme~48 x.yy" greeting message in your bug report. It is a goal of this project to produce a bullet-proof system; we want no bugs and, especially, no crashes. (There are a few known bugs, listed in the {\tt doc/todo.txt} file that comes with the distribution.) Send a message to scheme-48-request@s48.org with subject `subscribe' to be put on a mailing list for announcements, discussion, bug reports, and bug fixes. The name `Scheme~48' commemorates our having written the original version in forty-eight hours, on August 6th and 7th, 1986. %%% Local Variables: %%% mode: latex %%% TeX-master: "manual" %%% End: scheme48-1.9/doc/src/manual-Z-G-D-1.tex000644 004306 005702 00000000212 12074535600 020262 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 \documentclass{report} \ifx\bmatrix\UNDEFINED\usepackage{amsmath}\fi \thispagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \bf.\par.\par.\end{document} scheme48-1.9/doc/src/manual.tex000644 004306 005702 00000010142 12067075540 017357 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 % Scheme 48 documentation % Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. % Authors: Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees, Mike Sperber \documentclass[twoside]{report} \usepackage{tex2page} \usepackage{longtable} \usepackage{alltt} \usepackage{makeidx} \usepackage{matter} \usepackage{ifpdf} \usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} \input{myindex} \input{proto} \input{hacks} \makeindex % \includeonly{module} \let\url\relax \ifpdf \usepackage[pdftex,hyperindex, pdftitle={The Incomplete Scheme 48 Reference Manual}, pdfauthor={Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees, Mike Sperber, Marcus Crestani, Robert Ransom, Roderic Morris, Marcel Turino, Martin Gasbichler}, colorlinks=true,linkcolor=blue,pagecolor=blue,urlcolor=blue, pdfstartview=FitH,pdfview=FitH]{hyperref} \usepackage{thumbpdf} \usepackage{tocbibind} \else \usepackage[dvipdfm,hyperindex,hypertex, pdftitle={The Incomplete Scheme 48 Reference Manual}, pdfauthor={Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees, Mike Sperber Mike Sperber, Marcus Crestani, Robert Ransom, Roderic Morris, Marcel Turino, Martin Gasbichler}, colorlinks=true,linkcolor=blue,pagecolor=blue,urlcolor=blue, pdfstartview=FitH,pdfview=FitH]{hyperref} \fi \endtexonly %%% End preamble \begin{document} \frontmatter \label{top_node} \texonly \title{{\large The Incomplete} \\ Scheme 48 Reference Manual \\ {\large for release \input{version-number}}} \endtexonly \htmlonly \title{The Incomplete Scheme 48 Reference Manual for release \input{version-number}} \endhtmlonly \author{Richard Kelsey \and Jonathan Rees \and Mike Sperber \and Marcus Crestani \and Robert Ransom \and Roderic Morris \and Marcel Turino \and Martin Gasbichler} \date{} \maketitle \begin{verse} A line may take us hours, yet if it does not seem a moment's thought \\ All our stitching and unstitching has been as nought. \end{verse} \texonly \begin{tabbing} A line may take us hours, yet if it does not seem\= \kill \> Yeats \\ \> {\em Adam's Curse} \end{tabbing} \endtexonly \htmlonly \begin{tabular}{ll} ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ & Yeats \\ & {\em Adam's Curse} \end{tabular} \endhtmlonly \chapter*{Acknowledgements} Thanks to Scheme~48's users for their suggestions, bug reports, and forbearance. Thanks also to Deborah Tatar for providing the Yeats quotation. \begin{verbatim} Copyright © 1986-2001 Richard Kelsey and Jonathan Rees. Copyright © 1993-2001 Richard Kelsey. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notices, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notices, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. The name of the authors may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. \end{verbatim} \tableofcontents \texonly \cleardoublepage\pagenumbering{arabic}\setcounter{page}{1} \endtexonly \mainmatter \include{intro} \include{user-guide} \include{command} \include{module} \include{utilities} \include{unicode} \include{thread} \include{external} \include{posix} \include{bibliography} \backmatter \printindex \end{document} scheme48-1.9/doc/src/module.tex000644 004306 005702 00000104116 12067075540 017374 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 % Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. % Authors: Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees, Mike Sperber, Robert Ransom \chapter{Module system} \label{chapter:modules} This chapter describes Scheme~48's module system. The module system is unique in the extent to which it supports both static linking and rapid turnaround during program development. The design was influenced by Standard ML modules\cite{MacQueen:Modules} and by the module system for Scheme Xerox\cite{Curtis-Rauen:Modules}. It has also been shaped by the needs of \hack{}, which is designed to run both on workstations and on relatively small (less than 1 Mbyte) embedded controllers. Except where noted, everything described here is implemented in \hack{}, and exercised by the \hack{} implementation and some application programs. Unlike the Common Lisp package system, the module system described here controls the mapping of names to denotations, not the mapping of strings to symbols. \section{Introduction} The module system supports the structured division of a corpus of Scheme software into a set of modules. Each module has its own isolated namespace, with visibility of bindings controlled by module descriptions written in a special {\em configuration language.} A module may be instantiated multiple times, producing several {\em packages}, just as a lambda-expression can be instantiated multiple times to produce several different procedures. Since single instantiation is the normal case, we will defer discussion of multiple instantiation until a later section. For now you can think of a package as simply a module's internal environment mapping names to denotations. A module exports bindings by providing views onto the underlying package. Such a view is called a {\em structure} (terminology from Standard ML). One module may provide several different views. A structure is just a subset of the package's bindings. The particular set of names whose bindings are exported is the structure's {\em interface}. A module imports bindings from other modules by either {\em opening} or {\em accessing} some structures that are built on other packages. When a structure is opened, all of its exported bindings are visible in the client package. %On the other hand, bindings from an accessed %structure require explicitly qualified references written with the %{\tt structure-ref} operator (see below). For example: \begin{example} (define-structure foo (export a c cons) (open scheme) (begin (define a 1) (define (b x) (+ a x)) (define (c y) (* (b a) y)))) (define-structure bar (export d) (open scheme foo) (begin (define (d w) (+ a (c w))))) \end{example} This configuration defines two structures, {\tt foo} and {\tt bar}. {\tt foo} is a view on a package in which the {\tt scheme} structure's bindings (including {\tt define} and {\tt +}) are visible, together with bindings for {\tt a}, {\tt b}, and {\tt c}. {\tt foo}'s interface is {\tt (export a c cons)}, so of the bindings in its underlying package, {\tt foo} only exports those three. Similarly, structure {\tt bar} consists of the binding of {\tt d} from a package in which both {\tt scheme}'s and {\tt foo}'s bindings are visible. {\tt foo}'s binding of {\tt cons} is imported from the Scheme structure and then re-exported. A module's body, the part following {\tt begin} in the above example, is evaluated in an isolated lexical scope completely specified by the package definition's {\tt open} and {\tt access} clauses. In particular, the binding of the syntactic operator {\tt define-structure} is not visible unless it comes from some opened structure. Similarly, bindings from the {\tt scheme} structure aren't visible unless they become so by {\tt scheme} (or an equivalent structure) being opened. \section{The configuration language} %\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.8} The configuration language consists of top-level defining forms for modules and interfaces. Its syntax is given in figure~\ref{module-language-figure}. \texonly\setbox0\hbox{\goesto}\endtexonly \texonly\newcommand{\altz}{\hbox to 1\wd0{\hfil\alt}}\endtexonly \htmlonly\newcommand{\altz}{\goesto}\endhtmlonly \begin{figure}[htb] \begin{tabular}{l} \syn{configuration} \goesto{}~\arbno{\syn{definition}} \\ \begin{tabular}{rl} \syn{definition} \goesto{} & \tt(define-structure \syn{name} \syn{interface} \arbno{\syn{clause}}) \\ \altz{} & \tt(define-structures (\arbno{(\syn{name} \syn{interface})}) \arbno{\syn{clause}}) \\ \altz{} & \tt(define-interface \syn{name} \syn{interface}) \\ \altz{} & \tt(define-syntax \syn{name} \syn{transformer-spec}) \end{tabular} \\ \begin{tabular}{rl} \syn{clause} \goesto{} & \tt(open \arbno{\syn{structure}}) \\ \altz{} & \tt(access \arbno{\syn{name}}) \\ \altz{} & \tt(begin \syn{program}) \\ \altz{} & \tt(files \arbno{\syn{filespec}}) \\ \altz{} & \tt(optimize \arbno{\syn{optimize-spec}}) \\ \altz{} & \tt(for-syntax \arbno{\syn{clause}}) \end{tabular} \\ \begin{tabular}{rl} \syn{interface} \goesto{} & \tt(export \arbno{\syn{item}}) \\ \altz{} & \syn{name} \\ \altz{} & \tt(compound-interface \arbno{\syn{interface}}) \end{tabular} \\ \begin{tabular}{rl} \syn{item} \goesto{}~ \syn{name} \\ \altz{} & \tt(\syn{name} \syn{type}) \\ \altz{} & \tt((\arbno{\syn{name}}) \syn{type}) \end{tabular} \\ \begin{tabular}{rl} \syn{structure} \goesto{} & \syn{name} \\ \altz{} & \tt(modify \syn{structure} \arbno{\syn{modifier}}) \\ \altz{} & \tt(subset \syn{structure} (\arbno{\syn{name}})) \\ \altz{} & \tt(with-prefix \syn{structure} \syn{name}) \end{tabular} \\ \begin{tabular}{rl} \syn{modifier} \goesto{} & \tt(expose \arbno{\syn{name}}) \\ \altz{} & \tt(hide \arbno{\syn{name}}) \\ \altz{} & \tt(rename \arbno{(\syn{name}$_0$ \syn{name}$_1$)}) \\ \altz{} & \tt(alias \arbno{(\syn{name}$_0$ \syn{name}$_1$)}) \\ \altz{} & \tt(prefix \syn{name}) \end{tabular} \end{tabular} \caption{The configuration language.} \label{module-language-figure} \end{figure} A \codemainindex{define-structure} form introduces a binding of a name to a structure. A structure is a view on an underlying package which is created according to the clauses of the {\tt define-structure} form. Each structure has an interface that specifies which bindings in the structure's underlying package can be seen via that structure in other packages. An {\tt open} clause specifies which structures will be opened up for use inside the new package. At least one structure must be specified or else it will be impossible to write any useful programs inside the package, since {\tt define}, {\tt lambda}, {\tt cons}, etc.\ will be unavailable. Packages typically include {\tt scheme}, which exports all bindings appropriate to Revised$^5$ Scheme, in an {\tt open} clause. For building structures that export structures, there is a {\tt defpackage} package that exports the operators of the configuration language. Many other structures, such as record and hash table facilities, are also available in the \hack{} implementation. The \codemainindex{modify}, \codemainindex{subset}, and \codemainindex{prefix} forms produce new views on existing structures by renaming or hiding exported names. \code{Subset} returns a new structure that exports only the listed names from its \syn{structure} argument. \code{With-prefix} returns a new structure that adds \syn{prefix} to each of the names exported by the \syn{structure} argument. For example, if structure \code{s} exports \code{a} and \code{b}, then \begin{example} (subset s (a)) \end{example} exports only \code{a} and \begin{example} (with-prefix s p/) \end{example} exports \code{a} as \code{p/a} and \code{b} as \code{p/b}. Both \code{subset} and \code{with-prefix} are simple macros that expand into uses of \code{modify}, a more general renaming form. In a \code{modify} structure specification the \syn{command}s are applied to the names exported by \syn{structure} to produce a new set of names for the \syn{structure}'s bindings. \code{Expose} makes only the listed names visible. \code{Hide} makes all but the listed names visible. \code{Rename} makes each \syn{name}$_0$ visible as \syn{name}$_1$ name and not visible as \syn{name}$_0$ , while \code{alias} makes each \syn{name}$_0$ visible as both \syn{name}$_0$ and \syn{name}$_1$. \code{Prefix} adds \syn{name} to the beginning of each exported name. The modifiers are applied from right to left. Thus \begin{example} (modify scheme (prefix foo/) (rename (car bus)))) \end{example} makes \code{car} available as \code{foo/bus}. % Use modify instead of structure-ref. % %An {\tt access} clause specifies which bindings of names to structures %will be visible inside the package body for use in {\tt structure-ref} %forms. {\tt structure-\ok{}ref} has the following syntax: %\begin{tabbing} %\qquad \syn{expression} \goesto{}~ % \tt(structure-ref \syn{struct-name} \syn{name}) %\end{tabbing} %The \syn{struct-name} must be the name of an {\tt access}ed structure, %and \syn{name} must be something that the structure exports. Only %structures listed in an {\tt access} clause are valid in a {\tt %structure-ref}. If a package accesses any structures, it should %probably open the {\tt structure-refs} structure so that the {\tt %structure-ref} operator itself will be available. The package's body is specified by {\tt begin} and/or {\tt files} clauses. {\tt begin} and {\tt files} have the same semantics, except that for {\tt begin} the text is given directly in the package definition, while for {\tt files} the text is stored somewhere in the file system. The body consists of a Scheme program, that is, a sequence of definitions and expressions to be evaluated in order. In practice, we always use {\tt files} in preference to {\tt begin}; {\tt begin} exists mainly for expository purposes. A name's imported binding may be lexically overridden or {\em shadowed} by defining the name using a defining form such as {\tt define} or {\tt define-\ok{}syntax}. This will create a new binding without having any effect on the binding in the opened package. For example, one can do {\tt(define car 'chevy)} without affecting the binding of the name {\tt car} in the {\tt scheme} package. Assignments (using {\tt set!})\ to imported and undefined variables are not allowed. In order to {\tt set!}\ a top-level variable, the package body must contain a {\tt define} form defining that variable. Applied to bindings from the {\tt scheme} structure, this restriction is compatible with the requirements of the Revised$^5$ Scheme report. It is an error for two of a package's opened structures to export two different bindings for the same name. However, the current implementation does not check for this situation; a name's binding is always taken from the structure that is listed first within the {\tt open} clause. This may be fixed in the future. File names in a {\tt files} clause can be symbols, strings, or lists (Maclisp-style ``namelists''). A ``{\tt.scm}'' file type suffix is assumed. Symbols are converted to file names by converting to upper or lower case as appropriate for the host operating system. A namelist is an operating-system-independent way to specify a file obtained from a subdirectory. For example, the namelist {\tt(rts record)} specifies the file {\tt record.scm} in the {\tt rts} subdirectory. If the {\tt define-structure} form was itself obtained from a file, then file names in {\tt files} clauses are interpreted relative to the directory in which the file containing the {\tt define-structure} form was found. You can't at present put an absolute path name in the {\tt files} list. \section{Interfaces} \codemainindex{define-interface} An interface can be thought of as the type of a structure. In its basic form it is just a list of variable names, written {\tt(export \cvar{name} \ldots)}. However, in place of a name one may write {\tt (\cvar{name} \cvar{type})}, indicating the type of \cvar{name}'s binding. The type field is optional, except that exported macros must be indicated with type {\tt :syntax}. Interfaces may be either anonymous, as in the example in the introduction, or they may be given names by a {\tt define-interface} form, for example \begin{example} (define-interface foo-interface (export a c cons)) (define-structure foo foo-interface \ldots) \end{example} In principle, interfaces needn't ever be named. If an interface had to be given at the point of a structure's use as well as at the point of its definition, it would be important to name interfaces in order to avoid having to write them out twice, with risk of mismatch should the interface ever change. But they don't. Still, there are several reasons to use {\tt define-interface}: \begin{enumerate} \item It is important to separate the interface definition from the package definitions when there are multiple distinct structures that have the same interface --- that is, multiple implementations of the same abstraction. \item It is conceptually cleaner, and often useful for documentation purposes, to separate a module's specification (interface) from its implementation (package). \item Our experience is that configurations that are separated into interface definitions and package definitions are easier to read; the long lists of exported bindings just get in the way most of the time. \end{enumerate} The \codemainindex{compound-interface} operator forms an interface that is the union of two or more component interfaces. For example, \begin{example} (define-interface bar-interface (compound-interface foo-interface (export mumble))) \end{example} defines {\tt bar-interface} to be {\tt foo-interface} with the name {\tt mumble} ad\-ded. \section{Macros} Hygienic macros, as described in \cite{Clinger-Rees:Macros,Clinger-Rees:R4RS}, are implemented. Structures may export macros; auxiliary names introduced into the expansion are resolved in the environment of the macro's definition. For example, the {\tt scheme} structure's {\tt delay} macro is defined by the rewrite rule \begin{example} (delay \cvar{exp}) \xform (make-promise (lambda () \cvar{exp})). \end{example} The variable {\tt make-promise} is defined in the {\tt scheme} structure's underlying package, but is not exported. A use of the {\tt delay} macro, however, always accesses the correct definition of {\tt make-promise}. Similarly, the {\tt case} macro expands into uses of {\tt cond}, {\tt eqv?}, and so on. These names are exported by {\tt scheme}, but their correct bindings will be found even if they are shadowed by definitions in the client package. \section{Higher-order modules} There are {\tt define-module} and {\tt define} forms for defining modules that are intended to be instantiated multiple times. But these are pretty kludgey --- for example, compiled code isn't shared between the instantiations --- so we won't describe them yet. If you must know, figure it out from the following grammar. % \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{rl} \qquad \syn{definition} \goesto{} & \tt(define-module (\syn{name} \arbno{(\syn{name} \syn{interface})}) \\ &\qquad \arbno{\syn{definition}} \\ &\qquad \syn{name}\tt) \\ \altz{} & \tt(define \syn{name} (\syn{name} \arbno{\syn{name}})) \end{tabular} \end{center} % JAR says: Different instantiations of of a module may see different % definitions of macros and inlines. \section{Compiling and linking} \hack{} has a static linker that produces stand-alone heap images from module descriptions. The programmer specifies a particular procedure in a particular structure to be the image's startup procedure (entry point), and the linker traces dependency links as given by {\tt open} and {\tt access} clauses to determine the composition of the heap image. There is not currently any provision for separate compilation; the only input to the static linker is source code. However, it will not be difficult to implement separate compilation. The unit of compilation is one module (not one file). Any opened or accessed structures from which macros are obtained must be processed to the extent of extracting its macro definitions. The compiler knows from the interface of an opened or accessed structure which of its exports are macros. Except for macros, a module may be compiled without any knowledge of the implementation of its opened and accessed structures. However, inter-module optimization may be available as an option. The main difficulty with separate compilation is resolution of auxiliary bindings introduced into macro expansions. The module compiler must transmit to the loader or linker the search path by which such bindings are to be resolved. In the case of the {\tt delay} macro's auxiliary {\tt make-promise} (see example above), the loader or linker needs to know that the desired binding of {\tt make-promise} is the one apparent in {\tt delay}'s defining package, not in the package being loaded or linked. %[I need to describe structure reification.] \section{Semantics of configuration mutation} During program development it is often desirable to make changes to packages and interfaces. In static languages it may be necessary to recompile and re-link a program in order for such changes to be reflected in a running system. Even in interactive Common Lisp implementations, a change to a package's exports often requires reloading clients that have already mentioned names whose bindings change. Once {\tt read} resolves a use of a name to a symbol, that resolution is fixed, so a change in the way that a name resolves to a symbol can only be reflected by re-{\tt read}ing all such references. The \hack{} development environment supports rapid turnaround in modular program development by allowing mutations to a program's configuration, and giving a clear semantics to such mutations. The rule is that variable bindings in a running program are always resolved according to current structure and interface bindings, even when these bindings change as a result of edits to the configuration. For example, consider the following: \begin{example} (define-interface foo-interface (export a c)) (define-structure foo foo-interface (open scheme) (begin (define a 1) (define (b x) (+ a x)) (define (c y) (* (b a) y)))) (define-structure bar (export d) (open scheme foo) (begin (define (d w) (+ (b w) a)))) \end{example} This program has a bug. The variable {\tt b}, which is free in the definition of {\tt d}, has no binding in {\tt bar}'s package. Suppose that {\tt b} was supposed to be exported by {\tt foo}, but was omitted from {\tt foo-interface} by mistake. It is not necessary to re-process {\tt bar} or any of {\tt foo}'s other clients at this point. One need only change {\tt foo-interface} and inform the development system of that change (using, say, an appropriate Emacs command), and {\tt foo}'s binding of {\tt b} will be found when procedure {\tt d} is called. Similarly, it is also possible to replace a structure; clients of the old structure will be modified so that they see bindings from the new one. Shadowing is also supported in the same way. Suppose that a client package $C$ opens a structure {\tt foo} that exports a name {\tt x}, and {\tt foo}'s implementation obtains the binding of {\tt x} as an import from some other structure {\tt bar}. Then $C$ will see the binding from {\tt bar}. If one then alters {\tt foo} so that it shadows {\tt bar}'s binding of {\tt x} with a definition of its own, then procedures in $C$ that reference {\tt x} will automatically see {\tt foo}'s definition instead of the one from {\tt bar} that they saw earlier. This semantics might appear to require a large amount of computation on every variable reference: The specified behavior requires scanning the package's list of opened structures, examining their interfaces, on every variable reference, not just at compile time. However, the development environment uses caching with cache invalidation to make variable references fast. \section{Command processor support} \label{module-commands} While it is possible to use the \hack{} static linker for program development, it is far more convenient to use the development environment, which supports rapid turnaround for program changes. The programmer interacts with the development environment through a {\em command processor}. The command processor is like the usual Lisp read-eval-print loop in that it accepts Scheme forms to evaluate. However, all meta-level operations, such as exiting the Scheme system or requests for trace output, are handled by {\em commands,} which are lexically distinguished from Scheme forms. This arrangement is borrowed from the Symbolics Lisp Machine system, and is reminiscent of non-Lisp debuggers. Commands are a little easier to type than Scheme forms (no parentheses, so you don't have to shift), but more importantly, making them distinct from Scheme forms ensures that programs' namespaces aren't cluttered with inappropriate bindings. Equivalently, the command set is available for use regardless of what bindings happen to be visible in the current program. This is especially important in conjunction with the module system, which puts strict controls on visibility of bindings. The \hack{} command processor supports the module system with a variety of special commands. For commands that require structure names, these names are resolved in a designated configuration package that is distinct from the current package for evaluating Scheme forms given to the command processor. The command processor interprets Scheme forms in a particular current package, and there are commands that move the command processor between different packages. Commands are introduced by a comma ({\tt,}) and end at the end of line. The command processor's prompt consists of the name of the current package followed by a greater-than ({\tt>}). \begin{description} \item \code{,open \arbno{\cvar{structure}}} \\ The {\tt,open} command opens new structures in the current package, as if the package's definition's {\tt open} clause had listed \cvar{structure}. As with {\tt open} clauses the visible names can be modified, as in \begin{example} ,open (subset foo (bar baz)) \end{example} which only makes the \code{bar} and \code{baz} bindings from structure \code{foo} visible. \item \code{,config} \\ The {\tt,config} command sets the command processor's current package to be the current configuration package. Forms entered at this point are interpreted as being configuration language forms, not Scheme forms. \item \code{,config \cvar{command}} \\ This form of the {\tt,config} command executes another command in the current configuration package. For example, \begin{example} ,config ,load foo.scm \end{example} interprets configuration language forms from the file {\tt foo.scm} in the current configuration package. \item \code{,config-package-is \cvar{struct-name}} \\ The {\tt,config-package-is} command designates a new configuration package for use by the {\tt,config} command and resolution of \cvar{struct-name}s for other commands such as {\tt,in} and {\tt,open}. See section~\ref{config-packages} for information on making new configuration packages. \item \code{,in \cvar{struct-name}} \\ The {\tt ,in} command moves the command processor to a specified structure's underlying package. For example: \begin{example} user> ,config config> (define-structure foo (export a) (open scheme)) config> ,in foo foo> (define a 13) foo> a 13 \end{example} In this example the command processor starts in a package called {\tt user}, but the {\tt ,config} command moves it into the configuration package, which has the name {\tt config}. The {\tt define-structure} form binds, in {\tt config}, the name {\tt foo} to a structure that exports {\tt a}. Finally, the command {\tt ,in foo} moves the command processor into structure {\tt foo}'s underlying package. A package's body isn't executed (evaluated) until the package is {\em loaded}, which is accomplished by the {\tt ,load-package} command. \item \code{,in \cvar{struct-name} \cvar{command}} \\ This form of the {\tt,in} command executes a single command in the specified package without moving the command processor into that package. Example: \begin{example} ,in mumble (cons 1 2) ,in mumble ,trace foo \end{example} \item \code{,user [\cvar{command}]} \\ This is similar to the {\tt ,config} and {\tt ,in} commands. It moves to or executes a command in the user package (which is the default package when the \hack{} command processor starts). \item \code{,user-package-is \cvar{name}} \\ The {\tt,user-package-is} command designates a new user package for use by the {\tt,user} command. \item \code{,load-package \cvar{struct-name}} \\ The {\tt,load-package} command ensures that the specified structure's underlying package's program has been loaded. This consists of (1) recursively ensuring that the packages of any opened or accessed structures are loaded, followed by (2) executing the package's body as specified by its definition's {\tt begin} and {\tt files} forms. % (Note that % commands related to packages, such as \code{load-package}, take structures % as arguments. % This is because packages are usually anonymous while structures are % usually named and each has a unique package associated with it.) \item \code{,reload-package \cvar{struct-name}} \\ This command re-executes the structure's package's program. It is most useful if the program comes from a file or files, when it will update the package's bindings after mutations to its source file. \item \code{,load \cvar{filespec} \ldots} \\ The {\tt,load} command executes forms from the specified file or files in the current package. {\tt,load \cvar{filespec}} is similar to {\tt(load "\cvar{filespec}")} except that the name {\tt load} needn't be bound in the current package to Scheme's {\tt load} procedure. \item \code{,for-syntax [\cvar{command}]} \\ This is similar to the {\tt ,config} and {\tt ,in} commands. It moves to or executes a command in the current package's ``package for syntax,'' which is the package in which the forms $f$ in {\tt (define-syntax \cvar{name} \cvar{f})} are evaluated. \item \code{,new-package [\cvar{struct-name} \ldots]} \\ The {\tt,new-package} command creates a new package and moves the command processor to it. With no arguments, only the standard Scheme bindings are visible in the new package. Otherwise, the structures specified as command arguments (and not the \texttt{scheme} structure) are opened in the new package. \item \code{,structure \cvar{name} \cvar{interface}} \\ The {\tt ,structure} command defines \cvar{name} in the configuration package to be a structure with interface \cvar{interface} based on the current package. \end{description} \section{Configuration packages} \label{config-packages} It is possible to set up multiple configuration packages. The default configuration package opens the following structures: \begin{itemize} \item {\tt module-system}, which exports {\tt define-structure} and the other configuration language keywords, as well as standard types and type constructors ({\tt :syntax}, {\tt :value}, {\tt proc}, etc.). \item {\tt built-in-structures}, which exports structures that are built into the initial \hack{} image; these include {\tt scheme}, {\tt threads}, {\tt tables}, and {\tt records}. \item {\tt more-structures}, which exports additional structures that are available in the development environment. A complete listing can be found in the definition of \code{more-structures-interface} at the end of the file \code{scheme/packages.scm}. \end{itemize} Note that it does not open {\tt scheme}. You can define additional configuration packages by making a package that opens {\tt module-\ok{}system} and, optionally, {\tt built-in-\ok{}structures}, {\tt more-\ok{}structures}, or other structures that export structures and interfaces. For example: \begin{example} > ,config (define-structure foo (export) (open module-system built-in-structures more-structures)) > ,in foo foo> (define-structure x (export a b) (open scheme) (files x)) foo> \end{example} Unfortunately, the above example does not work. The problem is that every environment in which \code{define-structure} is used must also have a way to create ``syntactic towers''. A new syntactic tower is required whenever a new environment is created for compiling the source code in the package associated with a new structure. The environment's tower is used at compile time for evaluating the \cvar{macro-source} in \begin{example} (define-syntax \cvar{name} \cvar{macro-source}) (let-syntax ((\cvar{name} \cvar{macro-source}) \ldots) \cvar{body}) \end{example} and so forth. It is a ``tower'' because that environment, in turn, has to say what environment to use if \code{macro-source} itself contains a use of \code{let-syntax}. The simplest way to provide a tower maker is to pass on the one used by an existing configuration package. The special form \code{export-syntactic-tower-maker} creates an interface that exports a configuration package's tower. The following example uses \code{export-syntactic-tower-maker} and the \code{,structure} command to obtain a tower maker and create a new configuration environment. \begin{example} > ,config ,structure t (export-syntactic-tower-maker) > ,config (define-structure foo (export) (open module-system t built-in-structures more-structures)) \end{example} Before \hack{}~1.9, \code{export-syntactic-tower-maker} was named \code{export-reflective-tower-maker}; this name is still supported for backwards compatibility. %Talk about bootstrapping, define-all-operators, and usual-transforms? \section{Discussion} This module system was not designed as the be-all and end-all of Scheme module systems; it was only intended to help us organize the \hack{} system. Not only does the module system help avoid name clashes by keeping different subsystems in different namespaces, it has also helped us to tighten up and generalize \hack{}'s internal interfaces. \hack{} is unusual among Lisp implementations in admitting many different possible modes of operation. Examples of such multiple modes include the following: \begin{itemize} \item Linking can be either static or dynamic. \item The development environment (compiler, debugger, and command processor) can run either in the same address space as the program being developed or in a different address space. The environment and user program may even run on different processors under different operating systems\cite{Rees-Donald:Program}. \item The virtual machine can be supported by either of two implementations of its implementation language, Prescheme. \end{itemize} The module system has been helpful in organizing these multiple modes. By forcing us to write down interfaces and module dependencies, the module system helps us to keep the system clean, or at least to keep us honest about how clean or not it is. The need to make structures and interfaces second-class instead of first-class results from the requirements of static program analysis: it must be possible for the compiler and linker to expand macros and resolve variable bindings before the program is executed. Structures could be made first-class (as in FX\cite{Sheldon-Gifford:Static}) if a type system were added to Scheme and the definitions of exported macros were defined in interfaces instead of in module bodies, but even in that case types and interfaces would remain second-class. The prohibition on assignment to imported bindings makes substitution a valid optimization when a module is compiled as a block. The block compiler first scans the entire module body, noting which variables are assigned. Those that aren't assigned (only {\tt define}d) may be assumed never assigned, even if they are exported. The optimizer can then perform a very simple-minded analysis to determine automatically that some procedures can and should have their calls compiled in line. The programming style encouraged by the module system is consistent with the unextended Scheme language. Because module system features do not generally show up within module bodies, an individual module may be understood by someone who is not familiar with the module system. This is a great aid to code presentation and portability. If a few simple conditions are met (no name conflicts between packages, and use of {\tt files} in preference to {\tt begin}), then a multi-module program can be loaded into a Scheme implementation that does not support the module system. The \hack{} static linker satisfies these conditions, and can therefore run in other Scheme implementations. \hack{}'s bootstrap process, which is based on the static linker, is therefore nonincestuous. This contrasts with most other integrated programming environments, such as Smalltalk-80, where the system can only be built using an existing version of the system itself. Like ML modules, but unlike Scheme Xerox modules, this module system is compositional. That is, structures are constructed by single syntactic units that compose existing structures with a body of code. In Scheme Xerox, the set of modules that can contribute to an interface is open-ended --- any module can contribute bindings to any interface whose name is in scope. The module system implementation is a cross-bar that channels definitions from modules to interfaces. The module system described here has simpler semantics and makes dependencies easier to trace. It also allows for higher-order modules, which Scheme Xerox considers unimportant. %[Discuss use of module system in the \hack{} implementation? Maybe %give an extended excerpt from \hack{}'s configuration files?] % %[Discuss OPTIMIZE clause.] % %[Future work: ideas for anonymous structures and more of a module %calculus; dealing with name conflicts; interface subtraction.] %%% Local Variables: %%% mode: latex %%% TeX-master: "manual" %%% End: scheme48-1.9/doc/src/myindex.tex000644 004306 005702 00000000564 12067075540 017566 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 %% %% Manual index. %% % Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. % Authors: Mike Sperber \newcommand{\mainschindex}[1]{\index{#1@\texttt{#1}}} \newcommand{\mainindex}[1]{\index{#1}} \newcommand{\schindex}[1]{\index{#1@\texttt{#1}}} \newcommand{\codemainindex}[1]{\mainschindex{#1}\code{#1}} \newcommand{\codeindex}[1]{\schindex{#1}\code{#1}} scheme48-1.9/doc/src/posix.tex000644 004306 005702 00000167621 12067075540 017263 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 % Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. % Authors: Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees, Mike Sperber, Robert Ransom, % Roderic Morris \chapter{Access to POSIX} This chapter describes Scheme~48's interface to the POSIX C calls \cite{POSIX}. Scheme versions of most of the functions in POSIX are provided. Both the interface and implementation are new and are likely to change in future releases. Section~\ref{function-correspondence} lists which Scheme functions call which C functions. Scheme~48's POSIX interface will likely change significantly in the future. The implementation is new and may have significant bugs. The POSIX bindings are available in several structures: \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{ll} \code{posix-processes} & fork, exec, and friends \\ \code{posix-process-data} & information about processes \\ \code{posix-files} & files and directories \\ \code{posix-i/o} & operations on ports \\ \code{posix-time} & time functions \\ \code{posix-users} & users and groups \\ \code{posix-regexps} & regular expression matching \\ \code{posix-syslog} & POSIX logging facility \\ \code{posix-errnos} & POSIX error codes\\ \code{posix} & all of the above \end{tabular} \end{center} Scheme~48's POSIX interface differs from Scsh's \cite{Shivers:Scsh-manual,Shivers:Scsh96} in several ways. The interface here lacks Scsh's high-level constructs and utilities, such as the process notation, \code{awk} procedure, and parsing utilities. Scheme~48 uses distinct types for some values that Scsh leaves as symbols or unboxed integers; these include file types, file modes, and user and group ids. Many of the names and other interface details are different, as well. \section{Process primitives} The procedures described in this section control the creation of processes and the execution of programs. They are in the structures \code{posix-process} and \code{posix}. \subsection{Process creation and termination} \label{processes} \begin{protos} \proto{fork}{}{process-id or {\tt \#f}} \protonoresult{fork-and-forget}{ thunk} % Handler versions? \end{protos} \noindent \code{Fork} creates a new child process and returns the child's process-id in the parent and \code{\#f} in the child. \code{Fork-and-forget} calls \cvar{thunk} in a new process; no process-id is returned. \code{Fork-and-forget} uses an intermediate process to avoid creating a zombie process. \begin{protos} \proto{process-id?}{ x}{boolean} \proto{process-id=?}{ process-id0 process-id1}{boolean} \proto{process-id->integer}{ process-id}{integer} \proto{integer->process-id}{ integer}{process-id} \end{protos} \noindent %A \cvar{process-id} is a around the actual integer id. \code{Process-id?} is a predicate for process-ids, \code{process-id=?} compares two to see if they are the same, and \code{process-id-uid} returns the actual Unix id. \code{Process-id->integer} and \code{integer->process-id} convert process ids to and from integers. \begin{protos} \proto{process-id-exit-status}{ process-id}{integer or {\tt \#f}} \proto{process-id-terminating-signal}{ process-id}{signal or {\tt \#f}} \protonoresult{wait-for-child-process}{ process-id} \end{protos} \noindent If a process terminates normally \code{process-id-exit-status} will return its exit status. If the process is still running or was terminated by a signal then \code{process-id-exit-status} will return \code{\#f}. Similarly, if a child process was terminated by a signal \code{process-id-terminating-signal} will return that signal and will return \code{\#f} if the process is still running or terminated normally. \code{Wait-for-child-process} blocks until the child process terminates. Scheme~48 may reap child processes before the user requests their exit status, but it does not always do so. \begin{protos} \protonoresult{exit}{ status} \end{protos} \noindent Terminates the current process with the integer \cvar{status} as its exit status. \subsection{{\tt Exec}} \begin{protos} \protonoresult{exec}{ program-name arg0 \ldots} \protonoresult{exec-with-environment}{ program-name env arg0 \ldots} \protonoresult{exec-file}{ filename arg0 \ldots} \protonoresult{exec-file-with-environment}{ filename env arg0 \ldots} \protonoresult{exec-with-alias}{ name lookup? maybe-env arguments} \end{protos} \noindent All of these replace the current program with a new one. They differ in how the new program is found, what its environment is, and what arguments it is passed. \code{Exec} and \code{exec-with-environment} look up the new program in the search path, while \code{exec-file} and \code{exec-file-with-environment} execute a particular file. The environment is either inherited from the current process (\code{exec} and \code{exec-file}) or given as an argument (\code{\ldots{}-with-environment}). \cvar{Program-name} and \cvar{filename} and any \cvar{arg$_i$} should be \var{os-string-thing} arguments (see section~\ref{os-strings}. \cvar{Env} should be a list of \var{os-string-thing} arguments of the form \code{"\cvar{name}=\cvar{value}"}. The first four procedures add their first argument, \cvar{program-name} or \cvar{filename}, before the \cvar{arg0 \ldots} arguments. \code{Exec-with-alias} is an omnibus procedure that subsumes the other four. \cvar{Name} is looked up in the search path if \cvar{lookup?} is true and is used as a filename otherwise. \cvar{Maybe-env} is either a list of \var{os-string-thing}s for the environment of the new program or \code{\#f} in which case the new program inherits its environment from the current one. \cvar{Arguments} should be a list of \var{os-string-thing}s; unlike with the other four procedures, \cvar{name} is not added to this list (hence \code{-with-alias}). \section{Signals} There are two varieties of signals available, {\em named} and {\em anonymous}. A named signal is one for which we have a symbolic name, such as \code{kill} or \code{pipe}. Anonymous signals, for which we only have the current operating system's signal number, have no meaning in other operating systems. Named signals preserve their meaning in image files. Not all named signals are available from all OS's and there may be multiple names for a single OS signal number. \begin{protos} \syntaxproto{signal}{ \cvar{signal-name}}{signal} \proto{name->signal}{ symbol}{signal or {\tt \#f}} \proto{integer->signal}{ integer}{signal} \proto{signal?}{ x}{boolean} \proto{signal-name}{ signal}{symbol or {\tt \#f}} \proto{signal-os-number}{ signal}{integer} \proto{signal=?}{ signal0 signal1}{boolean} \end{protos} \noindent The syntax \code{signal} returns a (named) signal associated with \cvar{signal-name}. \code{Name->signal} returns a (named) signal or \code{\#f} if the the signal \cvar{name} is not supported by the operating system. The signal returned by \code{integer->signal} is a named signal if \cvar{integer} corresponds to a named signal in the current operating system; otherwise it returns an anonymous signal. \code{Signal-name} returns a symbol if \cvar{signal} is named and \code{\#f} if it is anonymous. \code{Signal=?} returns \code{\#t} if \cvar{signal0} and \cvar{signal1} have the same operating system number and \code{\#f} if they do not. \subsection{POSIX signals} The following lists the names of the POSIX signals. \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{ll} \code{abrt} & abort - abnormal termination (as by abort()) \\ \code{alrm} & alarm - timeout signal (as by alarm()) \\ \code{fpe } & floating point exception \\ \code{hup } & hangup - hangup on controlling terminal or death of controlling process \\ \code{ill } & illegal instruction \\ \code{int } & interrupt - interaction attention \\ \code{kill} & kill - termination signal, cannot be caught or ignored \\ \code{pipe} & pipe - write on a pipe with no readers \\ \code{quit} & quit - interaction termination \\ \code{segv} & segmentation violation - invalid memory reference \\ \code{term} & termination - termination signal \\ \code{usr1} & user1 - for use by applications \\ \code{usr2} & user2 - for use by applications \\ \code{chld} & child - child process stopped or terminated \\ \code{cont} & continue - continue if stopped \\ \code{stop} & stop - cannot be caught or ignored \\ \code{tstp} & interactive stop \\ \code{ttin} & read from control terminal attempted by background process \\ \code{ttou} & write to control terminal attempted by background process \\ \code{bus } & bus error - access to undefined portion of memory \\ \end{tabular} \end{center} \subsection{Other signals} The following lists the names of the non-POSIX signals that the system is currently aware of. \begin{center} \texonly \setlongtables \begin{longtable}{ll} \endtexonly \htmlonly\begin{tabular}{ll}\endhtmlonly \code{trap } & trace or breakpoint trap \\ \code{iot } & IOT trap - a synonym for ABRT \\ \code{emt } & \\ \code{sys } & bad argument to routine (SVID) \\ \code{stkflt} & stack fault on coprocessor \\ \code{urg } & urgent condition on socket (4.2 BSD) \\ \code{io } & I/O now possible (4.2 BSD) \\ \code{poll } & A synonym for SIGIO (System V) \\ \code{cld } & A synonym for SIGCHLD \\ \code{xcpu } & CPU time limit exceeded (4.2 BSD) \\ \code{xfsz } & File size limit exceeded (4.2 BSD) \\ \code{vtalrm} & Virtual alarm clock (4.2 BSD) \\ \code{prof } & Profile alarm clock \\ \code{pwr } & Power failure (System V) \\ \code{info } & A synonym for SIGPWR \\ \code{lost } & File lock lost \\ \code{winch } & Window resize signal (4.3 BSD, Sun) \\ \code{unused} & Unused signal \\ \texonly\end{longtable}\endtexonly \htmlonly\end{tabular}\endhtmlonly \end{center} \subsection{Sending signals} \begin{protos} \protonoresult{signal-process}{ process-id signal} \end{protos} \noindent Send \cvar{signal} to the process corresponding to \cvar{process-id}. \subsection{Receiving signals} Signals received by the Scheme process can be obtained via one or more signal-queues. Each signal queue has a list of monitored signals and a queue of received signals that have yet to be read from the signal-queue. When the Scheme process receives a signal that signal is added to the received-signal queues of all signal-queues which are currently monitoring that particular signal. \begin{protos} \proto{make-signal-queue}{ signals}{signal-queue} \proto{signal-queue?}{ x}{boolean} \proto{signal-queue-monitored-signals}{ signal-queue}{list of signals} \protonoindex{dequeue-signal!}{ signal-queue}{signal}\mainschindex{dequeue-signal"!} \protonoindex{maybe-dequeue-signal!}{ signal-queue}{signal or {\tt \#f}}\mainschindex{maybe-dequeue-signal"!} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Make-signal-queue} returns a new signal-queue that will monitor the signals in the list \cvar{signals}. \code{Signal-queue?} is a predicate for signal queues. \code{Signal-queue-monitored-signals} returns a list of the signals currently monitored by \cvar{signal-queue}. \code{Dequeue-signal!} and \code{maybe-dequeue-signal} both return the next received-but-unread signal from \cvar{signal-queue}. If \cvar{signal-queue}'s queue of signals is empty \code{dequeue-signal!} blocks until an appropriate signal is received. \code{Maybe-dequeue-signal!} does not block; it returns \code{\#f} instead. There is a bug in the current system that causes an erroneous deadlock error if threads are blocked waiting for signals and no other threads are available to run. A work around is to create a thread that sleeps for a long time, which prevents any deadlock errors (including real ones): \begin{example} > ,open threads > (spawn (lambda () ; Sleep for a year (sleep (* 1000 60 60 24 365)))) \end{example} \begin{protos} \protonoresultnoindex{add-signal-queue-signal!}{ signal-queue signal}\mainschindex{add-signal-queue-signal"!} \protonoresultnoindex{remove-signal-queue-signal!}{ signal-queue signal}\mainschindex{remove-signal-queue-signal"!} \end{protos} \noindent These two procedures can be used to add or remove signals from a signal-queue's list of monitored signals. When a signal is removed from a signal-queue's list of monitored signals any occurances of the signal are removed from that signal-queue's pending signals. In other words, \code{dequeue-signal!} and \code{maybe-dequeue-signal!} will only return signals that are currently on the signal-queue's list of signals. \section{Process environment} These are in structures \code{posix-process-data} and \code{posix}. \subsection{Process identification} \begin{protos} \proto{get-process-id}{}{ process-id} \proto{get-parent-process-id}{}{ process-id} \end{protos} \noindent These return the process ids of the current process and its parent. See section~\ref{processes} for operations on process ids. \begin{protos} \proto{get-user-id}{}{ user-id} \proto{get-effective-user-id}{}{ user-id} \protonoresultnoindex{set-user-id!}{ user-id}\mainschindex{set-user-id"!} \protonoresultnoindex{set-effective-user-id!}{ user-id}\mainschindex{set-effective-user-id"!} \end{protos} \begin{protos} \proto{get-group-id}{}{ group-id} \proto{get-effective-group-id}{}{ group-id} \protonoresultnoindex{set-group-id!}{ group-id}\mainschindex{set-group-id"!} \protonoresultnoindex{set-effective-group-id!}{ group-id}\mainschindex{set-effective-group-id"!} \end{protos} \noindent Every process has both the original and effective user id and group id. The effective values may be set, but the original ones can only be set if the process has appropriate privelages. \begin{protos} \proto{get-groups}{}{ group-ids} \proto{get-login-name}{}{ os-string} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Get-groups} returns a list of the supplementary groups of the current process. \code{Get-login-name} returns a user name for the current process. % 4.5 Get Process Times % 4.6 Environment Variables \subsection{Environment variables} \begin{protos} \proto{lookup-environment-variable}{ os-string-thing}{os-string or {\tt \#f}} \protonoresultnoindex{set-environment-variable!}{ name value} \mainschindex{set-environment-variable"!} \proto{environment-alist}{}{alist} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Lookup-environment-variable} looks up its argument in the environment list and returns the corresponding value or \code{\#f} if there is none. \code{Set-environment-variable!} sets the value of \code{name} in the environment list to \code{value}. If \code{name} is not already an environment variable, it's created. If it already exists, its value is overwritten with \code{value}. Both arguments must be os-string-things. \code{Environment-alist} returns the entire environment as a list of \code{(\cvar{name-os-string} . \cvar{value-os-string})} pairs. \section{Users and groups} \cvar{User-id}\/s and \cvar{group-id}\/s are boxed integers representing Unix users and groups. The procedures in this section are in structures \code{posix-users} and \code{posix}. \begin{protos} \proto{user-id?}{ x}{boolean} \proto{user-id=?}{ user-id0 user-id1}{boolean} \proto{user-id->integer}{ user-id}{integer} \proto{integer->user-id}{ integer}{user-id} \end{protos} \begin{protos} \proto{group-id?}{ x}{boolean} \proto{group-id=?}{ group-id0 group-id1}{boolean} \proto{group-id->integer}{ group-id}{integer} \proto{integer->group-id}{ integer}{group-id} \end{protos} \noindent User-ids and group-ids have their own own predicates and comparison, boxing, and unboxing functions. \begin{protos} \proto{user-id->user-info}{ user-id}{user-info} \proto{name->user-info}{ os-string}{user-info} \end{protos} \noindent These return the user info for a user identified by user-id or name. \begin{protos} \proto{user-info?}{ x}{ boolean} \proto{user-info-name}{ user-info}{ os-string} \proto{user-info-id}{ user-info}{ user-id} \proto{user-info-group}{ user-info}{ group-id} \proto{user-info-home-directory}{ user-info}{ os-string} \proto{user-info-shell}{ user-info}{ os-string} \end{protos} \noindent A \code{user-info} contains information about a user. Available are the user's name, id, group, home directory, and shell. \begin{protos} \proto{group-id->group-info}{ group-id}{group-info} \proto{name->group-info}{ os-string}{group-info} \end{protos} \noindent These return the group info for a group identified by group-id or name. \begin{protos} \proto{group-info?}{ x}{ boolean} \proto{group-info-name}{ group-info}{ os-string} \proto{group-info-id}{ group-info}{ group-id} \proto{group-info-members}{ group-info}{ user-ids} \end{protos} \noindent A \code{group-info} contains information about a group. Available are the group's name, id, and a list of members. \section{OS and machine identification} These procedures return strings that are supposed to identify the current OS and machine. The POSIX standard does not indicate the format of the strings. The procedures are in structures \code{posix-platform-names} and \code{posix}. \begin{protos} \proto{os-name}{}{string} \proto{os-node-name}{}{string} \proto{os-release-name}{}{string} \proto{os-version-name}{}{string} \proto{machine-name}{}{string} \end{protos} % 4.8 Configurable System Variables \section{Files and directories} These procedures are in structures \code{posix-files} and \code{posix}. \subsection{Directory streams} Directory streams are like input ports, with each read operation returning the next name in the directory. \begin{protos} \proto{open-directory-stream}{ name}{directory} \proto{directory-stream?}{ x}{boolean} \proto{read-directory-stream}{ directory}{name or {\tt \#f}} \protonoresult{close-directory-stream}{ directory} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Open-directory-stream} opens a new directory stream. \code{Directory-stream?} is a predicate that recognizes directory streams. \code{Read-directory-stream} returns the next name in the directory or \code{\#f} if all names have been read. \code{Close-directory-stream} closes a directory stream. \begin{protos} \proto{list-directory}{ name}{list of os-strings} \end{protos} \noindent This is the obvious utility; it returns a list of the names in directory \cvar{name}. % 5.2 Working Directory \subsection{Working directory} \begin{protos} \proto{working-directory}{}{os-string} \protonoresultnoindex{set-working-directory!}{ os-string-thing}\mainschindex{set-working-directory"!} \end{protos} \noindent These return and set the working directory. % 5.3 File Creation \subsection{File creation and removal} \begin{protos} \proto{open-file}{ path file-options}{port} \proto{open-file}{ path file-options file-mode}{port} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Open-file} opens a port to the file named by \cvar{path}, which must be a \var{os-string-thing} argument. The \cvar{file-options} argument determines various aspects of the returned port. The optional \cvar{file-mode} argument is used only if the file to be opened does not already exist. The returned port is an input port if \cvar{file-options} includes \code{read-only}; otherwise it returns an output port. \code{Dup-switching-mode} can be used to open an input port for output ports opened with the \code{read/write} option. \begin{protos} \syntaxproto{file-options}{ \cvar{file-option-name} \ldots}{file-options} \proto{file-options-on?}{ file-options file-options}{boolean} \proto{file-options-union}{ file-options file-options}{file-options} \end{protos} \noindent The syntax \code{file-options} returns a file-option with the indicated options set. \code{File-options-on?} returns true if its first argument includes all of the options listed in the second argument. \code{File-options-union} returns a file-options argument containing exactly all of the options listed in either argument. The following file options may be used with \code{open-file}. \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{llp{2.8in}} & \code{create} & create file if it does not already exist; a file-mode argument is required with this option \\ & \code{exclusive} & an error will be raised if this option and \code{create} are both set and the file already exists \\ & \code{no-controlling-tty} & if \cvar{path} is a terminal device this option causes the terminal to not become the controlling terminal of the process\\ & \code{truncate} & file is truncated \\ & \code{append} & writes are appended to existing contents \\ & \code{nonblocking} & read and write operations do not block \\ & \code{read-only} & port may not be written \\ & \code{read-write} & file descriptor may be read or written \\ & \code{write-only} & port may not be read \end{tabular} \end{center} \noindent Only one of the last three options may be used. If \code{read-write} is specified, an output port is returned. For example \begin{example} (open-file "some-file.txt" (file-options create write-only) (file-mode read owner-write)) \end{example} returns an output port that writes to a newly-created file that can be read by anyone and written only by the owner. Once the file exists, \begin{example} (open-file "some-file.txt" (file-options append write-only)) \end{example} will open an output port that appends to the file. The \code{append} and \code{nonblocking} options and the read/write nature of the port can be read using \code{i/o-flags}. The \code{append} and \code{nonblocking} options can be set using \code{set-i/o-flags!}. To keep port operations from blocking the Scheme~48 process, output ports are set to be nonblocking at the time of creation (input ports are managed using \code{select()}). You can use \code{set-i/o-flags!} to make an output port blocking, for example just before a fork, but care should be exercised. The Scheme~48 runtime code may get confused if an I/O operation blocks. \begin{protos} \protonoresultnoindex{set-file-creation-mask!}{ file-mode}\mainschindex{set-file-creation-mask"!} \end{protos} \noindent Sets the file creation mask to be \cvar{file-mode}. Bits set in \cvar{file-mode} are cleared in the modes of any files or directories created by the current process. \begin{protos} \protonoresult{link}{ existing new} \end{protos} \noindent Both \var{existing} and \var{new} must be \var{os-string-thing} arguments. \code{Link} makes path \cvar{new} be a new link to the file pointed to by path \cvar{existing}. The two paths must be in the same file system. % 5.4 Special File Creation \begin{protos} \protonoresult{make-directory}{ path file-mode} \protonoresult{make-fifo}{ path file-mode} \end{protos} \noindent These two procedures make new directories and fifo files. In both cases, \var{path} must be a \var{os-string-thing} argument. % 5.5 File Removal \begin{protos} \protonoresult{unlink}{ path} \protonoresult{remove-directory}{ path} \protonoresult{rename}{ old-path new-path} \end{protos} \noindent \var{Path}, \var{old-path} and \var{new-path} must all be \var{os-string-thing} arguments. \code{Unlink} removes the link indicated by \cvar{path}. \code{Remove-directory} removes the indicated (empty) directory. \code{Rename} moves the file pointed to by \cvar{old-path} to the location pointed to by \cvar{new-path} (the two paths must be in the same file system). Any other links to the file remain unchanged. % 5.6.3 (out of POSIX order) \begin{protos} \proto{accessible?}{ path access-mode . more-modes}{boolean} \syntaxproto{access-mode}{ \cvar{mode-name}}{access-mode} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Accessible?} returns true if \cvar{path} (which must be a \var{os-string-thing} argument) is a file that can be accessed in the listed mode. If more than one mode is specified \code{accessible?} returns true if all of the specified modes are permitted. The \cvar{mode-name}\/s are: \code{read}, \code{write}, \code{execute}, \code{exists}. % 5.6 File Characteristics \subsection{File information} \begin{protos} \proto{get-file-info}{ path}{file-info} \proto{get-file/link-info}{ name}{file-info} \proto{get-port-info}{ fd-port}{file-info} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Get-file-info} and \code{get-file/link-info} both return a file info record for the file named by \var{path}, which must be a \var{os-string-thing} argument. \code{Get-file-info} follows symbolic links while \code{get-file/link-info} does not. \code{Get-port-info} returns a file info record for the file which \cvar{port} reads from or writes to. An error is raised if \cvar{fd-port} does not read from or write to a file descriptor. \begin{protos} \proto{file-info?}{ x}{boolean} \proto{file-info-name}{ file-info}{os-string} \end{protos} \noindent \code{File-info?} is a predicate for file-info records. \code{File-info-name} is the name which was used to get \code{file-info}, either as passed to \code{get-file-info} or \code{get-file/link-info}, or used to open the port passed to \code{get-port-info}. \begin{protos} \proto{file-info-type}{ file-info}{file-type} \proto{file-type?}{ x}{boolean} \proto{file-type-name}{ file-type}{symbol} \syntaxproto{file-type}{ \cvar{type}}{file-type} \end{protos} \noindent %I need to add the rest - the procedure version of file-type, enum-case(?). \code{File-info-type} returns the type of the file, as a file-type object File types may be compared using \code{eq?}. The valid file types are: \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{l} \code{regular} \\ \code{directory} \\ \code{character-device} \\ \code{block-device} \\ \code{fifo} \\ \code{symbolic-link} \\ \code{socket} \\ \code{other} \end{tabular} \end{center} \noindent \code{Symbolic-link} and \code{socket} are not required by POSIX. \begin{protos} \proto{file-info-device}{ file-info}{integer} \proto{file-info-inode}{ file-info}{integer} \end{protos} \noindent The device and inode numbers uniquely determine a file. \begin{protos} \proto{file-info-link-count}{ file-info}{integer} \proto{file-info-size}{ file-info}{integer} \end{protos} \noindent These return the number of links to a file and the file size in bytes. The size is only meaningful for regular files. \begin{protos} \proto{file-info-owner}{ file-info}{user-id} \proto{file-info-group}{ file-info}{group-id} \proto{file-info-mode}{ file-info}{file-mode} \end{protos} \noindent These return the owner, group, and access mode of a file. \begin{protos} \proto{file-info-last-access}{ file-info}{time} \proto{file-info-last-modification}{ file-info}{time} \proto{file-info-last-status-change}{ file-info}{time} \end{protos} \noindent These return the time the file was last read, modified, or had its status modified. % Modes \subsection{File modes} A file mode is a boxed integer representing a file protection mask. \begin{protos} \syntaxproto{file-mode}{ permission-name \ldots}{file-mode} \proto{file-mode?}{ x}{boolean} \proto{file-mode+}{ file-mode \ldots}{file-mode} \proto{file-mode-}{ file-mode0 file-mode1}{file-mode} \end{protos} \noindent \code{File-mode} is syntax for creating file modes. The mode-names are listed below. \code{File-mode?} is a predicate for file modes. \code{File-mode+} returns a mode that contains all of permissions of its arguments. \code{File-mode-} returns a mode that has all of the permissions of \cvar{file-mode0} that are not in \cvar{file-mode1}. \begin{protos} \proto{file-mode=?}{ file-mode0 file-mode1}{boolean} \proto{file-mode<=?}{ file-mode0 file-mode1}{boolean} \proto{file-mode>=?}{ file-mode0 file-mode1}{boolean} \end{protos} \noindent \code{File-mode=?} returns true if the two modes are exactly the same. \code{File-mode<=?} returns true if \cvar{file-mode0} has a subset of the permissions of \cvar{file-mode1}. \code{File-mode>=?} is \code{file-mode<=?} with the arguments reversed. \begin{protos} \proto{file-mode->integer}{ file-mode}{integer} \proto{integer->file-mode}{ integer}{file-mode} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Integer->file-mode} and \code{file-mode->integer} translate file modes to and from the classic Unix file mode masks. These may not be the masks used by the underlying OS. \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{lll} Permission name & Bit mask \\ \code{set-uid} & \code{\#o4000} & set user id when executing \\ \code{set-gid} & \code{\#o2000} & set group id when executing \\ \code{owner-read} & \code{\#o0400} & read by owner \\ \code{owner-write} & \code{\#o0200} & write by owner \\ \code{owner-exec} & \code{\#o0100} & execute (or search) by owner \\ \code{group-read} & \code{\#o0040} & read by group \\ \code{group-write} & \code{\#o0020} & write by group \\ \code{group-exec} & \code{\#o0010} & execute (or search) by group \\ \code{other-read} & \code{\#o0004} & read by others \\ \code{other-write} & \code{\#o0002} & write by others \\ \code{other-exec} & \code{\#o0001} & execute (or search) by others \\ \end{tabular} \end{center} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{lll} \multicolumn{3}{l}{Names for sets of permissions} \\ \code{owner} & \code{\#o0700} & read, write, and execute by owner \\ \code{group} & \code{\#o0070} & read, write, and execute by group \\ \code{other} & \code{\#o0007} & read, write, and execute by others \\ \code{read} & \code{\#o0444} & read by anyone \\ \code{write} & \code{\#o0222} & write by anyone \\ \code{exec} & \code{\#o0111} & execute by anyone \\ \code{all} & \code{\#o0777} & anything by anyone \end{tabular} \end{center} \subsection{Symbolic links} \begin{protos} \protonoresult{create-symbolic-link}{ path1 path2} \end{protos} % This creates a symbolic link at \var{path2} that contains \var{path1}. \var{Path1} and \var{path2} must be \var{os-string-thing} arguments. \begin{protos} \proto{read-symbolic-link}{ path}{ os-string} \end{protos} % This returns contents of the symbolic link at \var{path}. \var{Path} must be an \var{os-string-thing} argument. %---------------- % Time - seconds since the epoch. \section{Time and Date} These procedures are in structures \code{posix-time} and \code{posix}. \subsection{Time} \begin{protos} \proto{make-time}{ integer}{time} \proto{current-time}{}{time} \proto{time?}{ x}{boolean} \proto{time-seconds}{ time}{integer} \end{protos} \noindent A \code{time} record contains an integer that represents time as the number of second since the Unix epoch (00:00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970). \code{Make-time} and \code{current-time} return \code{time}\/s, with \code{make-time}'s using its argument while \code{current-time}'s has the current time. \code{Time?} is a predicate that recognizes \code{time}\/s and \code{time-seconds} returns the number of seconds \cvar{time} represents. \begin{protos} \proto{time=?}{ time time}{boolean} \proto{time?}{ time time}{boolean} \proto{time>=?}{ time time}{boolean} \end{protos} \noindent These perform various comparison operations on the \code{time}\/s. \begin{protos} \proto{time->string}{ time}{string} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Time->string} returns a string representation of \cvar{time} in the locale's version of the following form. \begin{example} "Wed Jun 30 21:49:08 1993 " \end{example} \subsection{Date} A date is a time specification relative to a specific but implicit time zone, broken out into the familar year-month-day-hour-minute-second format. \begin{protos} \proto{make-date}{ second minute hour month-day month year week-day year-day dst}{date} \proto{date?}{ x}{boolean} \proto{date-second}{ date}{second} \proto{date-minute}{ date}{minute} \proto{date-hour}{ date}{hour} \proto{date-month-day}{ date}{month-day} \proto{date-month}{ date}{month} \proto{date-year}{ date}{year} \proto{date-week-day}{ date}{week-day} \proto{date-year-day}{ date}{year-day} \proto{date-date-dst}{ date}{dst} \end{protos} % These are the constructor, predicate and corresponding accessors for date objects. The meaning of the various field types are as follows: \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{lll} \cvar{seconds} & seconds & (0--60) \\ \cvar{minutes} & minutes & (0--59) \\ \cvar{hour} & hours & (0--23) \\ \cvar{month-day} & day of month & (1--31) \\ \cvar{mon} & month of year & (0--11) \\ \cvar{year} & year & since 1900\\ \cvar{week-day} & day of week & (Sunday = 0) \\ \cvar{year-day} & day of year & (0--365) \\ \cvar{dst} & is summer time in effect? & \code{\#t}, \code{\#f} or unspecific \end{tabular} \end{center} \begin{protos} \proto{date->string}{ date}{string} \end{protos} % returns a string representation of \cvar{date} in the locale's version of the following form: \begin{example} "Wed Jun 30 21:49:08 1993 " \end{example} \begin{protos} \proto{time->utc-date}{ time}{date} \proto{time->local-date}{ time}{date} \end{protos} % These convert a time object into a date object; the first does this relative to the UTC time zone, the second relative to the current timezone setting. \begin{protos} \proto{date->time}{ date}{time} \end{protos} % This converts a date object into a time object relative to the current timezone setting. \begin{protos} \proto{format-date}{ string date}{string} \end{protos} % This formats a date into a string, according to the format specification in the first argument. The format specification is according to the specification of the C \code{strftime} function: \noindent \begin{longtable}{lp{0.9\textwidth}} \code{\%a} & is replaced by the locale's abbreviated weekday name.\\ \code{\%A} & is replaced by the locale's full weekday name.\\ \code{\%b} & is replaced by the locale's abbreviated month name.\\ \code{\%B} & is replaced by the locale's full month name.\\ \code{\%c} & is replaced by the locale's appropriate date and time representation.\\ \code{\%C} & is replaced by the year divided by 100 and truncated to an integer, as a decimal number (00--99).\\ \code{\%d} & is replaced by the day of the month as a decimal number (01--31).\\ \code{\%D} & is equivalent to ``\verb|%m/%d/%y|''.\\ \code{\%e} & is replaced by the day of the month as a decimal number (1--31); a single digit is preceded by a space.\\ \code{\%F} & is equivalent to ``\verb|%Y-%m-%d|'' (the ISO 8601 date format).\\ \code{\%g} & is replaced by the last 2 digits of the week-based year (see below) as a decimal number (00--99).\\ \code{\%G} & is replaced by the week-based year (see below) as a decimal number (e.g., 1997).\\ \code{\%h} & is equivalent to ``\verb|%b|''.\\ \code{\%H} & is replaced by the hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number (00--23).\\ \code{\%I} & is replaced by the hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number (01--12).\\ \code{\%j} & is replaced by the day of the year as a decimal number (001--366).\\ \code{\%m} & is replaced by the month as a decimal number (01--12).\\ \code{\%M} & is replaced by the minute as a decimal number (00--59).\\ \code{\%n} & is replaced by a new-line character.\\ \code{\%p} & is replaced by the locale's equivalent of the AM/PM designations associated with a 12-hour clock.\\ \code{\%r} & is replaced by the locale's 12-hour clock time.\\ \code{\%R} & is equivalent to ``\verb|%H:%M|''.\\ \code{\%S} & is replaced by the second as a decimal number (00--60).\\ \code{\%t} & is replaced by a horizontal-tab character.\\ \code{\%T} & is equivalent to ``\verb|%H:%M:%S|'' (the ISO 8601 time format).\\ \code{\%u} & is replaced by the ISO 8601 weekday as a decimal number (1--7), where Monday is 1.\\ \code{\%U} & is replaced by the week number of the year (the first Sunday as the first day of week 1) as a decimal number (00--53).\\ \code{\%V} & is replaced by the ISO 8601 week number (see below) as a decimal number (01--53).\\ \code{\%w} & is replaced by the weekday as a decimal number (0--6), where Sunday is 0.\\ \code{\%W} & is replaced by the week number of the year (the first Monday as the first day of week 1) as a decimal number (00--53).\\ \code{\%x} & is replaced by the locale's appropriate date representation.\\ \code{\%X} & is replaced by the locale's appropriate time representation.\\ \code{\%y} & is replaced by the last 2 digits of the year as a decimal number (00--99).\\ \code{\%Y} & is replaced by the year as a decimal number (e.g., 1997).\\ \code{\%z} & is replaced by the offset from UTC in the ISO 8601 format ``\verb|-0430|'' (meaning 4 hours 30 minutes behind UTC, west of Greenwich), or by no characters if no time zone is determinable.\\ \code{\%Z} & is replaced by the locale's time zone name or abbreviation, or by no characters if no time zone is determinable.\\ \code{\%\%} & is replaced by \verb|%|. \end{longtable} \section{I/O} These procedures are in structures \code{posix-i/o} and \code{posix}. % Rest of 5.6 % int chmod(char *path, mode_t mode) % int fchmod(int fd, mode_t mode) % int chown(char *path, uid_t owner, gid_t group) % int utime(char *path, struct utimbuf * times) % int ftruncate(int fd, off_t length) %---------------- % 5.7 Configurable Pathname Variables % % long pathconf(char *path, int name) % long fpathconf(int fd, int name) %---------------- % 6.1 Pipes \begin{protos} \proto{open-pipe}{}{input-port + output-port} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Open-pipe} creates a new pipe and returns the two ends as an input port and an output port. % 6.2 File descriptor manipulation. A {\em file descriptor} port (or \cvar{fd-port}) is a port that reads to or writes from an OS file descriptor. Fd-ports are returned by \code{open-input-file}, \code{open-output-file}, \code{open-file}, \code{open-pipe}, and other procedures. % Richard says: add an example of a non-fd port once the extended ports % are described in the manual. \begin{protos} \proto{fd-port?}{ port}{boolean} \proto{port->fd}{ port}{integer or {\tt \#f}} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Fd-port?} returns true if its argument is an fd-port. \code{Port->fd} returns the file descriptor associated with or \code{\#f} if \cvar{port} is not an fd-port. \begin{protos} \protonoresult{remap-file-descriptors}{ fd-spec \ldots} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Remap-file-descriptors} reassigns file descriptors to ports. The \cvar{fd-specs} indicate which port is to be mapped to each file descriptor: the first gets file descriptor \code{0}, the second gets \code{1}, and so forth. A \cvar{fd-spec} is either a port that reads from or writes to a file descriptor, or \code{\#f}, with \code{\#f} indicating that the corresponding file descriptor is not used. Any open ports not listed are marked `close-on-exec'. The same port may be moved to multiple new file descriptors. For example, \begin{example} (remap-file-descriptors (current-output-port) \#f (current-input-port)) \end{example} moves the current output port to file descriptor \code{0} and the current input port to file descriptor \code{2}. \begin{protos} \proto{dup}{ fd-port}{fd-port} \proto{dup-switching-mode}{ fd-port}{fd-port} \proto{dup2}{ fd-port file-descriptor}{fd-port} \end{protos} \noindent These change \cvar{fd-port}'s file descriptor and return a new port that uses \cvar{ports}'s old file descriptor. \code{Dup} uses the lowest unused file descriptor and \code{dup2} uses the one provided. \code{Dup-switching-mode} is the same as \code{dup} except that the returned port is an input port if the argument was an output port and vice versa. If any existing port uses the file descriptor passed to \code{dup2}, that port is closed. \begin{protos} \protonoresult{close-all-but}{ port \ldots} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Close-all-but} closes all file descriptors whose associated ports are not passed to it as arguments. % 6.3 File Descriptor Reassignment % % int close(int fd) % Use close-{input|output}-{port|channel} % % 6.4 Input and Output % % read() and write() ; Already available in various forms. % 6.5 Control Operations on Files %; fcntl(fd, F_DUPFD, target_fd) ; Use DUP instead. % %; Descriptor flags %; fcntl(fd, F_GETFD) %; fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, flags) %; %; The only POSIX flag is FD_CLOEXEC, so that's all we do. \begin{protos} \proto{close-on-exec?}{ port}{boolean} \protonoresultnoindex{set-close-on-exec?!}{ port boolean}\mainschindex{set-close-on-exec?"!} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Close-on-exec?} returns true if \code{port} will be closed when a new program is exec'ed. \code{Set-close-on-exec?!} sets \code{port}'s close-on-exec flag. %; Status flags %; fcntl(fd, F_GETFL) %; fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags) \begin{protos} \proto{i/o-flags}{ port}{file-options} \protonoresultnoindex{set-i/o-flags!}{ port file-options}\mainschindex{set-i/o-flags"!} \end{protos} \noindent These two procedures read and write various options for \code{port}. The options that can be read are \code{append}, \code{nonblocking}, \code{read-only}, \code{write-only}, and \code{read/write}. Only the \code{append} and \code{nonblocking} can be written. % off_t lseek(int fd, off_t offset, int whence) %\subsection{Terminals} \begin{protos} \proto{port-is-a-terminal?}{ port}{boolean} \proto{port-terminal-name}{ port}{string} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Port-is-a-terminal?} returns true if \cvar{port} has an underlying file descriptor that is associated with a terminal. For such ports \code{port-terminal-name} returns the name of the terminal, for all others it returns \code{\#f}. % 6. File Synchronization % % int fsync(int fd) % optional % int fdatasync(int fd) % optional % % 7. Asynchronous Input and Output % % All optional \section{Regular expressions} % Regexps - where is the C interface defined? (In part 2, the shell book) The procedures in this section provide access to POSIX regular expression matching. The regular expression syntax and semantics are far too complex to be described here. Due to limitations in the underlying facility, only Latin-1 strings are guaranteed to work here---on some platforms, only ASCII may function correctly. Moreover, because the C interface uses zero bytes for marking the ends of strings, patterns and strings that contain zero bytes will not work correctly. These procedures are in structures \code{posix-regexps} and \code{posix}. An abstract data type for creating POSIX regular expressions is described in section~\ref{regexp-adt}. \begin{protos} \proto{make-regexp}{ string . regexp-options}{regexp} \syntaxproto{regexp-option}{ \cvar{option-name}}{regexp-option} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Make-regexp} makes a new regular expression, using \cvar{string} as the pattern. The possible option names are: \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{ll} \code{extended} & use the extended patterns \\ \code{ignore-case} & ignore case when matching \\ \code{submatches} & report submatches \\ \code{newline} & treat newlines specially \end{tabular} \end{center} The regular expression is not compiled until it matched against a string, so any errors in the pattern string will not be reported until that point. \begin{protos} \proto{regexp?}{ x}{boolean} \end{protos} \noindent This is a predicate for regular expressions. \begin{protos} \protonoresult{regexp-match}{ regexp string start submatches? starts-line? ends-line?} \protoresult{boolean or list of matches} \proto{match?}{ x}{boolean} \proto{match-start}{ match}{integer} \proto{match-end}{ match}{integer} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Regexp-match} matches the regular expression against the characters in \cvar{string}, starting at position \cvar{start}. If the string does not match the regular expression, \code{regexp-match} returns \code{\#f}. If the string does match, then a list of match records is returned if \cvar{submatches?} is true, or \code{\#t} is returned if it is not. Each match record contains the index of the character at the beginning of the match and one more than the index of the character at the end. The first match record gives the location of the substring that matched \cvar{regexp}. If the pattern in \cvar{regexp} contained submatches, then the results of these are returned in order, with a match records reporting submatches that succeeded and \code{\#f} in place of those that did not. \cvar{Starts-line?} should be true if \cvar{string} starts at the beginning of a line and \cvar{ends-line?} should be true if it ends one. \section{Syslog facility} \label{syslog-facility} The procedures in this section provide access to the POSIX syslog facility. The functionality is in a structure called \code{posix-syslog}. The Scheme~48 interface to the syslog facility differs significantly from that of the Unix library functionality in order to support multiple simultaneous connections to the syslog facility. Log messages carry a variety of parameters beside the text of the message itself, namely a set of options controlling the output format and destination, the facility identifying the class of programs the message is coming from, an identifier specifying the concrete program, and the level identifying the importance of the message. Moreover, a log mask can prevent messages at certain levels to be actually sent to the syslog daemon. \subsection*{Log options} A log option specifies details of the I/O behavior of the syslog facility. A syslog option is an element of a finite type (see Section~\ref{sec:finite-types}) constructed by the \code{syslog-option} macro. The syslog facility works with sets of options which are represented as enum sets (see Section~\ref{sets-finite-types}). \begin{protos} \syntaxproto{syslog-option}{ \cvar{option-name}}{option} \proto{syslog-option?}{ x}{boolean} \proto{make-syslog-options}{ list}{options} \syntaxproto{syslog-options}{ \cvar{option-name} \ldots}{options} \proto{syslog-options?}{ x}{boolean} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Syslog-option} constructs a log option from the name of an option. (The possible names are listed below.) \code{Syslog-option?} is a predicate for log options. Options are comparable using \code{eq?}. \code{Make-syslog-options} constructs a set of options from a list of options. \code{Syslog-options} is a macro which expands into an expression returning a set of options from names. \code{Syslog-options?} is a predicate for sets of options. Here is a list of possible names of syslog options: \begin{description} \item[\code{console}] If syslog cannot pass the message to syslogd it will attempt to write the message to the console. \item[\code{delay}] Delay opening the connection to syslogd immediately until the first message is logged. \item[\code{no-delay}] Open the connection to syslogd immediately. Normally the open is delayed until the first message is logged. Useful for programs that need to manage the order in which file descriptors are allocated. \noindent\textbf{NOTA BENE:} The \code{delay} and \code{no-delay} options are included for completeness, but do not have the expected effect in the present Scheme interface: Because the Scheme interface has to multiplex multiple simultaneous connections to the syslog facility over a single one, open and close operations on that facility happen at unpredictable times. \item[\code{log-pid}] Log the process id with each message: useful for identifying instantiations of daemons. \item[\code{no-wait}] Do not wait for child processes. \end{description} \subsection*{Log facilities} A log facility identifies the originator of a log message from a finite set known to the system. Each originator is identified by a name: \begin{protos} \syntaxproto{syslog-facility}{ \cvar{facility-name}}{facility} \proto{syslog-facility?}{ x}{boolean} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Syslog-facility} is macro that expands into an expression returning a facility for a given name. \code{Syslog-facility?} is a predicate for facilities. Facilities are comparable via \code{eq?}. Here is a list of possible names of syslog facilities: \begin{description} \item[\code{authorization}] The authorization system: login, su, getty, etc. \item[\code{cron}] The cron daemon. \item[\code{daemon}] System daemons, such as routed, that are not provided for explicitly by other facilities. \item[\code{kernel}] Messages generated by the kernel. \item[\code{lpr}] The line printer spooling system: lpr, lpc, lpd, etc. \item[\code{mail}] The mail system. \item[\code{news}] The network news system. \item[\code{user}] Messages generated by random user processes. \item[\code{uucp}] The uucp system. \item[\code{local0} \code{local1} \code{local2} \code{local3} \code{local4} \code{local5} \code{local6} \code{local7}] Reserved for local use. \end{description} \subsection*{Log levels} A log level identifies the importance of a message from a fixed set of possible levels. \begin{protos} \syntaxproto{syslog-level}{ \cvar{level-name}}{level} \proto{syslog-level?}{ x}{boolean} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Syslog-level} is macro that expands into an expression returning a facility for a given name. \code{Syslog-level?} is a predicate for facilities. Levels are comparable via \code{eq?}. Here is a list of possible names of syslog levels: \begin{description} \item[\code{emergency}] A panic condition. This is normally broadcast to all users. \item[\code{alert}] A condition that should be corrected immediately, such as a corrupted system database. \item[\code{critical}] Critical conditions, e.g., hard device errors. \item[\code{error}] Errors. \item[\code{warning}] Warning messages. \item[\code{notice}] Conditions that are not error conditions, but should possibly be handled specially. \item[\code{info}] Informational messages. \item[\code{debug}] Messages that contain information normally of use only when debugging a program. \end{description} \subsection*{Log masks} A log masks can mask out log messages at a set of levels. A log mask is an enum set of log levels. \begin{protos} \proto{make-syslog-mask}{ list}{mask} \syntaxproto{syslog-mask}{ \cvar{level-name} \ldots}{mask} \constproto{syslog-mask-all}{ mask} \proto{syslog-mask-upto}{ level}{mask} \proto{syslog-mask?}{ x}{boolean} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Make-syslog-mask} constructs a mask from a list of levels. \code{Syslog-mask} is a macro which constructs a mask from names of levels. \code{Syslog-mask-all} is a predefined log mask containing all levels. \code{Syslog-mask-upto} returns a mask consisting of all levels up to and including a certain level, starting with \code{emergency}. \subsection*{Logging} Scheme~48 dynamically maintains implicit connections to the syslog facility specifying a current identifier, current options, a current facility and a current log mask. Every thread maintains it own implicit connection to syslog. Note that the connection is not implicitly preserved across a \code{spawn}. \begin{protos} \proto{with-syslog-destination}{ string options facility mask thunk}{value} \end{protos} \noindent \code{With-syslog-destination} dynamically binds parameters of the implicit connection to the syslog facility and runs \var{thunk} within those parameter bindings, returning what \var{thunk} returns. Each of the parameters may be \code{\#f} in which case the previous values will be used. \begin{protos} \protonoresult{syslog}{ level message} \protonoresult{syslog}{ level message string} \protonoresult{syslog}{ level message string options} \protonoresult{syslog}{ level message string options syslog-facility} \protonoresult{syslog}{ level message channel} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Syslog} actually logs a message. Each of the parameters of the implicit connection (except for the log mask) can be explicitly specified as well for the current call to \code{syslog}, overriding the parameters of the channel. The parameters revert to their original values after the call. The final form specifies the destination of the log message as a channel; see the next section. \subsection*{Syslog channels} % These procedures allow direct manipulation of syslog channels, the objects that represent connections to the syslog facility. Note that it is not necessary to explicitly open a syslog channel to do logging. \begin{protos} \proto{open-syslog-channel}{string options facility mask}{channel} \protonoresult{close-syslog-channel}{channel} \proto{with-syslog-destination}{ channel thunk}{value} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Open-syslog-channel} and \code{close-syslog-channel} create and destroy a connection to the syslog facility, respectively. The specified form of calling \code{syslog} logs to the specified channel. \code{With-syslog-channel} dynamically binds parameters of the implicit connection to the syslog facility to those specified in \cvar{channel} and runs \var{thunk} within those parameter bindings, returning what \var{thunk} returns. \section{Error codes} POSIX functions report the nature of an error via \textit{system error numbers}---OS-specific integers that encode a variety of different error situations. At the Scheme level, error numbers are represented as \textit{errnos}, objects that specify a name for the error sitation. Errnos are definted in the structures \code{posix-errnos} and \code{posix}. Currently, the system reports such error situations by raising exceptions with condition type \code{\&os-error}. The \code{\&os-error} condition type has a field \code{code} that contains the system error number. There are two varieties of errnos available, {\em named} and {\em anonymous}. A named errno is one for which we have a symbolic name, such as \code{fault} or \code{intr}. Anonymous errnos, for which we only have the current operating system's errno number, have no meaning in other operating systems. Named errnos preserve their meaning in image files. Not all named errnos are available from all OS's and there may be multiple names for a single OS errno number. \begin{protos} \syntaxproto{errno}{ \cvar{errno-name}}{errno} \proto{name->errno}{ symbol}{errno or {\tt \#f}} \proto{integer->errno}{ integer}{errno} \proto{errno?}{ x}{boolean} \proto{errno-name}{ errno}{symbol or {\tt \#f}} \proto{errno-os-number}{ errno}{integer} \proto{errno=?}{ errno0 errno1}{boolean} \end{protos} \noindent The syntax \code{errno} returns a (named) errno associated with \cvar{errno-name}. \code{Name->errno} returns a (named) errno or \code{\#f} if the the errno \cvar{name} is not supported by the operating system. The errno returned by \code{integer->errno} is a named errno if \cvar{integer} corresponds to a named errno in the current operating system; otherwise it returns an anonymous errno. \code{Errno-name} returns a symbol if \cvar{errno} is named and \code{\#f} if it is anonymous. \code{Errno=?} returns \code{\#t} if \cvar{errno0} and \cvar{errno1} have the same operating system number and \code{\#f} if they do not. \subsection{POSIX errnos} The following lists the names of the POSIX errnos. \begin{center} \begin{longtable}{@{\ttfamily}lp{0.6\textwidth}} toobig & Argument list too long.\\ acces & Permission denied.\\ addrinuse & Address in use.\\ addrnotavail & Address not available.\\ afnosupport & Address family not supported.\\ again & Resource unavailable, try again.\\ already & Connection already in progress.\\ badf & Bad file descriptor.\\ badmsg & Bad message.\\ busy & Device or resource busy.\\ canceled & Operation canceled.\\ child & No child processes.\\ connaborted & Connection aborted.\\ connrefused & Connection refused.\\ connreset & Connection reset.\\ deadlk & Resource deadlock would occur.\\ destaddrreq & Destination address required.\\ dom & Mathematics argument out of domain of function.\\ dquot & Reserved.\\ exist & File exists.\\ fault & Bad address.\\ fbig & File too large.\\ hostunreach & Host is unreachable.\\ idrm & Identifier removed.\\ ilseq & Illegal byte sequence.\\ inprogress & Operation in progress.\\ intr & Interrupted function.\\ inval & Invalid argument.\\ io & I/O error.\\ isconn & Socket is connected.\\ isdir & Is a directory.\\ loop & Too many levels of symbolic links.\\ mfile & Too many open files.\\ mlink & Too many links.\\ msgsize & Message too large.\\ multihop & Reserved.\\ nametoolong & Filename too long.\\ netdown & Network is down.\\ netreset & Connection aborted by network.\\ netunreach & Network unreachable.\\ nfile & Too many files open in system.\\ nobufs & No buffer space available.\\ nodata & No message is available on the STREAM head read queue. \\ nodev & No such device.\\ noent & No such file or directory.\\ noexec & Executable file format error.\\ nolck & No locks available.\\ nolink & Reserved.\\ nomem & Not enough space.\\ nomsg & No message of the desired type.\\ noprotoopt & Protocol not available.\\ nospc & No space left on device.\\ nosr & No STREAM resources. \\ nostr & Not a STREAM. \\ nosys & Function not supported.\\ notconn & The socket is not connected.\\ notdir & Not a directory.\\ notempty & Directory not empty.\\ notsock & Not a socket.\\ notsup & Not supported.\\ notty & Inappropriate I/O control operation.\\ nxio & No such device or address.\\ opnotsupp & Operation not supported on socket.\\ overflow & Value too large to be stored in data type.\\ perm & Operation not permitted.\\ pipe & Broken pipe.\\ proto & Protocol error.\\ protonosupport & Protocol not supported.\\ prototype & Protocol wrong type for socket.\\ range & Result too large.\\ rofs & Read-only file system.\\ spipe & Invalid seek.\\ srch & No such process.\\ stale & Reserved.\\ time & Stream ioctl() timeout. \\ timedout & Connection timed out.\\ txtbsy & Text file busy.\\ wouldblock & Operation would block.\\ xdev & Cross-device link.\\ \end{longtable} \end{center} \section{C to Scheme correspondence} \label{function-correspondence} The following table lists the Scheme procedures that correspond to particular C procedures. Not all of the Scheme procedures listed are part of the POSIX interface. \texonly\setlongtables \begin{longtable}{ll}\endtexonly \htmlonly\begin{tabular}{ll}\endhtmlonly C procedure & Scheme procedure(s) \\ \endfirsthead C procedure & Scheme procedure(s) \\ \endhead \code{access}&\code{accessible?}\\ \code{asctime}&\code{date->string}\\ \code{chdir}&\code{set-working-directory!}\\ \code{close}&\code{close-input-port, close-output-port,}\\ &\code{\ \ close-channel, close-socket}\\ \code{closedir}&\code{close-directory-stream}\\ \code{creat}&\code{open-file}\\ \code{ctime}&\code{time->string}\\ \code{dup}&\code{dup, dup-switching-mode}\\ \code{dup2}&\code{dup2}\\ \code{exec[l|v][e|p|$\epsilon$]} &\code{exec, exec-with-environment,} \\ &\code{\ \ exec-file, exec-file-with-environment,} \\ &\code{\ \ exec-with-alias}\\ \code{\_exit}&\code{exit}\\ \code{fcntl}&\code{io-flags, set-io-flags!,}\\ &\code{\ \ close-on-exec, set-close-on-exec!}\\ \code{fork}&\code{fork, fork-and-forget}\\ \code{fstat}&\code{get-port-info}\\ \code{getcwd}&\code{working-directory}\\ \code{getegid}&\code{get-effective-group-id}\\ \code{getenv}&\code{lookup-environment-variable,} \\ &\code{\ \ environment-alist}\\ \code{geteuid}&\code{get-effective-user-id}\\ \code{getgid}&\code{get-group-id}\\ \code{getgroups}&\code{get-groups}\\ \code{getlogin}&\code{get-login-name}\\ \code{getpid}&\code{get-process-id}\\ \code{getppid}&\code{get-parent-process-id}\\ \code{getuid}&\code{get-user-id}\\ \code{gmtime}&\code{time->local-date}\\ \code{isatty}&\code{port-is-a-terminal?}\\ \code{link}&\code{link}\\ \code{localtime}&\code{time->utc-date}\\ \code{lstat}&\code{get-file/link-info}\\ \code{mkdir}&\code{make-directory}\\ \code{mkfifo}&\code{make-fifo}\\ \code{mktime}&\code{date->time}\\ \code{open}&\code{open-file}\\ \code{opendir}&\code{open-directory-stream}\\ \code{pipe}&\code{open-pipe}\\ \code{read}&\code{read-char, read-block}\\ \code{readdir}&\code{read-directory-stream}\\ \code{readlink}&\code{read-symbolic-link}\\ \code{rename}&\code{rename}\\ \code{rmdir}&\code{remove-directory}\\ \code{setgid}&\code{set-group-id!}\\ \code{setegid}&\code{set-effective-group-id!}\\ \code{setuid}&\code{set-user-id!}\\ \code{seteuid}&\code{set-effective-user-id!}\\ \code{stat}&\code{get-file-info}\\ \code{strftime}&\code{format-date}\\ \code{symlink}&\code{create-symbolic-link}\\ \code{syslog}&\code{syslog}\\ \code{time}&\code{current-time}\\ \code{ttyname}&\code{port-terminal-name}\\ \code{umask}&\code{set-file-creation-mask!}\\ \code{uname}&\code{os-name, os-node-name,} \\ &\code{\ \ os-release-name, os-version-name,} \\ &\code{\ \ machine-name}\\ \code{unlink}&\code{unlink}\\ \code{waitpid}&\code{wait-for-child-process}\\ \code{write}&\code{write-char, write-block}\\ % The ones that aren't there yet. %wait \\ %kill \\ %sigemptyset, sigfillset, sigaddset, digdelset, sigismember \\ %sigaction \\ %sigsuspend \\ %alarm \\ %pause \\ %sleep \\ %getpgrp \\ %setsid \\ %times \\ %ctermid \\ %sysconf \\ %rewinddir \\ %chmod \\ %chown \\ %utime \\ %ftruncate \\ %pathconf, fpathconf \\ %lseek \\ %fsync \\ \texonly\end{longtable}\endtexonly \htmlonly\end{tabular}\endhtmlonly %%% Local Variables: %%% mode: latex %%% TeX-master: "manual" %%% End: scheme48-1.9/doc/src/proto.tex000644 004306 005702 00000006552 12067075540 017257 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 % Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. % Authors: Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees, Mike Sperber \newcommand{\cvar}[1]{\textrm{\textit{#1}}} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Latex prototypes \texonly \newcommand{\evalsto}{$\rightarrow$} \newenvironment{protos}{\list{$\bullet$} {\leftmargin1.2em\rightmargin0pt\itemsep0pt\parsep0pt\partopsep-2pt}} {\endlist} % The following is for prototypes that have return types. % (foo int int) -> int \newcommand{\proto}[3]{% \protonoindex{#1}{#2}{#3}% \mainschindex{#1}}% \newcommand{\protonoindex}[3]{\item\noindent\unskip% \hbox{\spaceskip=0.5em\code{({#1}{\it#2\/})} {$\rightarrow$} {\it#3}}} \newcommand{\cproto}[1]{\item\noindent\unskip% \hbox{\spaceskip=0.5em\code{{#1}}}} \newcommand{\cgcproto}[1]{\item\noindent\unskip% \hbox{\spaceskip=0.5em\code{{#1}}}\hfill\penalty 0% \hbox{ }\nobreak\hfill\hbox{\rm (may GC)}} \newcommand{\protonoresultnoindex}[2]{\item\noindent\unskip% \hbox{\spaceskip=0.5em\code{(\hbox{#1}{\it#2\/})}}} \newcommand{\protonoresult}[2]{% \protonoresultnoindex{#1}{#2}% \mainschindex{#1}}% \newcommand{\protoresult}[1]{\newline\unskip% {\hspace*{2em}\code{{$\rightarrow$} {\it#1}}\hfill}} % Syntax prototypes \newcommand{\syntaxprotonoresultnoindex}[2]{\item\noindent\unskip% \hbox{\spaceskip=0.5em\code{(\hbox{#1}{#2})}}\hfill\penalty 0% \hbox{ }\nobreak\hfill\hbox{\rm syntax}} \newcommand{\syntaxprotonoresult}[2]{% \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{#1}{#2}\mainschindex{#1}} \newcommand{\syntaxproto}[3]{\item\noindent\unskip% \hbox{\spaceskip=0.5em\code{(\hbox{#1}{#2})}} {$\rightarrow$} {\it#3}% \hfill\penalty 0% \hbox{ }\nobreak\hfill\hbox{\rm syntax}} % This can be reduced \newcommand{\pconstproto}[2]{\item\noindent\unskip% \hbox{\spaceskip=0.5em\code{#1}}\hfill\penalty 0% \hbox{ }\nobreak\hfill\hbox{\rm #2}} % Variable prototype \newcommand{\constproto}[2]{\pconstproto{#1}{#2}\mainschindex{#1}} \newcommand{\constprotonoindex}[2]{\pconstproto{#1}{#2}} \endtexonly %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% end of Latex proto definitions %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% HTML prototypes \htmlonly \newcommand{\evalsto}{\verb| => |} \newenvironment{protos}{\begin{itemize}}{\end{itemize}} % The following is for prototypes that have return types. % (foo int int) -> int \newcommand{\protonoindex}[3]{% %\cindex{\code{#1}}% \item\noindent\code{({#1}{\var{#2}})~-->~{\var{#3}}}} \newcommand{\proto}[3]{% \protonoindex{#1}{#2}{#3}% \mainschindex{#1}}% \newcommand{\protonoresultnoindex}[2]{% %\cindex{\code{#1}}% \item\noindent\code{({#1}{\var{#2}\/})}} \newcommand{\protonoresult}[2]{% \protonoresultnoindex{#1}{#2}% \mainschindex{#1}}% \newcommand{\pconstproto}[2]{% \item\noindent\code{{#1}}\prototag{#2}} % Variable prototype \newcommand{\constproto}[2]{\pconstproto{#1}{#2}\mainschindex{#1}} \newcommand{\constprotonoindex}[2]{\pconstproto{#1}{#2}} \newcommand{\cproto}[1]{% \item\noindent\code{{#1}}} \newcommand{\cgcproto}[1]{% \item\noindent\code{{#1}}\prototag{may GC}} \newcommand{\syntaxprotonoresult}[2]{% \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{#1}{#2}\mainschindex{#1}} \newcommand{\syntaxprotonoresultnoindex}[2]{% \item\noindent\code{({#1}{#2})}\prototag{syntax}} \newcommand{\protoresult}[1]{% \\{}\noindent\code{\ \ \ \ -->~{\it{#1}}}} \newcommand{\syntaxproto}[3]{% \item\noindent\code{({#1}{#2})~-->~{\var{#3}}}\prototag{syntax}} \newcommand{\prototag}[1]{\hfill\hbox{(#1)}} \endhtmlonly %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% end of HTML proto definitions scheme48-1.9/doc/src/thread.tex000644 004306 005702 00000077760 12067075540 017374 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 % Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. % Authors: Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees, Mike Sperber, Robert Ransom \chapter{Threads} % safety (and the lack thereof) This chapter describes Scheme~48's thread system: Scheme~48 threads are fully preemptive; all threads (currently) run within a single operating system process. Scheme~48 allows writing customized, nested schedulers, and provides numerous facilities for the synchronization of shared-memory programs, most importantly \textit{proposals} for optimistic concurrency. \section{Creating and controlling threads} The bindings described in this section are part of the \code{threads} structure. % \begin{protos} \proto{spawn}{ thunk}{thread} \proto{spawn}{ thunk name}{thread} \end{protos} % \code{Spawn} creates a new thread, passes that thread to the current scheduler, and instructs the scheduler to run \cvar{thunk} in that thread. The \cvar{name} argument (a symbol) associates a symbolic name with the thread; it is purely for debugging purposes. % \begin{protos} \protonoresult{relinquish-timeslice}{} \protonoresult{sleep}{ time-in-milliseconds} \protonoresult{terminate-current-thread}{} \end{protos} % \code{Relinquish-timeslice} instructs the scheduler to run another thread, thus relinquishing the timeslice of the current thread. \code{Sleep} does the same and asks the scheduler to suspend the current thread for at least \cvar{time-in-milliseconds} milliseconds before resuming it. Finally, \code{terminate-current-thread} terminates the current thread. Each thread is represented by a thread object. The following procedures operate on that object: % \begin{protos} \proto{current-thread}{}{thread} \proto{thread?}{ thing}{boolean} \proto{thread-name}{ thread}{name} \proto{thread-uid}{ thread}{integer} \end{protos} % \code{Current-thread} returns the thread object associated with the currently running thread. \code{Thread?} is the predicate for thread objects. \code{Thread-name} extracts the name of the thread, if one was specified in the call to \code{spawn}, \code{\#f} otherwise. \code{Thread-uid} returns the \textit{uid} of the thread, a unique integer assigned by the thread system. \section{Advanced thread handling} The following bindings are part of the \code{threads-internal} structure: % \begin{protos} \protonoresultnoindex{terminate-thread!}{ thread}\mainschindex{terminate-thread"!} \protonoresultnoindex{kill-thread!}{ thread}\mainschindex{kill-thread"!} \end{protos} % \code{Terminate-thread!} unwinds the thread associated with \cvar{thread}, running any pending \code{dynamic-wind} \cvar{after} thunks (in that thread), after which the thread terminates. \code{Kill-thread!} causes the thread associated with \cvar{thread} to terminate immediately without unwinding its continuation. % \section{Debugging multithreaded programs} Debugging multithreaded programs can be difficult. As described in section~\ref{command-threads}, when any thread signals an error, Scheme~48 stops running all of the threads at that command level. The following procedure (exported by the structure \code{debug-messages}) is useful in debugging multi-threaded programs. \begin{protos} \protonoresult{debug-message}{ element$_0$ \ldots} \end{protos} \code{Debug-message} prints the elements to `\code{stderr}', followed by a newline. The only types of values that \code{debug-message} prints in full are small integers (fixnums), strings, characters, symbols, booleans, and the empty list. Values of other types are abbreviated as follows: % \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{ll} pair & \code{(...)}\\ vector & \code{\#(...)}\\ procedure & \code{\#\{procedure\}}\\ record & \code{\#\{\}}\\ all others & \code{???}\\ \end{tabular} \end{center} % The great thing about \code{debug-message} is that it bypasses Scheme~48's I/O and thread handling. The message appears immediately, with no delays or errors. \section{Optimistic concurrency} \label{sec:optimistic-concurrency} Most of the bindings described in this section are part of the \code{proposals} structure---the low-level bindings described at the very end of the section are part of the \code{low-proposals} structure. A \cvar{proposal} is a record of reads from and and writes to locations in memory. Each thread has an associated \textit{current proposal} (which may be \code{\#f}). The \cvar{logging} operations listed below record any values read or written in the current proposal. A reading operation, such as \code{provisional-vector-ref}, first checks to see if the current proposal contains a value for the relevant location. If so, that value is returned as the result of the read. If not, the current contents of the location are stored in the proposal and then returned as the result of the read. A logging write to a location stores the new value as the current contents of the location in the current proposal; the contents of the location itself remain unchanged. \cvar{Committing} to a proposal verifies that any reads logged in the proposal are still valid and, if so, performs any writes that the proposal contains. A logged read is valid if, at the time of the commit, the location contains the same value it had at the time of the original read (note that this does not mean that no change occurred, simply that the value now is the same as the value then). If a proposal has an invalid read then the effort to commit fails; no change is made to the value of any location. The verifications and subsequent writes to memory are performed atomically with respect to other proposal commit attempts. % Explain better? The \code{queues} structure (with source in \code{scheme/big/queue.scm}) is a thoroughly commented example of a moderately complex data structure made thread-safe using optimistic concurrency. \begin{protos} \proto{call-ensuring-atomicity}{ thunk}{value \ldots} \protonoresultnoindex{call-ensuring-atomicity!}{ thunk}\mainschindex{call-ensuring-atomicity"!} \syntaxproto{ensure-atomicity}{ \cvar{exp} \ldots}{value \ldots} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{ensure-atomicity!}{ \cvar{exp} \ldots}\mainschindex{ensure-atomicity"!} \end{protos} \noindent If there is a proposal in place \code{call-ensuring-atomicity} and \code{call-ensuring-atomicity!} simply make a (tail-recursive) call to \cvar{thunk}. If the current proposal is \code{\#f} they create a new proposal, install it, call \cvar{thunk}, and then try to commit to the proposal. This process repeats, with a new proposal on each iteration, until the commit succeeds. \code{Call-ensuring-atomicity} returns whatever values are returned by \cvar{thunk} on its final invocation, while \code{ensure-atomicity!} discards any such values and returns nothing. \code{Ensure-atomicity} and \code{ensure-atomicity!} are macro versions of \code{call-ensuring-atomicity} and \code{call-ensuring-atomicity!}: \code{(ensure-atomicity \cvar{exp} \ldots)} expands into \code{(call-ensuring-atomicity (lambda () \cvar{exp} \ldots))}; likewise for \code{ensure-atomicity!} and \code{call-ensuring-atomicity!}. \begin{protos} \proto{provisional-car}{ pair}{value} \proto{provisional-cdr}{ pair}{value} \protonoresultnoindex{provisional-set-car!}{ pair value}\mainschindex{provisional-set-car"!} \protonoresultnoindex{provisional-set-cdr!}{ pair value}\mainschindex{provisional-set-cdr"!} \proto{provisional-cell-ref}{ cell}{value} \protonoresultnoindex{provisional-cell-set!}{ cell value}\mainschindex{provisional-cell-set"!} \proto{provisional-vector-ref}{ vector i}{value} \protonoresultnoindex{provisional-vector-set!}{ vector i value}\mainschindex{provisional-vector-set"!} \proto{provisional-string-ref}{ vector i}{char} \protonoresultnoindex{provisional-string-set!}{ vector i char}\mainschindex{provisional-string-set"!} \proto{provisional-byte-vector-ref}{ vector i}{k} \protonoresultnoindex{provisional-byte-vector-set!}{ vector i k}\mainschindex{provisional-byte-vector-set"!} \end{protos} \noindent These are all logging versions of their Scheme counterparts. Reads are checked when the current proposal is committed and writes are delayed until the commit succeeds. If the current proposal is \code{\#f} these perform exactly as their Scheme counterparts. The following implementation of a simple counter may not function properly when used by multiple threads. \begin{example} (define (make-counter) (let ((value 0)) (lambda () (set! value (+ value 1)) value))) \end{example} Here is the same procedure using a proposal to ensure that each increment operation happens atomically. The value of the counter is kept in a cell (see section~\ref{cells}) to allow the use of logging operations. \begin{example} (define (make-counter) (let ((value (make-cell 0))) (lambda () (ensure-atomicity (lambda () (let ((v (+ (provisional-cell-ref value) 1))) (provisional-cell-set! value v) v)))))) \end{example} Because \code{ensure-atomicity} creates a new proposal only if there is no existing proposal in place, multiple atomic actions can be merged into a single atomic action. For example, the following procedure increments an arbitrary number of counters at the same time. This works even if the same counter appears multiple times; \code{(step-counters! c0 c0)} would add two to the value of counter \code{c0}. \begin{example} (define (step-counters! . counters) (ensure-atomicity (lambda () (for-each (lambda (counter) (counter)) counters)))) \end{example} \begin{example} (define-synchronized-record-type \cvar{tag} \cvar{type-name} (\cvar{constructor-name} \cvar{field-tag} \ldots) [(\cvar \cvar{field-tag} \ldots)] \cvar{predicate-name} (\cvar{field-tag} \cvar{accessor-name} [\cvar{modifier-name}]) \ldots) \end{example} This is the same as \code{define-record-type} except all field reads and writes are logged in the current proposal. If the optional list of field tags is present then only those fields will be logged. \begin{protos} \proto{call-atomically}{ thunk}{value(s)} \protonoresultnoindex{call-atomically!}{ thunk}\mainschindex{call-atomically"!} \syntaxproto{atomically}{ \cvar{exp} \ldots}{value(s)} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{atomically!}{ \cvar{exp} \ldots}\mainschindex{atomically"!} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Call-atomically} and \code{call-atomically!} are identical to \code{call-ensuring-atomicity} and \code{call-ensuring-atomicity!} except that they always install a new proposal before calling \code{thunk}. The current proposal is saved and then restored after \code{thunk} returns. \code{Call-atomically} and \code{call-atomically!} are useful if \code{thunk} contains code that is not to be combined with any other operation. \code{Atomically} and \code{atomically!} are macro versions of \code{call-atomically} and \code{call-atomically!}: \code{(atomically \cvar{exp} \ldots)} expands into \code{(call-atomically (lambda () \cvar{exp} \ldots))}; likewise for \code{atomically!} and \code{call-atomically!}. % example? The following procedures and macro are intended primarily for use in implementing new synchronization primitives or complex thread-safe data structures. \begin{protos} \syntaxproto{with-new-proposal}{ (\cvar{lose}) \cvar{exp} \ldots}{value \ldots} \proto{maybe-commit}{}{boolean} \proto{proposal-active?}{}{boolean} \protonoresultnoindex{remove-current-proposal!}{}\mainschindex{remove-current-proposal"!} \protonoresultnoindex{invalidate-current-proposal!}{}\mainschindex{invalidate-current-proposal"!} \end{protos} \noindent \code{With-new-proposal} saves the current proposal, installs a new one, executes the forms in the body, reinstalls the formerly current proposal, and returns whatever the last body form returned. It also binds \cvar{lose} to a thunk repeating the procedure of installing a new procedure and running the body. Typically, the body will call \code{maybe-commit} and, if that fails, tail-call \cvar{lose} to try again. If \cvar{lose} is called from a non-tail position of the body, the results are unspecified (and probably harmful). \code{Maybe-commit} verifies that any reads logged in the current proposal are still valid and, if so, performs any writes that it contains. A logged read is valid if, at the time of the commit, the location read contains the same value it had at the time of the original read (note that this does not mean that no change occurred, simply that the value now is the same as the value then). \code{Maybe-commit} returns \code{\#t} if the commit succeeds and \code{\#f} if it fails. \code{Proposal-active?} returns \code{\#t} if a proposal is active, and \code{\#f} otherwise. \code{Remove-current-proposal!} removes and discards the current proposal; this can be used to clean up before raising an error. \code{Invalidate-current-proposal!} ensures that any attempt to commit the current proposal will fail; this can be used if an operation on a thread-safe data structure detects that it has seen the data structure in an inconsistent state. The following procedures give access to the low-level proposal mechanism. They are defined in the \code{low-proposals} structure. \begin{protos} \proto{make-proposal}{}{proposal} \proto{current-proposal}{}{proposal} \protonoresultnoindex{set-current-proposal!}{ proposal}\mainschindex{set-current-proposal"!} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Make-proposal} creates a new proposal. \code{Current-proposal} and \code{set-current-proposal} access and set the current thread's proposal. It is an error to pass to \code{set-current-proposal!} a proposal that is already in use. \section{Condition variables} \label{sec:condition-variables} % these require proposals \textit{Condition variables} (defined in the \code{condvars} structure) allow threads perform condition synchronization: It allows threads to block, waiting for a specified condition---associated with a condition variable---to occur, and other threads to wake up the waiting threads when the condition is fulfilled. Note that, in Scheme~48, condition variables work in conjunction with proposals, not with mutex locks or semaphores, as in most other implementations of this concept. \begin{protos} \proto{make-condvar}{}{condvar} \proto{make-condvar}{ id}{condvar} \proto{condvar?}{ thing}{boolean} \protonoresultnoindex{set-condvar-has-value?!}{ condvar boolean}\mainschindex{set-condvar-has-value?"!} \proto{condvar-has-value?}{ condvar}{boolean} \protonoresultnoindex{set-condvar-value!}{ condvar value}\mainschindex{set-condvar-value"!} \proto{condvar-value}{ condvar}{value} \proto{maybe-commit-and-wait-for-condvar}{ condvar}{boolean} \protonoindex{maybe-commit-and-set-condvar!}{ condvar value}{boolean}\mainschindex{maybe-commit-and-set-condvar"!} \end{protos} % \code{Make-condvar} creates a condition variable. (The optional \cvar{id} argument is only for debugging purposes; the discloser for condition variables prints it out if present.) \code{Condvar?} is the predicate for condition variables. Each condition variable has an associated value and a flag \code{has-value?} signalling if the condition has already occured. The accessor for flag is \code{condvar-has-value?}; \code{set-condvar-has-value?!} sets it. Both are provisional operations and go through the current proposal. \code{Set-condvar-value!} sets the value of the condition variable (provisionally), and \code{condvar-value} extracts it. \code{Maybe-commit-and-wait-for-condvar} attempts to commit the current proposal. If the commit succeeds, it suspends the current thread and registers it with the \cvar{condvar} condition variable. Upon waking up again \code{maybe-commit-and-wait-for-condvar} returns \code{\#t}, If the commit fails, \code{maybe-commit-and-set-condvar} returns \code{\#f}. \code{Maybe-commit-and-set-condvar!} sets the value of the \cvar{condvar} condition variable to \cvar{value}, (provisionally) sets the \code{has-value?} flag to \code{\#t}, and then attempt to commit the current proposal. Upon success, it wakes up all suspended threads registered with \cvar{condvar} and returns \code{\#t}, otherwise, it returns \code{\#f}. \section{Mutual exclusion} Scheme~48 also has more traditional mutual-exclusion synchronization abstractions, specifically mutex locks and placeholders. Note that typically synchronization via optimistic concurrency is usually preferable: Mutual exclusion often puts the running program into an inconsistent state for the time of the inclusion, which has adverse effects on modularity and interruptibility. \subsection{Locks} The \code{locks} structure contains bindings that implement standard mutex locks: % \begin{protos} \proto{make-lock}{}{lock} \proto{lock?}{ thing}{boolean} \protonoresult{obtain-lock}{ lock} \proto{maybe-obtain-lock}{ lock}{boolean} \protonoresult{release-lock}{ lock} \end{protos} % \code{Make-lock} creates a lock in the ``released'' state. \code{Lock?} is the predicate for locks. \code{Obtain-lock} atomically checks if \cvar{lock} is in the ``released'' state. If it is, the lock is put into the ``obtained'' state, and \code{obtain-lock} returns immediately. If the lock is in the ``obtained'' state, the current thread is suspended and registered with the lock. \code{Maybe-obtain-lock}, like \code{obtain-lock}, checks the state of \cvar{lock}: if it is ``released,'' the lock is put into the ``obtained'' state, if it is ``obtained,'' \code{maybe-obtain-lock} returns immediately. \code{Maybe-obtain-lock} returns \code{\#t} if it was able to obtain the lock, and \code{\#f} otherwise. \code{Release-lock} does nothing if \cvar{lock} is in the ``released'' state. If it is in the ``obtained'' state, \code{release-lock} causes one of the threads suspended on an \code{obtain-lock} lock operation to continue execution. If that thread is the last thread registered with the lock, the lock is transferred to the ``released'' state. In any case, \code{release-lock} returns immediately. \subsection{Placeholders} \label{placeholders} The \code{placeholders} structure contains bindings for \textit{placeholders}---thread-safe, write-once variables, akin to ID-90 I-structures or CML I-variables. The typical scenario for placeholders is that, say, a thread~A computes a value needed by another thread~B at some unspecified time. Both threads share access to a placeholder; when A has computed the value, it places it into the placeholder. When B needs the value, it extracts it from placeholder, blocking if necessary. % \begin{protos} \proto{make-placeholder}{}{placeholder} \proto{make-placeholder}{ id}{placeholder} \proto{placeholder?}{ thing}{boolean} \protonoresultnoindex{placeholder-set!}{ placeholder value}\mainschindex{placeholder-set"!} \proto{placeholder-value}{ placeholder}{value} \end{protos} % \code{Make-placeholder} creates an empty placeholder. (The optional \cvar{id} argument is only for debugging purposes; the discloser for placeholders prints it out if present.) \code{Placeholder?} is the predicate for placeholders. \code{Placeholder-set!} places a value into a placeholder. Doing this more than once signals an error. \code{Placeholder-value} extracts the value from the placeholder and returns it. If the placeholder is empty, it blocks the current thread until it becomes full. \section{Writing custom synchronization abstractions} The bindings explained in this section are part of the \code{threads-internal} structure. They are concerned with suspending threads and making them runnable again upon some later event. Typically, a suspended thread needs to be recorded in a queue somewhere for later waking-up. To allow a thread to be recorded in multiple queues (say, when it waits for one of a number of events), such \textit{thread queues} are ordinary queues containing cells that, in turn, contain the thread objects themselves. Each thread has at most one such cell associated with it which is shared among all queues (or other data structures) holding on to the suspended thread. The cell is cleared when the thread is woken up. % \begin{protos} \proto{thread-queue-empty?}{ thread-queue}{boolean} \protonoindex{maybe-dequeue-thread!}{ thread-queue}{boolean}\mainschindex{maybe-dequeue-thread"!} \end{protos} % \code{Thread-queue-empty?} atomically checks whether the \cvar{thread-queue} thread queue is empty, i.e., if it does not contain non-empty cells. \code{Maybe-dequeue-thread!} provisionally dequeues a thread from \cvar{thread-queue} if it contains one. It returns the dequeued thread or \code{\#f} if the queue is empty. % \begin{protos} \proto{maybe-commit-and-block}{ cell}{boolean} \proto{maybe-commit-and-block-on-queue}{ thread-queue}{boolean} \proto{maybe-commit-and-make-ready}{ thread-or-queue}{boolean} \end{protos} % \code{Maybe-commit-and-block} attempts to commit the current proposal. If this succeeds, the current thread is blocked, the thread's cell is set to \cvar{cell}, and \code{\#t} is returned. Otherwise, \code{\#f} is returned. \code{Maybe-commit-and-block-on-queue} is like \code{maybe-commit-and-block}, excepts that it creates a fresh cell for the thread and enqueues it in \cvar{thread-queue} if the commit succeeds. \code{Maybe-commit-and-make-ready} accepts either a thread object or a thread queue as an argument. In either case, \code{maybe-commit-and-make-ready} tries to commit the current proposal. If that succeeds, \code{maybe-commit-and-make-ready} makes its argument runnable: if \cvar{thread-or-queue} is a thread, that thread is made runnable, if it is a thread queue, all threads on the queue are made runnable. (In the latter case, none of the threads actually runs until all have been made runnable.) \code{Maybe-commit-and-make-ready} returns \code{\#t} if it succeeded, and \code{\#f} otherwise. % \section{Writing your own schedulers} \section{Concurrent ML abstractions} The interface to the Concurrent ML abstractions in Scheme~48 is mostly analogous to the original implementation shipped with SML/NJ~\cite{Reppy:CML-book}. Note that both the interface and implementation are new and may change in future releases. The main terminological difference is that CML events are called \textit{rendezvous} in Scheme~48. For more information on programming with the CML abstractions, Reppy's book~\cite{Reppy:CML-book} is recommended. \subsection{Basic rendezvous combinators} The basic rendezvous combinators live in the \code{rendezvous} structure. % \begin{protos} \constproto{never-rv}{rendezvous} \proto{always-rv}{ value}{rendezvous} \end{protos} % \code{Never-rv} is a rendezvous that is never enabled for synchronization. (It is the same as the \code{never} event in CML.) \code{Always-rv} returns a rendezvous that is always enabled for synchronization, and always yields the same value \cvar{value}. (This is the same as the \code{alwaysEvt} function in CML.) % \begin{protos} \proto{choose}{ rendezvous \ldots}{rendezvous} \end{protos} % \code{Choose} creates a rendezvous representing the choice of its arguments: Synchronization on the resulting rendezvous will synchronize on one of the arguments to \code{choose}, depending on which becomes enabled first. (This is the same as the \code{choose} function in CML.) % \begin{protos} \proto{wrap}{ rendezvous proc}{rendezvous} \end{protos} % \code{Wrap} wraps a post-synchronization procedure around \cvar{rendezvous}: When the resulting rendezvous is synchronized, \cvar{rendezvous} is synchronized, and the value it yields is passed to \cvar{proc}; the value returned by \cvar{proc} then is the result of the synchronization. (This is the same as the CML \code{wrap} function.) % \begin{protos} \proto{guard}{ thunk}{rendezvous} \end{protos} % \code{Guard} delays the creation of a rendezvous until synchronization time: It returns a rendezvous that will, upon synchronization, turn into the rendezvous returned by \cvar{thunk}. \code{Guard} can be used to perform pre-synchronization actions such as resource allocation. (This is the same as the CML \code{guard} function.) % \begin{protos} \proto{with-nack}{ proc}{rendezvous} \end{protos} % \code{With-nack}, like \code{guard}, creates a delayed rendezvous: Upon synchronization, the rendezvous actually used is the one returned by \cvar{proc}. In addition to the functionality offered by \code{guard}, \cvar{proc} receives, as an argument, another rendezvous which becomes enabled when \emph{another} rendezvous involved in the synchronization (via \code{choose}) is picked instead of the one produced by \cvar{proc}. (This is the same as the CML \code{withNack} function.) % \begin{protos} \proto{sync}{ rendezvous}{value} \proto{select}{ rendezvous \ldots}{value} \end{protos} % \code{Sync} synchronizes the current thread on rendezvous \cvar{rendezvous}, returning the value it yields. \code{Select} synchronizes on the choice of its argument; \code{(select $r_1$ \ldots $r_n$)} is semantically equivalent to \code{(sync (choose select $r_1$ \ldots $r_n$))}, but may be implemented more efficiently. (These are the same as the CML functions \code{sync} and \code{select}.) \subsection{Synchronous channels} The \code{rendezvous-channels} structure contains abstractions for bidirectional, synchronous channels for communicating between two threads. % \begin{protos} \proto{make-channel}{}{channel} \proto{channel?}{ x}{boolean} \end{protos} % \code{Make-channel} creates a new synchronous channel. (This is the same as the CML \code{channel} function.) \code{Channel?} is the predicate for synchronous channels. % \begin{protos} \proto{send-rv}{ channel value}{rendezvous} \protonoresult{send}{ channel value} \end{protos} % \code{Send-rv} creates a rendezvous that, upon synchronization, sends message \cvar{value} on the synchronous channel \cvar{channel}. The synchronization suceeds only when another thread attempts to receive a message from \cvar{channel}. (This is the same as the CML \code{sendEvt} function.) \code{Send} directly sends a message \cvar{value} on channel \cvar{channel}; \code{(send $c$ $v$)} is equivalent to \code{(sync (send-rv $c$ $v$))}. (\code{Send} is the same as the CML \code{send} function.) % \begin{protos} \proto{receive-rv}{ channel}{rendezvous} \protonoresult{receive}{ channel} \end{protos} % \code{Receive-rv} creates a rendezvous which, upon synchronization, receives a message on channel \cvar{channel}. (This is the same as the CML \code{recEvt} function.) \code{Receive} directly receives a message on channel \cvar{channel}; \code{(receive $c$ $v$)} is equivalent to \code{(sync (receive-rv $c$ $v$))}. (\code{Receive} is the same as the CML \code{recv} function.) \subsection{Synchronous variables} Two structures contain abstractions for synchronous variables: the \code{rendezvous-placeholders} structure for so-called \textit{placeholders} (write-once variables), and the \code{rendezvous-jars} structure for \textit{jars} (which allow multiple updates.) \subsubsection{Placeholders} % Placeholders are write-once variables. The placeholders implemented by the \code{rendezvous-placeholders} structure offer equivalent functionality to the placeholders implemented by the \code{placeholders} structure (see Section~\ref{placeholders}), but additionally allow converting a placeholder into a rendezvous. Note, however, that placeholders from \code{placeholders} are different from and not interchangeable with placeholders from \code{rendezvous-placeholders}. % \begin{protos} \proto{make-placeholder}{}{placeholder} \proto{make-placeholder}{ id}{placeholder} \proto{placeholder?}{ x}{boolean} \end{protos} % \code{Make-placeholder} creates an empty placeholder. (The optional \cvar{id} argument is only for debugging purposes; the discloser for placeholders prints it out if present.) (This is the same as the CML \code{iVar} function.) \code{Placeholder?} is the predicate for placeholders. % \begin{protos} \protonoresultnoindex{placeholder-set!}{ placeholder value}\mainschindex{placeholder-set"!} \end{protos} % \code{Placeholder-set!} places a value into a placeholder. Doing this more than once signals an error. (This is the same as the CML \code{iPut} function.) % \begin{protos} \proto{placeholder-value-rv}{ placeholder}{rendezvous} \proto{placeholder-value}{ placeholder}{value} \end{protos} % \code{Placeholder-value} extracts the value from the placeholder and returns it. If the placeholder is empty, it blocks the current thread until it becomes full. (This is the same as the CML \code{iGet} function.) \code{Placeholder-value-rv} creates a rendezvous that will, upon synchronization, extract the value from the placeholder and yield it as a result. (This is the same as the CML \code{iGetEvt} function.) \subsubsection{Jars} A jar is a synchronous variable which can have two states: full and empty. It becomes full when a value it put into it; putting a value into a full jar is an error. Conversely, it becomes empty when a value is taken out of it. Trying to take a value out of an empty jar blocks until it becomes full. (Jars are similar to ID-90 M-structures.) Jars live in the \code{rendezvous-jars} structure. % \begin{protos} \proto{make-jar}{}{jar} \proto{make-jar}{ id}{jar} \proto{jar?}{ x}{boolean} \end{protos} % \code{Make-jar} creates an empty jar. (The optional \cvar{id} argument is only for debugging purposes; the discloser for jars prints it out if present.) (This is the same as the CML \code{mVar} function.) \code{Jar?} is the predicate for jars. \begin{protos} \protonoresultnoindex{jar-put!}{ jar value}\mainschindex{jar-put"!} \end{protos} % \code{Jar-put!} places a value into a jar if it is empty. Applying \code{jar-put!} to a full jar is an error. (This is the same as the CML \code{mPut} function.) % \begin{protos} \proto{jar-take-rv}{ placeholder}{rendezvous} \proto{jar-take}{ placeholder}{value} \end{protos} % \code{Jar-take} takes a value from a full jar, emptying it in the process. If the jar is empty, \code{jar-take} blocks until it becomes full. (This is the same as the CML \code{mTake} function.) \code{Jar-take-rv} creates a rendezvous that, upon synchronization, will extract the value from a jar and empty it in the process. (This is the same as the CML \code{mTakeEvt} function.) \subsection{Timeouts} The \code{rendezvous-time} structure allows creating rendezvous for alarms and timeouts: % \begin{protos} \proto{after-time-rv}{ milliseconds}{rendezvous} \proto{at-real-time-rv}{ time}{rendezvous} \end{protos} % \code{After-time-rv} creates a rendezvous that becomes enabled at time interval \cvar{milliseconds} after synchronization. (Actually, \cvar{milliseconds} is a minimum waiting time; the actual delay may be longer.) (This is the same as the CML \code{timeOutEvt} function.) \code{At-real-time-rv} creates a rendezvous that becomes enabled at an absolute time specified by \cvar{time}; this absolute time is specified in the same way as the return value \code{real-time} from the \code{time} structure. (This is the same as the CML \code{atTimeEvt} function.) \subsection{CML to Scheme correspondence} The following table lists the Scheme names that correspond to particular CML names. \texonly\begin{longtable}{ll}\endtexonly \htmlonly\begin{tabular}{ll}\endhtmlonly CML name & Scheme name\\\hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{\code{rendezvous}}\\ \code{never} & \code{never-rv}\\ \code{alwaysEvt} & \code{always-rv}\\ \code{choose} & \code{choose}\\ \code{wrap} & \code{wrap}\\ \code{guard} & \code{guard}\\ \code{withNack} & \code{with-nack}\\ \code{sync} & \code{sync}\\ \code{select} & \code{select}\\[1ex] \multicolumn{2}{c}{\code{rendezvous-channels}}\\ \code{channel} & \code{make-channel}\\ \code{sendEvt} & \code{send-rv}\\ \code{send} & \code{send}\\ \code{recEvt} & \code{receive-rv}\\ \code{rec} & \code{receive}\\[1ex] \multicolumn{2}{c}{\code{rendezvous-placeholders}}\\ \code{iVar} & \code{make-placeholder}\\ \code{iPut} & \code{placeholder-set!}\\ \code{iGet} & \code{placeholder-value}\\ \code{iGetEvt} & \code{placeholder-value-rv}\\[1ex] \multicolumn{2}{c}{\code{rendezvous-jars}}\\ \code{mVar} & \code{make-jar}\\ \code{mTake} & \code{jar-take}\\ \code{mTakeEvt} & \code{jar-take-rv}\\ \code{mPut} & \code{jar-put!}\\[1ex] \multicolumn{2}{c}{\code{rendezvous-time}}\\ \code{timeOutEvt} & \code{after-time-rv}\\ \code{atTimeEvt} & \code{at-real-time-rv} \texonly\end{longtable}\endtexonly \htmlonly\end{tabular}\endhtmlonly %%% Local Variables: %%% mode: latex %%% TeX-master: "manual" %%% End: scheme48-1.9/doc/src/unicode-Z-G-1.tex000644 004306 005702 00000000371 12074535601 020261 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 \documentclass{report} \ifx\bmatrix\UNDEFINED\usepackage{amsmath}\fi \thispagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \begin{displaymath} \left[0,\#x\mathit{D7FF}\right] \cup \left[\#x\mathit{E000}, \#x\mathit{10FFFF}\right] \end{displaymath} \end{document} scheme48-1.9/doc/src/unicode.tex000644 004306 005702 00000040462 12067075540 017540 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 % Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. % Authors: Mike Sperber, Robert Ransom \chapter{Unicode} Scheme~48 fully supports ISO 10646 (Unicode): Scheme characters represent Unicode scalar values, and Scheme strings are arrays of scalar values. More information on Unicode can be found at \urlhd{http://www.unicode.org/}{the Unicode web site}{\code{http://www.unicode.org/}}. \section{Characters and their codes} Scheme~48 internally represents characters as Unicode scalar values. The \code{unicode} structure contains procedures for converting between characters and scalar values: % \begin{protos} \proto{char->scalar-value}{ char}{integer} \proto{scalar-value->char}{ integer}{char} \proto{scalar-value?}{ integer}{boolean} \end{protos} % \code{Char->scalar-value} returns the scalar value of a character, and \code{scalar-value->char} converts in the other direction. \code{Scalar-value->char} signals an error if passed an integer that is not a scalar value. Note that the Unicode scalar value range is % \begin{displaymath} \left[0,\#x\mathit{D7FF}\right] \cup \left[\#x\mathit{E000}, \#x\mathit{10FFFF}\right] \end{displaymath} % In particular, this excludes the surrogates, which UTF-16 uses to encode scalar values with two 16-bit words. Note that this representation differs from that of Java, which uses UTF-16 code units as the character representation---Scheme~48 effectively uses UTF-32, and is thus in line with other Scheme implementations and the current Unicode proposal for R$^6$RS, as set forth in SRFI~75. The R$^5$RS procedures \code{char->integer} and \code{integer->char} are synonyms for \code{char->scalar-value} and \code{scalar-value->char}, respectively. \section{Character and string literals} The syntax specified here is in line with the current Unicode proposal for R$^6$RS, as set forth in SRFI~75, except for case-sensitivity. (Scheme~48 is case-insensitive.) \subsection{Character literals} The following character names are available in addition to what R$^5$RS provides: % \begin{itemize} \item \verb|#\nul| (ASCII 0) \item \verb|#\alarm| (ASCII 7) \item \verb|#\backspace| (ASCII 8) \item \verb|#\tab| (ASCII 9) \item \verb|#\vtab| (ASCII 11) \item \verb|#\page| (ASCII 12) \item \verb|#\return| (ASCII 13) \item \verb|#\esc| (ASCII 27) \item \verb|#\rubout| (ASCII 127) \item \verb|#\x|\meta{x}\meta{x}\ldots{} hex, explicitly or implicitly delimited, where \meta{x}\meta{x}\ldots{} denotes the scalar value of the character \end{itemize} \subsection{String literals} The following escape characters in string literals are available in addition to what R$^5$RS provides: \begin{itemize} \item \verb|\a|: alarm (ASCII 7) \item \verb|\b|: backspace (ASCII 8) \item \verb|\t|: tab (ASCII 9) \item \verb|\n|: linefeed (ASCII 10) \item \verb|\v|: vertical tab (ASCII 11) \item \verb|\f|: formfeed (ASCII 12) \item \verb|\r|: return (ASCII 13) \item \verb|\e|: escape (ASCII 27) \item \verb|\'|: quote (ASCII 39, same as unquoted) \item \verb|\|\meta{newline}\meta{intraline whitespace}: elided (allows a single-line string to span source lines) \item \verb|\x|\meta{x}\meta{x}\ldots{}\verb|;| hex, where \meta{x}\meta{x}\ldots{} denotes the scalar value of the character \end{itemize} \subsection{Identifiers and symbol literals} Where R$^5$RS allows a \meta{letter}, Scheme~48 allows in addition any character whose scalar value is greater than 127 and whose Unicode general category is Lu, Ll, Lt, Lm, Lo, Mn, Mc, Me, Nd, Nl, No, Pd, Pc, Po, Sc, Sm, Sk, So, or Co. Moreover, when a backslash appears in a symbol, it must start a \verb|\x|\meta{x}\meta{x}\ldots{}\verb|;| escape, which identifies an arbitrary character to include in the symbol. Note that a backslash itself can be specified as \verb|\x5C;|. \section{Character classification and case mappings} The R$^5$RS character predicates---\code{char-whitespace?}, \code{char-lower-case?}, \code{char-upper-case?}, \code{char-numeric?}, and \code{char-alphabetic?}---all treat the full Unicode range. \code{Char-upcase} and \code{char-downcase} as well as \code{char-ci=?}, \code{char-ci?}, \code{char-ci>=?}, \code{string-ci=?}, \code{string-ci?}, \code{string-ci<=?}, \code{string-ci>=?} all use the standard simple locale-insensitive Unicode case folding. In addition, Scheme~48 provides the \code{unicode-char-maps} structure for more complete access to the Unicode character classification with the following procedures and macros: % \begin{protos} \syntaxproto{general-category}{ \cvar{general-category-name}}{general-category} \proto{general-category?}{ x}{boolean} \proto{general-category-id}{ general-category}{string} \proto{char-general-category}{ char}{general-category} \end{protos} % The syntax \code{general-category} returns a Unicode general category object associated with \cvar{general-category-name}. (See Figure~\ref{fig:unicode-categories} below.) \code{General-category?} is the predicate for general-category objects. \code{General-category-id} returns the Unicode category id as a string (also listed in Figure~\ref{fig:unicode-categories}). \code{Char-general-category} returns the general category of a character. \begin{figure}[tb] \centering \begin{tabular}{l|l|l} \cvar{general-category-name} & \cvar{primary-category-name} & Unicode category id \\\hline \texttt{uppercase-letter} & \texttt{letter} & \verb|"Lu"| \\ \texttt{lowercase-letter} & \texttt{letter} & \verb|"Ll"| \\ \texttt{titlecase-letter} & \texttt{letter} & \verb|"Lt"| \\ \texttt{modified-letter} & \texttt{letter} & \verb|"Lm"| \\ \texttt{other-letter} & \texttt{letter} & \verb|"Lo"| \\[1ex] \texttt{non-spacing-mark} & \texttt{mark} & \verb|"Mn"| \\ \texttt{combining-spacing-mark} & \texttt{mark} & \verb|"Mc"| \\ \texttt{enclosing-mark} & \texttt{mark} & \verb|"Me"| \\[1ex] \texttt{decimal-digit-number} & \texttt{number} & \verb|"Nd"| \\ \texttt{letter-number} & \texttt{number} & \verb|"Nl"| \\ \texttt{other-number} & \texttt{number} & \verb|"No"| \\[1ex] \texttt{opening-punctuation} & \texttt{punctuation} & \verb|"Ps"| \\ \texttt{closing-punctuation} & \texttt{punctuation} & \verb|"Pe"| \\ \texttt{initial-quote-punctuation} & \texttt{punctuation} & \verb|"Pi"| \\ \texttt{final-quote-punctuation} & \texttt{punctuation} & \verb|"Pf"| \\ \texttt{dash-punctuation} & \texttt{punctuation} & \verb|"Pd"| \\ \texttt{connector-punctuation} & \texttt{punctuation} & \verb|"Pc"| \\ \texttt{other-punctuation} & \texttt{punctuation} & \verb|"Po"| \\[1ex] \texttt{currency-symbol} & \texttt{symbol} & \verb|"Sc"| \\ \texttt{mathematical-symbol} & \texttt{symbol} & \verb|"Sm"| \\ \texttt{modifier-symbol} & \texttt{symbol} & \verb|"Sk"| \\ \texttt{other-symbol} & \texttt{symbol} & \verb|"So"| \\[1ex] \texttt{space-separator} & \texttt{separator} & \verb|"Zs"| \\ \texttt{paragraph-separator} & \texttt{separator} & \verb|"Zp"| \\ \texttt{line-separator} & \texttt{separator} & \verb|"Zl"| \\[1ex] \texttt{control-character} & \texttt{miscellaneous} & \verb|"Cc"| \\ \texttt{formatting-character} & \texttt{miscellaneous} & \verb|"Cf"| \\ \texttt{surrogate} & \texttt{miscellaneous} & \verb|"Cs"| \\ \texttt{private-use-character} & \texttt{miscellaneous} & \verb|"Co"| \\ \texttt{unassigned} & \texttt{miscellaneous} & \verb|"Cn"| \end{tabular} \caption{Unicode general categories and primary categories} \label{fig:unicode-categories} \end{figure} \begin{protos} \proto{general-category-primary-category}{ general-category}{primary-category} \syntaxproto{primary-category}{ \cvar{primary-category-name}}{primary-category} \proto{primary-category?}{ x}{boolean} \end{protos} % \code{General-category-primary-category} maps the general category to its associated primary category---also listed in Figure~\ref{fig:unicode-categories}. The \code{primary-category} syntax returns the primary-category object associated with \cvar{primary-category-name}. \code{Primary-category?} is the predicate for primary-category objects. The \code{unicode-char-maps} procedure also provides the following additional case-mapping procedures for characters: % \begin{protos} \proto{char-titlecase?}{ char}{boolean} \proto{char-titlecase}{ char}{char} \proto{char-foldcase}{ char}{char} \end{protos} % \code{Char-titlecase?} tests if a character is in titlecase. \code{Char-titlecase} returns the titlecase counterpart of a character. \code{Char-foldcase} folds the case of a character, i.e.\ maps it to uppercase first, then to lowercase. % The following case-mapping procedures on strings are available: % \begin{protos} \proto{string-upcase}{ string}{string} \proto{string-downcase}{ string}{string} \proto{string-titlecase}{ string}{string} \proto{string-foldcase}{ string}{string} \end{protos} % These implement the simple case mappings defined by the Unicode standard---note that the length of the output string may be different from that of the input string. \section{SRFI 14} The SRFI~14 (``Character Sets'') implementation in the \code{srfi-14} structure is fully Unicode-compliant. \section{R6RS} The \texttt{r6rs-unicode} structure exports the procedures from the \texttt{(r6rs unicode)} library of 5.91 draft of R$^6$RS that are not already in the \texttt{scheme} structure: \begin{flushleft} \texttt{string-normalize-nfd}\\ \texttt{string-normalize-nfkd}\\ \texttt{string-normalize-nfc}\\ \texttt{string-normalize-nfkc}\\ \texttt{char-titlecase}\\ \texttt{char-title-case?}\\ \texttt{char-foldcase}\\ \texttt{string-upcase}\\ \texttt{string-downcase}\\ \texttt{string-foldcase}\\ \texttt{string-titlecase} \end{flushleft} % The \texttt{r6rs-unicode} structure also exports a \texttt{char-general-category} procedure compatible with the \texttt{(r6rs unicode)} library. Note that, as Scheme~48 treats source code case-insensitively, the symbols it returns are all-lowercase. \section{I/O} Ports must encode any text a program writes to an output port to a byte sequence, and conversely decode byte sequences when a program reads text from an input port. Therefore, each port has an associated \textit{text codec}\mainindex{text codec} that describes how encode and decode text. Note that the interface to the text codec functionality is experimental and very likely to change in the future. \subsection{Text codecs} \label{text-codecs} The \code{i/o} structure defines the following procedures: % \begin{protos} \proto{port-text-codec}{ port}{text-codec} \protonoresultnoindex{set-port-text-codec!}{ port text-codec}\mainschindex{set-port-text-codec"!} \end{protos} % These two procedures retrieve and set the text codec associated with a port, respectively. A program can set text codec of a port at any time, even if it has already performed I/O on the port. The \code{text-codecs} structure defines the following procedures and macros: \begin{protos} \proto{text-codec?}{ x}{boolean} \constproto{null-text-codec}{ text-codec} \constproto{us-ascii-codec}{ text-codec} \constproto{latin-1-codec}{ text-codec} \constproto{utf-8-codec}{ text-codec} \constproto{utf-16le-codec}{ text-codec} \constproto{utf-16be-codec}{ text-codec} \constproto{utf-32le-codec}{ text-codec} \constproto{utf-32be-codec}{ text-codec} \proto{find-text-codec}{ string}{text-codec or {\tt \#f}} \end{protos} % \code{Text-codec?} is the predicate for text codecs. \code{Null-text-codec} is primarily meant for null ports that never yield input and swallow all output. The following text codecs implement the US-ASCII, Latin-1, Unicode UTF-8, Unicode UTF-16 (little-endian), Unicode UTF-16 (big-endian), Unicode UTF-32 (little-endian), Unicode UTF-32 (big-endian) encodings, respectively. \code{Find-text-codec} finds the codec associated with an encoding name. The names of the above encodings are \verb|"null"|, \verb|"US-ASCII"|, \verb|"ISO8859-1"|, \verb|"UTF-8"|, \verb|"UTF-16LE"|, \verb|"UTF-16BE"|, \verb|"UTF-32LE"|, and \verb|"UTF-32BE"|, respectively. \subsection{Text-codec utilities} The \code{text-codec-utils} structure exports a few utilities for dealing with text codecs: \begin{protos} \proto{guess-port-text-codec-according-to-bom}{ port}{text-codec or {\tt \#f}} \protonoindex{set-port-text-codec-according-to-bom!}{ port}{boolean}\mainschindex{set-port-text-codec-according-to-bom"!} \end{protos} % These procedures look at the byte-order-mark (also called the ``BOM'', \code{U+FEFF}) at the beginning of a port and guess the appropriate text codec. This works only for UTF-16 (little-endian and big-endian) and UTF-8. \code{Guess-port-text-codec-according-to-bom} returns the text codec, or \texttt{\#f} if it found no UTF-16 or UTF-8 BOM. Note that this actually reads from the port. If the guess does not succeed, it is probably a good idea to re-open the port. \code{Set-port-text-codec-according-to-bom!} calls \code{guess-port-text-codec-according-to-bom}, sets the port text codec to the result if successful and returns \texttt{\#t}. If it is not successful, it returns \texttt{\#f}. As with \code{guess-port-text-codec-according-to-bom}, this reads from the port, whether successful or not. \subsection{Creating text codecs} \begin{protos} \proto{make-text-codec}{ strings encode-proc decode-proc}{text-codec} \proto{text-codec-names}{ text-codec}{list of strings} \proto{text-codec-encode-char-proc}{ text-codec}{ encode-proc} \proto{text-codec-decode-char-proc}{ text-codec}{ decode-proc} \syntaxprotonoresult{define-text-codec}{ \cvar{id} \cvar{name} \cvar{encode-proc} \cvar{decode-proc}} \syntaxprotonoresult{define-text-codec}{ \cvar{id} (\cvar{name} \ldots) \cvar{encode-proc} \cvar{decode-proc}} \end{protos} % \code{Make-text-codec} constructs a text codec from a list of names, and an encode and a decode procedure. (See below on how to construct encode and decode procedures.) \code{Text-codec-names}, \code{text-codec-encode-char-proc}, and \code{text-codec-decode-char-proc} are the accessors for text codec. The \code{define-text-codec} is a shorthand for binding a global identifier to a text codec. Its first form is for codecs with only one name, the second for codecs with several names. Encoding and decoding procedures work as follows: % \begin{protos} \protonoindex{\cvar{encode-proc}}{ char buffer start count}{boolean maybe-count} \protonoindex{\cvar{decode-proc}}{ buffer start count}{maybe-char count} \end{protos} % An \cvar{encode-proc} consumes a character \var{char} to encode, a byte vector \var{buffer} to receive the encoding, an index \var{start} into the buffer, and a block size \var{count}. It is supposed to encode the bytes into the block at $\left[\var{start}, \var{start + count}\right)$. If the encoding is successful, the procedure must return \texttt{\#t} and the number of bytes needed by the encoding. If the character cannot be encoded at all, the procedure must return \texttt{\#f} and \texttt{\#f}. If the encoding is possible but the space is not sufficient, the procedure must return \texttt{\#f} and a total number of bytes needed for the encoding. A \cvar{decode-proc} consumes a byte vector \var{buffer}, an index \var{start} into the buffer, and a block size \var{count}. It is supposed to decode the bytes at indices $\left[\var{start}, \var{start + count}\right)$. If the decoding is successful, it must return the decoded character at the beginning of the block, and the number of bytes consumed. If the block cannot begin with or be a prefix of a valid encoding, the procedure must return \texttt{\#f} and \texttt{\#f}. If the block contains a true prefix of a valid encoding, the procedure must return \texttt{\#f} and a total count of bytes (including the buffer) needed to complete the encoding. Note that this byte count is only a guess: the system will provide that many bytes, but the decoding procedures might still signal an incomplete encoding, causing the system to try to obtain more. \section{Default encodings} The default encoding for new ports is UTF-8. For the default \code{current-input-port}, \code{current-output-port}, and \code{current-error-port}, Scheme~48 consults the OS for encoding information. For Unix, it consults \code{nl\_langinfo(3)}, which in turn consults the \code{LC\_} environment variables. If the encoding is not defined that way, Scheme~48 reverts to US-ASCII. Under Windows, Scheme~48 uses Unicode I/O (using UTF-16) for the default ports connected to the console, and Latin-1 for default ports that are not. %%% Local Variables: %%% mode: latex %%% TeX-master: "manual" %%% End: scheme48-1.9/doc/src/user-guide.tex000644 004306 005702 00000040776 12070060502 020155 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 % Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. % Authors: Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees, Mike Sperber, Robert Ransom \chapter{User's guide} This chapter details Scheme~48's user interface: its command-line arguments, command processor, debugger, and so forth. \section{Command line arguments} A few command line arguments are processed by Scheme~48 as it starts up. \code{scheme48} [\code{-i} \cvar{image}] [\code{-h} \cvar{heapsize}] % [\code{-s} \cvar{stacksize}] [\code{-a} \cvar{argument \ldots}] \begin{description} \item[{\tt -i} \cvar{image}] specifies a heap image file to resume. This defaults to a heap image that runs a Scheme command processor. Heap images are created by the \code{,dump} and \code{,build commands}, for which see below. \item[{\tt -h} \cvar{heapsize}] specifies how much space should be reserved for allocation. \cvar{Heapsize} is in words (where one word = 4 bytes), and covers both semispaces, only one of which is in use at any given time (except during garbage collection). Cons cells are currently 3 words, so if you want to make sure you can allocate a million cons cells, you should specify \code{-h 6000000} (actually somewhat more than this, to account for the initial heap image and breathing room). The default heap size is 3000000 words. The system will use a larger heap if the specified (or default) size is less than the size of the image being resumed. % #### true only for twospace GC; with BIBOP, specifies size of whole heap % (or unlimited heap size with -h 0) %\item[{\tt -s} \cvar{stacksize}] % specifies how much space should be reserved for the continuation % and environment stack. If this space is exhausted, continuations % and environments are copied to the heap. \cvar{Stacksize} is in words % and defaults to 2500. \item[{\tt -a} \cvar{argument \ldots}] is only useful with images built using \code{,build}. The arguments are passed as a list of OS strings (see section \ref{os-strings}) to the procedure specified in the \code{,build} command. For example: \begin{example} > ,open os-strings > (define (f xs) (write (map os-string->string xs)) (newline) 0) ;must return an integer > ,build f foo.image > ,exit \% scheme48vm -i foo.image -a mumble "foo x" -h 5000000 ("mumble" "foo x" "-h" "5000000") \% \end{example} \item[{\tt -I} \cvar{image} \cvar{argument \ldots}] is equivalent to {\tt % -h 0 -i \cvar{image} -a \cvar{argument \ldots}}. On most Unix-like systems, a heap image can be made executable with the following Bourne shell commands: \begin{example} \% (echo '\#!\cvar{/s48/install/prefix}/lib/scheme48-1.9/scheme48vm -I' cat \cvar{original.image}) >\cvar{new.image} \% chmod +x \cvar{new.image} \end{example} \end{description} The usual definition of the \code{s48} or \code{scheme48} command is actually a shell script that starts up the Scheme~48 virtual machine with a \code{-i \cvar{imagefile}} specifying the development environment heap image and a \code{-o \cvar{vm-executable}} specifying the location of the virtual-machine executable (the executable is needed for loading external code on some versions of Unix; see section~\ref{dynamic-externals} for more information). The file \code{go} in the Scheme~48 installation source directory is an example of such a shell script. \section{Command processor} When you invoke the default heap image, a command processor starts running. The command processor acts as both a read-eval-print loop, reading expressions, evaluating them, and printing the results, and as an interactive debugger and data inspector. See Chapter~\ref{chapter:command-processor} for a description of the command processor. \section{Editing} We recommend running Scheme~48 under GNU Emacs or XEmacs using the \code{cmuscheme48} command package. This is in the Scheme~48 distribution's \code{emacs/} subdirectory and is included in XEmacs's \code{scheme} package. It is a variant of the \code{cmuscheme} library, which comes to us courtesy of Olin Shivers, formerly of CMU. You might want to put the following in your Emacs init file (\code{.emacs}): \begin{example} (setq scheme-program-name "scheme48") (autoload 'run-scheme "cmuscheme48" "Run an inferior Scheme process." t) \end{example} The Emacs function \code{run-scheme} can then be used to start a process running the program \code{scheme48} in a new buffer. To make the \code{autoload} and \code{(require \ldots)} forms work, you will also need to put the directory containing \code{cmuscheme} and related files in your emacs load-path: \begin{example} (setq load-path (append load-path '("\cvar{scheme-48-directory}/emacs"))) \end{example} Further documentation can be found in the files \code{emacs/cmuscheme48.el} and \code{emacs/comint.el}. \section{Performance} \label{section:performance} If you want to generally have your code run faster than it normally would, enter \code{inline-values} mode before loading anything. Otherwise calls to primitives (like \code{+} and \code{cons}) and in-line procedures (like \code{not} and \code{cadr}) won't be open-coded, and programs will run more slowly. The system doesn't start in \code{inline-values} mode by default because the Scheme report permits redefinitions of built-in procedures. With this mode set, such redefinitions don't work according to the report, because previously compiled calls may have in-lined the old definition, leaving no opportunity to call the new definition. \code{Inline-values} mode is controlled by the \code{inline-values} switch. \code{,set inline-values} and \code{,unset inline-values} turn it on and off. \section{Disassembler} The \code{,dis} command prints out the disassembled byte codes of a procedure. \begin{example} > ,dis cons cons 0 (protocol 2) 2 (pop) 3 (make-stored-object 2 pair) 6 (return) > \end{example} The current byte codes are listed in the file \code{scheme/vm/interp/arch.scm}. A somewhat out-of-date description of them can be found in \cite{Kelsey-Rees:Scheme48}. The command argument is optional; if unsupplied it defaults to the current focus object (\code{\#\#}). The disassembler can also be invoked on continuations and templates. \section{Module system} \label{module-guide} This section gives a brief description of modules and related entities. For detailed information, including a description of the module configuration language, see chapter \ref{chapter:modules}. % JAR says: this paragraph is muddy. A {\em module} is an isolated namespace, with visibility of bindings controlled by module descriptions written in a special configuration language. A module may be instantiated as a {\em package}, which is an environment in which code can be evaluated. Most modules are instantiated only once and so have a unique package. A {\em structure} is a subset of the bindings in a package. Only by being included in a structure can a binding be made visible in other packages. A structure has two parts, the package whose bindings are being exported and the set of names that are to be exported. This set of names is called an {\em interface}. A module then has three parts: \begin{itemize} \item a set of structures whose bindings are to be visible within the module \item the source code to be evaluated within the module \item a set of exported interfaces \end{itemize} Instantiating a module produces a package and a set of structures, one for each of the exported interfaces. The following example uses \code{define-structure} to create a module that implements simple cells as pairs, instantiates this module, and binds the resulting structure to \code{cells}. The syntax \code{(export \cvar{name \ldots})} creates an interface containing \cvar{name \ldots}. The \code{open} clause lists structures whose bindings are visible within the module. The \code{begin} clause contains source code. \begin{example} (define-structure cells (export make-cell cell-ref cell-set!) (open scheme) (begin (define (make-cell x) (cons 'cell x)) (define cell-ref cdr) (define cell-set! set-cdr!))) \end{example} Cells could also have been implemented using the record facility described in section~\ref{records} and available in structure \code{define-record-type}. \begin{example} (define-structure cells (export make-cell cell-ref cell-set!) (open scheme define-record-types) (begin (define-record-type cell :cell (make-cell value) cell? (value cell-ref cell-set!)))) \end{example} With either definition the resulting structure can be used in other modules by including \code{cells} in an \code{open} clause. The command interpreter is always operating within a particular package. Initially this is a package in which only the standard Scheme bindings are visible. The bindings of other structures can be made visible by using the \code{,open} command described in section~\ref{module-command-guide} below. Note that this initial package does not include the configuration language. Module code needs to be evaluated in the configuration package, which can be done by using the {\code ,config} command: \begin{example} > ,config (define-structure cells \ldots) > ,open cells > (make-cell 4) '(cell . 4) > (define c (make-cell 4)) > (cell-ref c) 4 \end{example} \section{Library} A number of useful utilities are either built in to Scheme~48 or can be loaded from an external library. These utilities are not visible in the user environment by default, but can be made available with the \code{open} command. For example, to use the \code{tables} structure, do \begin{example} > ,open tables > \end{example} If the utility is not already loaded, then the \code{,open} command will load it. Or, you can load something explicitly (without opening it) using the \code{load-package} command: \begin{example} > ,load-package queues > ,open queues \end{example} When loading a utility, the message "Note: optional optimizer not invoked" is innocuous. Feel free to ignore it. See also the package system documentation, in chapter~\ref{chapter:modules}. Not all of the the libraries available in Scheme~48 are described in this manual. All are listed in files \code{rts-packages.scm}, \code{comp-packages.scm}, \code{env-packages.scm}, and \code{more-packages.scm} in the \code{scheme} directory of the distribution, and the bindings they export are listed in \code{interfaces.scm} and \code{more-interfaces.scm} in the same directory. %architecture % Information about the virtual machine. E.g. % (enum op eq?) => the integer opcode of the EQ? instruction % %big-scheme % Many generally useful features. See doc/big-scheme.txt. % %bigbit % Extensions to the bitwise logical operators (exported by % the BITWISE structure) so that they operate on bignums. % To use these you should do % % ,load-package bigbit % ,open bitwise % %conditions % Part of the condition system: DEFINE-CONDITION-PREDICATE and % routines for examining condition objects. (See also handle, % signals.) % %defpackage % The module system: DEFINE-STRUCTURE and DEFINE-INTERFACE. % %destructuring % DESTRUCTURE macro. See doc/big-scheme.txt. % %display-conditions % Displaying condition objects. % (DISPLAY-CONDITION condition port) \goesto{} unspecific % Display condition in an easily readable form. E.g. %\begin{example} % > ,open display-conditions handle conditions % > (display-condition % (call-with-current-continuation % (lambda (k) % (with-handler (lambda (c punt) % (if (error? c) % (k c) % (punt))) % (lambda () (+ 1 'a))))) % (current-output-port)) % % Error: exception % (+ 1 'a) % > %\end{example} % %extended-ports % Ports for reading from and writing to strings, and related things. % See doc/big-scheme.txt. % %filenames % Rudimentary file name parsing and synthesis. E.g. % file-name-directory and file-name-nondirectory are as in Gnu emacs. % %floatnums % Floating point numbers. These are in a very crude state; use at % your own risk. They are slow and do not read or print correctly. % %fluids % Dynamically bound "variables." % (MAKE-FLUID top-level-value) \goesto{} a "fluid" object % (FLUID fluid) \goesto{} current value of fluid object % (SET-FLUID! fluid value) \goesto{} unspecific; changes current value of % fluid object % (LET-FLUID fluid value thunk) \goesto{} whatever thunk returns % Within the dynamic extent of execution of (thunk), the fluid % object has value as its binding (unless changed by SET-FLUID! % or overridden by another LET-FLUID). % E.g. % (define f (make-fluid 7)) % (define (baz) (+ (fluid f) 1)) % (baz) ;\goesto{} 8 % (let-fluid f 4 (lambda () (+ (baz) 1))) ;\goesto{} 6 % %formats % A simple FORMAT procedure, similar to Common Lisp's or T's. % See doc/big-scheme.txt for documentation. % %handle % Part of the condition system. % (WITH-HANDLER handler thunk) \goesto{} whatever thunk returns. % handler is a procedure of two arguments. The first argument % is a condition object, and the second is a "punt" procedure. % The handler should examine the condition object (using ERROR?, % etc. from the CONDITIONS structure). If it decides not to do % anything special, it should tail-call the "punt" procedure. % Otherwise it should take appropriate action and perform a % non-local exit. It should not just return unless it knows % damn well what it's doing; returns in certain situations can % cause VM crashes. % %interrupts % Interrupt system % %ports % A few extra port-related operations, notably FORCE-OUTPUT. % %pp % A pretty-printer. (p \cvar{exp}) will pretty-print the result of \cvar{exp}, % which must be an S-expression. (Source code for procedures is not % retained or reconstructed.) You can also do (p \cvar{exp} \cvar{port}) to % print to a specific port. % % The procedure pretty-print takes three arguments: the object to be % printed, a port to write to, and the current horizontal cursor % position. If you've just done a newline, then pass in zero for % the position argument. % % The algorithm is very peculiar, and sometimes buggy. % %queues % FIFO queues. % %random % Not-very-random random number generator. The \cvar{seed} should be between % 0 and 2$^{28}$ exclusive. % % > (define random (make-random \cvar{seed})) % > (random) \goesto{} pseudo-random number between 0 and 2$^{28}$ % %receiving % Convenient interface to the call-with-values procedure, like % Common Lisp's multiple-value-bind macro. See doc/big-scheme.txt. % %records % MAKE-RECORD-TYPE and friends. See the Scheme of Things column in % Lisp Pointers, volume 4, number 1, for documentation. % %recnums % Complex numbers. This should be loaded (e.g. with ,load-package) % but needn't be opened. % %search-trees % Balanced binary search trees. See comments at top of % big/search-tree.scm. % %signals % ERROR, WARN, and related procedures. % %sort % Online merge sort (see comment at top of file big/sort.scm). % % (sort-list \cvar{list} \cvar{pred}) % (sort-list! \cvar{list} \cvar{pred}) % %sicp % Compatibility package for the Scheme dialect used in the book % "Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs." % %sockets % Interface to Unix BSD sockets. See comments at top of file % misc/socket.scm. % %threads % Multitasking. See doc/threads.txt. % %util % SUBLIST, ANY, REDUCE, FILTER, and some other useful things. % %weak % Weak pointers and populations. % (MAKE-WEAK-POINTER thing) => weak-pointer % (WEAK-POINTER-REF weak-pointer) => thing or \code{\#f} % \code{\#f} if the thing has been gc'ed. % %writing % (RECURRING-WRITE thing port recur) => unspecific % This is the same as WRITE except that recursive calls invoke % the recur argument instead of WRITE. For an example, see % the definition of LIMITED-WRITE in env/dispcond.scm, which % implements processing similar to common Lisp's *print-level* % and *print-length*. %%% Local Variables: %%% mode: latex %%% TeX-master: "manual" %%% End: scheme48-1.9/doc/src/utilities.tex000644 004306 005702 00000322764 12067075540 020135 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 % Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. % Authors: Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees, Mike Sperber, Robert Ransom, % Marcel Turino, David van Horn % Still to do: % destructure % format (?) \chapter{Libraries} Use the \code{,open} command (section~\ref{module-command-guide}) or the module language (chapter~\ref{module-guide}) to open the structures described below. \section{General utilities} \label{big-util} %% These are missing: %% copy-string %% string->immutable-string %% error %% breakpoint These are in the \code{big-util} structure. \begin{protos} \proto{atom?}{ value}{boolean} \end{protos} % \code{(atom? \var{x})} is the same as \code{(not (pair? \var{x}))}. \begin{protos} \proto{null-list?}{ list}{boolean} \end{protos} % Returns true for the empty list, false for a pair, and signals an error otherwise. \begin{protos} \proto{neq?}{ value value}{boolean} \end{protos} \code{(neq? \var{x} \var{y})} is the same as \code{(not (eq? \var{x} \var{y}))}. \begin{protos} \proto{n=}{ number number}{boolean} \end{protos} \code{(n= \var{x} \var{y})} is the same as \code{(not (= \var{x} \var{y}))}. \begin{protos} \proto{identity}{ value}{value} \proto{no-op}{ value}{value} \end{protos} These both just return their argument. \code{No-op} is guaranteed not to be compiled in-line, \code{identity} may be. \begin{protos} \proto{memq?}{ value list}{boolean} \end{protos} % Returns true if \var{value} is in \var{list}, false otherwise. \begin{protos} \proto{any?}{ predicate list}{boolean} \end{protos} Returns true if \var{predicate} is true for any element of \var{list}. \begin{protos} \proto{every?}{ predicate list}{boolean} \end{protos} Returns true if \var{predicate} is true for every element of \var{list}. \begin{protos} \proto{any}{ predicate list}{value} \proto{first}{ predicate list}{value} \end{protos} \code{Any} returns some element of \var{list} for which \var{predicate} is true, or false if there are none. \code{First} does the same except that it returns the first element for which \var{predicate} is true. \begin{protos} \proto{filter}{ predicate list}{list} \protonoindex{filter!}{ predicate list}{list}\mainschindex{filter"!} \end{protos} Returns a list containing all of the elements of \var{list} for which \var{predicate} is true. The order of the elements is preserved. \code{Filter!} may reuse the storage of \var{list}. \begin{protos} \proto{filter-map}{ procedure list}{list} \end{protos} The same as \code{filter} except the returned list contains the results of applying \var{procedure} instead of elements of \var{list}. \code{(filter-map \var{p} \var{l})} is the same as \code{(filter identity (map \var{p} \var{l}))}. \begin{protos} \proto{partition-list}{ predicate list}{list list} \protonoindex{partition-list!}{ predicate list}{list list}\mainschindex{partition-list"!} \end{protos} The first return value contains those elements \var{list} for which \var{predicate} is true, the second contains the remaining elements. The order of the elements is preserved. \code{Partition-list!} may reuse the storage of the \var{list}. \begin{protos} \proto{remove-duplicates}{ list}{list} \end{protos} Returns its argument with all duplicate elements removed. The first instance of each element is preserved. \begin{protos} \proto{delq}{ value list}{list} \protonoindex{delq!}{ value list}{list}\mainschindex{delq"!} \proto{delete}{ predicate list}{list} \end{protos} All three of these return \var{list} with some elements removed. \code{Delq} removes all elements \code{eq?} to \var{value}. \code{Delq!} does the same and may modify the list argument. \code{Delete} removes all elements for which \var{predicate} is true. Both \code{delq} and \code{delete} may reuse some of the storage in the list argument, but won't modify it. \begin{protos} \protonoindex{reverse!}{ list}{list}\mainschindex{reverse"!} \end{protos} Destructively reverses \var{list}. \begin{protos} \proto{concatenate-symbol}{ value \ldots}{symbol} \end{protos} Returns the symbol whose name is produced by concatenating the \code{display}ed representations of \var{value}~\ldots. \begin{example} (concatenate-symbol 'abc "-" 4) \(\Longrightarrow\) 'abc-4 \end{example} \section{Pretty-printing} These are in the \code{pp} structure. \begin{protos} \protonoresult{p}{ value} \protonoresult{p}{ value output-port} \protonoresult{pretty-print}{ value output-port position} \end{protos} Pretty-print \var{value} The current output port is used if no port is specified. \var{Position} is the starting offset. \var{Value} will be pretty-printed to the right of this column. \section{Bitwise integer operations} These functions use the two's-complement representation for integers. There is no limit to the number of bits in an integer. They are in the structures \code{bitwise} and \code{big-scheme}. \begin{protos} \proto{bitwise-and}{ integer integer \ldots}{integer} \proto{bitwise-ior}{ integer integer \ldots}{integer} \proto{bitwise-xor}{ integer integer \ldots}{integer} \proto{bitwise-not}{ integer} {integer} \end{protos} \noindent These perform various logical operations on integers on a bit-by-bit basis. `\code{ior}' is inclusive OR and `\code{xor}' is exclusive OR. \begin{protos} \proto{arithmetic-shift}{ integer bit-count}{integer} \end{protos} \noindent Shifts the integer by the given bit count, which must be an integer, shifting left for positive counts and right for negative ones. Shifting preserves the integer's sign. \begin{protos} \proto{bit-count}{ integer}{integer} \end{protos} \noindent Counts the number of bits set in the integer. If the argument is negative a bitwise NOT operation is performed before counting. \section{Byte vectors} These are homogeneous vectors of small integers ($0 \le i \le 255$). The functions that operate on them are analogous to those for vectors. They are in the structure \code{byte-vectors}. \begin{protos} \proto{byte-vector?}{ value}{boolean} \proto{make-byte-vector}{ k fill}{byte-vector} \proto{byte-vector}{ b \ldots}{byte-vector} \proto{byte-vector-length}{ byte-vector}{integer} \proto{byte-vector-ref}{ byte-vector k}{integer} \protonoresultnoindex{byte-vector-set!}{ byte-vector k b}\mainschindex{byte-vector-set"!} \proto{byte-vector=?}{ byte-vector byte-vector}{boolean} \end{protos} \section{Sparse vectors} These are vectors that grow as large as they need to. That is, they can be indexed by arbitrarily large nonnegative integers. The implementation allows for arbitrarily large gaps by arranging the entries in a tree. They are in the structure \code{sparse-vectors}. \begin{protos} \proto{make-sparse-vector}{}{sparse-vector} \proto{sparse-vector-ref}{ sparse-vector k}{value} \protonoresultnoindex{sparse-vector-set!}{ sparse-vector k value}\mainschindex{sparse-vector-set"!} \proto{sparse-vector->list}{ sparse-vector}{list} \end{protos} % \code{Make-sparse-vector}, \code{sparse-vector-ref}, and \code{sparse-vector-set!} are analogous to \code{make-vector}, \code{vector-ref}, and \code{vector-set!}, except that the indices passed to \code{sparse-vector-ref} and \code{sparse-vector-set!} can be arbitrarily large. For indices whose elements have not been set in a sparse vector, \code{sparse-vector-ref} returns \code{\#f}. \code{Sparse-vector->list} is for debugging: It returns a list of the consecutive elements in a sparse vector from 0 to the highest element that has been set. Note that the list will also include all the \code{\#f} elements for the unset elements. \section{Cells} \label{cells} These hold a single value and are useful when a simple indirection is required. The system uses these to hold the values of lexical variables that may be \code{set!}. \begin{protos} \proto{cell?}{ value}{boolean} \proto{make-cell}{ value}{cell} \proto{cell-ref}{ cell}{value} \protonoresultnoindex{cell-set!}{ cell value}\mainschindex{cell-set"!} \end{protos} \section{Queues} These are ordinary first-in, first-out queues. The procedures are in structure \code{queues}. \begin{protos} \proto{make-queue}{}{queue} \proto{queue?}{ value}{boolean} \proto{queue-empty?}{ queue}{boolean} \proto{list->queue}{ values}{queue} \protonoresultnoindex{enqueue!}{ queue value}\mainschindex{enqueue"!} \protonoresultnoindex{enqueue-many!}{ queue list}\mainschindex{enqueue-many"!} \proto{queue-head-or-value}{ queue value}{value} \proto{queue-head-or-thunk}{ queue thunk}{value} \proto{queue-head}{ queue}{value} \proto{maybe-queue-head}{ queue}{value} \protonoindex{dequeue-or-value!}{ queue value}{value}\mainschindex{dequeue-or-value"!} \protonoindex{dequeue-or-thunk!}{ queue thunk}{value}\mainschindex{dequeue-or-thunk"!} \protonoindex{dequeue!}{ queue}{value}\mainschindex{dequeue"!} \protonoindex{maybe-dequeue!}{ queue}{value}\mainschindex{maybe-dequeue"!} \protonoresultnoindex{empty-queue!}{ queue}\mainschindex{empty-queue"!} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Make-queue} creates an empty queue, \code{queue?} is a predicate for identifying queues, and \code{queue-empty?} tells you if a queue is empty. \code{List->queue} returns a queue containing \var{values}, preserving their order. \code{Enqueue!} adds one value to the queue; \code{enqueue-many!} adds a list of values to the queue. \code{Queue-head-or-value}, \code{queue-head-or-thunk}, \code{queue-head}, and \code{maybe-queue-head} return the first value in \var{queue} if it is not empty; if the queue is empty, \code{queue-head-or-value} returns \var{value}, \code{queue-head-or-thunk} tail-calls \var{thunk}, \code{queue-head} raises an error, and \code{maybe-queue-head} returns \code{\#f}. \code{Dequeue-or-value!}, \code{dequeue-or-thunk!}, \code{dequeue!}, and \code{maybe-dequeue!} remove a value from the queue if one is available; if the queue is empty, \code{dequeue-or-value!} returns \var{value}, \code{dequeue-or-thunk!} tail-calls \var{thunk}, \code{dequeue!} raises an error, and \code{maybe-dequeue!} returns \code{\#f}. \code{Empty-queue!} removes all values from \var{queue}. \code{(Dequeue-or-value! q value)} is more efficient than, but otherwise equivalent to: \begin{example} (ensure-atomicity (if (queue-empty? q) value (dequeue! q))) \end{example} Because \code{queue-head} and \code{dequeue!} raise exceptions if they are called on an empty queue, they {\em must not} be called with a proposal already active unless \code{queue-empty?} has returned \code{\#f} with the same proposal active. The following procedures are not used in the \hack{} system, and are {\em very} slow. These operations may be removed from the \code{queues} structure in a future revision. \begin{protos} \proto{queue-length}{ queue}{integer} \proto{queue->list}{ queue}{values} \protonoindex{delete-from-queue!}{ queue value}{boolean}\mainschindex{delete-from-queue"!} \proto{on-queue?}{ queue value}{boolean} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Queue-length} returns the number of values in \var{queue}. \code{Queue->list} returns the values in \var{queue} as a list, in the order in which the values were added. \code{Delete-from-queue!} removes the first instance of \var{value} from \var{queue}, using \code{eqv?} for comparisons. \code{Delete-from-queue!} returns \code{\#t} if it removes an element and \code{\#f} if it does not. \code{On-queue?} returns \code{\#t} if \var{value} is in the \var{queue} (using \code{eqv?} for comparisons) and \code{\#f} if it is not. \section{Arrays} These provide N-dimensional, zero-based arrays and are in the structure \code{arrays}. The array interface is derived from one invented by Alan Bawden. \begin{protos} \proto{make-array}{ value dimension$_0$ \ldots}{array} \proto{array}{ dimensions element$_0$ \ldots}{array} \proto{copy-array}{ array}{array} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Make-array} makes a new array with the given dimensions, each of which must be a non-negative integer. Every element is initially set to \cvar{value}. \code{Array} Returns a new array with the given dimensions and elements. \cvar{Dimensions} must be a list of positive integers, The number of elements should be the equal to the product of the dimensions. The elements are stored in row-major order. \begin{example} (make-array 'a 2 3) \evalsto \{Array 2 3\} (array '(2 3) 'a 'b 'c 'd 'e 'f) \evalsto \{Array 2 3\} \end{example} \code{Copy-array} returns a copy of \cvar{array}. The copy is identical to the \cvar{array} but does not share storage with it. \begin{protos} \proto{array?}{ value}{boolean} \end{protos} \noindent Returns \code{\#t} if \cvar{value} is an array. \begin{protos} \proto{array-ref}{ array index$_0$ \ldots}{value} \protonoresultnoindex{array-set!}{ array value index$_0$ \ldots}\mainschindex{array-set"!} \proto{array->vector}{ array}{vector} \proto{array-shape}{ array}{list} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Array-ref} returns the specified array element and \code{array-set!} replaces the element with \cvar{value}. \begin{example} (let ((a (array '(2 3) 'a 'b 'c 'd 'e 'f))) (let ((x (array-ref a 0 1))) (array-set! a 'g 0 1) (list x (array-ref a 0 1)))) \evalsto '(b g) \end{example} \code{Array->vector} returns a vector containing the elements of \cvar{array} in row-major order. \code{Array-shape} returns the dimensions of the array as a list. \begin{protos} \proto{make-shared-array}{ array linear-map dimension$_0$ \ldots}{array} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Make-shared-array} makes a new array that shares storage with \cvar{array} and uses \cvar{linear-map} to map indexes to elements. \cvar{Linear-map} must accept as many arguments as the number of \cvar{dimension}s given and must return a list of non-negative integers that are valid indexes into \cvar{array}. \begin{example} (array-ref (make-shared-array a f i0 i1 ...) j0 j1 ...) \end{example} is equivalent to \begin{example} (apply array-ref a (f j0 j1 ...)) \end{example} As an example, the following function makes the transpose of a two-dimensional array: \begin{example} (define (transpose array) (let ((shape (array-shape array))) (make-shared-array array (lambda (x y) (list y x)) (cadr shape) (car shape)))) (array->vector (transpose (array '(2 3) 'a 'b 'c 'd 'e 'f))) \evalsto '(a d b e c f) \end{example} \section{Records} \label{records} New types can be constructed using the \code{define-record-type} macro from the \code{define-record-types} structure The general syntax is: \begin{example} (define-record-type [\cvar{tag}] \cvar{type-name} (\cvar{constructor-name} \cvar{field-tag} \ldots) \cvar{predicate-name} (\cvar{field-tag} \cvar{accessor-name} [\cvar{modifier-name}]) \ldots) \end{example} This makes the following definitions: \begin{protos} \constprotonoindex{\cvar{type-name}}{type} \protonoindex{\cvar{constructor-name}}{ field-init \ldots}{type-name} \protonoindex{\cvar{predicate-name}}{ value}{boolean} \protonoindex{\cvar{accessor-name}}{ type-name}{value} \protonoresultnoindex{\cvar{modifier-name}}{ type-name value} \end{protos} \noindent \cvar{Type-name} is the record type itself, and can be used to specify a print method (see below). \cvar{Constructor-name} is a constructor that accepts values for the fields whose tags are specified. \cvar{Predicate-name} is a predicate that returns \code{\#t} for elements of the type and \code{\#f} for everything else. The \cvar{accessor-name}s retrieve the values of fields, and the \cvar{modifier-name}'s update them. \cvar{Tag} is used in printing instances of the record type and the \cvar{field-tag}s are used in the inspector and to match constructor arguments with fields. If \cvar{tag} is not specified, \cvar{type-name} is used instead. \begin{protos} \protonoresult{define-record-discloser}{ type discloser} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Define-record-discloser} determines how records of type \cvar{type} are printed. \cvar{Discloser} should be procedure which takes a single record of type \cvar{type} and returns a list whose car is a symbol. The record will be printed as the value returned by \cvar{discloser} with curly braces used instead of the usual parenthesis. For example \begin{example} (define-record-type pare :pare (kons x y) pare? (x kar set-kar!) (y kdr)) \end{example} defines \code{kons} to be a constructor, \code{kar} and \code{kdr} to be accessors, \code{set-kar!} to be a modifier, and \code{pare?} to be a predicate for a new type of object. The type itself is named \code{:pare}. \code{Pare} is a tag used in printing the new objects. By default, the new objects print as \code{\#\{Pare\}}. The print method can be modified using \code{define-record-discloser}: \begin{example} (define-record-discloser :pare (lambda (p) `(pare ,(kar p) ,(kdr p)))) \end{example} will cause the result of \code{(kons 1 2)} to print as \code{\#\{Pare 1 2\}}. \code{Define-record-resumer} (section~\ref{sec:hibernation}) can be used to control how records are stored in heap images. \subsection{Low-level access to records} Records are implemented using primitive objects exactly analogous to vectors. Every record has a record type (which is another record) in the first slot. Note that use of these procedures, especially \code{record-set!}, breaks the record abstraction described above; caution is advised. These procedures are in the structure \code{records}. \begin{protos} \proto{make-record}{ n value}{record} \proto{record}{ value \ldots}{record-vector} \proto{record?}{ value}{boolean} \proto{record-length}{ record}{integer} \proto{record-type}{ record}{value} \proto{record-ref}{ record i}{value} \protonoresultnoindex{record-set!}{ record i value}\mainschindex{record-set"!} \end{protos} \noindent These the same as the standard \code{vector-} procedures except that they operate on records. The value returned by \code{record-length} includes the slot holding the record's type. \code{(record-type \cvar{x})} is equivalent to \code{(record-ref \cvar{x} 0)}. \subsection{Record types} Record types are themselves records of a particular type (the first slot of \code{:record-type} points to itself). A record type contains four values: the name of the record type, a list of the names its fields, and procedures for disclosing and resuming records of that type. Procedures for manipulating them are in the structure \code{record-types}. \begin{protos} \proto{make-record-type}{ name field-names}{record-type} \proto{record-type?}{ value}{boolean} \proto{record-type-name}{ record-type}{symbol} \proto{record-type-field-names}{ record-type}{symbols} \end{protos} \noindent \begin{protos} \proto{record-constructor}{ record-type field-names}{procedure} \proto{record-predicate}{ record-type}{procedure} \proto{record-accessor}{ record-type field-name}{procedure} \proto{record-modifier}{ record-type field-name}{procedure} \end{protos} \noindent These procedures construct the usual record-manipulating procedures. \code{Record-constructor} returns a constructor that is passed the initial values for the fields specified and returns a new record. \code{Record-predicate} returns a predicate that return true when passed a record of type \cvar{record-type} and false otherwise. \code{Record-accessor} and \code{record-modifier} return procedures that reference and set the given field in records of the appropriate type. \begin{protos} \protonoresult{define-record-discloser}{ record-type discloser} \protonoresult{define-record-resumer}{ record-type resumer} \end{protos} \noindent \noindent \code{Record-types} is the initial exporter of \code{define-record-discloser} (re-exported by \code{define-record-types} described above) and \code{define-record-resumer} (re-exported by \code{external-calls} (section~\ref{sec:hibernation})). The procedures described in this section can be used to define new record-type-defining macros. \begin{example} (define-record-type pare :pare (kons x y) pare? (x kar set-kar!) (y kdr)) \end{example} is (semantically) equivalent to \begin{example} (define :pare (make-record-type 'pare '(x y))) (define kons (record-constructor :pare '(x y))) (define kar (record-accessor :pare 'x)) (define set-kar! (record-modifier :pare 'x)) (define kdr (record-accessor :pare 'y)) \end{example} The ``(semantically)'' above is because \code{define-record-type} adds declarations, which allows the type checker to detect some misuses of records, and uses more efficient definitions for the constructor, accessors, and modifiers. Ignoring the declarations, which will have to wait for another edition of the manual, what the above example actually expands into is: \begin{example} (define :pare (make-record-type 'pare '(x y))) (define (kons x y) (record :pare x y)) (define (kar r) (checked-record-ref r :pare 1)) (define (set-kar! r new) (checked-record-set! r :pare 1 new)) (define (kdr r) (checked-record-ref r :pare 2)) \end{example} \code{Checked-record-ref} and \code{Checked-record-set!} are low-level procedures that check the type of the record and access or modify it using a single VM instruction. \section{Finite record types} \label{sec:finite-types} The structure \code{finite-types} has two macros for defining `finite' record types. These are record types for which there are a fixed number of instances, all of which are created at the same time as the record type itself. The syntax for defining an enumerated type is: \begin{example} (define-enumerated-type \cvar{tag} \cvar{type-name} \cvar{predicate-name} \cvar{vector-of-instances-name} \cvar{name-accessor} \cvar{index-accessor} (\cvar{instance-name} \ldots)) \end{example} This defines a new record type, bound to \cvar{type-name}, with as many instances as there are \cvar{instance-name}'s. \cvar{Vector-of-instances-name} is bound to a vector containing the instances of the type in the same order as the \cvar{instance-name} list. \cvar{Tag} is bound to a macro that when given an \cvar{instance-name} expands into an expression that returns corresponding instance. The name lookup is done at macro expansion time. \cvar{Predicate-name} is a predicate for the new type. \cvar{Name-accessor} and \cvar{index-accessor} are accessors for the name and index (in \cvar{vector-of-instances}) of instances of the type. \begin{example} (define-enumerated-type color :color color? colors color-name color-index (black white purple maroon)) (color-name (vector-ref colors 0)) \evalsto black (color-name (color white)) \evalsto white (color-index (color purple)) \evalsto 2 \end{example} Finite types are enumerations that allow the user to add additional fields in the type. The syntax for defining a finite type is: \begin{example} (define-finite-type \cvar{tag} \cvar{type-name} (\cvar{field-tag} \ldots) \cvar{predicate-name} \cvar{vector-of-instances-name} \cvar{name-accessor} \cvar{index-accessor} (\cvar{field-tag} \cvar{accessor-name} [\cvar{modifier-name}]) \ldots ((\cvar{instance-name} \cvar{field-value} \ldots) \ldots)) \end{example} The additional fields are specified exactly as with \code{define-record-type}. The field arguments to the constructor are listed after the \cvar{type-name}; these do not include the name and index fields. The form ends with the names and the initial field values for the instances of the type. The instances are constructed by applying the (unnamed) constructor to these initial field values. The name must be first and the remaining values must match the \cvar{field-tag}s in the constructor's argument list. %This differs from \code{define-record-type} in the following ways: %\begin{itemize} %\item No name is specified for the constructor, but the field arguments % to the constructor are listed. %\item The \cvar{vector-of-instances-name} is added; it will be bound % to a vector containing all of the instances of the type. %These are constructed by applying the (unnamed) constructor to the % initial field values at the end of the form. %\item There are names for accessors for two required fields, name % and index. %These fields are not settable, and are not to be included % in the argument list for the constructor. %\item The form ends with the names and the initial field values for % the instances of the type. %The name must be first. %The remaining values must match the \cvar{field-tag}s in the constructor's % argument list. %\item \cvar{Tag} is bound to a macro that maps \cvar{instance-name}s to the % the corresponding instance of the vector. %The name lookup is done at macro-expansion time. %\end{itemize} \begin{example} (define-finite-type color :color (red green blue) color? colors color-name color-index (red color-red) (green color-green) (blue color-blue) ((black 0 0 0) (white 255 255 255) (purple 160 32 240) (maroon 176 48 96))) (color-name (color black)) \evalsto black (color-name (vector-ref colors 1)) \evalsto white (color-index (color purple)) \evalsto 2 (color-red (color maroon)) \evalsto 176 \end{example} \section{Sets over finite types} \label{sets-finite-types} The structure \code{enum-sets} has a macro for defining types for sets of elements of finite types. These work naturally with the finite types defined by the \code{finite-types} structure, but are not tied to them. The syntax for defining such a type is: \begin{example} (define-enum-set-type \cvar{id} \cvar{type-name} \cvar{predicate} \cvar{constructor} \cvar{element-syntax} \cvar{element-predicate} \cvar{all-elements} \cvar{element-index-ref}) \end{example} % This defines \cvar{id} to be syntax for constructing sets, \cvar{type-name} to be a value representing the type, \cvar{predicate} to be a predicate for those sets, and \cvar{constructor} a procedure for constructing one from a list. \cvar{Element-syntax} must be the name of a macro for constructing set elements from names (akin to the \cvar{tag} argument to \code{define-enumerated-type}). \cvar{Element-predicate} must be a predicate for the element type, \cvar{all-elements} a vector of all values of the element type, and \cvar{element-index-ref} must return the index of an element within the \cvar{all-elements} vector. \begin{protos} \proto{enum-set->list}{ enum-set}{list} \proto{enum-set-member?}{ enum-set enumerand}{boolean} \proto{enum-set=?}{ enum-set enum-set}{boolean} \proto{enum-set-subset?}{ enum-set enum-set}{boolean} \proto{enum-set-union}{ enum-set enum-set}{enum-set} \proto{enum-set-intersection}{ enum-set enum-set}{ enum-set} \proto{enum-set-difference}{ enum-set enum-set}{ enum-set} \proto{enum-set-negation}{ enum-set}{enum-set} \end{protos} % \code{Enum-set->list} converts a set into a list of its elements. \code{Enum-set-member?} tests for membership. \code{Enum-set=?} tests two sets of equal type for equality. (If its arguments are not of the same type, \code{enum-set=?} raises an exception.) \code{Enum-set-subset?} tests, for two sets of equal type, if the first set is a subset of the second one. \code{Enum-set-union} computes the union of two sets of equal type, \code{enum-set-intersection} computes the intersection, \code{enum-set-difference} computes the intersection, and \code{enum-set-negation} computes the complement of a set. Here is an example. Given an enumerated type: \begin{example} (define-enumerated-type color :color color? colors color-name color-index (red blue green)) \end{example} we can define sets of colors: \begin{example} (define-enum-set-type color-set :color-set color-set? make-color-set color color? colors color-index) \end{example} \begin{example} > (enum-set->list (color-set red blue)) (#\ob{}Color red\cb{} #\ob{}Color blue\cb{}) > (enum-set->list (enum-set-negation (color-set red blue))) (#\ob{}Color green\cb{}) > (enum-set-member? (color-set red blue) (color blue)) #t \end{example} \section{Hash tables} These are generic hash tables, and are in the structure \code{tables}. Strictly speaking they are more maps than tables, as every table has a value for every possible key (for that type of table). All but a finite number of those values are \code{\#f}. \begin{protos} \proto{make-table}{}{table} \proto{make-symbol-table}{}{symbol-table} \proto{make-string-table}{}{string-table} \proto{make-integer-table}{}{integer-table} \proto{make-table-maker}{ compare-proc hash-proc}{procedure} \protonoresultnoindex{make-table-immutable!}{ table}\mainschindex{make-table-immutable"!} \end{protos} \noindent The first four functions listed make various kinds of tables. \code{Make-table} returns a table whose keys may be symbols, integer, characters, booleans, or the empty list (these are also the values that may be used in \code{case} expressions). As with \code{case}, comparison is done using \code{eqv?}. The comparison procedures used in symbol, string, and integer tables are \code{eq?}, \code{string=?}, and \code{=}. \code{Make-table-maker} takes two procedures as arguments and returns a nullary table-making procedure. \cvar{Compare-proc} should be a two-argument equality predicate. \cvar{Hash-proc} should be a one argument procedure that takes a key and returns a non-negative integer hash value. If \code{(\cvar{compare-proc} \cvar{x} \cvar{y})} returns true, then \code{(= (\cvar{hash-proc} \cvar{x}) (\cvar{hash-proc} \cvar{y}))} must also return true. For example, \code{make-integer-table} could be defined as \code{(make-table-maker = abs)}. \code{Make-table-immutable!} prohibits future modification to its argument. \begin{protos} \proto{table?}{ value}{boolean} \proto{table-ref}{ table key}{value or {\tt \#f}} \protonoresultnoindex{table-set!}{ table key value}\mainschindex{table-set"!} \protonoresult{table-walk}{ procedure table} \proto{table->entry-list}{ table}{list of pairs} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Table?} is the predicate for tables. \code{Table-ref} and \code{table-set!} access and modify the value of \cvar{key} in \cvar{table}. \code{Table-walk} applies \cvar{procedure}, which must accept two arguments, to every associated key and non-\code{\#f} value in \code{table}. \code{Table->entry-list} returns a list with the values of the table. \begin{protos} \proto{default-hash-function}{ value}{integer} \proto{string-hash}{ string}{integer} \proto{symbol-hash}{ symbol}{integer} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Default-hash-function} is the hash function used in the tables returned by \code{make-table}, \code{string-hash} is the one used by \code{make-string-table}, and \code{symbol-hash} is the one used by \code{make-symbol-table}. \section{Port extensions} These procedures are in structure \code{extended-ports}. \begin{protos} \proto{make-string-input-port}{ string}{input-port} \proto{make-string-output-port}{}{output-port} \proto{string-output-port-output}{ string-output-port}{string} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Make-string-input-port} returns an input port that that reads characters from the supplied string. An end-of-file object is returned if the user reads past the end of the string. \code{Make-string-output-port} returns an output port that saves the characters written to it. These are then returned as a string by \code{string-output-port-output}. \begin{example} (read (make-string-input-port "(a b)")) \evalsto '(a b) (let ((p (make-string-output-port))) (write '(a b) p) (let ((s (string-output-port-output p))) (display "c" p) (list s (string-output-port-output p)))) \evalsto '("(a b)" "(a b)c") \end{example} \begin{protos} \protonoresult{limit-output}{ output-port n procedure} \end{protos} \noindent \var{Procedure} is called on an output port. Output written to that port is copied to \var{output-port} until \var{n} characters have been written, at which point \code{limit-output} returns. If \var{procedure} returns before writing \var{n} characters, then \code{limit-output} also returns at that time, regardless of how many characters have been written. \begin{protos} \proto{make-tracking-input-port}{ input-port}{input-port} \proto{make-tracking-output-port}{ output-port}{output-port} \proto{current-row}{ port}{integer or {\tt \#f}} \proto{current-column}{ port}{integer or {\tt \#f}} \protonoresult{fresh-line}{ output-port} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Make-tracking-input-port} and \code{make-tracking-output-port} return ports that keep track of the current row and column and are otherwise identical to their arguments. Closing a tracking port does not close the underlying port. \code{Current-row} and \code{current-column} return \var{port}'s current read or write location. They return \code{\#f} if \var{port} does not keep track of its location. \code{Fresh-line} writes a newline character to \var{output-port} if \code{(current-row \cvar{port})} is not 0. \begin{example} (define p (make-tracking-output-port (open-output-file "/tmp/temp"))) (list (current-row p) (current-column p)) \evalsto '(0 0) (display "012" p) (list (current-row p) (current-column p)) \evalsto '(0 3) (fresh-line p) (list (current-row p) (current-column p)) \evalsto '(1 0) (fresh-line p) (list (current-row p) (current-column p)) \evalsto '(1 0) \end{example} \section{Fluid bindings} These procedures implement dynamic binding and are in structure \code{fluids}. A \cvar{fluid} is a cell whose value can be bound dynamically. Each fluid has a top-level value that is used when the fluid is unbound in the current dynamic environment. \begin{protos} \proto{make-fluid}{ value}{fluid} \proto{fluid}{ fluid}{value} \proto{let-fluid}{ fluid value thunk}{value(s)} \proto{let-fluids}{ fluid$_0$ value$_0$ fluid$_1$ value$_1$ \ldots thunk}{value(s)} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Make-fluid} returns a new fluid with \cvar{value} as its initial top-level value. \code{Fluid} returns \code{fluid}'s current value. \code{Let-fluid} calls \code{thunk}, with \cvar{fluid} bound to \cvar{value} until \code{thunk} returns. Using a continuation to throw out of the call to \code{thunk} causes \cvar{fluid} to revert to its original value, while throwing back in causes \cvar{fluid} to be rebound to \cvar{value}. \code{Let-fluid} returns the value(s) returned by \cvar{thunk}. \code{Let-fluids} is identical to \code{let-fluid} except that it binds an arbitrary number of fluids to new values. \begin{example} (let* ((f (make-fluid 'a)) (v0 (fluid f)) (v1 (let-fluid f 'b (lambda () (fluid f)))) (v2 (fluid f))) (list v0 v1 v2)) \evalsto '(a b a) \end{example} \begin{example} (let ((f (make-fluid 'a)) (path '()) (c \#f)) (let ((add (lambda () (set! path (cons (fluid f) path))))) (add) (let-fluid f 'b (lambda () (call-with-current-continuation (lambda (c0) (set! c c0))) (add))) (add) (if (< (length path) 5) (c) (reverse path)))) \evalsto '(a b a b a) \end{example} \section{OS strings} \label{os-strings} \index{OS string} On common operating systems such as Unix and Windows, various parameters to OS functionality---such as file names, user names, command-line arguments etc.---appear as text in most contexts, but are really byte sequences: On Unix, the byte sequence may be interpreted as text through some locale-determined encoding. On Windows, such parameters are typically represented as sequences of UTF-16 code units. In both cases, not every such byte sequence has a string equivalent: On Unix, a byte sequence encoding a file name using Latin-1 often cannot be decoded using UTF-8. On Windows, unpaired UTF-16 surrogates are admissible in encodings, and no lossless text decoding for them exists. For representing such string-like parameters, Scheme~48 uses an abstraction called \textit{OS strings}. An OS string is created from either a string or a NUL-terminated byte sequence stored in a byte vector, and has an associated text codec (see section~\ref{text-codecs}) that is able to convert from one representation to the other. The exact meaning of a NUL-terminated byte sequence is dependent on this text codec. However, only codecs for encodings that are a conservative extension of ASCII (such as ASCII itself, Latin-1, or UTF-8) should be used here, to allow a minimal set of portable file names. (The Windows port uses a special synthetic encoding called UTF-8of16 compatible with UTF-8 but capable of encoding even invalid UTF-16 internally, but uses the UTF-8 codec at the Scheme level.) Most procedures accepting OS strings also accept strings or byte vectors, which are then used to construct a OS string. In the headers of the specifications of these procedures, such arguments occur as \var{os-string-thing}.\index{os-string-thing@\var{os-string-thing}} The standard Scheme procedures such as \code{open-input-file} that take file names all accept \var{os-string-thing} arguments. OS strings are in the \code{os-strings} structure. \begin{protos} \proto{os-string?}{ value}{boolean} \proto{make-os-string}{ text-codec string/byte-vector}{os-string} \end{protos} % The \code{os-string?} predicate returns \code{\#t} if its argument is an OS string, \code{\#f} otherwise. The \code{make-os-string} procedure creates an OS string from a text codec and a byte vector or string that defines its contents. If the argument is a byte vector, it does not matter if it is NUL-terminated or not. \begin{protos} \proto{string->os-string}{ string}{os-string} \proto{byte-vector->os-string}{ byte-vector}{os-string} \proto{x->os-string}{ os-string-thing}{os-string} \end{protos} \noindent These procedures create an OS string from a string, a byte-vector (whose last value should be 0), and an \var{os-string-thing} argument, respectively, always using the standard OS-string text codec (see below). \begin{protos} \proto{os-string->byte-vector}{ os-string}{byte-vector} \proto{os-string->string}{ os-string}{string} \end{protos} \noindent These procedures yield the contents of an OS string. For an OS string created from a string, \code{os-string->string} will return a string with the same contents; for an OS string created from a byte vector, \code{os-string->byte-vector} will return a byte vector with the same contents. For the other cases, data loss as determined by the text codec is possible. \begin{protos} \proto{os-string-text-codec}{ os-string}{text-codec} \end{protos} % This procedure returns the text codec of the OS string. \begin{protos} \proto{os-string=?}{ os-string os-string}{boolean} \end{protos} % This procedure returns \code{\#t} if its arguments denote the same byte sequence, \code{\#f} otherwise. \begin{protos} \proto{x->os-byte-vector}{ os-string-thing}{byte-vector} \proto{string->os-byte-vector}{ string}{byte-vector} \end{protos} % These are convenience procedures: The first is the composition of \code{x->os-string} and \code{os-string->byte-vector}, and the second is the composition of \code{string->os-string} and \code{os-string->byte-vector}. \begin{protos} \proto{current-os-string-text-codec}{}{text-codec} \proto{call-with-os-string-text-codec}{ text-codec thunk}{ value(s)} \end{protos} \noindent The \code{current-os-string-text-codec} returns the current text codec used for creating new OS strings. The initial default is determined by the operating system. (On Unix, this is the text codec determined by the locale. On Windows, this is UTF-8.) The \code{call-with-os-string-text-codec} procedure dynamically binds the current text codec to \var{text-codec} during the invocation of \var{thunk}. \section{Shell commands} Structure \code{c-system-function} provides access to the C \code{system()} function. \begin{protos} \proto{have-system?}{}{boolean} \proto{system}{ os-string-thing}{integer} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Have-system?} returns true if the underlying C implementation has a command processor. \code{(System \cvar{string})} passes \cvar{string} to the C \code{system()} function and returns the result. \begin{example} (begin (system "echo foo > test-file") (call-with-input-file "test-file" read)) \evalsto 'foo \end{example} \section{Sockets} % Richard says: add UDP documentation. Structure \code{sockets} provides access to TCP/IP sockets for interprocess and network communication. \begin{protos} \proto{open-socket}{}{socket} \proto{open-socket}{ port-number}{socket} \proto{socket-port-number}{ socket}{integer} \protonoresult{close-socket}{ socket} \proto{socket-accept}{ socket}{input-port output-port} \proto{get-host-name}{}{string} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Open-socket} creates a new socket. If no \cvar{port-number} is supplied the system picks one at random. \code{Socket-port-number} returns a socket's port number. \code{Close-socket} closes a socket, preventing any further connections. \code{Socket-accept} accepts a single connection on \cvar{socket}, returning an input port and an output port for communicating with the client. If no client is waiting \code{socket-accept} blocks until one appears. \code{Get-host-name} returns the network name of the machine. \begin{protos} \proto{socket-client}{ host-name port-number}{input-port output-port} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Socket-client} connects to the server at \cvar{port-number} on the machine named \cvar{host-name}. \code{Socket-client} blocks until the server accepts the connection. The following simple example shows a server and client for a centralized UID service. \begin{example} (define (id-server) (let ((socket (open-socket))) (display "Waiting on port ") (display (socket-port-number socket)) (newline) (let loop ((next-id 0)) (call-with-values (lambda () (socket-accept socket)) (lambda (in out) (display next-id out) (close-input-port in) (close-output-port out) (loop (+ next-id 1))))))) (define (get-id machine port-number) (call-with-values (lambda () (socket-client machine port-number)) (lambda (in out) (let ((id (read in))) (close-input-port in) (close-output-port out) id)))) \end{example} \section{Profiling} The profiler can be used programmatically from within the code and its results can be processed dynamically. The structure \code{profiler} offers basic data structures and functions. All functions need a \code{profile-data} record argument that can be created with \code{make-empty-profile-data}. \begin{protos} \proto{make-empty-profile-data}{}{profile-data} \proto{profile-thunk}{ profile-data thunk [interrupt-time [with-non-instr?]]}{value} \end{protos} \code{profile-thunk} executes a thunk under the profiler. The data is stored in the \cvar{profile-data} record passed as argument. Optionally the timeout for the profiler interrupt can be passed (in milliseconds). The return value of \code{profile-thunk} is the return value of \code{thunk}. By default, non-instrumented code will be profiled by the sampling process. By passing \code{with-non-instr? = \#f} only instrumented functions will be profiled. After profiling data, can be retrieved with the following accessors: \begin{protos} \proto{profile-data-starttime}{ profile-data}{number} \proto{profile-data-endtime}{ profile-data}{number} \proto{profile-data-runtime}{ profile-data}{number} \proto{profile-data-memoryuse}{ profile-data}{number} \proto{profile-data-gcruns}{ profile-data}{number} \proto{profile-data-samples}{ profile-data}{number} \proto{profile-data-interrupttime}{ profile-data}{number} % % \proto{profile-data-templates}{ profile-data}{table of templates} % \proto{profile-data-cycles}{ profile-data}{table of cycleinfo} % \proto{profile-data-root}{ profile-data}{profinfo} \end{protos} Times are in milliseconds, memory usage in bytes. The following functions produce the same output as the \code{,profile} command (see section \ref{profiling-commands}). They all take an optional \cvar{port} argument. Default is the \code{current-output-port}. \begin{protos} \protonoresult{profile-display}{ profile-data [port]} \protonoresult{profile-display-overview}{ profile-data [port]} \protonoresult{profile-display-flat}{ profile-data [port]} \protonoresult{profile-display-tree}{ profile-data [port]} \end{protos} \code{profile-display} prints the full output of the profiler. The other \code{profile-display-\ldots} functions only display the respective part of the output. The single fields in the flat profile can be retrieved with the following accessors: \begin{protos} \protonoresult{profile-function-calls}{ profile-data names} \protonoresult{profile-function-reccalls}{ profile-data names} \protonoresult{profile-function-nonreccalls}{ profile-data names} \protonoresult{profile-function-occurs}{ profile-data names} \protonoresult{profile-function-hist}{ profile-data names} \protonoresult{profile-function-memoryuse}{ profile-data names} \protonoresult{profile-function-timeshare}{ profile-data names} \protonoresult{profile-function-time-cumulative}{ profile-data names} \protonoresult{profile-function-time-self}{ profile-data names} \end{protos} Here \cvar{names} is the list of names specifying the function, optionally with it's module. For example, \code{names = ("dynamic-wind", "wind")} would specify the \code{dynamic-wind} function in the module \code{wind}, if it was seen while profiling. If two or more functions match, the first one is used. If no function matches, the functions return \code{\#\{Unspecific\}}. The argument \cvar{names} can also be a plain string, as in \code{(profile-display-function-flat prof-data "module")}. This will display all flat function profiles that have ``module'' either as name or module. The meanings of the fields that the functions return are as follows: \begin{itemize} \item \code{calls}: total number of calls (recursive and non-recursive) to the function \item \code{reccalls}: total number of recursive calls to the function \item \code{nonreccalls}: total number of non-recursive calls to the function \item \code{occurs}: number of times the function was seen on stack while profiling \item \code{hist}: number of times the function was seen running while profiling \item \code{memoryuse}: bytes of memory used by the function \item \code{timeshare}: percentage of time used by the function itself (number from 0 to 1) \item \code{time-cumulative}: total time in ms the function was on call-stack \item \code{time-self}: total time in ms the function actively running \end{itemize} The following shows a short example of the usage of the profiler interface, where \code{main} is the function to be profiled: \begin{example} (define prof-data (make-empty-profile-data)) (profile-thunk prof-data (lambda () (main 22))) (display "Samples: ") (display (profile-data-samples prof-data)) (newline) (profile-display-overview prof-data) (profile-display-flat prof-data (current-output-port)) (profile-display-tree prof-data) ; print only function "a" (profile-display-function-flat prof-data '("a")) ; print only function "a" in file "x.scm" (profile-display-function-flat prof-data '("a" "x.scm")) ; print all profiled functions in file "x.scm" (profile-display-function-flat prof-data "x.scm") ; print percentage of time "a" was running (display (* (profile-function-timeshare prof-data '("a")) 100)) \end{example} % (table-walk (lambda (template profinfo) % (display (profinfo-total-calls profinfo)) % (newline)) % (profile-data-templates prof-data)) \section{Macros for writing loops} % JAR says: origin? history? \code{Iterate} and \code{reduce} are extensions of named-\code{let} for writing loops that walk down one or more sequences, such as the elements of a list or vector, the characters read from a port, or an arithmetic series. Additional sequences can be defined by the user. \code{Iterate} and \code{reduce} are in structure \code{reduce}. \subsection{{\tt Iterate}} The syntax of \code{iterate} is: \begin{example} (iterate \cvar{loop-name} ((\cvar{sequence-type} \cvar{element-variable} \cvar{sequence-data} \ldots) \ldots) ((\cvar{state-variable} \cvar{initial-value}) \ldots) \cvar{body-expression} [\cvar{final-expression}]) \end{example} \code{Iterate} steps the \cvar{element-variable}s in parallel through the sequences, while each \cvar{state-variable} has the corresponding \cvar{initial-value} for the first iteration and have later values supplied by \cvar{body-expression}. If any sequence has reached its limit the value of the \code{iterate} expression is the value of \cvar{final-expression}, if present, or the current values of the \cvar{state-variable}s, returned as multiple values. If no sequence has reached its limit, \cvar{body-expression} is evaluated and either calls \cvar{loop-name} with new values for the \cvar{state-variable}s, or returns some other value(s). The \cvar{loop-name} and the \cvar{state-variable}s and \cvar{initial-value}s behave exactly as in named-\code{let}. The named-\code{let} expression \begin{example} (let loop-name ((state-variable initial-value) ...) body ...) \end{example} is equivalent to an \code{iterate} expression with no sequences (and with an explicit \code{let} wrapped around the body expressions to take care of any internal \code{define}s): \begin{example} (iterate loop-name () ((state-variable initial-value) ...) (let () body ...)) \end{example} The \cvar{sequence-type}s are keywords (they are actually macros of a particular form; it is easy to add additional types of sequences). Examples are \code{list*} which walks down the elements of a list and \code{vector*} which does the same for vectors. For each iteration, each \cvar{element-variable} is bound to the next element of the sequence. The \cvar{sequence-data} gives the actual list or vector or whatever. If there is a \cvar{final-expression}, it is evaluated when the end of one or more sequences is reached. If the \cvar{body-expression} does not call \cvar{loop-name} the \cvar{final-expression} is not evaluated. The \cvar{state-variable}s are visible in \cvar{final-expression} but the \cvar{sequence-variable}s are not. The \cvar{body-expression} and the \cvar{final-expression} are in tail-position within the \code{iterate}. Unlike named-\code{let}, the behavior of a non-tail-recursive call to \cvar{loop-name} is unspecified (because iterating down a sequence may involve side effects, such as reading characters from a port). \subsection{{\tt Reduce}} If an \code{iterate} expression is not meant to terminate before a sequence has reached its end, \cvar{body-expression} will always end with a tail call to \cvar{loop-name}. \code{Reduce} is a macro that makes this common case explicit. The syntax of \code{reduce} is the same as that of \code{iterate}, except that there is no \cvar{loop-name}. The \cvar{body-expression} returns new values of the \cvar{state-variable}s instead of passing them to \cvar{loop-name}. Thus \cvar{body-expression} must return as many values as there are state variables. By special dispensation, if there are no state variables then \cvar{body-expression} may return any number of values, all of which are ignored. The syntax of \code{reduce} is: \begin{example} (reduce ((\cvar{sequence-type} \cvar{element-variable} \cvar{sequence-data} \ldots) \ldots) ((\cvar{state-variable} \cvar{initial-value}) \ldots) \cvar{body-expression} [\cvar{final-expression}]) \end{example} The value(s) returned by an instance of \code{reduce} is the value(s) returned by the \cvar{final-expression}, if present, or the current value(s) of the state variables when the end of one or more sequences is reached. A \code{reduce} expression can be rewritten as an equivalent \code{iterate} expression by adding a \cvar{loop-var} and a wrapper for the \cvar{body-expression} that calls the \cvar{loop-var}. \begin{example} (iterate loop ((\cvar{sequence-type} \cvar{element-variable} \cvar{sequence-data} \ldots) \ldots) ((\cvar{state-variable} \cvar{initial-value}) \ldots) (call-with-values (lambda () \cvar{body-expression}) loop) [\cvar{final-expression}]) \end{example} \subsection{Sequence types} The predefined sequence types are: \begin{protos} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{list*}{ \cvar{elt-var} \cvar{list}} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{list-spine*}{ \cvar{elt-var} \cvar{list}} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{list-spine-cycle-safe*} { \cvar{elt-var} \cvar{list} \cvar{on-cycle-thunk}} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{vector*}{ \cvar{elt-var} \cvar{vector}} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{string*}{ \cvar{elt-var} \cvar{string}} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{count*} { \cvar{elt-var} \cvar{start} [\cvar{end} [\cvar{step}]]} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{bits*}{ \cvar{elt-var} \cvar{i} [\cvar{size}]} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{input*} { \cvar{elt-var} \cvar{input-port} \cvar{read-procedure}} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{stream*} { \cvar{elt-var} \cvar{procedure} \cvar{initial-data}} \end{protos} For lists, vectors, and strings the element variable is bound to the successive elements of the list or vector, or the characters in the string. For \code{list-spine*} the element variable is bound to the successive pairs in the spine of the list. \code{List-spine-cycle-safe*} is similar, but calls \cvar{on-cycle-thunk} with no arguments and with the continuation of the loop macro at an unspecified time if \cvar{list} contains a cycle. For \code{count*} the element variable is bound to the elements of the sequence \begin{example} \cvar{start}, \cvar{start} + \cvar{step}, \cvar{start} + 2\cvar{step}, \ldots, \cvar{end} \end{example} inclusive of \cvar{start} and exclusive of \cvar{end}. The default \cvar{step} is 1. The sequence does not terminate if no \cvar{end} is given or if there is no $N > 0$ such that \cvar{end} = \cvar{start} + N\cvar{step} (\code{=} is used to test for termination). For example, \code{(count* i 0 -1)} doesn't terminate because it begins past the \cvar{end} value and \code{(count* i 0 1 2)} doesn't terminate because it skips over the \cvar{end} value. For \code{bits*}, the element variable is bound to a sequence of representations of successive bit-fields of \cvar{i}, from least to most significant. If \cvar{size} is present, it must be a positive exact integer, and the element variable is bound to a sequence of \cvar{size}-bit integers. If \cvar{size} is omitted, \code{bits*} iterates through single bits, and the element variable is bound to a sequence of booleans. \code{\#t} represents 1, and \code{\#f} represents 0. For \code{input*} the elements are the results of successive applications of \cvar{read-procedure} to \cvar{input-port}. The sequence ends when \cvar{read-procedure} returns an end-of-file object. For a stream, the \cvar{procedure} takes the current data value as an argument and returns two values, the next value of the sequence and a new data value. If the new data is \code{\#f} then the previous element was the last one. For example, \begin{example} (list* elt my-list) \end{example} is the same as \begin{example} (stream* elt list->stream my-list) \end{example} where \code{list->stream} is \begin{example} (lambda (list) (if (null? list) (values 'ignored \#f) (values (car list) (cdr list)))) \end{example} \subsection{Synchronous sequences} When using the sequence types described above, a loop terminates when any of its sequences reaches its end. To help detect bugs it is useful to have sequence types that check to see if two or more sequences end on the same iteration. For this purpose there is second set of sequence types called synchronous sequences. These are identical to the ones listed above except that they cause an error to be signalled if a loop is terminated by a synchronous sequence and some other synchronous sequence did not reach its end on the same iteration. Sequences are checked for termination in order, from left to right, and if a loop is terminated by a non-synchronous sequence no further checking is done. The synchronous sequences are: \begin{protos} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{list\%}{ \cvar{elt-var} \cvar{list}} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{list-spine\%}{ \cvar{elt-var} \cvar{list}} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{list-spine-cycle-safe\%} { \cvar{elt-var} \cvar{list} \cvar{on-cycle-thunk}} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{vector\%}{ \cvar{elt-var} \cvar{vector}} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{string\%}{ \cvar{elt-var} \cvar{string}} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{count\%} { \cvar{elt-var} \cvar{start} \cvar{end} [\cvar{step}]} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{input\%} { \cvar{elt-var} \cvar{input-port} \cvar{read-procedure}} \syntaxprotonoresultnoindex{stream\%} { \cvar{elt-var} \cvar{procedure} \cvar{initial-data}} \end{protos} Note that the synchronous \code{count\%} must have an \cvar{end}, unlike the nonsynchronous \code{count*}. \subsection{Examples} \noindent Gathering the indexes of list elements that answer true to some predicate. \begin{example} (lambda (my-list predicate) (reduce ((list* elt my-list) (count* i 0)) ((hits '())) (if (predicate elt) (cons i hits) hits) (reverse hits)) \end{example} \noindent Looking for the index of an element of a list. \begin{example} (lambda (my-list predicate) (iterate loop ((list* elt my-list) (count* i 0)) () ; no state (if (predicate elt) i (loop)))) \end{example} \noindent Reading one line. \begin{example} (define (read-line port) (iterate loop ((input* c port read-char)) ((chars '())) (if (char=? c \#\verb2\2newline) (list->string (reverse chars)) (loop (cons c chars))) (if (null? chars) (eof-object) ; no newline at end of file (list->string (reverse chars))))) \end{example} \noindent Counting the lines in a file. We can't use \code{count*} because we need the value of the count after the loop has finished. \begin{example} (define (line-count name) (call-with-input-file name (lambda (in) (reduce ((input* l in read-line)) ((i 0)) (+ i 1))))) \end{example} \subsection{Defining sequence types} The sequence types are object-oriented macros similar to enumerations. A non-synchronous sequence macro needs to supply three values: \code{\#f} to indicate that it isn't synchronous, a list of state variables and their initializers, and the code for one iteration. The first two methods are CPS'ed: they take another macro and argument to which to pass their result. The \code{sync} method gets no additional arguments. The \code{state-vars} method is passed a list of names which will be bound to the arguments to the sequence. The final method, for the step, is passed the list of names bound to the arguments and the list of state variables. In addition there is a variable to be bound to the next element of the sequence, the body expression for the loop, and an expression for terminating the loop. The definition of \code{list*} is \begin{example} (define-syntax list* (syntax-rules (sync state-vars step) ((list* sync (next more)) (next \#f more)) ((list* state-vars (start-list) (next more)) (next ((list-var start-list)) more)) ((list* step (start-list) (list-var) value-var loop-body final-exp) (if (null? list-var) final-exp (let ((value-var (car list-var)) (list-var (cdr list-var))) loop-body))))) \end{example} Synchronized sequences are the same, except that they need to provide a termination test to be used when some other synchronized method terminates the loop. \begin{example} (define-syntax list\% (syntax-rules (sync done) ((list\% sync (next more)) (next \#t more)) ((list\% done (start-list) (list-var)) (null? list-var)) ((list\% stuff ...) (list* stuff ...)))) \end{example} \subsection{Expanded code} The expansion of \begin{example} (reduce ((list* x '(1 2 3))) ((r '())) (cons x r)) \end{example} is \begin{example} (let ((final (lambda (r) (values r))) (list '(1 2 3)) (r '())) (let loop ((list list) (r r)) (if (null? list) (final r) (let ((x (car list)) (list (cdr list))) (let ((continue (lambda (r) (loop list r)))) (continue (cons x r))))))) \end{example} The only inefficiencies in this code are the \code{final} and \code{continue} procedures, both of which could be substituted in-line. The macro expander could do the substitution for \code{continue} when there is no explicit proceed variable, as in this case, but not in general. \section{Sorting lists and vectors} \label{sort} (This section, as the libraries it describes, was written mostly by Olin Shivers for the draft of SRFI~32.) The sort libraries in Scheme~48 include % \begin{itemize} \item vector insert sort (stable) \item vector heap sort \item vector quick sort (with regular comparisons and with median-of-3 pivot picking) \item vector merge sort (stable) \item pure and destructive list merge sort (stable) \item stable vector and list merge \item miscellaneous sort-related procedures: vector and list merging, sorted predicates, vector binary search, vector and list delete-equal-neighbor procedures. \item a general, non-algorithmic set of procedure names for general sorting and merging \end{itemize} \subsection{Design rules} \paragraph{What vs. how} There are two different interfaces: ``what'' (simple) and ``how'' (detailed). \begin{description} \item[Simple] you specify semantics: datatype (list or vector), mutability, and stability. \item[Detailed] you specify the actual algorithm (quick, heap, insert, merge). Different algorithms have different properties, both semantic and pragmatic, so these exports are necessary. It is necessarily the case that the specifications of these procedures make statements about execution ``pragmatics.'' For example, the sole distinction between heap sort and quick sort---both of which are provided by this library----is one of execution time, which is not a ``semantic'' distinction. Similar resource-use statements are made about ``iterative'' procedures, meaning that they can execute on input of arbitrary size in a constant number of stack frames. \end{description} \paragraph{Consistency across procedure signatures} The two interfaces share common procedure signatures wherever possible, to facilitate switching a given call from one procedure to another. \paragraph{Less-than parameter first, data parameter after} These procedures uniformly observe the following parameter order: the data to be sorted comes after the comparison procedure. That is, we write \begin{example} (sort \(<\) \var{list}) \end{example} not \begin{example} (sort \var{list} \(<\)) \end{example} % \paragraph{Ordering, comparison procedures and stability} These routines take a $<$ comparison procedure, not a $\leq$ comparison procedure, and they sort into increasing order. The difference between a $<$ spec and a $\leq$ spec comes up in two places: \begin{itemize} \item the definition of an ordered or sorted data set, and \item the definition of a stable sorting algorithm. %\item correctness of quicksort. NOTE "two" above \end{itemize} % We say that a data set (a list or vector) is \textit{sorted} or \textit{ordered} if it contains no adjacent pair of values $\ldots x, y \ldots$ such that $y < x$. In other words, scanning across the data never takes a ``downwards'' step. If you use a $\leq$ procedure where these algorithms expect a $<$ procedure, you may not get the answers you expect. For example, the \code{list-sorted?} procedure will return false if you pass it a $\leq$ comparison procedure and an ordered list containing adjacent equal elements. A ``stable'' sort is one that preserves the pre-existing order of equal elements. Suppose, for example, that we sort a list of numbers by comparing their absolute values, i.e., using comparison procedure % \begin{verbatim} (lambda (x y) (< (abs x) (abs y))) \end{verbatim} % If we sort a list that contains both 3 and -3: \[\ldots 3, \ldots, -3 \ldots\] then a stable sort is an algorithm that will not swap the order of these two elements, that is, the answer is guaranteed to to look like \[\ldots 3, -3 \ldots\] not \[\ldots -3, 3 \ldots\] Choosing $<$ for the comparison procedure instead of $\leq$ affects how stability is coded. Given an adjacent pair $x, y$, \code{(< $y$ $x$)} means ``$x$ should be moved in front of $x$''---otherwise, leave things as they are. So using a $\leq$ procedure where a $<$ procedure is expected will \emph{invert} stability. This is due to the definition of equality, given a $<$ comparator: \begin{verbatim} (and (not (< x y)) (not (< y x))) \end{verbatim} The definition is rather different, given a $\leq$ comparator: \begin{verbatim} (and (<= x y) (<= y x)) \end{verbatim} % A ``stable'' merge is one that reliably favors one of its data sets when equal items appear in both data sets. \emph{All merge operations in this library are stable}, breaking ties between data sets in favor of the first data set---elements of the first list come before equal elements in the second list. So, if we are merging two lists of numbers ordered by absolute value, the stable merge operation \code{list-merge} \begin{verbatim} (list-merge (lambda (x y) (< (abs x) (abs y))) '(0 -2 4 8 -10) '(-1 3 -4 7)) \end{verbatim} reliably places the 4 of the first list before the equal-comparing -4 of the second list: \begin{verbatim} (0 -1 -2 4 -4 7 8 -10) \end{verbatim} % Some sort algorithms \emph{will not work correctly} if given a $\leq$ when they expect a $<$ comparison (or vice-versa). %% For example, %% violating quicksort's spec may cause it to produce wrong answers, %% diverge, raise an error, or do some fourth thing. To see why, %% consider the left-scan part of the standard quicksort partition %% step: (let ((i (let scan ((i i)) (if (elt< (vector-ref v i) pivot) %% (scan (+ i 1)) i)))) ...) Consider applying this loop to a vector %% of all zeroes (hence, PIVOT, as well, is zero), but erroneously %% using \verb|<=| for the ELT< procedure. The loop will scan right off %% the end of the vector, producing a vector-index error. The %% guarantee that the scan loop will terminate before running off the %% end of the vector depends critically upon ELT< performing as a true, %% irreflexive $<$ relation. Running off the end of the vector is only %% one of a variety of possibly ways to lose---other, variant %% implementations of quicksort can, instead, loop forever on some data %% sets if ELT< is a $\leq$ predicate. In short, if your comparison procedure $f$ answers true to \code{($f$ x x)}, then \begin{itemize} \item using a stable sorting or merging algorithm will not give you a stable sort or merge, \item \code{list-sorted?} may surprise you. % \item quicksort may fail in a variety of possible ways. \end{itemize} Note that you can synthesize a $<$ procedure from a $\leq$ procedure with \begin{verbatim} (lambda (x y) (not (<= y x))) \end{verbatim} if need be. Precise definitions give sharp edges to tools, but require care in use. ``Measure twice, cut once.'' %% I have adopted the choice of $<$ from Common Lisp. One would assume %% the definers of Common Lisp had a good reason for adopting $<$ instead %% of $\leq$, but canvassing several of the principal actors in the %% definition process has turned up no better reason than ``an arbitrary %% but consistent choice.'' At minimum, then, these libraries extend the %% coverage of that consistent choice. \paragraph{All vector operations accept optional subrange parameters} The vector operations specified below all take optional \code{start}/\code{end} arguments indicating a selected subrange of a vector's elements. If a \code{start} parameter or \code{start}/\code{end} parameter pair is given to such a procedure, they must be exact, non-negative integers, such that % \[ 0 \leq \var{start} \leq \var{end} \leq \code{(vector-length \var{vector})} \] % where \var{vector} is the related vector parameter. If not specified, they default to 0 and the length of the vector, respectively. They are interpreted to select the range $[\var{start},\var{end})$, that is, all elements from index \var{start} (inclusive) up to, but not including, index \var{end}. \paragraph{Required vs.\ allowed side-effects} \code{List-sort!} and \code{List-stable-sort!} are allowed, but not required, to alter their arguments' cons cells to construct the result list. This is consistent with the what-not-how character of the group of procedures to which they belong (the \code{sorting} structure). The \code{list-delete-neighbor-dups!}, \code{list-merge!} and \code{list-merge-sort!} procedures, on the other hand, provide specific algorithms, and, as such, explicitly commit to the use of side-effects on their input lists in order to guarantee their key algorithmic properties (e.g., linear-time operation). \subsection{Procedure specification} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{ll} Structure name & Functionality\\\hline \code{sorting} & General sorting for lists and vectors\\ \code{sorted} & Sorted predicates for lists and vectors\\ \code{list-merge-sort}& List merge sort\\ \code{vector-merge-sort} & Vector merge sort\\ \code{vector-heap-sort} & Vector heap sort\\ \code{vector-quick-sort} & Vector quick sort\\ \code{vector-quick-sort3} & Vector quick sort with 3-way comparisons\\ \code{vector-insert-sort} & Vector insertion sort\\ \code{delete-neighbor-duplicates} & List and vector delete neighbor duplicates\\ \code{binary-searches} & Vector binary search \end{tabular} \end{center} % Note that there is no ``list insert sort'' package, as you might as well always use list merge sort. The reference implementation's destructive list merge sort will do fewer \code{set-cdr!}s than a destructive insert sort. \paragraph{Procedure naming and functionality} Almost all of the procedures described below are variants of two basic operations: sorting and merging. These procedures are consistently named by composing a set of basic lexemes to indicate what they do. \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{lp{0.8\textwidth}} Lexeme & Meaning\\\hline \code{sort}& The procedure sorts its input data set by some $<$ comparison procedure. \\ \code{merge}& The procedure merges two ordered data sets into a single ordered result. \\ \code{stable} & This lexeme indicates that the sort is a stable one. \\ \code{vector}& The procedure operates upon vectors. \\ \code{list} & The procedure operates upon lists. \\ \code{!} & Procedures that end in \code{!} are allowed, and sometimes required, to reuse their input storage to construct their answer. \end{tabular} \end{center} \paragraph{Types of parameters and return values} In the procedures specified below, % \begin{itemize} \item A \code{<} or \code{=} parameter is a procedure accepting two arguments taken from the specified procedure's data set(s), and returning a boolean; \item \code{Start} and \code{end} parameters are exact, non-negative integers that serve as vector indices selecting a subrange of some associated vector. When specified, they must satisfy the relation \[ 0 \leq \var{start} \leq \var{end} \leq \code{(vector-length \var{vector})} \] where \var{vector} is the associated vector. \end{itemize} % Passing values to procedures with these parameters that do not satisfy these types is an error. If a procedure is said to return ``unspecified,'' this means that nothing at all is said about what the procedure returns, not even the number of return values. Such a procedure is not even required to be consistent from call to call in the nature or number of its return values. It is simply required to return a value (or values) that may be passed to a command continuation, e.g. as the value of an expression appearing as a non-terminal subform of a \code{begin} expression. Note that in R$^5$RS, this restricts such a procedure to returning a single value; non-R$^5$RS systems may not even provide this restriction. \subsubsection{\code{sorting}---general sorting package} This library provides basic sorting and merging functionality suitable for general programming. The procedures are named by their semantic properties, i.e., what they do to the data (sort, stable sort, merge, and so forth). \begin{protos} \proto{list-sorted?}{ $<$ list}{boolean} \proto{list-merge}{ $<$ list$_1$ list$_2$}{list} \protonoindex{list-merge!}{ $<$ list$_1$ list$_2$}{list}\mainschindex{list-merge"!} \proto{list-sort}{ $<$ lis}{list} \protonoindex{list-sort!}{ $<$ lis}{list}\mainschindex{list-sort"!} \proto{list-stable-sort}{ $<$ list}{list} \protonoindex{list-stable-sort!}{ $<$ list}{list}\mainschindex{list-stable-sort"!} \proto{list-delete-neighbor-dups}{ $=$ list}{list} \proto{vector-sorted?}{ $<$ v [start [end]]}{boolean} \proto{vector-merge}{ $<$ v$_1$ v$_2$ [start$1$ [end$1$ [start$2$ [end$2$]]]]}{vector} \protonoresultnoindex{vector-merge!}{ $<$ v v$_1$ v$_2$ [start [start$1$ [end$1$ [start$2$ [end$2$]]]]]}\mainschindex{vector-merge"!} \proto{vector-sort}{ $<$ v [start [end]]}{vector} \protonoresultnoindex{vector-sort!}{ $<$ v [start [end]]}\mainschindex{vector-sort"!} \proto{vector-stable-sort}{ $<$ v [start [end]]}{vector} \protonoresultnoindex{vector-stable-sort!}{ $<$ v [start [end]]}\mainschindex{vector-stable-sort"!} \proto{vector-delete-neighbor-dups}{ $=$ v [start [end]]}{vector} \end{protos} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{ll} Procedure &Suggested algorithm \\\hline \code{list-sort} & vector heap or quick\\ \code{list-sort!} & list merge sort\\ \code{list-stable-sort} & vector merge sort\\ \code{list-stable-sort!} & list merge sort\\ \code{vector-sort} & heap or quick sort\\ \code{vector-sort!} & heap or quick sort\\ \code{vector-stable-sort} & vector merge sort\\ \code{vector-stable-sort!} merge sort \end{tabular} \end{center} % \code{List-Sorted?} and \code{vector-sorted?} return true if their input list or vector is in sorted order, as determined by their \var{$<$} comparison parameter. All four merge operations are stable: an element of the initial list \var{list$_1$} or vector \var{vector$_1$} will come before an equal-comparing element in the second list \var{list$_2$} or vector \var{vector$_2$} in the result. The procedures % \begin{itemize} \item \code{list-merge} \item \code{list-sort} \item \code{list-stable-sort} \item \code{list-delete-neighbor-dups} \end{itemize} % do not alter their inputs and are allowed to return a value that shares a common tail with a list argument. The procedure \begin{itemize} \item \code{list-sort!} \item \code{list-stable-sort!} \end{itemize} % are ``linear update'' operators---they are allowed, but not required, to alter the cons cells of their arguments to produce their results. On the other hand, the \code{list-merge!} procedure make only a single, iterative, linear-time pass over its argument list, using \code{set-cdr!}s to rearrange the cells of the list into the final result ---it works ``in place.'' Hence, any cons cell appearing in the result must have originally appeared in an input. The intent of this iterative-algorithm commitment is to allow the programmer to be sure that if, for example, \code{list-merge!} is asked to merge two ten-million-element lists, the operation will complete without performing some extremely (possibly twenty-million) deep recursion. The vector procedures % \begin{itemize} \item \code{vector-sort} \item \code{vector-stable-sort} \item \code{vector-delete-neighbor-dups} \end{itemize} % do not alter their inputs, but allocate a fresh vector for their result, of length $\var{end} - \var{start}$. The vector procedures % \begin{itemize} \item \code{vector-sort!} \item \code{vector-stable-sort!} \end{itemize} % sort their data in-place. (But note that \code{vector-stable-sort!} may allocate temporary storage proportional to the size of the input %%---I am not aware of $O(n \log(n))$ stable vector-sorting %%algorithms that run in constant space .) \code{Vector-merge} returns a vector of length $(\var{end$_1$}-\var{start$_1$}+(\var{end$_2$}-\var{start$_2$})$. \code{Vector-merge!} writes its result into vector \var{v}, beginning at index \var{start}, for indices less than \(\var{end} = \var{start} + (\var{end$_1$}-\var{start$_1$}) + (\var{end$_2$}-\var{start$_2$})\). The target subvector $\var{v}[\var{start},\var{end})$ may not overlap either source subvector $\var{vector$_1$}[\var{start$_1$},\var{end$_1$})$ $\var{vector$_2$}[\var{start$_2$},\var{end$_2$})$. The \code{\ldots-delete-neighbor-dups-\ldots} procedures: These procedures delete adjacent duplicate elements from a list or a vector, using a given element-equality procedure. The first/leftmost element of a run of equal elements is the one that survives. The list or vector is not otherwise disordered. These procedures are linear time---much faster than the $O(n^2)$ general duplicate-element deletors that do not assume any ``bunching'' of elements (such as the ones provided by SRFI~1). If you want to delete duplicate elements from a large list or vector, you can sort the elements to bring equal items together, then use one of these procedures, for a total time of $O(n\log(n))$. The comparison procedure \(=\) passed to these procedures is always applied % \code{($=$ $x$ $y$)} % where $x$ comes before $y$ in the containing list or vector. \begin{itemize} \item \code{List-delete-neighbor-dups} does not alter its input list; its answer may share storage with the input list. \item \code{Vector-delete-neighbor-dups} does not alter its input vector, but rather allocates a fresh vector to hold the result. \end{itemize} % Examples: \begin{example} (list-delete-neighbor-dups = '(1 1 2 7 7 7 0 -2 -2)) \(\Longrightarrow\) (1 2 7 0 -2) (vector-delete-neighbor-dups = '\#(1 1 2 7 7 7 0 -2 -2)) \(\Longrightarrow\) \#(1 2 7 0 -2) (vector-delete-neighbor-dups = '\#(1 1 2 7 7 7 0 -2 -2) 3 7) \(\Longrightarrow\) \#(7 0 -2) \end{example} \subsubsection{Algorithm-specific sorting packages} These packages provide more specific sorting functionality, that is, specific commitment to particular algorithms that have particular pragmatic consequences (such as memory locality, asymptotic running time) beyond their semantic behaviour (sorting, stable sorting, merging, etc.). Programmers that need a particular algorithm can use one of these packages. \paragraph{\code{sorted}---sorted predicates} % \begin{protos} \proto{list-sorted?}{ $<$ list}{boolean} \proto{vector-sorted?}{ $<$ vector}{boolean} \proto{vector-sorted?}{ $<$ vector start}{boolean} \proto{vector-sorted?}{ $<$ vector start end}{boolean} \end{protos} Return \code{\#f} iff there is an adjacent pair \(\ldots x, y \ldots\) in the input list or vector such that $y < x$. The optional \var{start}/\var{end} range arguments restrict \code{vector-sorted?} to the indicated subvector. \paragraph{\code{list-merge-sort}---list merge sort} % \begin{protos} \proto{list-merge-sort}{ $<$ list}{list} \protonoindex{list-merge-sort!}{ $<$ list}{list}\mainschindex{list-merge-sort"!} \proto{list-merge}{ list$_1$ $<$ list$_2$}{list} \protonoindex{list-merge!}{ list$_1$ $<$ list$_2$}{list}\mainschindex{list-merge"!} \end{protos} % The sort procedures sort their data using a list merge sort, which is stable. (The reference implementation is, additionally, a ``natural'' sort. See below for the properties of this algorithm.) The \code{!} procedures are destructive---they use \code{set-cdr!}s to rearrange the cells of the lists into the proper order. As such, they do not allocate any extra cons cells---they are ``in place'' sorts. %% Additionally, \code{list-merge!} is iterative---it can operate on %% arguments of arbitrary size with a constant number of stack frames. The merge operations are stable: an element of \var{list$_1$} will come before an equal-comparing element in \var{list$_2$} in the result list. \paragraph{\code{vector-merge-sort}---vector merge sort} \begin{protos} \proto{vector-merge-sort}{ $<$ vector [start [end [temp]]]}{vector} \protonoresultnoindex{vector-merge-sort!}{ $<$ vector [start [end [temp]]]}\mainschindex{vector-merge-sort"!} \proto{vector-merge}{ $<$ vector$_1$ vector$_2$ [start$_1$ [end$_1$ [start$_2$ [end$_2$]]]]}{vector} \protonoresultnoindex{vector-merge!}{ $<$ vector vector$_1$ vector$_2$ [start [start$_1$ [end$_1$ [start$_2$ [end$_2$]]]]]}\mainschindex{vector-merge"!} \end{protos} % The sort procedures sort their data using vector merge sort, which is stable. (The reference implementation is, additionally, a ``natural'' sort. See below for the properties of this algorithm.) The optional \var{start}/\var{end} arguments provide for sorting of subranges, and default to 0 and the length of the corresponding vector. Merge-sorting a vector requires the allocation of a temporary ``scratch'' work vector for the duration of the sort. This scratch vector can be passed in by the client as the optional \var{temp} argument; if so, the supplied vector must be of size $\leq \var{end}$, and will not be altered outside the range [start,end). If not supplied, the sort routines allocate one themselves. The merge operations are stable: an element of \var{vector$_1$} will come before an equal-comparing element in \var{vector$_2$} in the result vector. \begin{itemize} \item \code{Vector-merge-sort!} leaves its result in \(\var{vector}[\var{start},\var{end})\). \item \code{Vector-merge-sort} returns a vector of length \(\var{end}-\var{start}\). \item \code{Vector-merge} returns a vector of length \((\var{end$_1$}-\var{start$_1$})+(\var{end$_2$}-\var{start$_2$})\). \item \code{Vector-merge!} writes its result into \var{vector}, beginning at index \var{start}, for indices less than \(\var{end} =\var{start} + (\var{end$_1$}-\var{start$_1$}) + (\var{end$_2$}-\var{start$_2$})\). The target subvector \[\var{vector}[\var{start},\var{end})\] may not overlap either source subvector \[\var{vector$_1$}[\var{start$_1$},\var{end$_1$}), \textrm{ or } \var{vector$_2$}[\var{start$_2$},\var{end$_2$}).\] \end{itemize} \paragraph{\code{vector-heap-sort}---vector heap sort} \begin{protos} \proto{vector-heap-sort}{ $<$ vector [start [end]]}{vector} \protonoresultnoindex{vector-heap-sort!}{ $<$ vector [start [end]]}\mainschindex{vector-heap-sort"!} \end{protos} % These procedures sort their data using heap sort, which is not a stable sorting algorithm. \code{Vector-heap-sort} returns a vector of length \(\var{end}-\var{start}\). \code{Vector-heap-sort!} is in-place, leaving its result in \(\var{vector}[\var{start},\var{end})\). \paragraph{\code{vector-quick-sort}---vector quick sort} \begin{protos} \proto{vector-quick-sort}{ $<$ vector [start [end]]}{vector} \protonoresultnoindex{vector-quick-sort!}{ $<$ vector [start [end]]}\mainschindex{vector-quick-sort"!} \end{protos} % These procedures sort their data using quick sort, which is not a stable sorting algorithm. \code{Vector-quick-sort} returns a vector of length \(\var{end}-\var{start}\). \code{Vector-quick-sort!} is in-place, leaving its result in \(\var{vector}[\var{start},\var{end})\). \paragraph{\code{vector-quick-sort3}---vector quick sort with 3-way comparisons} \begin{protos} \proto{vector-quick-sort3}{ comp vector [start [end]]}{vector} \protonoresultnoindex{vector-quick-sort3!}{ comp vector [start [end]]}\mainschindex{vector-quick-sort3"!} \end{protos} % These procedures sort their data using quick sort, which is not a stable sorting algorithm. \code{Vector-quick-sort3} returns a vector of length \(\var{end}-\var{start}\). \code{Vector-quick-sort3!} is in-place, leaving its result in \(\var{vector}[\var{start},\var{end})\). These procedures implement a variant of quick-sort that takes a three-way comparison procedure $C$. $C$ compares a pair of elements and returns an exact integer whose sign indicates their relationship: % \begin{eqnarray*} (C x y) < 0 &\Rightarrow& x 0 &\Rightarrow& x>y \end{eqnarray*} To help remember the relationship between the sign of the result and the relation, use the procedure $-$ as the model for $C$: $(- x y) < 0$ means that $x < y$; $(- x y) > 0$ means that $x > y$. \paragraph{\code{vector-insert-sort}---vector insertion sort} \begin{protos} \proto{vector-insert-sort}{ $<$ vector [start [end]]}{vector} \protonoresultnoindex{vector-insert-sort!}{ $<$ vector [start [end]]}\mainschindex{vector-insert-sort"!} \end{protos} % These procedures stably sort their data using insertion sort. % \begin{itemize} \item \code{Vector-insert-sort} returns a vector of length \(\var{end}-\var{start}\). \item \code{Vector-insert-sort!} is in-place, leaving its result in \(\var{vector}[\var{start},\var{end})\). \end{itemize} \paragraph{\code{delete-neighbor-duplicates}---list and vector delete neighbor duplicates} \begin{protos} \proto{list-delete-neighbor-dups}{ $=$ list}{list} \protonoindex{list-delete-neighbor-dups!}{ $=$ list}{list}\mainschindex{list-delete-neighbor-dups"!} \proto{vector-delete-neighbor-dups}{ $=$ vector [start [end]]}{vector} \protonoindex{vector-delete-neighbor-dups!}{ $=$ vector [start [end]]}{end$'$}\mainschindex{vector-delete-neighbor-dups} \end{protos} % These procedures delete adjacent duplicate elements from a list or a vector, using a given element-equality procedure $=$. The first/leftmost element of a run of equal elements is the one that survives. The list or vector is not otherwise disordered. These procedures are linear time---much faster than the $O(n^2)$ general duplicate-element deletors that do not assume any ``bunching'' of elements (such as the ones provided by SRFI~1). If you want to delete duplicate elements from a large list or vector, you can sort the elements to bring equal items together, then use one of these procedures, for a total time of $O(n\log(n))$. The comparison procedure = passed to these procedures is always applied \begin{example} (\(=\) \(x\) \(y\)) \end{example} where $x$ comes before $y$ in the containing list or vector. % \begin{itemize} \item \code{List-delete-neighbor-dups} does not alter its input list; its answer may share storage with the input list. \item \code{Vector-delete-neighbor-dups} does not alter its input vector, but rather allocates a fresh vector to hold the result. \item \code{List-delete-neighbor-dups!} is permitted, but not required, to mutate its input list in order to construct its answer. \item \code{Vector-delete-neighbor-dups!} reuses its input vector to hold the answer, packing its answer into the index range \([\var{start},\var{end$'$})\), where \var{end$'$} is the non-negative exact integer returned as its value. It returns \var{end$'$} as its result. The vector is not altered outside the range \([\var{start},\var{end$'$})\). \end{itemize} % Examples: \begin{example} (list-delete-neighbor-dups = '(1 1 2 7 7 7 0 -2 -2)) \(\Longrightarrow\) (1 2 7 0 -2) (vector-delete-neighbor-dups = '\#(1 1 2 7 7 7 0 -2 -2)) \(\Longrightarrow\) \#(1 2 7 0 -2) (vector-delete-neighbor-dups = '\#(1 1 2 7 7 7 0 -2 -2) 3 7) \(\Longrightarrow\) \#(7 0 -2) ;; Result left in v[3,9): (let ((v (vector 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6))) (cons (vector-delete-neighbor-dups! = v 3) v)) \(\Longrightarrow\) (9 . \#(0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 4 4 5 5 6 6)) \end{example} \paragraph{\code{binary-searches}---vector binary search} \begin{protos} \proto{vector-binary-search}{ $<$ elt-$>$key key vector [start [end]]}{integer or {\tt \#f}} \proto{vector-binary-search3}{ compare-proc vector [start [end]]}{integer or {\tt \#f}} \end{protos} \code{vector-binary-search} searches \var{vector} in range \([\var{start},\var{end})\) (which default to 0 and the length of \var{vector}, respectively) for an element whose associated key is equal to \var{key}. The procedure \var{elt-$>$key} is used to map an element to its associated key. The elements of the vector are assumed to be ordered by the $<$ relation on these keys. That is, \begin{example} (vector-sorted? (lambda (x y) (\(<\) (\var{elt-\(>\)key} x) (\var{elt-\(>\)key} y))) \var{vector} \var{start} \var{end}) \(\Longrightarrow\) true \end{example} An element \var{e} of \var{vector} is a match for \var{key} if it's neither less nor greater than the key: \begin{example} (and (not (\(<\) (\var{elt-\(>\)key} \var{e}) \var{key})) (not (\(<\) \var{key} (\var{elt-\(>\)key} \var{e})))) \end{example} If there is such an element, the procedure returns its index in the vector as an exact integer. If there is no such element in the searched range, the procedure returns false. \begin{example} (vector-binary-search < car 4 '\#((1 . one) (3 . three) (4 . four) (25 . twenty-five))) \(\Longrightarrow\) 2 (vector-binary-search < car 7 '\#((1 . one) (3 . three) (4 . four) (25 . twenty-five))) \(\Longrightarrow\) \#f \end{example} \code{Vector-binary-search3} is a variant that uses a three-way comparison procedure \var{compare-proc}. \var{Compare-proc} compares its parameter to the search key, and returns an exact integer whose sign indicates its relationship to the search key. % \[ \begin{array}{rclcrcl} (\var{compare-proc}~x) &<& 0& \Rightarrow& x &<& \var{search-key}\\ (\var{compare-proc}~x) &=& 0& \Rightarrow& x &=& \var{search-key}\\ (\var{compare-proc}~x) &>& 0& \Rightarrow& x &>& \var{search-key} \end{array} \] \begin{example} (vector-binary-search3 (lambda (elt) (- (car elt) 4)) '\#((1 . one) (3 . three) (4 . four) (25 . twenty-five))) \(\Longrightarrow\) 2 \end{example} %% Rationale: %% % %% \begin{itemize} %% \item Why isn't \code{vector-binary-search}'s \var{elt-$>$key} %% computation simply absorbed into the $<$ procedure? It is separated %% out because the $<$ procedure is %% applied twice inside the binary-search inner loop, once with the search %% key for the first argument and the element key for the second argument, %% and once, with the reverse argument order. This is not necessary for %% \code{vector-binary-search3}. %% \item When a comparison operation is able to produce a three-way %% discrimination, the inner loop of the binary search can trim the number %% of per-iteration comparisons from an average of 1.5 to a guaranteed %% single comparison per iteration. This can be a significant savings when %% searching with an expensive comparison operation (e.g., one that %% uses string compare, sends email, references a database, or queries %% a network service such as a web server). %% \item Failure is signaled by false (rather than, say, -1) so that searches %% can be used in conditional forms such as %% \begin{verbatim} %% (or (vector-binary-search ...) ...) %% \end{verbatim} %% or %% \begin{verbatim} %% (cond ((vector-binary-search ...) => index-consumer) %% ...) %% \end{verbatim} %% \end{itemize} \subsection{Algorithmic properties} Different sort and merge algorithms have different properties. Choose the algorithm that matches your needs: \begin{description} \item[Vector insert sort] Stable, but only suitable for small vectors---$O(n^2)$. \item[Vector quick sort] Not stable. Is fast on average---$O(n\log(n))$---but has bad worst-case behaviour. Has good memory locality for big vectors (unlike heap sort). A clever pivot-picking trick (median of three samples) helps avoid worst-case behaviour, but pathological cases can still blow up. \item[Vector heap sort] Not stable. Guaranteed fast---$O(n\log(n))$ \emph{worst} case. Poor locality on large vectors. A very reliable workhorse. \item[Vector merge sort] Stable. Not in-place---requires a temporary buffer of equal size. Fast---$O(n\log(n))$---and has good memory locality for large vectors. The implementation of vector merge sort provided by this implementation is, additionally, a ``natural'' sort, meaning that it exploits existing order in the input data, providing $O(n)$ best case. \item[Destructive list merge sort] Stable, fast and in-place (i.e., allocates no new cons cells). ``Fast'' means $O(n\log(n))$ worst-case, and substantially better if the data is already mostly ordered, all the way down to linear time for a completely-ordered input list (i.e., it is a ``natural'' sort). Note that sorting lists involves chasing pointers through memory, which can be a loser on modern machine architectures because of poor cache and page locality. %% Pointer \emph{writing}, which is what the %% \code{set-cdr!}s of a destructive list-sort algorithm do, is %% even worse, especially if your Scheme has a generational GC---the %% writes will thrash the write-barrier. Sorting vectors has inherently better locality. This implementation's destructive list merge and merge sort implementations are opportunistic---they avoid redundant \code{set-cdr!}s, and try to take long already-ordered runs of list structure as-is when doing the merges. \item[Pure list merge sort] Stable and fast---$O(n\log(n))$ worst-case, and possibly $O(n)$, depending upon the input list (see discussion above). \end{description} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{lllll} Algorithm & Stable? & Worst case & Average case & In-place\\ \hline Vector insert & Yes& $O(n^2)$ & $O(n^2)$& Yes\\ Vector quick & No & $O(n^2)$ & $O(n\log(n))$& Yes\\ Vector heap & No & $O(n\log(n))$& $O(n\log(n))$& Yes\\ Vector merge & Yes& $O(n\log(n))$& $O(n\log(n))$& No\\ List merge & Yes& $O(n\log(n))$& $O(n\log(n))$& Either \end{tabular} \end{center} \section{Regular expressions} \label{regexp-adt} This section describes a functional interface for building regular expressions and matching them against strings. The matching is done using the POSIX regular expression package. Regular expressions are in the structure \code{regexps}. A regular expression is either a character set, which matches any character in the set, or a composite expression containing one or more subexpressions. A regular expression can be matched against a string to determine success or failure, and to determine the substrings matched by particular subexpressions. \begin{protos} \proto{regexp?}{ value}{boolean} \end{protos} \noindent Returns \code{\#t} if \cvar{value} is a regular expression created using the functional interface for regular expressions, and \code{\#f} otherwise. \subsection{Character sets} Character sets may be defined using a list of characters and strings, using a range or ranges of characters, or by using set operations on existing character sets. \begin{protos} \proto{set}{ character-or-string \ldots}{char-set} \proto{range}{ low-char high-char}{char-set} \proto{ranges}{ low-char high-char \ldots}{char-set} \proto{ascii-range}{ low-char high-char}{char-set} \proto{ascii-ranges}{ low-char high-char \ldots}{char-set} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Set} returns a set that contains the character arguments and the characters in any string arguments. \code{Range} returns a character set that contain all characters between \cvar{low-char} and \cvar{high-char}, inclusive. \code{Ranges} returns a set that contains all characters in the given ranges. \code{Range} and \code{ranges} use the ordering induced by \code{char->integer}. \code{Ascii-range} and \code{ascii-ranges} use the ASCII ordering. It is an error for a \cvar{high-char} to be less than the preceding \cvar{low-char} in the appropriate ordering. \begin{protos} \proto{negate}{ char-set}{char-set} \proto{intersection}{ char-set char-set}{char-set} \proto{union}{ char-set char-set}{char-set} \proto{subtract}{ char-set char-set}{char-set} \end{protos} \noindent These perform the indicated operations on character sets. The following character sets are predefined: \begin{center} \texonly\begin{longtable}{ll}\endtexonly \htmlonly\begin{tabular}{ll}\endhtmlonly \code{lower-case} & \code{(set "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz")} \\ \code{upper-case} & \code{(set "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ")} \\ \code{alphabetic} & \code{(union lower-case upper-case)} \\ \code{numeric} & \code{(set "0123456789")} \\ \code{alphanumeric} & \code{(union alphabetic numeric)} \\ \code{punctuation} & \code{(set "}\verb2!\"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~2\code{")} \\ \code{graphic} & \code{(union alphanumeric punctuation)} \\ \code{printing} & \code{(union graphic (set \#}\verb2\2\code{space))} \\ \code{control} & \code{(negate printing)} \\ \code{blank} & \code{(set \#}\verb2\2\code{space (ascii->char 9))} ; 9 is tab \\ \code{whitespace} & \code{(union (set \#}\verb2\2\code{space) (ascii-range 9 13))} \\ \code{hexdigit} & \code{(set "0123456789abcdefABCDEF")} \\ \texonly\end{longtable}\endtexonly \htmlonly\end{tabular}\endhtmlonly \end{center} \noindent The above are taken from the default locale in POSIX. The characters in \code{whitespace} are \cvar{space}, \cvar{tab}, \cvar{newline} (= \cvar{line feed}), \cvar{vertical tab}, \cvar{form feed}, and \cvar{carriage return}. \subsection{Anchoring} \begin{protos} \proto{string-start}{}{reg-exp} \proto{string-end}{}{reg-exp} \end{protos} \noindent \code{String-start} returns a regular expression that matches the beginning of the string being matched against; {string-end} returns one that matches the end. \subsection{Composite expressions} \begin{protos} \proto{sequence}{ reg-exp \ldots}{reg-exp} \proto{one-of}{ reg-exp \ldots}{reg-exp} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Sequence} matches the concatenation of its arguments, \code{one-of} matches any one of its arguments. \begin{protos} \proto{text}{ string}{reg-exp} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Text} returns a regular expression that matches the characters in \cvar{string}, in order. \begin{protos} \proto{repeat}{ reg-exp}{reg-exp} \proto{repeat}{ count reg-exp}{reg-exp} \proto{repeat}{ min max reg-exp}{reg-exp} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Repeat} returns a regular expression that matches zero or more occurrences of its \cvar{reg-exp} argument. With no count the result will match any number of times (\cvar{reg-exp}*). With a single count the returned expression will match \cvar{reg-exp} exactly that number of times. The final case will match from \cvar{min} to \cvar{max} repetitions, inclusive. \cvar{Max} may be \code{\#f}, in which case there is no maximum number of matches. \cvar{Count} and \cvar{min} should be exact, non-negative integers; \cvar{max} should either be an exact non-negative integer or \code{\#f}. \subsection{Case sensitivity} Regular expressions are normally case-sensitive. \begin{protos} \proto{ignore-case}{ reg-exp}{reg-exp} \proto{use-case}{ reg-exp}{reg-exp} \end{protos} \noindent The value returned by \code{ignore-case} is identical its argument except that case will be ignored when matching. The value returned by \code{use-case} is protected from future applications of \code{ignore-case}. The expressions returned by \code{use-case} and \code{ignore-case} are unaffected by later uses of the these procedures. By way of example, the following matches \code{"ab"} but not \code{"aB"}, \code{"Ab"}, or \code{"AB"}. \begin{example} \code{(text "ab")} \end{example} \noindent while \begin{example} \code{(ignore-case (test "ab"))} \end{example} \noindent matches \code{"ab"}, \code{"aB"}, \code{"Ab"}, and \code{"AB"} and \begin{example} (ignore-case (sequence (text "a") (use-case (text "b")))) \end{example} \noindent matches \code{"ab"} and \code{"Ab"} but not \code{"aB"} or \code{"AB"}. \subsection{Submatches and matching} A subexpression within a larger expression can be marked as a submatch. When an expression is matched against a string, the success or failure of each submatch within that expression is reported, as well as the location of the substring matched be each successful submatch. \begin{protos} \proto{submatch}{ key reg-exp}{reg-exp} \proto{no-submatches}{ reg-exp}{reg-exp} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Submatch} returns a regular expression that matches its argument and causes the result of matching its argument to be reported by the \code{match} procedure. \cvar{Key} is used to indicate the result of this particular submatch in the alist of successful submatches returned by \code{match}. Any value may be used as a \cvar{key}. \code{No-submatches} returns an expression identical to its argument, except that all submatches have been elided. \begin{protos} \proto{any-match?}{ reg-exp string}{boolean} \proto{exact-match?}{ reg-exp string}{boolean} \proto{match}{ reg-exp string}{match or {\tt \#f}} \proto{match-start}{ match}{index} \proto{match-end}{ match}{index} \proto{match-submatches}{ match}{alist} \end{protos} \noindent \code{Any-match?} returns \code{\#t} if \cvar{string} matches \cvar{reg-exp} or contains a substring that does, and \code{\#f} otherwise. \code{Exact-match?} returns \code{\#t} if \cvar{string} matches \cvar{reg-exp} and \code{\#f} otherwise. \code{Match} returns \code{\#f} if \cvar{reg-exp} does not match \cvar{string} and a match record if it does match. A match record contains three values: the beginning and end of the substring that matched the pattern and an a-list of submatch keys and corresponding match records for any submatches that also matched. \code{Match-start} returns the index of the first character in the matching substring and \code{match-end} gives index of the first character after the matching substring. \code{Match-submatches} returns an alist of submatch keys and match records. Only the top match record returned by \code{match} has a submatch alist. Matching occurs according to POSIX. The match returned is the one with the lowest starting index in \cvar{string}. If there is more than one such match, the longest is returned. Within that match the longest possible submatches are returned. All three matching procedures cache a compiled version of \cvar{reg-exp}. Subsequent calls with the same \cvar{reg-exp} will be more efficient. The C interface to the POSIX regular expression code uses ASCII \code{nul} as an end-of-string marker. The matching procedures will ignore any characters following an embedded ASCII \code{nul}s in \cvar{string}. \begin{example} (define pattern (text "abc")) (any-match? pattern "abc") \evalsto #t (any-match? pattern "abx") \evalsto #f (any-match? pattern "xxabcxx") \evalsto #t (exact-match? pattern "abc") \evalsto #t (exact-match? pattern "abx") \evalsto #f (exact-match? pattern "xxabcxx") \evalsto #f (match pattern "abc") \evalsto #\{match 0 3\} (match pattern "abx") \evalsto #f (match pattern "xxabcxx") \evalsto #\{match 2 5\} (let ((x (match (sequence (text "ab") (submatch 'foo (text "cd")) (text "ef")) "xxxabcdefxx"))) (list x (match-submatches x))) \evalsto (#\{match 3 9\} ((foo . #\{match 5 7\})) (match-submatches (match (sequence (set "a") (one-of (submatch 'foo (text "bc")) (submatch 'bar (text "BC")))) "xxxaBCd")) \evalsto ((bar . #\{match 4 6\})) \end{example} \section{SRFIs} `SRFI' stands for `Scheme Request For Implementation'. An SRFI is a description of an extension to standard Scheme. Draft and final SRFI documents, a FAQ, and other information about SRFIs can be found at \urlhd{http://srfi.schemers.org}{the SRFI web site}{\code{http://srfi.schemers.org}}. Scheme~48 includes implementations of the following (final) SRFIs: \begin{itemize} \item SRFI 1 -- List Library \item SRFI 2 -- \code{and-let*} \item SRFI 4 -- Homogeneous numeric vector datatypes (see note below) \item SRFI 5 -- \code{let} with signatures and rest arguments \item SRFI 6 -- Basic string ports \item SRFI 7 -- Program configuration \item SRFI 8 -- \code{receive} \item SRFI 9 -- Defining record types \item SRFI 11 -- Syntax for receiving multiple values \item SRFI 13 -- String Library \item SRFI 14 -- Character-Set Library (see note below) \item SRFI 16 -- Syntax for procedures of variable arity \item SRFI 17 -- Generalized \code{set!} \item SRFI 19 -- Time Data Types and Procedures \item SRFI 22 -- Running Scheme Scripts on Unix \item SRFI 23 -- Error reporting mechanism \item SRFI 25 -- Multi-dimensional Array Primitives \item SRFI 26 -- Notation for Specializing Parameters without Currying \item SRFI 27 -- Sources of Random Bits \item SRFI 28 -- Basic Format Strings \item SRFI 31 -- A special form \texttt{rec} for recursive evaluation \item SRFI 34 -- Exception Handling for Programs \item SRFI 37 -- args-fold: a program argument processor \item SRFI 40 -- A Library of Streams \item SRFI 42 -- Eager Comprehensions \item SRFI 43 -- Vector library \item SRFI 45 -- Primitives for Expressing Iterative Lazy Algorithms \item SRFI 60 -- Integers as Bits \item SRFI 61 -- A more general cond clause \item SRFI 62 -- S-expression comments \item SRFI 63 -- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Arrays \item SRFI 66 -- Octet Vectors \item SRFI 67 -- Compare Procedures \item SRFI 74 -- Octet-Addressed Binary Blocks \item SRFI 78 -- Lightweight testing \end{itemize} Documentation on these can be found at the web site mentioned above. SRFI~4 specifies an external representation for homogeneous numeric vectors that is incompatible with R$^5$RS. The Scheme~48 version of SRFI~4 does not support this external representation. SRFI~14 includes the procedure \code{->char-set} which is not a standard Scheme identifier (in R$^5$RS the only required identifier starting with \code{-} is \code{-} itself). In the Scheme~48 version of SRFI~14 we have renamed \code{->char-set} as \code{x->char-set}. %% With the exception of SRFI 62 (which is supported by default), the SRFI bindings can be accessed either by opening the appropriate structure (the structure \code{srfi-}\cvar{n} contains SRFI \cvar{n}) or by loading structure \code{srfi-7} and then using the \code{,load-srfi-7-program} command to load an SRFI~7-style program. The syntax for the command is \begin{example} \code{,load-srfi-7-program \cvar{name} \cvar{filename}} \end{example} This creates a new structure and associated package, binds the structure to \cvar{name} in the configuration package, and then loads the program found in \cvar{filename} into the package. As an example, if the file \code{test.scm} contains \begin{example} (program (code (define x 10))) \end{example} this program can be loaded as follows: \begin{example} > ,load-package srfi-7 > ,load-srfi-7-program test test.scm [test] > ,in test test> x 10 test> \end{example} %%% Local Variables: %%% mode: latex %%% TeX-master: "manual" %%% End: scheme48-1.9/doc/src/version-number.tex000644 004306 005702 00000000003 12070060502 021032 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 1.9scheme48-1.9/doc/src/matter.sty000644 004306 005702 00000000750 12067075540 017421 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 %&latex -*- latex -*- % Implement the \frontmatter, \mainmatter, and \backmatter macros, % so I can use them in reports, not just books. % Authors: Mike Sperber \newif\if@mainmatter \@mainmattertrue \newcommand\frontmatter{% \cleardoublepage\@mainmatterfalse\pagenumbering{roman}} \newcommand\mainmatter{% \cleardoublepage\@mainmattertrue% \pagenumbering{arabic}\setcounter{page}{1}} \newcommand\backmatter{% \if@openright\cleardoublepage\else\clearpage\fi% \@mainmatterfalse} scheme48-1.9/doc/src/ascii.scm000644 004306 005702 00000010226 12067075540 017157 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 ; Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. ; Authors: Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees (define control-names '#("NUL" "SOH" "STX" "ETX" "EOT" "ENQ" "ACK" "BEL" "BS" "HT" "LF" "VT" "FF" "CR" "SO" "SI" "DLE" "DC1" "DC2" "DC3" "DC4" "NAK" "SYN" "ETB" "CAN" "EM" "SUB" "ESC" "FS" "GS" "RS" "US" "SPACE")) (define unicode-latin-1-names '#("NULL" "START OF HEADING" "START OF TEXT" "END OF TEXT" "END OF TRANSMISSION" "ENQUIRY" "ACKNOWLEDGE" "BELL" "BACKSPACE" "HORIZONTAL TABULATION" "LINE FEED" "VERTICAL TABULATION" "FORM FEED" "CARRIAGE RETURN" "SHIFT OUT" "SHIFT IN" "DATA LINK ESCAPE" "DEVICE CONTROL ONE" "DEVICE CONTROL TWO" "DEVICE CONTROL THREE" "DEVICE CONTROL FOUR" "NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE" "SYNCHRONOUS IDLE" "END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK" "CANCEL" "END OF MEDIUM" "SUBSTITUTE" "ESCAPE" "FILE SEPARATOR" "GROUP SEPARATOR" "RECORD SEPARATOR" "UNIT SEPARATOR" "SPACE" "EXCLAMATION MARK" "QUOTATION MARK" "NUMBER SIGN" "DOLLAR SIGN" "PERCENT SIGN" "AMPERSAND" "APOSTROPHE" "LEFT PARENTHESIS" "RIGHT PARENTHESIS" "ASTERISK" "PLUS SIGN" "COMMA" "HYPHEN-MINUS" "FULL STOP" "SOLIDUS" "DIGIT ZERO" "DIGIT ONE" "DIGIT TWO" "DIGIT THREE" "DIGIT FOUR" "DIGIT FIVE" "DIGIT SIX" "DIGIT SEVEN" "DIGIT EIGHT" "DIGIT NINE" "COLON" "SEMICOLON" "LESS-THAN SIGN" "EQUALS SIGN" "GREATER-THAN SIGN" "QUESTION MARK" "COMMERCIAL AT" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y" "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z" "LEFT SQUARE BRACKET" "REVERSE SOLIDUS" "RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET" "CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT" "LOW LINE" "GRAVE ACCENT" "LATIN SMALL LETTER A" "LATIN SMALL LETTER B" "LATIN SMALL LETTER C" "LATIN SMALL LETTER D" "LATIN SMALL LETTER E" "LATIN SMALL LETTER F" "LATIN SMALL LETTER G" "LATIN SMALL LETTER H" "LATIN SMALL LETTER I" "LATIN SMALL LETTER J" "LATIN SMALL LETTER K" "LATIN SMALL LETTER L" "LATIN SMALL LETTER M" "LATIN SMALL LETTER N" "LATIN SMALL LETTER O" "LATIN SMALL LETTER P" "LATIN SMALL LETTER Q" "LATIN SMALL LETTER R" "LATIN SMALL LETTER S" "LATIN SMALL LETTER T" "LATIN SMALL LETTER U" "LATIN SMALL LETTER V" "LATIN SMALL LETTER W" "LATIN SMALL LETTER X" "LATIN SMALL LETTER Y" "LATIN SMALL LETTER Z" "LEFT CURLY BRACKET" "VERTICAL LINE" "RIGHT CURLY BRACKET" "TILDE" "DELETE")) (define (display-char i) (for-each display (list "\\code{" (number->string i 10) "} & \\code{" (string-upcase (number->string i 16)) "} & " (cond ((<= i 32) (vector-ref control-names i)) ((= i 127) "DEL") ((= i (char->ascii #\|)) "\\verb$|$") (else (string-append "\\verb|" (list->string (list (ascii->char i))) "|"))) " & " (string-downcase (vector-ref unicode-latin-1-names i))))) (define (string-upcase string) (list->string (map char-upcase (string->list string)))) (define (string-downcase string) (list->string (map char-downcase (string->list string)))) (define (write-ascii-table) (do ((i 0 (+ i 1))) ((= i 64)) (display-char i) (display " & ") (display-char (+ i 64)) (display " \\\\") (newline))) scheme48-1.9/doc/scheme48.man000644 004306 005702 00000005001 12067075324 016704 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 .TH LS48 1 .\" File scheme48.man: Manual page template for Scheme 48. .\" Replace LS48 with the name of your default image and LLIB with the .\" directory containing scheme48vm and default image. .SH NAME LS48 \- a Scheme interpreter .SH SYNOPSIS .B LS48 [-i image] [-h heapsize] [-a argument] .SH DESCRIPTION .B LS48 is an implementation of the Scheme programming language as described in the .I "Revised^5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme." A runnable system requires two parts, an executable program that implements the Scheme 48 virtual machine, and an image that is used to initialize the store of the virtual machine. .B LS48 is a shell script that starts the virtual machine with an image that runs in a Scheme command loop. .PP The .B LS48 command loop reads Scheme expressions, evaluates them, and prints their results. It also executes commands, which are identified by an initial comma character. Type the command .I ,help to receive a list of available commands. .PP The meaning of the .B \-h option depends on the type of garbage collector that was chosen at configuration time. If .IR heapsize is a positive number, it specifies the number of words that can be live at any given time. One word is four bytes. Cons cells are currently 3 words, so if you want to make sure you can allocate, say, a million cons cells, you should specify .B \-h 3000000 (actually a little more, to account for the initial heap image and breathing room). .PP If you specify a maximum smaller than the memory needed to load the image file, the maximum is increased accordingly and a message is written to the console. .PP For the BIBOP garbage collector, .IR heapsize may be 0. This means the heap will possibly keep growing until your system runs out of memory. Because of this risk, a warning message is written to the console if you specify .B -h 0. .PP The .I ,dump and .I ,build commands put heap images in files. The .B \-i option causes the initial heap image to be taken from file .IR image . The .B \-a option causes a list of strings to be passed as the argument to an image generated using the .I ,build command. The first argument to .I ,build is a procedure that is passed the arguments following .B \-a and which should return an integer (which is the return value of the Scheme 48 process). .PP .nf > ,build (lambda (a) (display a) (newline) 0) foo.image > ,exit $ LS48 -i foo.image -a mumble mumble $ .PP .fi .SH FILES .TP 40 .B LLIB/scheme48vm the virtual machine. .TP .B LLIB/LS48.image the default image. scheme48-1.9/emacs/README000644 004306 005702 00000003413 10662041705 015772 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 Date: Thu, 9 Jul 92 13:26:05 HKT From: shivers@csd.hku.hk (Olin G. Shivers) To: jar@cs.cornell.edu In-Reply-To: Jonathan Rees's message of Wed, 8 Jul 92 22:15:22 -0400 <9207090215.AA00991@sindri.cs.cornell.edu> Subject: cmulisp It's also in Ozan's repository, but I don't know how up-to-date it is. It's always useful to list his repository as a possible location, tho. -Olin /afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/shivers/lib/Readme: This directory contains the following subdirectories: emacs Gnu emacs packages. papers My papers, in .dvi and postscript form. tex LaTeX packages. All of these files can be anonymously ftp'd. -Olin July 3, 1991 =============================================================================== Directions for anonymous ftp: 1. ftp to any CMU machine with access to the /afs network file system. Almost any machine will do; some possibilities are: cs.cmu.edu 128.2.222.173 a.gp.cs.cmu.edu 128.2.242.7 f.gp.cs.cmu.edu 128.2.250.164 h.gp.cs.cmu.edu 128.2.254.156 k.gp.cs.cmu.edu 128.2.254.137 2. login as anonymous You are supposed to provide username@host as the password. The CMU ftp demon actually checks to ensure there's an "@" in the password. So you can't just say "foo"; you have to say "foo@bar". 3. cd /afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/shivers/lib CMU ftp restricts the directories you can access anonymously, so you must cd straight to the .../lib directory or its descendants. 4. If you are transfering .dvi or other binary files, set the file transfer mode to raw binary with one of the following commands: type image type binary image binary If you don't do this, the files may be garbled. 5. Use dir or ls to list the directory. 6. Transfer the files you want. scheme48-1.9/build/extract-filenames.scm000644 004306 005702 00000007055 12067075540 021253 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 ; Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. ; Authors: Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees, Michael Sperber, Marcus Crestani, Robert Ransom ; Generate filenames.make from *-packages.scm. ; Define DEFINE-STRUCTURE and friends (for-each load '("scheme/bcomp/module-language.scm" "scheme/alt/dummy-interface.scm" "scheme/alt/config.scm" "scheme/env/flatload.scm")) ; The following bogus structures are required in order to load ; scheme/more-interfaces.scm. (define ascii (structure (make-simple-interface 'ascii '()))) (define bitwise (structure (make-simple-interface 'bitwise '()))) (define vm-data (structure (make-simple-interface 'vm-data '()))) (define enumerated (structure (make-simple-interface 'enumerated '()))) (define tables (structure (make-simple-interface 'tables '()))) (define cells (structure (make-simple-interface 'cells '()))) (define platform (structure (make-simple-interface 'structure '()))) ; The following loads are unnecessary; they only serve to suppress ; annoying "undefined" warnings for interfaces. (for-each load '("scheme/interfaces.scm" "scheme/vm/shared-interfaces.scm" "scheme/more-interfaces.scm" "scheme/sort/interfaces.scm")) (load-configuration "scheme/packages.scm") ; The following defines are unnecessary; they only serve to suppress ; annoying "undefined" warnings for some forward references. (define methods 0) (define tables 0) (define exceptions #f) ; avoid undefined warning (flatload linker-structures) (set! exceptions low-exceptions) ; so we don't have to import low-exceptions in the linker (define q-f (all-file-names link-config)) ; (display "Initial structures") (newline) (flatload initial-structures) (define scheme (make-scheme environments evaluation)) (define initial-system (structure (export) (open ;; Cf. initial.scm (make-initial-system scheme (make-mini-command scheme)) module-system ensures-loaded for-reification))) ;foo... (define i-f (all-file-names initial-system)) ; (display "Usual structures") (newline) (flatload usual-structures) (define u-f (all-file-names usual-features initial-system)) (define (write-file-names mumble comment . stuff) (comment "This file was generated automatically.") (do ((stuff stuff (cddr stuff))) ((null? stuff)) (mumble (car stuff) (cadr stuff)) ;; (mumble 'all-files (reverse *all-files*)) )) ;; Unix (begin (display "Writing ") (display "build/filenames.make") (newline) (call-with-output-file "build/filenames.make" (lambda (port) (write-file-names (lambda (name filenames) (newline port) (display name port) (display " = " port) (for-each (lambda (filename) (display filename port) (display " " port)) filenames) (newline port)) (lambda (comment) (display "# " port) (display comment port) (newline port)) 'initial-files i-f 'usual-files u-f 'linker-files q-f)))) ;; Windows (begin (display "Writing ") (display "build/filenames.bat") (newline) (call-with-output-file "build/filenames.bat" (lambda (port) (write-file-names (lambda (name filenames) (newline port) (display "@set " port) (display name port) (display "=" port) (for-each (lambda (filename) (display filename port) (display " " port)) filenames) (newline port)) (lambda (comment) (display "@rem " port) (display comment port) (newline port)) 'initial-files i-f 'usual-files u-f 'linker-files q-f)))) scheme48-1.9/build/initial.scm000644 004306 005702 00000003434 12067075540 017266 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 ; Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. ; Authors: Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees, Marcus Crestani ; Link script. (define (link-initial-system) (let ((structures-to-open ;Structures to open for the initial (struct-list scheme ;system's read-eval-print loop. platform environments module-system ensures-loaded packages packages-internal))) ; package-for-syntax (link-reified-system (append (desirable-structures) structures-to-open) '(build initial) ;; The expression that evaluates to the ;; procedure that maps the reified-structure alist ;; to the startup procedure: `(start ',(map car structures-to-open)) ;; Structures to open for evaluating that ;; expression and the expression that ;; evaluates to the reified-structure alist: initial-system for-reification ;; scheme-level-1 ))) (define (desirable-structures) (let ((env (interaction-environment)) (l '())) (for-each (lambda (int) (for-each-declaration (lambda (name package-name type) (if (not (assq name l)) (let ((s (eval name env))) (if (structure? s) (set! l (cons (cons name s) l)))))) int)) (list low-structures-interface run-time-structures-interface features-structures-interface run-time-internals-structures-interface compiler-structures-interface initial-structures-interface)) (reverse l))) ; Your choice of evaluators: (define scheme (make-scheme environments evaluation)) ; (define scheme (make-scheme mini-environments mini-eval)) ; (define scheme (make-scheme environments run)) ; etc. ; Your choice of command processors. (define initial-system (make-initial-system scheme (make-mini-command scheme))) scheme48-1.9/build/windows-installer.scm000644 004306 005702 00000011212 12067075540 021313 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 ; Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. ; Authors: Mike Sperber ; This produces the auto-generated part of the Windows installer ; source code. (define *non-slashes* (char-set-complement (char-set #\/))) ; returns a pair of directory (itself a list) and base file name (define (split-file-name f) (let ((rev-components (reverse (string-tokenize f *non-slashes*)))) (cons (reverse (cdr rev-components)) (car rev-components)))) (define (write-file-elements-include-file file-names uuids output-file-name) (call-with-output-file output-file-name (lambda (port) (display "" port) (newline port) (display "" port) (newline port) (write-file-elements file-names uuids port) (display "" port) (newline port)))) ; organize the directories into a tree ; returns a tree = list of (union string (cons subdir tree)) (define (tree-ize-directory-alist alist) (call-with-values (lambda () (partition (lambda (pair) (null? (car pair))) alist)) (lambda (file-pairs directory-pairs) (let* ((prefixes (delete-duplicates (map caar directory-pairs))) (subdirectories (map (lambda (prefix) (let* ((with-prefix-pairs (filter (lambda (pair) (string=? prefix (caar pair))) directory-pairs)) (omit-prefix (map (lambda (pair) (cons (cdar pair) (cdr pair))) with-prefix-pairs))) (cons prefix (tree-ize-directory-alist omit-prefix)))) prefixes))) (append subdirectories (concatenate (map cdr file-pairs))))))) ; write the WiX file elements for a given list of file names (define (write-file-elements file-names uuids port) (let* ((split-names (map split-file-name file-names)) (directories (delete-duplicates (map car split-names))) (alist (map (lambda (directory) (cons directory (filter-map (lambda (split-name) (if (equal? directory (car split-name)) (cdr split-name) #f)) split-names))) directories)) (tree (tree-ize-directory-alist alist))) (write-directory-tree '() tree (make-uuid-source uuids) port))) (define (make-uuid-source uuids) (lambda () (let ((uuid (car uuids))) (set! uuids (cdr uuids)) uuid))) (define (write-directory-tree directory alist uuid-source port) (if (not (null? directory)) (begin (display "" port) (newline port))) (call-with-values (lambda () (partition string? alist)) (lambda (file-names directory-entries) (if (not (null? file-names)) (begin (display "" port) (newline port) (let ((used-file-names (list '()))) ; poor man's cell (for-each (lambda (file-name) (write-file-element port directory file-name used-file-names)) file-names)) (display "" port) (newline port))) (for-each (lambda (entry) (write-directory-tree (append directory (list (car entry))) (cdr entry) uuid-source port)) directory-entries))) (if (not (null? directory)) (begin (display "" port) (newline port)))) (define (quote-component comp) (list->string (map (lambda (ch) (if (char=? ch #\-) #\. ch)) (string->list comp)))) ; insert separators between the components (define (components->string directory separator) (let ((id #f)) (for-each (lambda (component) (if id (set! id (string-append id separator component)) (set! id component))) directory) id)) (define (components->quoted-string dir sep) (components->string (map quote-component dir) sep)) (define (directory-id directory) (components->quoted-string directory "_")) (define (file-id directory base) (components->quoted-string (append directory (list base)) "_")) (define (file-src directory base) (components->string (append directory (list base)) "/")) (define (component-id directory) (components->quoted-string (append directory (list "component")) "_")) (define (write-file-element port directory base-name used-file-names) (display "" port) (newline port)) scheme48-1.9/build/minor-version-number000644 004306 005702 00000000002 12070060502 021117 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 9 scheme48-1.9/build/load-linker.exec000644 004306 005702 00000005422 12067075540 020177 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 ; Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. ; Authors: Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees ; Load the linker. -*- Mode: Scheme; -*- ; Run this script with ,exec ,load l.exec. ; After the script is loaded, you can, in principle, do whatever ; you might do in the usual linker image. For example, you might do ; (this is from the Makefile) ; ; ,in link-config ; (load-configuration "interfaces.scm") ; (load-configuration "packages.scm") ; (flatload initial-structures) ; (load "initial.scm") ; (link-initial-system) ; ; This is intended to be used to debug new versions of the compiler or ; static linker. (config '(run (define :arguments :values))) ;temporary hack (translate "=scheme48/" "./") (load-package 'flatloading) (open 'flatloading) (define (r x) (config `(run ,x))) (r '(define-structure source-file-names (export (%file-name% :syntax)) (open scheme-level-1 syntactic fluids) (begin (define-syntax %file-name% (syntax-rules () ((%file-name%) (fluid $source-file-name))))))) (r '(define-structure enumerated enumerated-interface (open scheme-level-1 signals) (files (rts defenum scm)))) (r '(define-structure architecture vm-architecture-interface (open scheme-level-1 signals enumerated) (files (rts arch)))) (config '(structure reflective-tower-maker (export-reflective-tower-maker))) ; Make the new linker obtain its table, record, etc. structures from ; the currently running Scheme. (config '(load "packages.scm")) (config '(structure %run-time-structures run-time-structures-interface)) (config '(structure %features-structures features-structures-interface)) (r '(define-structure %linker-structures (make-linker-structures %run-time-structures %features-structures (make-compiler-structures %run-time-structures %features-structures)))) ; Load the linker's interface and structure definitions. (config '(load "interfaces.scm" "vm/shared-interfaces.scm" "more-interfaces.scm")) (let ((z (config '(run %linker-structures))) (env (config interaction-environment))) (config (lambda () (flatload z env)))) ; Load the linker. (load-package 'link-config) ; Initialize (in 'link-config '(open scheme packages packages-internal reflective-tower-maker)) (in 'linker '(run (set! *debug-linker?* #t))) (in 'link-config '(open flatloading)) ; A different one. ; ,open debuginfo packages-internal compiler scan syntactic meta-types ; (in 'link-config '(dump "l.image")) ; ,exec (usual-stuff) (define (usual-stuff) (in 'link-config) (run '(begin (load-configuration "interfaces.scm") (load-configuration "packages.scm") (flatload initial-structures))) (load "initial.scm")) scheme48-1.9/build/lucid-script.lisp000644 004306 005702 00000004476 12067075540 020433 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 ; Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. ; Authors: Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees ; Script to load the Scheme 48 linker into Common Lisp. ; Requires Pseudoscheme 2.11. (defvar pseudoscheme-directory "../pseudo/") (load (concatenate 'string pseudoscheme-directory "loadit.lisp")) ; or perhaps (load (merge-pathnames "loadit.lisp" pseudoscheme-directory)) (load-pseudoscheme pseudoscheme-directory) (progn (revised^4-scheme::define-sharp-macro #\. #'(lambda (c port) (read-char port) (eval (let ((*readtable* ps::scheme-readtable)) (read port))))) (values)) (ps:scheme) ;-------------------- ; Scheme forms (benchmark-mode) (define config-env ; (interaction-environment) would also work here. (#.'scheme-translator:make-program-env '%config (list #.'scheme-translator:revised^4-scheme-structure))) (load "bcomp/module-language" config-env) (load "alt/config" config-env) (load "env/flatload" config-env) (eval '(set! *load-file-type* #f) config-env) (define load-config (let ((load-config (eval 'load-configuration config-env))) (lambda (filename) (load-config filename config-env)))) (load-config "packages") (define flatload-package (eval 'flatload config-env)) (flatload-package (eval 'linker-structures config-env) config-env) (let ((#.'clever-load:*compile-if-necessary-p* #t)) (let ((#.'ps:*scheme-read* #.'#'ps::scheme-read-using-commonlisp-reader)) (load "alt/pseudoscheme-record") (load "alt/pseudoscheme-features"))) (let ((#.'clever-load:*compile-if-necessary-p* #t)) (flatload-package (eval 'link-config config-env))) (load "alt/init-defpackage.scm") (define-syntax struct-list ;not in link.sbin (syntax-rules () ((struct-list ?name ...) (list (cons '?name ?name) ...)))) ;-------------------- (quit) #+Lucid (defun disksave-restart-function () (format t "~&Scheme 48 linker.~2%") ;; (hax:init-interrupt-delivery) - for threads (ps:scheme) (terpri)) #+Lucid (defun dump-linker () (lcl:disksave "link/linker-in-lucid" :gc t :full-gc t :verbose t :restart-function #'disksave-restart-function)) ;(dump-linker) ;(lcl:quit) ; Debugging hacks ;(defun enable-lisp-packages () ; (setq *readtable* ps:scheme-readtable) ; (values)) ;(defun disable-lisp-packages () ; (setq *readtable* ps::roadblock-readtable) ; (values)) scheme48-1.9/build/build-usual-image000755 004306 005702 00000003154 12067075540 020364 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 #!/bin/sh # Part of Scheme 48 1.9. See file COPYING for notices and license. # # Authors: Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees, Mike Sperber, Marcus Crestani # # Build the usual development environment image. date=`date +%Y-%m-%d` srcdir=$1 share=$2 lib=$3 image=$4 vm=$5 initial=$6 USER=${USER-`logname 2>/dev/null || echo '*GOK*'`} $vm -i $initial -a batch <os-string) "batch"))) (ensure-loaded usual-features) ,structure more-structures more-structures-interface ,in debuginfo (read-debug-info "$srcdir/build/initial.debug") ,keep maps source files ,new-package ,open scheme filenames (set-global-translation! "=scheme48/" "$share/") (set-global-translation! "=scheme48external/" "$lib/") ,user ,build ((*structure-ref package-commands-internal 'new-command-processor) "(made by $USER on $date)" usual-commands built-in-structures more-structures) $image EOF scheme48-1.9/build/filenames.make000644 004306 005702 00000011245 12067075743 017737 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 # This file was generated automatically. initial-files = scheme/rts/low.scm scheme/rts/low-exception.scm scheme/rts/low-syntax.scm scheme/rts/charmap.scm scheme/rts/base.scm scheme/rts/util.scm scheme/rts/number.scm scheme/rts/lize.scm scheme/rts/syntax-rules-data.scm scheme/rts/syntax-rules-apply.scm scheme/rts/record.scm scheme/rts/jar-defrecord.scm scheme/rts/method.scm scheme/rts/numio.scm scheme/rts/fluid.scm scheme/rts/condition.scm scheme/rts/defenum.scm scheme/vm/interp/arch.scm scheme/rts/vm-exception.scm scheme/rts/wind.scm scheme/rts/template.scm scheme/rts/continuation.scm scheme/rts/exception.scm scheme/rts/proposal.scm scheme/big/queue.scm scheme/rts/session.scm scheme/rts/interrupt.scm scheme/rts/thread.scm scheme/rts/sleep.scm scheme/rts/text-codec.scm scheme/rts/port.scm scheme/rts/port-buffer.scm scheme/rts/current-port.scm scheme/rts/write.scm scheme/rts/read.scm scheme/rts/syntax-info.scm scheme/rts/encoding.scm scheme/rts/os-string.scm scheme/rts/condvar.scm scheme/rts/channel.scm scheme/rts/channel-port.scm scheme/big/general-table.scm scheme/rts/population.scm scheme/bcomp/mtype.scm scheme/bcomp/interface.scm scheme/bcomp/binding.scm scheme/bcomp/cenv.scm scheme/bcomp/name.scm scheme/bcomp/transform.scm scheme/bcomp/thingie.scm scheme/bcomp/package.scm scheme/bcomp/package-undef.scm scheme/rts/env.scm scheme/big/filename.scm scheme/bcomp/read-form.scm scheme/bcomp/node.scm scheme/bcomp/schemify.scm scheme/bcomp/var-util.scm scheme/bcomp/syntax.scm scheme/bcomp/primop.scm scheme/vm/data/data.scm scheme/bcomp/ddata.scm scheme/bcomp/state.scm scheme/bcomp/frame.scm scheme/bcomp/segment.scm scheme/bcomp/optimize.scm scheme/bcomp/flatten.scm scheme/bcomp/recon.scm scheme/bcomp/comp-exp.scm scheme/bcomp/comp-lambda.scm scheme/bcomp/comp-prim.scm scheme/bcomp/comp.scm scheme/rts/eval.scm scheme/debug/mini-command.scm scheme/env/dispcond.scm scheme/rts/external-event.scm scheme/rts/scheduler.scm scheme/rts/root-scheduler.scm scheme/rts/init.scm scheme/env/start.scm scheme/bcomp/syntax-rules-compiler.scm scheme/bcomp/usual.scm scheme/bcomp/syntax-rules.scm scheme/bcomp/type.scm scheme/bcomp/module-language.scm scheme/bcomp/config.scm scheme/bcomp/scan-package.scm scheme/bcomp/comp-package.scm scheme/env/load-package.scm scheme/big/strong.scm scheme/opt/usage.scm scheme/opt/sort.scm scheme/opt/inline.scm scheme/bcomp/for-reify.scm usual-files = scheme/opt/analyze.scm scheme/env/dispcond.scm scheme/env/user.scm scheme/env/command-level.scm scheme/env/disclosers.scm scheme/env/menu.scm scheme/env/version-info.scm scheme/env/command.scm scheme/env/read-command.scm scheme/env/debuginfo.scm scheme/rts/xnum.scm scheme/rts/floatnum.scm scheme/env/vm-exception.scm scheme/rts/ratnum.scm scheme/rts/recnum.scm scheme/env/basic-command.scm scheme/env/build.scm scheme/env/shadow.scm scheme/env/pedit.scm scheme/env/pacman.scm scheme/env/debug.scm scheme/env/inspect.scm scheme/env/parse-bytecode.scm scheme/env/disasm.scm scheme/big/finite-type.scm scheme/env/unicode-category.scm scheme/env/unicode-info.scm scheme/env/unicode-charmap.scm linker-files = scheme/rts/util.scm scheme/rts/defenum.scm scheme/vm/interp/arch.scm scheme/alt/jar-defrecord.scm scheme/big/general-table.scm scheme/bcomp/mtype.scm scheme/alt/locations.scm scheme/bcomp/binding.scm scheme/alt/../rts/low-syntax.scm scheme/bcomp/cenv.scm scheme/bcomp/name.scm scheme/bcomp/transform.scm scheme/alt/fluid.scm scheme/alt/weak.scm scheme/rts/population.scm scheme/bcomp/interface.scm scheme/alt/template.scm scheme/rts/template.scm scheme/bcomp/thingie.scm scheme/bcomp/package.scm scheme/bcomp/package-undef.scm scheme/bcomp/node.scm scheme/bcomp/schemify.scm scheme/bcomp/var-util.scm scheme/bcomp/primop.scm scheme/bcomp/ddata.scm scheme/bcomp/state.scm scheme/bcomp/frame.scm scheme/bcomp/segment.scm scheme/bcomp/optimize.scm scheme/bcomp/flatten.scm scheme/bcomp/recon.scm scheme/bcomp/comp-exp.scm scheme/bcomp/comp-lambda.scm scheme/bcomp/comp-prim.scm scheme/bcomp/comp.scm scheme/alt/closure.scm scheme/link/data.scm scheme/link/transport.scm scheme/link/write-image.scm scheme/bcomp/syntax.scm scheme/env/debuginfo.scm scheme/big/filename.scm scheme/bcomp/read-form.scm scheme/bcomp/scan-package.scm scheme/rts/syntax-rules-data.scm scheme/bcomp/syntax-rules-compiler.scm scheme/bcomp/usual.scm scheme/bcomp/syntax-rules.scm scheme/bcomp/comp-package.scm scheme/big/strong.scm scheme/opt/usage.scm scheme/opt/sort.scm scheme/opt/inline.scm scheme/link/reify.scm scheme/link/link.scm scheme/rts/syntax-rules-apply.scm scheme/alt/loophole.scm scheme/bcomp/type.scm scheme/alt/low.scm scheme/bcomp/module-language.scm scheme/bcomp/config.scm scheme/opt/analyze.scm scheme/alt/environments.scm scheme/link/loadc.scm scheme/env/flatload.scm scheme48-1.9/build/initial.debug000644 004306 005702 00001103553 12067150474 017576 0ustar00sperberPUStaff000000 000000 ; Package uid -> name (0 platform) (1 low-structures) (2 debug-low-structures) (3 alt-features-structures) (4 cheat-features-structures) (5 the-interfaces) (6 meta-module-system) (7 run-time-structures) (8 compiler-structures) (9 initial-structures) (10 debug-structures) (11 usual-structures) (12 alt-low-structures) (13 compiler-structures) (14 linker-structures) (15 scheme-level-0) (16 scheme-level-1) (17 record-types) (18 export-the-record-type) (19 define-record-types) (20 methods) (21 number-i/o) (22 fluids) (23 wind) (24 session-data) (25 text-codecs) (26 encodings) (27 os-strings) (28 i/o) (29 channel-i/o) (30 channel-ports) (31 conditions) (32 writing) (33 reading) (34 scheme-level-2) (35 features) (36 templates) (37 continuations) (38 more-types) (39 enumerated) (40 architecture) (41 vm-data) (42 vm-exceptions) (43 exceptions) (44 interrupts) (45 external-events) (46 threads) (47 proposals) (48 scheduler) (49 root-scheduler) (50 enum-case) (51 queues) (52 condvars) (53 usual-resumer) (54 weak) (55 meta-types) (56 bindings) (57 names) (58 thingies) (59 compiler-envs) (60 nodes) (61 syntactic) (62 syntax-rules-compiler) (63 usual-macros) (64 var-utilities) (65 debug-data) (66 segments) (67 primops) (68 reconstruction) (69 compiler) (70 frames) (71 reading-forms) (72 flat-environments) (73 interfaces) (74 packages) (75 scan-package) (76 optimizer) (77 compile-packages) (78 defpackage) (79 types) (80 module-system) (81 usages) (82 analysis) (83 inline) (84 strong) (85 tables) (86 filenames) (87 environments) (88 evaluation) (89 ensures-loaded) (90 for-reification) (91 scheme) (92 mini-command) (93 initial-system) - ; Location uid -> (name . package-uid) (0 (and . 15)) (1 (cond . 15)) (2 (do . 15)) (3 (let . 15)) (4 (let* . 15)) (5 (or . 15)) (6 (quote . 15)) (7 (loophole . 15)) (8 (letrec-syntax . 15)) (9 (define-syntax . 15)) (10 (lambda . 15)) (11 (%file-name% . 15)) (12 (call . 15)) (13 (let-syntax . 15)) (14 (code-quote . 15)) (15 (flat-lambda . 15)) (16 (define . 15)) (17 (set! . 15)) (18 (begin . 15)) (19 (pure-letrec . 15)) (20 (unassigned . 15)) (21 (lap . 15)) (22 (if . 15)) (23 (letrec . 15)) (24 (structure-ref . 15)) (25 (letrec* . 15)) (26 (unspecific . 15)) (27 (primitive-procedure . 15)) (28 (all-operators . 15)) (29 (record-type<=? . 15)) (30 (continuation-ref . 15)) (31 (rational? . 15)) (32 (provisional-port-text-codec-spec . 15)) (33 (provisional-port-lock . 15)) (34 (with-continuation . 15)) (35 (set-port-lock! . 15)) (36 (quotient . 15)) (37 (char->scalar-value . 15)) (38 (trap . 15)) (39 (integer? . 15)) (40 (continuation-length . 15)) (41 (open-channels-list . 15)) (42 (checked-record-ref . 15)) (43 (set-transport-link-cell-tconc! . 15)) (44 (closure-env . 15)) (45 (peek-byte . 15)) (46 (bitwise-xor . 15)) (47 (make-template . 15)) (48 (inexact->exact . 15)) (49 (exact->inexact . 15)) (50 (complex? . 15)) (51 (make-weak-pointer . 15)) (52 (make-closure . 15)) (53 (pair? . 15)) (54 (provisional-port-limit . 15)) (55 (extended-number-ref . 15)) (56 (transport-link-cell-tconc . 15)) (57 (provisional-set-port-index! . 15)) (58 (sqrt . 15)) (59 (car . 15)) (60 (vector . 15)) (61 (channel-parameter . 15)) (62 (make-unmovable-byte-vector . 15)) (63 (* . 15)) (64 (+ . 15)) (65 (call-with-values . 15)) (66 (port-pending-cr? . 15)) (67 (- . 15)) (68 (provisional-port-status . 15)) (69 (/ . 15)) (70 (checked-record-set! . 15)) (71 (set-transport-link-cell-next! . 15)) (72 (set-session-data! . 15)) (73 (byte-vector? . 15)) (74 (provisional-set-port-text-codec-spec! . 15)) (75 (string-ref . 15)) (76 (provisional-set-port-lock! . 15)) (77 (provisional-closure-template . 15)) (78 (< . 15)) (79 (cell-set! . 15)) (80 (= . 15)) (81 (> . 15)) (82 (continuation-set! . 15)) (83 (set-cdr! . 15)) (84 (provisional-set-transport-link-cell-tconc! . 15)) (85 (channel-status . 15)) (86 (provisional-transport-link-cell-tconc . 15)) (87 (set-port-pending-cr?! . 15)) (88 (provisional-set-port-limit! . 15)) (89 (find-all-records . 15)) (90 (atan . 15)) (91 (copy-string-chars! . 15)) (92 (floor . 15)) (93 (template-length . 15)) (94 (make-shared-binding . 15)) (95 (channel-os-index . 15)) (96 (undefine-shared-binding . 15)) (97 (double? . 15)) (98 (byte-vector-ref . 15)) (99 (string-length . 15)) (100 (make-immutable! . 15)) (101 (provisional-vector-set! . 15)) (102 (provisional-set-location-id! . 15)) (103 (set-port-data! . 15)) (104 (sin . 15)) (105 (port-buffer . 15)) (106 (extended-number-length . 15)) (107 (set-location-defined?! . 15)) (108 (provisional-port-data . 15)) (109 (make-extended-number . 15)) (110 (provisional-cdr . 15)) (111 (lookup-shared-binding . 15)) (112 (channel-maybe-write . 15)) (113 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(199 (shared-binding-ref . 15)) (200 (add-finalizer! . 15)) (201 (values . 15)) (202 (copy-bytes! . 15)) (203 (return-from-native-exception . 15)) (204 (open-channel . 15)) (205 (return-from-callback . 15)) (206 (provisional-shared-binding-set! . 15)) (207 (port-crlf? . 15)) (208 (maybe-commit . 15)) (209 (provisional-set-cdr! . 15)) (210 (transport-link-cell-key . 15)) (211 (memory-status . 15)) (212 (set-transport-link-cell-value! . 15)) (213 (time . 15)) (214 (make-double . 15)) (215 (provisional-port-buffer . 15)) (216 (bitwise-and . 15)) (217 (asin . 15)) (218 (wait . 15)) (219 (port-pending-eof? . 15)) (220 (closure-template . 15)) (221 (provisional-port-pending-cr? . 15)) (222 (extended-number? . 15)) (223 (magnitude . 15)) (224 (set-enabled-interrupts! . 15)) (225 (>= . 15)) (226 (make-vector . 15)) (227 (record? . 15)) (228 (find-all . 15)) (229 (make-location . 15)) (230 (eof-object? . 15)) (231 (string-set! . 15)) (232 (string-hash . 15)) (233 (set-location-id! . 15)) (234 (unregister-external-event-uid! . 15)) (235 (number? . 15)) (236 (provisional-contents . 15)) (237 (exp . 15)) (238 (set-contents! . 15)) (239 (scalar-value->char . 15)) (240 (extended-number-set! . 15)) (241 (set-closure-template! . 15)) (242 (false . 15)) (243 (char->utf . 15)) (244 (vector-set! . 15)) (245 (make-cell . 15)) (246 (record-length . 15)) (247 (provisional-set-transport-link-cell-value! . 15)) (248 (current-proposal . 15)) (249 (push . 15)) (250 (symbol? . 15)) (251 (apply . 15)) (252 (port-status . 15)) (253 (real-part . 15)) (254 (provisional-port-pending-eof? . 15)) (255 (symbol->string . 15)) (256 (read-char . 15)) (257 (set-exception-handlers! . 15)) (258 (set-port-pending-eof?! . 15)) (259 (acos . 15)) (260 (exact? . 15)) (261 (record-set! . 15)) (262 (provisional-set-car! . 15)) (263 (tan . 15)) (264 (channel-ready? . 15)) (265 (shared-binding-name . 15)) (266 (attempt-copy-bytes! . 15)) (267 (vector? . 15)) (268 (cell? . 15)) (269 (bit-count . 15)) (270 (log . 15)) (271 (intern . 15)) (272 (byte-vector-logging-set! . 15)) (273 (make-continuation . 15)) (274 (collect . 15)) (275 (transport-link-cell-value . 15)) (276 (signal-condition . 15)) (277 (vector-ref . 15)) (278 (arithmetic-shift . 15)) (279 (resume-interrupted-call-to-native-code . 15)) (280 (make-transport-link-cell . 15)) (281 (template-ref . 15)) (282 (provisional-set-transport-link-cell-next! . 15)) (283 (provisional-shared-binding-ref . 15)) (284 (primitive-catch . 15)) (285 (char? . 15)) (286 (angle . 15)) (287 (make-byte-vector . 15)) (288 (write-char . 15)) (289 (set-port-crlf?! . 15)) (290 (provisional-byte-vector-ref . 15)) (291 (provisional-cell-set! . 15)) (292 (remainder . 15)) (293 (make-string . 15)) (294 (imag-part . 15)) (295 (location-id . 15)) (296 (provisional-transport-link-cell-value . 15)) (297 (provisional-set-port-pending-eof?! . 15)) (298 (read-byte . 15)) (299 (provisional-set-port-pending-cr?! . 15)) (300 (peek-char . 15)) (301 (denominator . 15)) (302 (location? . 15)) (303 (find-undefined-imported-bindings . 15)) (304 (provisional-set-contents! . 15)) (305 (pop . 15)) (306 (session-data . 15)) (307 (set-port-status! . 15)) (308 (bitwise-ior . 15)) (309 (char->utf! . 15)) (310 (set-current-thread! . 15)) (311 (location-defined? . 15)) (312 (eq? . 15)) (313 (channel-maybe-read . 15)) (314 (provisional-car . 15)) (315 (set-port-text-codec-spec! . 15)) (316 (make-record . 15)) (317 (port-handler . 15)) (318 (set-port-buffer! . 15)) (319 (set-interrupt-handlers! . 15)) (320 (message . 15)) (321 (vm-extension . 15)) (322 (eof-object . 15)) (323 (weak-pointer-ref . 15)) (324 (provisional-set-closure-env! . 15)) (325 (byte-vector-set! . 15)) (326 (write-byte . 15)) (327 (cell-ref . 15)) (328 (char->ascii . 15)) (329 (ascii->char . 15)) (330 (char->integer . 15)) (331 (integer->char . 15)) (332 (ascii-limit . 15)) (333 (ascii-whitespaces . 15)) (334 (procedure? . 15)) (335 (invoke-closure . 15)) (336 (primitive-cwcc . 15)) (337 (make-undefined-location . 15)) (338 (location-assigned? . 15)) (339 (cell-unassigned? . 15)) (340 (vector-unassigned? . 15)) (341 (string-copy . 15)) (342 (string->symbol . 15)) (343 (input-port? . 15)) (344 (output-port? . 15)) (345 (record-type . 15)) (346 (make-code-vector . 15)) (347 (code-vector? . 15)) (348 (code-vector-length . 15)) (349 (code-vector-ref . 15)) (350 (code-vector-set! . 15)) (351 (lookup-imported-binding . 15)) (352 (lookup-exported-binding . 15)) (353 (define-imported-binding . 15)) (354 (define-exported-binding . 15)) (355 (undefine-imported-binding . 15)) (356 (undefine-exported-binding . 15)) (357 (byte-vector=? . 15)) (358 (byte-vector . 15)) (359 (secret-length . 15)) (360 (debug-message . 15)) (361 (write-image . 15)) (362 (vector-prefix->list . 15)) (363 (empty-log . 15)) (364 (make-proposal . 15)) (365 (error-proc . 15)) (366 (assertion-violation-proc . 15)) (367 (implementation-restriction-violation-proc . 15)) (368 (warning-proc . 15)) (369 (syntax-violation-proc . 15)) (370 (note-proc . 15)) (371 (error . 15)) (372 (assertion-violation . 15)) (373 (implementation-restriction-violation . 15)) (374 (warning . 15)) (375 (note . 15)) (376 (syntax-violation . 15)) (377 (initialize-low-exception-procedures! . 15)) (378 (make-explicit-renaming-transformer/4 . 15)) (379 (explicit-renaming-transformer/4? . 15)) (380 (explicit-renaming-transformer/4-proc . 15)) (381 (case . 16)) (382 (quasiquote . 16)) (383 (syntax-rules . 16)) (384 (char-whitespace? . 16)) (385 (char-whitespace?-proc . 16)) (386 (char-lower-case? . 16)) (387 (char-lower-case?-proc . 16)) (388 (char-upper-case? . 16)) (389 (char-upper-case?-proc . 16)) (390 (char-numeric? . 16)) (391 (char-numeric?-proc . 16)) (392 (char-alphabetic? . 16)) (393 (char-alphabetic?-proc . 16)) (394 (char-case-delta . 16)) (395 (make-character-map . 16)) (396 (upcase-map . 16)) (397 (char-upcase . 16)) (398 (char-upcase-proc . 16)) (399 (downcase-map . 16)) (400 (char-downcase . 16)) (401 (char-downcase-proc . 16)) (402 (char-foldcase . 16)) (403 (char-foldcase-proc . 16)) (404 (char-ci-compare . 16)) (405 (char-ci=? . 16)) (406 (char-ci? . 16)) (409 (char-ci>=? . 16)) (410 (set-char-map-procedures! . 16)) (411 (not . 16)) (412 (boolean? . 16)) (413 (eqv? . 16)) (414 (equal? . 16)) (415 (max . 16)) (416 (min . 16)) (417 (max-or-min . 16)) (418 (abs . 16)) (419 (zero? . 16)) (420 (positive? . 16)) (421 (negative? . 16)) (422 (even? . 16)) (423 (odd? . 16)) (424 (caar . 16)) (425 (cadr . 16)) (426 (cdar . 16)) (427 (cddr . 16)) (428 (caaar . 16)) (429 (caadr . 16)) (430 (cadar . 16)) (431 (caddr . 16)) (432 (cdaar . 16)) (433 (cdadr . 16)) (434 (cddar . 16)) (435 (cdddr . 16)) (436 (caaaar . 16)) (437 (caaadr . 16)) (438 (caadar . 16)) (439 (caaddr . 16)) (440 (cadaar . 16)) (441 (cadadr . 16)) (442 (caddar . 16)) (443 (cadddr . 16)) (444 (cdaaar . 16)) (445 (cdaadr . 16)) (446 (cdadar . 16)) (447 (cdaddr . 16)) (448 (cddaar . 16)) (449 (cddadr . 16)) (450 (cdddar . 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